Engineering has existed since ancient times

Engineering is the discipline, art, and profession that applies scientific theory to design,
develop, and analyze technological solutions.
Ecology is the scientific analysis and study of interactions among organisms and their
environment.
Ecosystem processes regulate the flux of energy and matter through an environment.
The word "ecology" was coined in 1866 by the German scientist Ernst Haeckel
The scale of ecological dynamics can operate like a closed system
Biodiversity describes the diversity of life from genes to ecosystems and spans every level of
biological organization.
A niche is the set of biotic and abiotic conditions in which a species is able to persist and
maintain stable population sizes.
Biogeographical patterns and range distributions are explained or predicted through knowledge
of a species' traits and niche requirements.
Organisms are subject to environmental pressures, but they also modify their habitats.
Biomes are larger units of organization that categorize regions of the Earth's ecosystems
The largest scale of ecological organization is the biosphere
The biosphere is the total sum of ecosystems on the planet.
A population consists of individuals of the same species that live, interact, and migrate through
the same niche and habitat.
Plants capture solar energy and use it to synthesize simple sugars during photosynthesis.
Species are broadly categorized as autotrophs , heterotrophs and Detritivores
Autotrophs are organisms that produce their own food by photosynthesis or chemosynthesis.
A keystone species is a species that is connected to a disproportionately large number of other
species in the food-web
Plants express complex behaviour, including memory and communication
Reforestation is the natural or intentional restocking of existing forests and woodlands that
have been depleted
Forestation is the establishment of forest growth on areas that either had forest or lacked it.
Chemistry is a branch of physical science that studies the composition, structure, properties
and change of matter
Matter is defined as anything that has rest mass and volume and is made up of particles.
A chemical element is a pure substance which is composed of a single type of atom
A compound is a pure chemical substance composed of more than one element.

A molecule is the smallest indivisible portion of a pure chemical substance

Molecules are typically a set of atoms bound together by covalent bonds
A chemical substance is a kind of matter with a definite composition and set of properties.
The mole is a unit of measurement that denotes an amount of substance
A phase is a set of states of a chemical system that have similar bulk structural properties
In a covalent bond, one or more pairs of valence electrons are shared by two atoms
Theories from classical physics can be used to predict many ionic structures
A chemical reaction can be symbolically depicted through a chemical equation.
A chemical reaction is a process that results in the interconversion of chemical species.
An ion is a charged species, an atom or a molecule, that has lost or gained one or more
electrons
Plasma is composed of gaseous matter that has been completely ionized
A substance can often be classified as an acid or a base.
Acids are substances that donate a positive hydrogen ion to another substance in a chemical
reaction
An organic compound is defined as any compound based on a carbon skeleton.
Cations and anions can form a crystalline lattice of neutral salts
Calculus is a part of modern mathematics education
Physics is one of the oldest academic disciplines
Environmental issues are harmful effects of human activity on the biophysical environment
The amount of greenhouse gas in the atmosphere is already above the threshold that can
potentially cause dangerous climate change.
Environment destruction caused by humans is a global problem
The level of understanding of Earth has increased markedly in recent times through science
Environmental issues are addressed at a regional, national or international level by
government organizations.
Sustainability is the key to prevent or reduce the effect of environmental issues.
Energy has been harnessed by human beings for millennia
Rapidly advancing technologies can achieve a transition of energy generation
Consumption of fossil fuel resources leads to global warming and climate change.
Unsustainable firewood harvesting can lead to loss of biodiversity and erosion due to loss of
forest cover
The three fossil fuel types are coal, petroleum and natural gas.

The environmental impact of petroleum is often negative because it is toxic to almost all forms
of life.
Natural gas is often described as the cleanest fossil fuel, producing less carbon dioxide per
joule delivered than either coal or oil.
Global warming potential is a relative measure of how much heat a greenhouse gas traps in
the atmosphere.
Energy conservation refers to efforts made to reduce energy consumption
Wildlife traditionally refers to undomesticated animal species
The total number of non-bacterial and non-archaeal species in the world has been estimated at
8.7 million
An Endangered species is a species which has been categorized as likely to become extinct.
Animals are multicellular, eukaryotic organisms of the kingdom Animalia
Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that cause adverse
change
Pollution can take the form of chemical substances or energy, such as noise, heat or light
Pollution started from prehistoric times when man created the first fires
It was the industrial revolution that gave birth to environmental pollution as we know it today.
The development of nuclear science introduced radioactive contamination
Thermal pollution is a temperature change in natural water bodies caused by human influence
A pollutant is a waste material that pollutes air, water or soil.
Air pollution comes from both natural and human-made sources
Adverse air quality can kill many organisms including humans
Biomagnification describes situations where toxins may pass through trophic levels, becoming
exponentially more concentrated in the process.
Carbon dioxide emissions cause ocean acidification
The emission of greenhouse gases leads to global warming which affects ecosystems in many
ways

Smog and haze can reduce the amount of sunlight received by

plants to carry out photosynthesis
Pollution control is the control of emissions and effluents into air, water or soil.