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Fat Soluble Vitamin

Novita Wijayanti

Food Chemistry 2

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Contents

1.
1.Fat
FatSoluble
SolubleVitamin
Vitamin
2.
2.Vitamin
VitaminAA
3.
3.Vitamin
VitaminDD
4.
VitaminEE
4.Vitamin
5.
VitaminKK
5.Vitamin

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Vitamin Classification

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FAT SOLUBLE VITAMIN

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Fat-soluble Vitamins
Absorbed with dietary fat in small intestine
Absorbed
40-90% absorption efficiency
40-90%
Absorption typically regulated by need
Absorption
need absorption

Transported away from small intestine in


Transported
chylomicra via blood and lymph (depending on size)
They are not easily excreted through urine
urine..
They
Substantial amounts are stored in liver and fat
Substantial
tissue.
Therefore, toxicity is possible.
Therefore,

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VITAMIN A

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Vitamin A and Beta-Carotene


Also known as retinol, retinal, retinoic acid
Vitamin A is found in the body in compounds known as
retinoids: retinol, retinal, and retinoic acid.
These have functional roles in vision, healthy epithelial cells,
and growth.
Vitamin A deficiency is a major health problem in the world.
Toxicity is often associated with abuse of supplements.
Plant foods provide carotenoids, such as beta-carotene, some
of which have vitamin A activity.
Animal foods provide compounds that are easily converted to
retinol.
Retinol binding protein (RBP) allows vitamin A to be
transported throughout the body.
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Vitamin A in Foods
Retinol is found in fortified milk, cheese, cream,
butter, fortified margarine, and eggs.
Beta-carotene
Spinach and other dark green leafy vegetables
(chlorophyll pigment masks the color)
Deep orange fruits like apricots and cantaloupe
Deep orange vegetables like squash, carrots,
sweet potatoes, and pumpkin
White foods are typically low in beta-carotene.
Vitamin A is poor in fast foods and foods with the
xanthophyll pigments (beets, corn).
Liver is rich in vitamin A.
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Vitamin A: Absorption and transport


- Micelle formation
- Inside mucosal cell -carotene is cleaved in
the lumen of the intestine by -carotene
dioxygenase to yield retinal.
- Retinal is reduced to retinol by retinal
reductase
reductase,, an NADPH requiring enzyme
within the intestines.
- Retinol is esterified to palmitic acid and
delivered to the liver with chylomicrons via
lymphatic system.
- Carotenoids which escape intestinal
conversion to retinol can be stored in
adipose tissue.
- Species in which this occurs include
humans, horses and cattle, which have
yellow-pigmented body fat when
carotenoid intake is high.
- Vitamin A absorption efficiency 70-90%;
carotenoids 9-22%.

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Vitamin A Metabolism

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Functions of Vitamin A
Vision: Vitamin A is a component of the visual
Vision:
pigment rhodopsin. Retinal is bound to the protein
opsin.
Growth: Vitamin A deficiency causes loss of
Growth:
appetite. Slow bone growth.
Reproduction: Retinol and retinal are essential for
Reproduction:
normal reproduction
Maintenance of epithelial cells: Essential for
Maintenance
normal differentiation of epithelial tissues and
mucus secretion
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Role of Vitamin A in Vision


Visual Cycle
A process by which light impacting on the retina of
A
the eye is converted to an electrical signal
The optic nerve carries the electrical signal to the
The
brain (nerve impulse)
The brain processes the signal into an image
The

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Role of Vitamin A in Vision

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Rod Cell
Cone Cell

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Role of Vitamin A in Vision


Normal vision depends on the retina and on
Normal
adequate vitamin A
In the retina, vitamin A in the form of retinal binds
In
to a protein called opsin to make rhodopsin (in rod
cells) and iodopsin (in cone cells)
Rhodopsin and iodopsin are light-sensitive
Rhodopsin
pigments

