11.1 GENERAL REMARKS ‘Almost every thermal environmental system involves cooling of atmospheric air. During the winter heating is a major fuaction, while during the suramer heating is often required in air conditioning systems where air humidity is controlled. In summer air conditioning systems, cooling and dehumidification are prime functions. In this chapter we will be con- corned primarily with heat-transfer problems where forced-convection, turbulent airflow “Atmospheric air may be heated or cooled in duct cols, which are banks of bare tubes ‘or banks of tubes which have finned or extended surfaces. Practically all modern coils are fof the extended-surface type. Figure 11.1 shows two types of finned tubing. Figure 11.1(a) ‘employs spiral fins, while Fig. 11.1(b) has continuous flat-pate fins. The heating or ool ing medium passes through the tubes while moist air flows across the tubes and through the fins. The tubes are commonly made of copper or aluminum; the secondary surface is ‘made of alurninum of copper. The fins are usually mechanically Gonded to the tubes. In contrast to bare-pipe coils ofthe same capacity, finned coils are much more com- pact, have a much smaller weight, and usually are less expensive. The secondary surface of @ finned coil may be 10 to 30 times or more that of the bare tubes. These finned ‘coils are called compact heat exchangers. Figure LL. Schematic illustrations of finned tubing.Heat transfer in finned coils is complicated. The simple expression for the overall heat-transfer coefficient for a bare pipe derived in Sec. 2.29 must be modified. In addi- tion, the fluids are typically in some type of cross-flow arrangement, and the logarithmic ‘mean temperature difference (Sec. 229) may also not be applicable. “The analysis of cooling coils is more involved then for heating coils, since mass trans- {er (dehumidification) may occur simultaneously with heat transfer. In this chapter we ‘will first analyze heat transfer where the fins are dry. We will find that some of our results, may be extended to the case of wet coils 2s wel. If MEAN TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE FOR HEAT (CHANGERS OF THE CROSS-FLOW, FINNED-TUBE TYPE For equal surface areas and for the same value of overall heat-transfer cosffcient, a coun- terflow heat exchanger such as shown in Fig. 11.2 provides the maximum rate of heat transfer between two fluids, Such an arrangement gives the highest.mean temperature dif- ference A, between the fluids. In Sec. 229 it was shown that for pure counterflow Atay at = fs) 9 = By ries “EES oG) which isthe logarithmic mean temperature difference (LMTD). Ina more general study of heat exchangers, itis conventional to express Ay, in terms of the dimensionless quantities Aenot fuid _ Pepe Ro eon tar” Breoldflld "Fey eh a) actual cold id tke ts Maximum available Ae 13) By Eqs. (L1.1)-(11.3), we obtain for pure counterflow R= ‘OU LD aa m nn ete. Figure 11.2 Schematic counterflow heat exchanger. 11 / Hating and Cooling of Moist Arby Extonded-Surtace Coltssayin swine ne i i. firm iu tT feo TUTTI o ° gue 1.3 Schematic cosslow eangemeats In the case where air is one of the fluids, pure counterflow is generally not practi cable. The most economical heat exchanger is usually the finned-tube type employing some form of cross-flow arrangement. Figure 11.3 shows two schematic arrangements, Figure 11.3(a) shows a pure crass-flow heat exchanger with two rows of tubes. This type with one or two rows of tubes is commonly used in steam cols for heating st. Fig: Ure 11.3(b) shows a countercross-fiow arrangement with four tube passes. This type with two oF more tube passes is commonly used where hot water or chilled water passes through the tubes. As will be shown later, the logarithmic mean temperature difference is valid for ‘cross-flow heat exchangers only when one fluid temperature remains constant (conden: ing steam, evaporating refrigerant, etc.). Otherwise, the conditions required for the derivation of