Conservation of Energy: First Law of Thermodynamics

First Law of Thermodynamics for CV System

First Law of Thermodynamics
Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq
Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology (BUET)
Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh
zahurul@me.buet.ac.bd
http://teacher.buet.ac.bd/zahurul/

ME 6101: Classical Thermodynamics

T099m

dEcv
dt

c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

(BUET)

First Law of Thermodynamics

ME 6101 (2016)

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Conservation of Energy: First Law of Thermodynamics

(BUET)

First Law of Thermodynamics

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Conservation of Energy: First Law of Thermodynamics

The physical significance of E: it represents all the energy of the

system in the given state. It might be present in a variety of
forms, such as:

c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

_ + W
_ + m
_ i ei m
_ e ee
=Q

Internal Energy (U): A Thermodynamic Property

Kinetic Energy (KE): energy of a system associated with motion.

Potential Energy (PE): energy associated with a mass that is
located at a specified position in a force field.
Internal Energy (U): some forms of energy, e.g., chemical, nuclear,
magnetic, electrical, and thermal depend in some way on the
molecular structure of the substance that is being considered, and
these energies are grouped as the internal energy of a system, U.

KE & PE are external forms of energy as these are independent of

the molecular structure of matter. These are associated with the
selected coordinate frame and can be specified by the macroscopic
parameters of mass, velocity & elevation.
Internal energy, like kinetic and potential energy, has no natural
zero value. So, internal energy of a substance is arbitrarily defined
to be zero at some state that is referred to as the reference state.

c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

(BUET)

First Law of Thermodynamics

ME 6101 (2016)

3 / 23

T133

T134

Various forms of microscopic

energies that make up sensible
energy.

c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

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Internal energy of a system is the

sum of all forms of the microscopic
energies.

First Law of Thermodynamics

ME 6101 (2016)

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Conservation of Energy: First Law of Thermodynamics

Conservation of Energy: First Law of Thermodynamics

W = Ws + Wb + Wf + . . .
_
_
_
W
cv Ws + Wb
_
_
_
W
_ i vi m
_ e ve )
f = P (Vi Ve ) = P (m

Closed System: 7 m
_ i = m
_ e = 0.
dEcv
_ + W
_
_
_
=Q
cv = Q + Wnet
dt

dEcv
dt

dEcv
dt

_ = 0.
Closed & Adiabatic (Isolated) System: 7 m
_ i = m
_ e = 0; Q

_ + W
_ + m
= Q
_ i ei m
_ e ee




V2
V2
_ + W
_ + m
= Q
_ i
ui + i + gzi m
_ e
ue + e + gze
2
2




2
V
V2
_ + W_
_ i
hi + i + gzi m
_ e
he + e + gze
= Q
cv + m
2
2




X
X
V2i
V2e
_ +W
_

+
gz
+
gz
h
+
h
+
+
m
_
m
_
=Q
i
e
i
e
cv
i
e
2
2
out

dEcv
_
=W
cv = Ecv = Wcv ,ad
dt
Steady-State-Steady Flow (SSSF) System:
X
X
dmcv
= 0 =
m
_ i =
m
_ e
dt
e



X
X
V2
V2
dme
+ gz dmi
+ gz
h+
+
h+
2
2
i
e
out

0 = Q + Wcv + m
_
(h1 h2 ) +

in

First Law of Thermodynamics (FLT) for CV System

c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

(BUET)

First Law of Thermodynamics

ME 6101 (2016)

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Conservation of Energy: First Law of Thermodynamics

One-inlet 1 , One-exit 2 & Steady-state: 7 m

_ i = m
_ e = m.
_

in

dEcv = Q + Wcv

c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

(BUET)

P
g
V2
2g

(BUET)


+ g(z1 z2 )
ME 6101 (2016)

6 / 23

Steady state dEcv /dt = 0

Z2 = Z1

_
Q
cv = 180kJ /min = 3.0 kW

m
_ = AV

+ z1 =

P2
g

V22
2g

T147

dEcv
dt

+ z2

= Q + Wcv

= P/RT
 X



V2i
V2
+ gzi
hi +
he + e + gze
+
m
_ i
m
_ e
2
2
e
i
h
 2 2 i
V V
_ +W
_
0=Q
_
(h1 h2 ) + 1 2 2
cv + m
X

h1 h2 = Cp (T1 T2 ) = 160.8 kJ/kg

: pressure head
: velocity head
: elevation head

c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

_
[Moran Ex. 4.5]: Air Compressor Power: Determine power required, W
cv .