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Role of Vitamin A in Vision


When stimulated by light vitamin A isomerizes
When
from its bent cis
cis form to a straighter trans
trans form
and detaches from opsin
The opsin molecule changes shape, which sends a
The
signal to the brain via optic nerve and an image is
formed
Most retinal released in this process is quickly
Most
converted to trans-retinol and then to cis-retinal,
to begin another cycle

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Role of Vitamin A in Vision


Dark Adaptation time
Bright light depletes rhodopsin
Bright
(photobleaching
photobleaching))
Sudden shift from bright light to darkness
Sudden
causes difficulty in seeing
Rhodopsin is synthesized in a few minutes and
Rhodopsin
vision is improved in the dark
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Role of Vitamin A in Vision


The time required to synthesize rhodopsin in the
The
dark is called dark adaptation time
It is increased in vitamin A deficiency
It

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Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)


Vitamin A for Adults

Women: 700 g or 2,330 IU g


Women:
Men: 900 g or 3,000 IU
Men:
UL Men or Women: 3,000 g or 10,000 IU
UL

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Problems associated with Vitamin A


Vit. A deficiency:
1. Night blindness
blindness"" - lessened ability to
see in dim light.
2. Increased susceptibility to infection and
cancer and anemia equivalent to iron
deficient.
3. Prolonged lack of vitamin A
(keratinization of the cornea, a
condition known as xerophthalmia
).
xerophthalmia).
4. Abnormal bone development in fetal
and neonatal life.
Skeletal malformations
spontaneous fractures
internal hemorrhages
loss of appetite
slow growth or weight loss
5. Various congenital defects
defects..

Vit A excess
Hypervitaminosis A in humans
Symptoms include dry, pruritic skin
with excessive itching and increase
in intracranial pressure.
is becoming an increasing problem in
Western countries because of selfmedication and overprescription.
has occurred through eating polar
bear or seal liver by polar explorers.
Eat polar bear liver sparingly, 30
grams contain 450,000 IU of
retinol! Continued ingestion
causes peeling of the skin from
head to foot.
It is possible that some early
Arctic explorers died from eating
their sled dogs in an attempt to
survive.

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Vitamin A Deficiency and Diseases


Nyctalopia (night blindness)
blindness):: patient cannot see in low light
or near darkness conditions
Xerophthalmia: dryness of the conjunctiva and cornea
Bitot
Bitots spots: localized increased thickness of the
conjunctiva
Keratomalacia: prolonged xerophthalmia leads to drying
and clouding of cornea
Complete blindness (in severe deficiency)
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Vitamin A Toxicity
Can occur with concentrated amounts of the
Can
preformed vitamin A from animal foods, fortified
foods, or supplements.
Consuming excessive amounts of beta-carotene
Consuming
from supplements can be harmful.
Bone Defects
Bone
Increased activity of osteoclasts causes
weakened bones and contributes to
osteoporosis and fractures.
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Vitamin A Toxicity
Birth Defects
Teratogenic risk is possible, resulting in
abnormal fetal development and birth defects.
Vitamin A supplements are not recommended
Not for Acne
Massive doses for teens are not effective on
acne.
Accutane is made from vitamin A, but is
chemically different. It is toxic during growth
and can cause birth defects.
Retin-A fights acne, the wrinkles of aging, and
other skin disorders.
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Vitamin A Toxicity
Toxicity disease is called hypervitaminosis A
Toxicity
Chronic toxicity symptoms include liver
Chronic
abnormalities.
Acute toxicity symptoms include blurred
Acute
vision, nausea, vomiting, vertigo, headaches,
and pressure in the skull.
Upper level for adults: 3000 g/day
Upper

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VITAMIN D

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Vitamin D
Also known as calciferol, 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D
(calcitriol), vitamin D3 or cholecalciferol, vitamin D2 or
ergocalciferol
Vitamin D is a nonessential nutrient that acts like a
hormone in the body.
The body can make vitamin D with help from sunlight.
The plant version of vitamin D is called vitamin D 2 or
ergocalciferol.
The animal version of vitamin D is called vitamin D 3 or
cholecalciferol.
Once the vitamin enters the body it must become activated.
Activation occurs through the action of the liver and the
kidneys.
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Vitamin D Sources
Vitamin D from the food

Fortified milk, butter, and margarine


Cereals
Chocolate mixes
Veal, beef, egg yolks, liver, fatty fish and their oils
Vegans may need fortification or supplements if they
do not have adequate sun exposure.