the logarithmic mean temperature difference do not exist when cross-flow is employed. Itis convenient to express the mean temperature difference A\, for a cross-flow heat exchanger as A= Fata, OS FSLO as) where Fis @ correction factor and Aj, .,is the logarithmic mean temperature difference calculated for pure counterfiow. Solutions for Eq. (11.5) have been published for a lim- ited number of cross-flow arrangements (1). A derivation for F will now be given forthe simple ease of pure cross-flow with one sow of tubes as shown in Fig, 11.8. We will ss (Cod id (moi) 4 Figure LL4 Schematic illustration of pure cross flow with one row of tubes. Port lV / Hoot ond Mase-Transtor Procestos andthat (1) the overall hest transfer coefficient U, is constant, (2) the mass-low rate of each {fuld is constant, (3) the specific heat of each fluid is constant, (4) neither fluid undergoes f phase change, and (5) external heat losses are negligible. "The hot fluid passing through the tube may be assumed to be thoroughly mixed at any plane normal to its flow direction. Thus, the temperature ofthe hot fui % varies only jn the x direction. However, the temperature of the cold fluid f, varies in both the x and J directions, since the baffles (fins) prevent mixing in a plane normal to flow. The final Zoidsfuid temperature ¢, is the recult of the mixture of the many separate streams. beyond the heat-iransfer surface. ‘We will first consider how the cold-fluid temperature changes along a plane in the + direction for an element of heat-transfer sucface. We may write that ic the y direction WAAC y = 1) =F gate but da = A(de/L,)(dy/L,). Thus _ UA, aaa Ret he ava ‘The solution of Eq, (11.6) for the cold-fluid temperature ¢ leaving the heat exchanger for a strip of width de is eat edd ay where UA, wae aay LLetus now consider how the fluid temperatures change in the x direction, We may write Fncpa dy ey PT Mle fad) With Eq. (11.7), Crtg- BES Le ata ‘The solution of Eq, (119) for the hot-fluid temperature f,, at the exit of the heat exchanger is fam G7 OO MY a1.10) where Ky Baer) au) Since ee pe(lesn ~ faa) = Fae alas 1 Heating and Cooling of Moist Alr by Extenced-Surface CoilsFett ode) au) ‘Thus, Eqs. (11.10) and (11.12) allow calculation ofthe final temperatures of the fui, ‘We will now develop an expression for the mean temperature difference dy between the fluids, By Eqs. (11.2), (11.3), (11.10), and (11.11), :; eh =1- RP and K,= RU) Thus Fh eigen eke Rein — RP) oy a4) By Eqs. (11.13) and (11.14) ais) and by Eqs. (114), (11.5), and (11:15) a ae, Mia=ael | a ane” eam gee a a R + In(l — RP). cero (119 hows it th eocrecom cer sw lke of ony 0 oO erg eee er erect ain So ee eee are La Pigae Some mala a (ly ta metab pan amar Ret recaunee dng 1a Reade Seana ee tae ton ben toes earth Bb See ee en area Er ae att ke ge he coe Se ee a ruteas cine talc nte te eee eT ees aera came ore eer eee Sore sor ee eee eee eae eee SE ee ae anata one ed a arena neta etre tt nly cas sting eee cy a he ia i ae wa a a oe i or a ae cee Serr aa et ete be toc re Part V / Heot- and MassTransfor Procestes and Application®rs ees har fer & 7 Figure 11. Correction factor F = Ag / ings fOr a sigle-fass, {roseflow heat exchanger ne fuid (4) oleds other fa G) Unmixed, (Reprinted fom Re A. Bowman, A. G. Muclr, sed W.Mt Nagle “Mean Temperature Diflercc in Doig," ASME Trans 62 (940) 29, mi persion ofthe publher Ant So. Mech. Engrs.) fos 5 06] os! tai ar e703 G4 05 06 a7 Of 09 10 Figure 116 Correction factor F = Atp/Aty,C, cen ee ELON, fexchanges With gq unmized abd ga ized, EFFICIENCY OF VARIOUS EXTENDED SURFACES Heat exchangers used for heating or cooling moist sir may have fins of various types on the surface contacted by the sir. Figure 11.1 shows two schematic arrangements with rectangular-plate fins. Circular-plate fins, bar fins, and various types of spines may also bbe employed. ‘The addition of fins to the tubes greatly increases the outer surface area but at the expense of decreasing the mean temperature