On top of ECM

Polarized with respect

to environment.

This means it separates

something from something

Ex: epidermis, intestinal

epithelium, lining of gut

Epithelial

Apical verses basal surfaces

At birth the overies contain

2mil primary oocytes

Fertilization and Blastocyst Formation

Cell types in Embryo

Resides within ECM

At start of puberty they only contain
about 400k oocytes

Mesenchymal

Ovaries
Not polarized
MIGRATES
through ECM's

Ex: Fibroblast of CT

During development, primordial

germ cells undergo mitosis to
create millions of oogonia

Follicular development

Primary oocyte Starts making layer of

glycoproteins called Zona
Pelucida

Granulosa cells are stimulated to

become stratified cuboidal cells
surrounding primary oocyte.

Most are lost

within 2-3 weeks of fertilization before recognition of prego.
Natural means of screening reducing
congenital malformation.

50% of pregnancies end in

spontaneous abortion (half of these
due to chromosomal abnormalities).

Without this screening 12%

instead of 2-3% of infants
would have birth defects.

During next 3-4 frays

compact and spongy layers
are expelled from uterus.

Basal layer is only part of the

endometrium retained.

Of 70% of implants, 60%

survive until 2nd week, and
16% are abnormal.

Digests collagen
around follicle.

Remaining granulosa cells

become corpus luteum

X Chromosome
Inactivation

Fertilization

Passed to
ductus
deferens

Sperm

1. Metabolic activation of oocyte

and completion of meiosis.

Spindle forms

Fimbrae of uterine tube sweep

overy at ovulation site and
contract rhythmically

Takes place 12-24 hours after

ovulation, in ampulla of UT.
Stored in epididymis

Occurs in
late-blastocyst, early
morula.

Secondary oocyte gets locked into

metaphase of meiosis 2.

It is kept in meiosis 2
until it is fertilized.

Pain called mittelshmerz is "middle

pain" in middle of m-cycle.

Typically only one oocyte is

ovulated leaving back the rest that
were stimulated by FSH.

Prepares uterine wall

for implantation
This increases cellular respiration and
causes 2nd meiotic division

Both cells have 23c.

This creates
secondary oocyte
and 1st polar body.

Ovulation

Diapedesis occurs
into uterine tissue

When menstrual phase begins blood

escapes from superficial arteries

Follicles surrounding oocytes if not

stimulated degenerate. These are
called "atretic follicles".

Increase in basal
temperature.

Symptoms

Secreting
progesterone

Happens in
syncytiotrophoblast
It is supplied by basal arteries and functions as
the regenerative layer in building glands and
arteries in proliferative phase.

Monthly influence of FSH

stimulates primary oocytes to
complete meiosis 1.

LH increases
collagenase

These contractions cause ovulation!

Extrusion of oocyte along with cumulus
oophorus(granulosa cells).

When menstration is missed

only 42% of eggs exposed to
sperm are surviving.

ZP is still there! If it doesn't hatch

from ZP it can't implant.

Cause local ovarian

contractions.

They are arrested by MIF

(meiotic inhibitory factor).

15-20 primary oocytes initiated

during each ovarian cycle

Stimulates spike in LH

Stimulates expulsion (leutenizing)

affect on secondary oocyte.

However crossing over for a long

time reduces chance of ND

MIF is secreted from

follicular cells surrounding oocytes

Theca externa fibrous CT

cells help protect.

LH increases
prostaglandins

FSH & LH cause tertiary follicles

to develop a "stigma", and
avascular spot on overly.

In prophase 1 crossing over will

occur, this creates sites of
possible non-disjunction.

Theca interna are

secretory cells

Spike in GnRH

Failures of fertilization

Remain here for

years until puberty.

These primary oocytes initiate

meiosis, and are arrested in
diplotene phase of prophase 1.

3. Vesicular follicles

Eventually turns into large

tertiary vesicular follicles with
a very large Antrum.

Follicles are like this just

prior to ovulation.

10-15% start cleavage

w/o implanting.

Uterine venules and sinusoids

become packed with blood cells

Cumulus
oophorus forms
here.

Abnormal Zygotes

15% oocytes
not fertilized

If Fertilization fails

FSH and LH cause

follicles to develop into large secondary vesicular follicles.