Vitamin D from the Sun


Synthesized in the body from cholesterol
SPF of 8 or above prevents the synthesis of vitamin D
from sunlight.
Can be obtained from tanning beds depending on type
of UV radiation.
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Vitamin D and Sun

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Vitamin D
Metabolism

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Sunligh
t

Ergosterol
(in plants)

Vitamin D2
(Ergocalcifer
ol)
Diet

Sunlight
7-Dehydrocholesterol

Vitamin D3
Cholecalciferol)
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Activation of Vitamin D
Vitamin D2 and vitamin D3 are
biologically inactive but can
have equal biological activity:
Both can be converted first to
calcifediol in the liver and then to
calcitriol, also known as 1,25dihydroxycholecalciferol, in the
kidneys.
Calcitriol, which is the most active
form of vitamin D3, is then
transported via a carrier protein to
the various sites in the body where
it is needed.

Calcitriol is also called


1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3
D3,,
or (1,25-(OH)2D3
D3..

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Calcium Regulation

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Roles in the Body


Vitamin D in Bone Growth
Vitamin
Immune system
Brain and nervous system
Pancreas, skin, muscles, cartilage, and reproductive
organs

Vitamin D in Other Roles


Vitamin
Helps to maintain blood levels of calcium and phosphorus
Works in combination with other nutrients and hormones
Vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin K
Parathormone and calcitonin
Collagen

Calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and fluoride


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Daily Intake Recommendation


Vitamin D Recommendations (1997 Adequate
Vitamin
Intake)
AI 5 g/day for adults 19-50 years old
AI 10 g/day for adults 51-70 years old
AI 15 g/day for adults if older than 70 years of
age

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Vitamin D Deficiency
Factors that contribute to deficiency
Dark skin
Breastfeeding without supplementation
Lack of sunlight
Use of nonfortified milk

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Vitamin D Deficiency
Rickets
Affects mainly children worldwide
Deficiency symptoms
Inadequate calcification of bones
Growth retardation
Misshapen bones including bowing of the legs
Enlargement of the ends of long bones
Deformities of ribs, rachitic rosary of rickets
Delayed closing of fontanel thus rapid
enlargement of the head
Lax muscles (resulting in a protruding abdomen)
and muscle spasms
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Vitamin D Deficiency
Osteomalacia
Affects adults
Soft, flexible, brittle, and deformed bones
Progressive weakness
Pain in pelvis, lower back, and legs
Osteoporosis
Loss of calcium from the bones due to inadequate
synthesis of vitamin D
Results in a reduced bone density
The Elderly
Deficiency is likely due to inadequate production and
activation of vitamin D, a decreased consumption of milk,
and having little time in the sun.
There is an increased risk for bone loss and fractures.
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Vitamin D Toxicity
More likely to be toxic compared to other vitamins
More
Vitamin D from sunlight and food is not likely to
Vitamin
cause toxicity.
High-dose supplements may cause toxicity.
High-dose
Toxicity symptoms
Toxicity
Elevated blood calcium
Calcification of soft tissues (blood vessels, kidneys,
heart, lungs, and tissues around joints)
Frequent urination
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Vitamin D Toxicity
High blood calcium is called hypercalcemia and is
High
often associated with vitamin D excess
Upper level for adults: 50 g/day
Upper
Toxicity disease is called hypervitaminosis D
Toxicity

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VITAMIN E

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Vitamin E
Vitamin E is not a single substance but rather a
family of fat soluble vitamins.
tocopherols
tocopherols:: alpha tocopherol, beta tocopherol,
gamma tocopherol, and delta tocopherol
tocotrienols
tocotrienols:: alpha, beta, gamma, and delta
tocotrienol
Each vitamin has a specific function in the body.