difference between the surfece and the ait stream. Whereas the thermal resistance of the bare tube may be negligible, the thermal resistance of the extended surface may be considerable. ‘A significant quantity in evaluating the thermal effectiveness of fins is the fir effi- ciency, 6, defined as She sited Ate, ° 126) team Mine a7 11 / Hecting ane Coating of Moist Air by Extended-Surtace Coilsi Ee Tie & si | Bi [ Fine Sten tation ota ‘where ‘7.9 is the mean temperature of the fin, fg isthe temperature at the base of the fin, and is the air dry-bulb temperature, In this section we will study efficiencies of several types of finned surfaces. We will frst derive the efficiency fora bar fin, which is mathematically the most elementary type. Figure 11.8 schematically shows a bar fin attached to a tube, We will assume (1) steady. state heat transfer, (2) constant thermal conductivity for the fin, (3) @ constant tempera ture at the base of the fin, (4) one-dimensional heat conduction in the fin, (5) negligible heat transfer from the outer edge of the fin, (6) a uniform temperature of the air stream, ‘and (7) constant outside-surface convection coefficient h ‘At any cross section of unit length in Fig. 11.8, we have = 1) = 2h de Ate he. ae (uz Let us solve Bq. (11.27 forthe following conditions: atx = 0, ty = Afy y,and atx = Ly 4 tp/de ~ 0. We obtain: air dina [ 1128) where p = Vig [ky and Mbp» = fn ~ & ‘We may find the total rate of heat transfer for a unit length of the fin by ten thas [ated With Be. (1128), we have ty = Mesh annpt) 129) Port V J Hoat- and Mass-Transte: Processes and Applications3.11 / Heating and Cooling of Mole Alr by Extended Surtace Coils By definition of the mean fin temperature fy. p= heoArllnm ~ 1) Deol Mp n (21.30) ‘Thus, by Eqs. (11.26), (11.29), and (11.30), the efficiency of the bar fini given by a Figure 11.9 shows the efficiency of a bar fin as calculated by Eq, (11.31) for values of pL up to 50. ‘Circular-plate fins are more commonly applied to heat exchangers than bar fins. Fig- ure 11.10 shows two schematic circular-plate fins. Fin (a) has a uniform thickness, while fin (b) has a constant cross-sectional area. Plots of the fin efficiency for these two fin, geometries are given in Figs. 11.11 and 11.12. Other fin configurations are considered in, the Handbook of Heat Transfer Fundamentals (2) ‘The rectangular-plate fin of uniform thickness is commonly used in finned coils for heating or cooling air. It is not possible to obtain an exact matheinatica solution for the 19 os Fo @ © os z oa| 0 ie 3639 aS phe LNT Figure 11.9 Eiiciency of a ber fin, © Higure 11.10 Schematic illustrations of cireular-plate fins (a) hav- ing a uniform thickness, and (b) having a constant cross-sectionali920 tie a0 Figure 1111 Efficiency for q circular-plate fin of uniform thick- ness, (Reprinted from K. A. Gardner, “Eificiency of Extended Sur- faces," ASME Trans., 67 (1945), 625, with permission of the publisher, Amer. Soc. Mech. Engrs] ° 2 iF Figure 11.12 Etficiency for a circular-plate fin having a constant ‘croae-sectional area. (Reprinted from K. A. Gardner, “Erficiency lof Extended Surfaces,” ASME Trans., 67 (1945), 625, with permis- sion of the publisher, Amer. Soc. Mech. Engrs. PartlV / Heat and MossTranser Processes and ApplicationsFigure 113 Approximation method for treating a rectangular-plate fin of uniform thickness in terms of a flat circular-plate fin of equal area. efficiency of such afin. An adequate approximation isto assume'that th fin area served by cach tube is equivalent in performance toa flatcircular-plate fin of equal area. Figure 11.13, shows the method where the equivalent outer radius of the circular fin is determined as : we aisy ‘After determination of the equivalent outer radius, the fin efficiency may be found from Fig. 11.11, 1.5 OVERALL HEAT-TRANSFER COEFFICIENT FOR A DRY FINNED-TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER Design problems with finned-tube heat exchangers involve solution ofthe equation