For a steady state flow device

if PE 6= 0, KE 6= 0, Wcv = 0 and Qcv = 0:
i
h
 2 2
V V
0=0+0+m
_
(h1 h2 ) + 1 2 2 + g(z1 z2 )
V21
2g

V21 V22
2

First Law of Thermodynamics

h = u + Pv dh = du + Pdv + vdP , so for

isothermal process (du = 0) and incompressible fluid (dv = 0):
2
dh = vdP h1 h2 = v (P1 P2 ) = P1 P

Conservation of Energy: First Law of Thermodynamics

Bernoullis Equation

P1
g

dEcv
=0
dt

1 = P1 /RT1 = 1.20 m3 /kg

m
_ = 1 A1 V1 = 0.72 kg/s

_
= W
cv = +119.4 kW (work input required)

First Law of Thermodynamics

ME 6101 (2016)

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c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

(BUET)

First Law of Thermodynamics

ME 6101 (2016)

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Conservation of Energy: First Law of Thermodynamics

Conservation of Energy: First Law of Thermodynamics

First Law of Thermodynamics: CM System

dEcv
dt

_ + W
_ + m
_ + W
_
=Q
_ i ei m
_ e ee = Q

E = U + KE + PE +

Q + W = dU + d(KE ) + d(PE ) +

Q
dt

W
dt

dU
dt

d(KE )
dt

d(PE )
dt

dEcm
dt

+ =

T129

dEcm
dt

_ + W
_
=Q

R2

dU = U2 U1 = m(u2 u1 )
R2
d(KE ) = mVdV = 1 d(KE ) = 21 m(V22 V21 )
R2
d(PE ) = mgdZ = 1 d(PE ) = mg(Z2 Z1 ) = mgh


Q12 + W12 = (U2 U1 ) + 21 m(V22 V21 ) + mg(Z2 Z1 ) (U2 U1 )


q12 + w12 = (u2 u1 ) + 21 (V22 V21 ) + g(Z2 Z1 ) (u2 u1 )
dU =

c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

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First Law of Thermodynamics

ME 6101 (2016)

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Conservation of Energy: First Law of Thermodynamics

T130

c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

T131
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T132

First Law of Thermodynamics

ME 6101 (2016)

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Conservation of Energy: First Law of Thermodynamics

Enthalpy (H): A Thermodynamic Property

H U + PV

h u + Pv

Q12 + W12 = E

Q12 + W12 = U if KE 0, PE 0
R2
W12 = 1 PdV = P (V2 V1 )
Q12 = U2 U1 + P (V2 V1 )

Q12 = (U2 + P2 V2 ) (U1 + P1 V1 )

T458

a. U is fixed by the initial and final states. First law does not
restrict the magnitude of net heat input and net work output.

Heat transfer in a constant-pressure quasi-equilibrium process is equal

to the change in enthalpy, which includes both the change in internal
energy and the work for this particular process.

b. Heat addition without any net work output.

c. Work input without any heat effects.

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First Law of Thermodynamics

ME 6101 (2016)

Q12 = H2 H1

T117

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First Law of Thermodynamics

ME 6101 (2016)

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Conservation of Energy: First Law of Thermodynamics

Conservation of Energy: First Law of Thermodynamics

Joules Free Expansion Experiment

Example: Electric Heating of Gas at Constant Pressure.

m = 0.025kg

Qnet = 3.7 kJ
We = 7.2 kJ

Valve is opened and allowed to

equilibrate.

h1 = h (300 kPa, x = 1)
h2 = h (300 kPa, T2 )

Qnet + Wnet = E U

Qnet + (We + Wb ) = E U

T139

1st Law: Q12 = 0, W12 = 0, = U = 0.

Qnet + We P(V2 V1 ) = U2 U1

Qnet + We = P(V2 V1 ) + U2 U1 = H2 H1 = m(h2 h1 ) h2 = X

= h2 = h (300 kPa , T2 ) = T2 = 200o C

c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

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First Law of Thermodynamics

ME 6101 (2016)

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Conservation of Energy: First Law of Thermodynamics

1 Q
m T

CV

1
m

P & V changed during this process, but without any change in U.

So, U 6= f (P , V ) = U = f (T ) for ideal gas.
h = u + Pv = u + RT 7 H = f (T ) for ideal gas.

c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

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First Law of Thermodynamics

ME 6101 (2016)

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ME 6101 (2016)

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Conservation of Energy: First Law of Thermodynamics

Specific Heats
C

No change in water temperature.

No heat transfer takes place.

T2 = ?

T118

Q
T

CP

q
u
T
= T


U
T V + 0

1
m

Q
T

Gas constant, Ru = 8.314 kJ/mole K

Ideal gas models:

Specific gas constant, R =

dv
P T

q + w = du q = du + Pdv
+
 


q
u
dv
cV T
= T + P T V =
 V
q
du
: du = cV dT if u = f (T ) (e.g. ideal gas)
= dT
= cV T
V

q
h
dP
= T
v T
q + w = du = d(h Pv ) + Pdv = dh vdP T
 




q
h
dP
h
= T
0
v T
= T
cP T
P
P
P
 
q
dh
= cP T
: dh = cP dT if h = f (T ) (e.g. ideal gas)
= dT

Ru
M

cP (T ) cV (T ) = R
)
: k (T ) = ccVP (T
(T )
R2
du = cV dT u2 u1 = 1 cV (T )dT
R2
dh = cP dT h2 h1 = 1 cP (T )dT

cV (T ) =

R
k (T )1

T128

h = u +Pdv = u +RT dh = du +RdT cP dT = cV dT +RdT

Specific heat ratio, k ccVP

cP cV = R

c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

(BUET)

cV =

R
k 1

cP =

kR
k 1

First Law of Thermodynamics

: for ideal gas

ME 6101 (2016)

