Mechanical Properties of Metals

-The mechanical properties of materials are

ascertained by performing carefully designed
laboratory experiments that replicate as nearly as
possible the service conditions.

* It is possible for
tensile, compressive, or shear.

the

load

to

be

Mechanical Properties of Metals

-Elasticity
-Strength

-Hardness

-Ductility

-Toughness

-Resilience

The following data (Table 1) were collected from a 11.74mm diameter

test specimen of magnesium.
After fracture, the gage length is 32.61mm and the diameter is
11.48mm.
Table 1
a) Plot the data as stress (MPa) vs. strain
b) Compute the modulus of elasticity in
GPa
c) Determine the yield and tensile strength
d) What is the approximate ductility in %
Elongation & % Reduction area?
e) Compute the modulus of resilience in
J/m3

Load (N)

Length (mm)

30.0000

5,000

30.0296

10,000

30.0592

15,000

30.0888

20,000

30.1500

25,000

30.5100

26,500

30.9000

27,000

31.5000

26,500

32.1000

25,000

32.7900

TENSION

STRESS,
F - newtons (N) or pounds
force (lbf)
Ao - m2 or in2
- megapascals, MPa or
pounds force per square
inch, psi

STRAIN,
li - instantaneous length
lo original lentgh

COMPRESSION

Table 1

Length
Load (N)
(mm)
30.0000
0

Computed
Stress
(Mpa)

Strain

5,000

30.0296

46.2963

0.0010

10,000

30.0592

92.5926

0.0020

15,000

30.0888

138.8889

0.0030

20,000

30.1500

185.1852

0.0050

25,000

30.5100

231.4815

0.0170

26,500

30.9000

245.3704

0.0300

27,000

31.5000

250.0000

0.0500

26,500

32.1000

245.3704

0.0700

25,000

32.7900

231.4815

0.0930

STRESS,

STRAIN,

a)
260
240
220
200
180
160

140
120
100

80
60
40

20
0

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

0.08

0.09

0.1

Elasticity
-ability of an material to return to its original shape
when an applied load is released
Elastic Deformation

Plastic Deformation

-Recoverable
-Nonpermanent

-Nonrecoverable
-Permanent

Plastic Deformation
260
240

Elastic
Deformation

220
200
180

Hookes Law

160

- the relationship
between stress
and strain for elastic
deformation (tension and
compression)

140
120
100

80
60
40

E - modulus of

elasticity, or Youngs
modulus (GPa or psi)

20
0

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

0.08

0.09

0.1

=E

= E

b)

132MPa 0 MPa = E = 44MPa

0.003 - 0

Strength
- a measure of metals resistance to plastic
deformation.
Yield Strength
Tensile Strength

Yield Strength, y - the stress level at which plastic deformation

begins, or where the phenomenon of yielding occurs. = 188MPa

c)

260
240
220

A straight line is
constructed parallel to
the elastic portion of
the stressstrain curve
at some specified
strain offset, usually
0.002.

200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

0.08

0.09

0.1

260

c)

240
220

Tensile Strength, TS = 250 MPa

200
180

- maximum stress that can be

sustained by a structure in tension;
if this stress is
applied & maintained, fracture will
result.

160
140
120
100

80
60
40

20
0

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

0.08

0.09

0.1

Ductility

- a measure of the degree of plastic deformation that has

been sustained at fracture.
%EL = 32.61mm 30mm
X 100%
30mm
%EL = 8.7%
d)

%RA = 1.08x10-4m2 ( (11.48x10-3m)2)/4 X 100%

1.08x10-4m2

%RA = 4.16%

d)

Resilience

- is the capacity of a material to absorb energy when it

is deformed elastically and then, upon unloading, to
have this energy recovered.

Modulus of Resilience, Ur =

y
2E

Ur = y 2 = (188x106 N/m2 ) 2 = 4.02x105 J/m3

9
2
2 (44x10 N/m )
2E
e)

Toughness
-it is a measure of
the ability of a
material to absorb
energy up to
fracture.

Hardness
-a measure of a materials resistance to localized plastic
deformation (e.g., a small dent/scratch).

Indenter

D
d

Indentation

Tensile Stress

z = F/Ao
z = Ez

z = F/Ao
z = Ez

6.14) A cylindrical specimen of steel having

a diameter of 15.2 mm and length of 250
mm is deformed elastically in tension with a
force of 48,900 N.
The modulus of elasticity and poissons ratio
of steel are 207Gpa and 0.30 respectively.
(a) The amount by which this specimen will
elongate in the direction of the applied
stress.

(b) The change in diameter of the specimen.

Will the diameter increase or decrease?

6.7) For a brass alloy, the stress at which

plastic deformation begins is 345 MPa,
and the modulus of elasticity is 103 Gpa.

(a) What is the maximum load that may

be applied to a specimen with a crosssectional area of 130 mm2 without
plastic deformation?
(b) If the original specimen length is 76
mm, what is the maximum length to
which it may be stretched without
causing plastic deformation?

6.15) A cylindrical bar of aluminum 19 mm

in diameter is to be deformed elastically
by application of a force along the bar
axis. Using the data in Table 6.1,
determine the force that will produce an
elastic reduction of 2.5x10-3 mm in the
diameter.

6.18) Consider a cylindrical specimen of

some hypothetical metal alloy that has a
diameter of 10.0 mm. A tensile force of
1500 N produces an elastic reduction in
diameter of 6.7x10-4 mm. Compute the
elastic modulus of this alloy, given that
Poissons ratio is 0.35.

Engineering
Stress
and
Strain

Engineering

= E

TRUE
Stress
and
Strain

Engineering

6.39) The following true stresses produce the

corresponding true plastic strains for a brass alloy:
True Stress (psi)
60,000
70,000

True Strain
0.15
0.25

What true stress (in Mpa) is necessary to produce a

true plastic strain of 0.21?

___log T ___= log T (n)

log K
___log T -log K__= n
log T

_log T1 -log K = n =_log T2 -log K_

log T1
log T2
_log T1 -log K =_log T2 -log K_
log T1
log T2
log T2 (log T1 -log K) = log T1 (log T2 -log K)
log K (log T1-log T2) = log T1 log T2 - log T2 log T1
log K = log T1 log T2 - log T2 log T1
(log T1-log T2)

log K = 5.03
K = 106,360.48

__log T1 -log K__= n = 0.30

log T1
T = 66,595.68 psi
T = 459.16 MPa

6.37) A tensile test is performed on a

metal specimen, and it is found that
a true plastic strain of 0.16 is
produced when a true stress of 500
MPa is applied; for the same metal,
the value of K in Equation 6.19 is 825
MPa. Calculate the true strain that
results from the application of a true
stress of 600 MPa.