O= UA, big 133) In Sec. 113 we studied calculation ofthe mean temperature diference At. We will now investigate calculation of the overall heatranfer coefficient U,, where We assume the fin surfaces to be dry. Figure LL1¢ shows a schematic local section ofa finnedc-tube heat exchanger, We will assume (1) steady-state heat transfer, and (2) negligible contact resistance between r= pip athe \ setengetere a base enpertie pipe outers Pipe (inside surface are =A. mean surface area = Ape femperature =p p ‘ea ® pipe inner surface temperate (y= bot Guidtemperature Ags total ouside sutace = Ap. + Ap ‘gn=mean Gn temperature Ho uid Figure 11.14 Schematic illustration of a finned-tube heat exchanger, Jap. 11 / Heating and Cooling of Moist Air by Extanded-Surtace Cols, 301the rate of heat transfer from the hot fluid to the pipe: Ob Anil tea) (13 through the pipe: kp Araltes—t eS (2135) from the pipe and fin to the air: Dh rAnoline~ 0 + hao rAdtin ~ 2) 136) and for the entire process: O=U,ALy- 1) (131, By Eqs. (11.26) and (11.36) and assuming hyo,» = he,o,p = leo» We have B=h Ars + 4) tpo— (1138) By Eqs. (11.34), (11.35), (11.37), and (11.38), we obtain U, (139) Ao Ar.o Equation (11.39) shows that, for a heat exchanger of known dimensions, the overall coef: ficient U, may be calculated if the heat transfer coeticients hand i, the pipe thermal conductivity kp, and the fin efficiency 6 are known. tis of considerable interest to study the influences upon U, of the various quanti ties in Eq, (11.39). Some of these are shown in Example 11.3. cients sand mena Readies“7 reduction in (1000 to 50) decreased 8, by 36 percent. Part (d) shows that a 100 percent. Increase in h, (600 to 1200) increased U7, by 147 percent. ‘TABLE 11.3 Defetminalion of Fin Efficiency and Fin Thermal Resistance Rr fable 1 Pe 3 lericy @ ding Fin Thennal Component or Calculation Part(a) —_Part(b) __Part(e)_—Pari(d) Taft 00208 0.0208 —«0d08.—«—«ca8 “Vacs. tt oo79 = o079 © 07049 feat 00541 0.0541 00s41 sat Pas Blush fP °F 10.0 100 50 100 ke Btuyhe te 120 2 120 129 yt v.ovoal7 —v.0u0417 —exo0si7 0.000417 elt, 3.60 3.60 3.40 3.40 iVh ky 0.765 0.860 0.541 0.765 ig. 11.11) 0.73 0.83 0.84 0.73 AnolAr 0.0385 0.0386 0.0386 0.0386 hice wancleratm) 009s outse onset TABLE 11,4 Determination of Thermal Resistances and U, for Ex. 11.3 ‘Part(b) Part(c) Part (a) “Compénent or Calculation Pai (a) Teside surface resistance, SR AB An, Fi, 0.0464 0.0464, * 0.0464. 0.0282 ‘Pipe wail resistance, © Spa 1 ER Ae/ Anke) 0.00027 .00c27 Fin resistance, i ble 11:3) 0.0381 {0.1000 6 OVERALL HEAT-TRANSFER PROBLEMS INVOLVING DRY FINNED SURFACES ‘As stated in Sec. 11.5, a practical heat-exchanger design problem involves solution of Eq, (1133). Fora practical problem, Eq. (11.39) should be modified to allow for deposit coef ficients. A minor deposit on the outside surface of a finned coil generelly has little effect J0P. 11 / Heating and Cooling of Moist Air by Exiended-Surtoce Colls 303304 upon U, because ofthe usually large magnitude of 1/hcq- Sometimes an allowance i made for imperfect bonding of the fins to the tubes, but this effect is difficult to evaluate td, with good construction it should be small lS more important to includes depose coefficient for the inside surface of the tubes. Example 11.3 shows that the thermal resis- Sy ter ho wah ty bn ongleagd SEA ree Tab Sorsmest onane 1 oh hae Arsh, Apihas holAro/Art ) © hee Information is given in Chapter 2 for evaluating the individual coefficients fy and ‘hg. Equations shown in Chapter 2 for forced-convection coefficients are usually not applicable for h,,, for finned-tube coils. The type of fins, fin spacing, and other factors, affect the value of the coefficient. It is usually necessary to have experimental informa- tion for the particular fin arrangement. A limited amount of basic information is avail- able in published literature. Table 11.5 shows dimensional data for two plate-fin-and-tube arrangements. The surface consists of aluminum fins bonded to copper