This is where the

follicular Antrum forms

Cavity filled with

follicular fluid

2. Growing follicles

Fertilization of these results 47

chromosomes (trisomy) or 45
chromosomes (monosomy).

One cell receives 22c

the other 24c.

Non disjunction is where separation does not occur and both members
of a pair move into one cell.

Mitosis of the oogonia

creates primary oocytes

1. Primordial follicle

At birth all primary

oocytes are here

Maximum number oogonia is 7

million at 5th prenatal month

This draws oocyte and cumulus

oophorus into uterine tube.

Seminal vesicles and prostate

gland add to seminal fluid

These follicles become

atretic follicles

Can administer agents to

stimulate g-tropin release.

Low gonadotropins
prevent ovulation

Drugs for this can increase

the likelihood of multiple
pregnancies by 10x

This takes 3-4 days to

transport to uterus.

Formed in testes
Decondensation of
Chromosomes

Observed in extra embryonic cell linkages for

membranes surrounding embryo where paternal
X is preferentially inactivated.

2. Formation of
male/female pro nuclei

Contraction in penis causes semen to

transport from urethra to cervix.
Polar bodies form

Takes 5-45 min to get from

opening to uterine tube.

Replication of DNA
(1n haploid 2c)
3. Fusion of pronuclei
XIC (X inactivation center) is located
proximal to Xq in band Xq13
Turns into a Barr body

Each cell in zygote is

a "blastomere"
Innactivates paternal X

XIC contains the gene XIST (ncRNA)

that regulates X inactivation

It is expressed from the allele that

is going to be inactivated.

Is silent on active X

Once inactivation occurs all descendants

of cells have same silent X.

Eventually a
morula is formed

Innactivation of X results in
monoallelic gene expression
Trophoblast gives rise to
embryonic part of placenta

1. Sperm push between

corona radiata cells.

2. Sperm head binds to ZP causes release of acromosal enzymes.

2-3 days in
uterine tube.

Fertilization takes place

in uterine tubes.

Progressively smaller
blastomeres are formed.

200 sperm complete journey

to fertilization site.

Capacitation

7hr process in
uterine tube critical for fertilization.

This is where glycoprotein coat and

seminal vesicles are removed from
acrosome at sperm head.

3 days after fertilization

Only 1% of deposited
sperm enter uterus.

Morula enters
uterus at 3-4 days

3. These enzymes digest ZP

and head of sperm binds with
oocyte membrane.

This lifts ZP
from oocyte.

4. Sperm head and secondary oocyte

plasma membranes fuse.
Fast Block: Cell depolarization
of membrane!

5. Sperm nucleus enters

the egg cytoplasm
Acrosome contains protyolytic enzymes.

Outer cell mass=

trophoblast
Now a
blastocyst is
formed

These cells migrate through uterine epithelium so they

are mesynchamal.

Gives rise to embryo.

Single diploid aggregation

of chromosomes. Now 2n 4c.

4. Initiate mitosis

Repeated bouts of
mitosis - cleavage

12-32 blastomeres

Sperm swim through uterine

opening to uterus.

Steps when sperm reaches

secondary oocyte.

Inner cell mass embryoblast

Fluid filled cyst=

blastocyst cavity also called "blastoceal"

6. Fertilization
envelope forms

Attachment of
blastocyst to uterine
wall

The trophoblast proliferates into the

inner cytotrophoblast and
multinucleated syncytiotrophoblast.

7. Meiosis 2 is complete forming

polar body and ovum.

Blastocyst will shed ZP and

"hatch" after 2 days in uterus
(5-6) after fertilization.

It will then implant on (hopefully) the

posterior wall of uterus. 5-6 days of age

7. Nuclei of sperm
and egg fuse.
Long non coding
RNA is found here.

Multinucleated
This wall is in the progesteral state.
Projesterone is maintaing uterine
wall for implantation.

Look more maternal because

paternal is preferentially deleted.

Cytotrophoblast

Syncytiotrophoblast

Mononucleated

Gives rise to
syncytiotrophoblast by fusing together.

Erodes into endometrium and

maternal blood vessels.

Providing nourishment

Happens on ZP
preventing
polysperming.

Polysperming is also
prevented by:

Zinc, polysaccharides, and hydrologic

lysosomal enzymes into perivitelline
space (between ZP and PM).

ZP reaction: calcium wave along

sec. Oocyte membrane releasing
cortical granules.