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Vitamin E
There are four different tocopherol compounds, but
There
only the alpha-tocopherol has vitamin E activity in
human beings.
Vitamin E as an Antioxidant
Vitamin
Stops the chain reaction of free radicals
Protection of polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin A
Protects the oxidation of LDLs

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Vitamin E in Foods

Asparagus
Avocado
Eggs
Milk
Nuts, such as almonds and hazelnuts
Seeds
Spinach and other green leafy vegetables
Unheated vegetable oils
Wheat germ
Wholegrain foods

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Vitamin E in Foods

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Vitamin E

a-Tocopherol is the most potent


of the tocopherols.
A family of eight different molecules. Four of the eight vitamin E molecules are
called tocopherols (alpha, beta, gamma and delta) [also known as Natural
Tocopherols] while the remaining four are called tocotrienols (alpha, beta,
gamma and delta). D-alpha-tocopherol is the most biologically
active in humans.
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Absorption and Transport


Dependent on ability to absorb fat
Dependent
Absorbed into lymphatic system
Absorbed
Component of chylomicrons
Component
Alpha-tocopherol is major tocopherol in plasma
Alpha-tocopherol
Positive association between serum lipid and
Positive
tocopherol levels
Normal range is 0.5-1.6 mg/dl
Normal

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Notes to Absorption and Transport

The ability of an individual to absorb vitamin E is dependent on the


ability to absorb fat.

Vitamin E is absorbed into the lymphatic system from the intestines


and enters the blood as a component of the chylomicrons.

The majority of vitamin E in plasma is in the low-density


lipoproteins. Alpha-tocopherol is the major tocopherol in adult
plasma and accounts for approximately 87% of the total tocopherol
concentration.

There is a positive association between serum lipid levels and


tocopherol levels. Vitamin concentrations in body tissues vary
considerably.

Adipose tissue and adrenal glands have the highest levels. Vitamin E
levels in plasma range from 0.5-1.6 mg/dl in normal populations. In
general, a 10-fold increase in vitamin E intake will double plasma
concentrations.
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Functions

Protect cell membrane


and tissues from
damage by oxidation

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Functions
Vitamin E in the form of d-alpha-tocopherol is an
Vitamin
important fat-soluble antioxidant
antioxidant,, scavenging oxygen
free radicals, lipid peroxy radicals and singlet oxygen
molecules before these radicals can do further harm to
cells.
New studies have revealed that the tocotrienol forms
New
of vitamin E are even more potent antioxidants than
the tocopherol isomers.

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Functions

Vitamin E helps maintain


the structural integrity
of cell membranes

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Functions
d-alpha-tocopherol has been shown to inhibit the
"clumping" of blood platelets (thus helping to avoid
blood clots) and enhancing vasodilation (the opening
of blood vessels).

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Functions
d-alpha-tocopherol protects the fat component
in low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) from oxidation

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Functions in the Body


Protects your skin from ultraviolet light which promotes
healthy skin and slows down the aging of skin

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Recommendation
Vitamin E Recommendations (2000 RDA)
Vitamin
RDA adults: 15 mg/day

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Vitamin E Deficiency
Vitamin E Deficiency - Symptoms
Vitamin
Loss of muscle coordination and reflexes
Impaired vision and speech
Nerve damage
Erythrocyte hemolysis (breaking open of red blood
cells)
Erythrocyte hemolysis
Erythrocyte
Occurs in premature infants
Hemolytic anemia can be treated with vitamin E.
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Vitamin E Deficiency
Loss of muscle coordination and reflexes

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Vitamin E Deficiency

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Vitamin E Toxicity
Rare and the least toxic of the fat-soluble
vitamins
Upper level for adults: 1000 mg/day
Symptoms : intestinal cramps and diarrhea,
fatigue, double vision, and muscle weakness.