tubes. Figure 11.15 shows a schematic sketch of the surface and also presents a heat transfer correlation for the external surface. ‘The information in both Table 11.4 and Fig. 11.15 was taken from Compact Heat Exchangers by Kays and London (3]. Similar information for many other types of ‘extended surfaces is also given in this reference. Figure 11.15 provides an estimation for the external-surface convection coefficient ‘hg 9: The dimensionless grouping (h, 6/G¢,) (éyu/k)?? is shown as a function of the dimensionless Reynolds number (4r, G/1). The mass velocity G is based upon the mini- mum free-flow area A,. The Reynolds number is based upon a hydraulic diameter 4r, defined by the relation 4r,/L = 44,/A,., where Lis the flow length of the heat exchanger and A, is the total external surface area. For a given type of surface, r, is a constant inde- (1140) ‘TABLE 11.5 Dimensional Data for Two Plate Fin-and-Tube Surface Arrangements Data ‘Surface | ‘Surface i Dimensions (see sketch with Fig. 17.15) ‘A tube outside diameter, In. (em) 0.676 (72) 8, tube spacing across face, in. om) 150 GBI C, tube spacing between rows, in. (cm) 1.75 (4.45) 1, spacing of fins, conter to center, in. em) 0129 ©. E, thickness of aluminum fins, in. (cm) 0.016 — (0.041) Flow passage hydraulle diameter, 47, tt (or) 0.01268 (6.032) ‘roa Ratio Data Aga. fi? (en?) external surface/ fF (m?) face area/row: 1292 22.86 AalAni tf (rr?) external surtace/ 1 (m2) internal surtace 27 19.31 Ac, minimum f? (mn?) net flow area/ IF (mm?) face area ossa 0497 As/Ag, f (en?) fin surtace/ ff? (mm?) extemal surface 0.839 0.905 Part lV / Heat and Mass-Transfer Processes and Applicationsa a sexiot= (2) x 08 igure 1L15 Conatd-xtemal sures beaten daa fc sur faces of Table 11.5. [Adapted by permission from W. M. Kays and A. L. London, Compact Heat Exchangers (The National Press, : 1955), 177] ' pendent of the depth of the coil. Kays and London recommend that the fluid properties : cp. Hy and k be evaluated at the mean mixed fluid temperature. Chap. 11 / Heating and Cooling of Moist Air by Extended Surface Coils 305Lot ion in’ ae assunie 21200 will assume that the steara is free of ofl, and sincé we have take 1/h,,, = 0.0005. We will estimate h,, from Fig: 11.15. Fluid prope taken atthe mean temperature ‘ si ba taean ~ My = 25 — 129 = 96°F By Table A.SE, 1. = 0.0457 Ibm brand ¢ /le= 0.706. We may us cy = 0.241 Buulbm «‘F. The mass velocity G may be found from the entering wir concious and patent es are or the co By Ea (7.18) and Table ATE, we find W; = OOQZ2S By Eq. (725), we find 2, = 12.73 f0!bm,. Thus edt 2am 7 dae7g 7 00787 Ibm, 1, = (12.000) (0.0787) (60) = $6,700 Ibm, sx aes __,, .BY Table 115, the fraction of the minimum face area that is between the fi 918497 percent. Thus, {(©) By Table 115, we find that surface Il has an outside-surface area of 2.86 f/f of face n/k = 0.706. We may use eb pete 0 red = Oo 317 = 32098 Table AAE, we iad rom reguiss~ @86) 4) 'm,, Thus (2) Wemay eleulate the cequired steam flow by pecforating sn energy balance oa the steam: x -11.4 but take the heating medium to be hot water. Assume coll at 200°F and leaves at 190 F. Assume a countereross-flow arrange- face area is 241°, we will assume the col has a height of pe os pres jand Cooling of Moist Air by Extended-Surtace Coils ‘Transter Processes and 4 i‘The overall heat transfer cotficient, U,, must be mosfied, as hot watee has replaced the steam inside the tes, The water velit ean be computed by knowing the water volumetric flowrate‘Thus the flow is well ito the turbulent regime and we may use Fq. (2.51) to determine the convective heat-transfer coefficient forthe water inside the tubes: gp = SOE et pets 4, Pra use» 1207S) og 0390 gw 2.923)(0390)(09.400)*¢.957402) tr (0565) = 2317 Btu/hr-ft?. °F ‘The meen mixed-air temperature is approximately = 190 ~ 95 = 95°F ‘Thus hg Would be the same as for Ex.11.4, Furthermore, the fn efficiency would be the same af for Ex. 1.4, If we use a deposit eoetficient 1/hg = 0.0005, by