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cT126Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

(BUET)

T127
First Law of Thermodynamics

Transient Processes: First Law of Thermodynamics

Transient Processes: First Law of Thermodynamics

Energy Balance: Transient Flow

In the analysis of transient flow system, two models are widely used:
dEcv = Q + Wcv



X
X
V2
V2
+
h+
dme
+ gz dmi
+ gz
h+
2
2
i
e
out

Uniform State: the state within CV at any instant is uniform

throughout the CV. However, the state within CV may change
with time. It implies rapid or instantaneous approach to
equilibrium at all times for the mass within CV.

Uniform Flow: the state of mass crossing a CS is invariant with

time. However, the mass flow rate across that particular CS may
vary with time. This condition is frequently met when the flow
into transient system is supplied from a very large reservoir of
matter.

in

Rt


Rt
dEcv
_
_
+ 0W
dt = 0 Qdt
cv dt
dt

P Rt 
V2
m
_ e dt
e 0 h + 2 + gz
e
Rt

P Rt 
i 0 h +

V2
2

+ gz

m
_ i dt

If CV is fixed in space, Ecv = Ucv

R dEcv

R
R
dt = dUcv = d(mu ) = m2 u2 m1 u1 = Ucv

dt


R
R
2
2
h + V2 + gz dmi
Ucv = Q + Wcv +
h + V2 + gz dme
i
e
R
R
R
dUcv = d(mu ) = (mdu + udm): alternative form.

c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

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First Law of Thermodynamics

ME 6101 (2016)

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c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

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First Law of Thermodynamics

ME 6101 (2016)

Transient Processes: First Law of Thermodynamics

Transient Processes: First Law of Thermodynamics

Charging of Evacuated Vessel

Charging of Evacuated Vessel: CV Analysis

Mass enters only at one section of CS and no efflux of matter.

18 / 23

If tank is insulated or filled rapidly, Q 0

Wcv = 0, KE = 0, PE = 0
Supply from a large reservoir uniform flow.
0

mcv = mi me m2
m
m
1 = mi
e
m2 = mi
R
R
0

Ucv = Q + Wcv + ( )i dmi ( )e

dm
e =
mi hi
0

T119

T120

= u2 = hi

Assumptions:
Adiabatic, rigid control volume
Uniform state within the tank at any instant
Negligible K.E. of influx gas
Uniform inlet flow

c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

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First Law of Thermodynamics

Ucv = m2 u2
m
1 u1 = m2 u2 = mi u2

T2 = kTi : for ideal gas.

Example: Estimate T2 .
hi = h (Steam, P1 = 1.0 MPa, T1 = 300o C ) = 3051 kJ/kg

hi = u2 = u(Steam, P2 = 1.0 MPa, T2 = ?) 7 T2 = 456o C

ME 6101 (2016)

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c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

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First Law of Thermodynamics

ME 6101 (2016)

20 / 23

Transient Processes: First Law of Thermodynamics

Transient Processes: First Law of Thermodynamics

Charging of Evacuated Vessel: CM Analysis

Discharging Process

If tank is insulated or filled rapidly, Qcv 0

Wcv 6= 0, KE = 0, PE = 0
Ucv = Qcv Wcv

e835

Ucv = m(u2 u1 )

Pressure in the line near the valve is constant.

T121

R
W = PdV = P (V2 V1 ) = P [Vtank (Vtank + V1 )] = mP1 v1
m(u2 u1 ) = mP1 v1 u2 = u1 + P1 v1

: same result.

= u2 = hi

c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

(BUET)

First Law of Thermodynamics

= mdv + vdm dv = dm

V = mv
dV
v
m
dm
dv
du
=
0

ds
=
0 s = const
+
Pdv
= Pv = m = v = du
| {z }

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Transient Processes: First Law of Thermodynamics

Example: Air (P1 = 10 MPa, T1 = 25o C) is allowed to escape from a

vessel of 20 m3 to 200 KPa. Estimate final temperature.

e835

s = constant Pv = constant
 1/  1/(1)
T2
m2
P2
dv
dP
dm
= T
m = v = P = m1 = P1
1
m1 =

m2
m1

m2 =

P1 V1
RT1

= 2338 kg
1/
P2
= m2 = 143 kg
P1

P2 V2
RT2

T2 = 175o C

c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

(BUET)

First Law of Thermodynamics

dm = 0 dm dm = dm

dmcv =
dm
i
e
e
e

 cv

0 
2
2

dEcv = Q + Wcv + h + V2 + gz
dm
h
+ V2 + gz dme
i
i
e
= dUcv = he dme = +hdm : m = ncv = mass in CV
hdm = dUcv = d(mu ) = mdu + udm
du
du
(h u )dm = mdu dm
m = hu = Pv

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c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

Tds

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First Law of Thermodynamics

ME 6101 (2016)

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