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VITAMIN K

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Vitamin K
The ""K
K" in vitamin K comes from the German word
The
," which refers to blood clotting
"koagulation
koagulation,"
(coagulation).

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Vitamin K1 (Phylloquinone)

Naturally occurring vitamin K is absorbed from the intestines


only in the presence of bile salts and other lipids through
interaction with chylomicrons. Therefore, fat malabsorptive
diseases can result in vitamin K deficiency.
Source: Present in green leafy vegetables like lettuce, parsley,
spinach and various greens (beet and mustard). Broccoli and
certain vegetable oils (soybean, cottonseed, and olive).
are also a good source of vitamin K1.
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Vitamin K2 (Menaquinone)
Vitamin K2 is a group of compounds called the "menaquinones."
Synthesized by intestinal bacteria "n" can be 6, 7 or 9 isoprenoid groups.
The number of isoprene residues in the side chain of the vitamin K2
molecule designate the individual menaquinone compounds, e.g.,
menaquinone-4 (MK-4) has four isoprene units in the side chain of
vitamin K2; menaquinone-7 (MK-7) has seven isoprene units in the side
chain.
Source: Vitamin K2, which is the most biologically active form of vitamin K,
is found in egg yolks, butter, liver, cheddar cheese and yogurt.
It has been suggested that products like yogurt, may help to increase the
functioning of these useful bacteria.

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Vitamin K3 (Menadione)
The synthetic (man-made)
The
vitamin K3 is water soluble
and absorbed irrespective
of the presence of
intestinal lipids and bile.
Uses : essential cofactor in blood clotting.
Excess
Excess:: Dangerous if taking anti-coagulants.
Hemolytic anemia, jaundice in infants.

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Roles in the Body


Synthesis of bone proteins that regulate blood
calcium

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Roles in the Body


Synthesis of blood-clotting proteins

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Prothrombin -Carboxylation

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Vitamin K role in -Carboxylation

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Functions
Blood coagulation
1.
1.Blood
1. Post-translational carboxylation of some glutamate
residues in blood factors.
2. Vitamin K is needed for the body to make four of the
blood's coagulation factors, including prothrombin (also
known as factor II), proconvertin (factor VII), Christmas
factor (factor IX) and the Stuart-Power factor (factor X).
3. It occurs in the liver
4. Vitamin K has to change to Hydroquinoine to function as
coenzyme for carboxylase.

Calcium binding proteins


2.
2.Calcium
1. Carboxylation of specific glutamate residues in calcium
binding proteins.
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Vitamin K Recommendations
Vitamin K Recommendations (2001 AI)
Vitamin
AI men: 120 g/day
AI women: 90 g/day
Vitamin K Sources
Bacterial synthesis in the digestive tract
Significant Food Sources
Liver
Leafy green vegetables and cabbage-type
vegetables
Milk
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Causes of Deficiency
Spoilt sweet-clover hay
Contains dicumarol (vit K antagonist)

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Causes of Deficiency

Malabsorption and biliary tract obstruction


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Causes of Deficiency
In immediate post-natal infants

Sterile bowels (no intestinal microflora)


Bleeding in infants
Low Vit K in mothers milk
Hemorrhagic disease of the newborn.

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Vitamin K Deficiency
Symptoms include hemorrhaging
Secondary deficiencies may occur with use
of antibiotics.
Newborn infants receive a single dose of
vitamin K at birth because of a sterile
intestinal tract.

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Vitamin K Toxicity

Uncommon
No known toxicities
High doses can decrease the effectiveness of
anticlotting medications.

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