Eq (11.40) we have a e281 i931 O14 1 zair 7 C94 OO) +. aes * 13 ‘Thus, by Eq, (11.20), u, 62190269 «ans ‘ of tubes re et = 408 = 4rows (© Rows of tubes required = ap peagy = 408 — 4 Re na et 11.7 INTRODUCTION TO HEAT TRANSFER IN WET-SURFACE COOLING Cols Fin-and-tube surfaces are widely used in applications for cooling atmospheric ai. If no moisture is separated from the air (sensible cooling only), we may use the procedures developed in earlier sections of this chapter. However, in cooling applications itis more common that dehumidification of the air also occurs. With dehumidification, the air-side surface is wetted (liquid water or frost). Besides transfer of sensible heat, there isa trans. fer of latent heat because of condensation. Since water-vapor transfer is not dependent "upon temperature difference alone, it follows that the analyses presented earlier in this chapter do not sufice. Figure 11.16 shows schematically @ cold surface in contact with @ moving stream of moist ait. A moving film of water is formed on the surface by condensatioa of moisture from the air stream. There is a boundary layer of air next to the water surface. In this layer, we assume that air temperature, air humidity ratio, and air velocity vary in @ plane Perpendicular to bulk motion of the air. Immediately next to the water flln, we assume that the air is saturated at the water surface temperature ¢,. The transfer processes Chap. 11 / Heating and Cooling of Moist Air by Extended Surface Colls 309nw Figure 11.16 Schematic cooling and dehumidifying of moist air. between the air stream and the water surface are similar to those described in Sec. 10.4 for the spray dehumidifier. For the differential surface area in Fig. 11.16, we have ti, dh = dQ — ri, dW hy (11.41) 4Q = hig dA elt ~ ty) + hye dAa(W ~ Wrre)(ge~ hue) (1142) ting dW = ho, AW ~ Wyn) (11.43) Using the relation Le = hg «/Io, Gyr Eq. (11.42) may be written as Tay + Oa Handle head) tng) MMe tn HEL ray By Bags (11.41, (11.43), and (11.48), we may show that dh Aa hew r a a tae MEL) 1.45) Port iV / Heat and Mass-transter Processes and ApplicationsEquation (11.45) deseribes the process line on the psychrometrie chart forthe cooling and ! dehumidifying of moist air by a cold surface. Equation (11.45) is identical to Eq. (10-47) forthe spray dehumidifier. In Eq, (11.44), the latter grouping in the brackets is typically small compared to the term (h —/h,.4). For example, ifthe air state were 85 °F (30 °C) dry-bulb temperature, i 70°F (21°C) thermodynamic wet-bulb temperature, and 14.696 psia (101.325 kPa) baro. metric pressure, and the water-film temperature were 60°F (16“C), we would have A A. = 751 Buu/lbm, (17.5 kI/kg,) W Heedbgs Le) a = 0.142 Buu/tom, (0:30 kl/kg,) Thus, approximately ag = Mey 4) (a6) We will find Eq, (11.46) to be of much importance in our studies on cooling coils. Note that the form of Eq. (11.46) is similar to Eq, (11.36) except the heat-transfer driving force is a difference in moist air enthalpy rather than a difference in air dry-bulb tem- perature. Although approximate, Eq. (11.46) allows a much easier analysis of wet cool- ing coils than does Eq, (11.44). Besides Eq. (11.46), another relation will be repeatedly used in subsequent sections of this chapter. We will assume that over a small range of tem- perature, the enthalpy of saturated air h,, Btu per Ibm, (ki/kg,), may be represented as heat by, 1.47) Figure 11.17 shows that over a narrow range of temperature, such as about 10 °F (5°C), h may be closely given by Eq-(11.47) if the coefficients a and b are average values. ite | <0 0 10 2 0 4 #6 2 28 8 Saturated sienthalpy hy Balbm, 0 a a a re Temperature 1, °F igure 11.17 Enthalpy of saturated air asa function of temperature for standard atmospheric pressure. Chap. 11 / Heating and Cooling of Moist Alr by extended-Surtace Coils an11.8 THE EFFICIENCY OF VARIOUS EXTENDED SURFACES WHEN BOTH COOLING AND DEHUMIDIFYING OCCUR 312 Pod <10 019" 203040, ae eo a to éo a a & o dg” 2 Slope, 12.00 pia 30 a kes, oa| 19.95 pia | 2.0 101.325 ePa| al 10 ° 0 rr a Temperature °F Figure 11.18 Slope 4k,/At, for saturated air. Figure 11.18 shows variation of the coefficient b in Eq. (11.47) for barometric pres- sures of 12,00 and 14.696 psia (82.74 and 101.325 KP: ‘The efficiency for a dry bar fin was developed in Sec. 11.4. We will now study the per- formance of a bar fin when condensation occurs on its surfaces; Fig, 11.19 schematically shows the problem. We will make the same assumptions given in Sec. 11.4. We will also ‘assume that heat conduction through the water film occurs in only the y direction. For a unit length of the fin, we have a = 2kpy HE ae = hey ) ‘where the subscript F refers to the metal fin. Also, dap = -2 _ (ode as) where k, and yy are, respectively, the thermal conducti film. By Eqs. (11.47) and (11.49), age ty and thickness of the water — byte) de= Moist ae (4, W.0 da. 6 ‘Wate fim of average —.| thickness 9. Figure 11.19 Schematic illustration of bar fin wetted with moisture condensed es from moist ai But the quantity (a,, + Bg f-) has the dimensions of moist air enthalpy. Let us define 4 fictitious air enthalpy hy as hp ay + byte (11.50) were the quantities a, and by are evaluated at the water-ar surface temperature Thus the ay = ~ PEM ag ~ hy) de aust By Eq, (1146) = (41.52) By Eqs. (21.51) and (11.52), we obtain ea Pow dag = ~ He hey ae = ~ Me aby te assy where Ahm (2 ~ Ap)and 1 Nee 1158 oe FT ahco) + elke ae By Eqs. (11.48) and (11.50), we have hay dhe a de and thus ass) (11.56) Chop. 11 / Heating and Cooling of Moist Air by Extended Surface Coils 313“The boundary conditions for Eq. (11.56) are Ah, zeL Equation (11.56) and its boundary conditions are completely analogous to Eq. (11.27) and its boundary conditions. Thus, the solution of Eq. (11.56) has the same form as Eq, (11.27). Furthermore, if we define the efficiency of the wet fin as ahem — Bem ha hipg Bhp, = Akg g atx = 0, and dAh,/dx = Oat be ais7 wwe find that where p= Vi,../(E)) ‘Thus, the solution for efficiency ofthe wet bar fin is of identical form to that ofthe dry bar fin. If we analyzed other types of fins and made similar substitutions, we would obtain analogous results. Thus we have the important conclusion that solutions for effi- ciency of dry fins also apply for efficiency of wer fins (Eq. 11.57) if we substitute hy... (Eq, 11.54) for the wet fn in place of hi. for the dry fin 11.9 OVERALL HEAT-TRANSFER COEFFICIENT FOR A WET FINNED-TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER InSec. 11.5 we developed an expression for the overall coefficient U, where the fin surfaces were dry. In this section we will develop an expression for the overall coefficient where the fins are wetted by moisture condensed from the air passing over the outside surface. ‘We may use Fig. 11.14 but imagine a refrigerant at temperature fy in the tube instead of the hot fluid. We will assume that the thermal resistance of the tube wall is neg- ligible and that the tube has a uniform temperature ¢,. We will also assume that the fin and tube are covered by a thin film of water having an average thickness y,,. The air pass- ing over the surface has an enthalpy h. We may write for the local rate of heat transfer inside the tube = hyArslte~ &) (11.58) By definition, let (ass) where hp and h, gare fictitious enthalpies of saturated moist air evaluated atthe respec- tive temperatures fp and fg. By Eqs. (£1.58) and (11.59), we obtain (hp — hy) (11.60) 314rename pe ‘where b,, pis evaluated from Fig, 11.18 at the temperature of the surface of the water film ‘on the tube and 6,, , is evaluated at the mean surface temperature of the water film on the fin, Making the approximation b,, p by, and h,,» = hz, 9, with Eq. (11.57) we have =F Ane + ede) h~ hye) ane) By definition of U,.«, we may write =U, wAo(h ~ hy.) (1.62) We may show by Eqs. (11.60)~(11.62) that 1 ne” Ay, Pant =e), Pu oe Trad * RelAno/Ar* Be) * Fass Equation (11.63) is of similar form to Eq, (11.39). Units of U, « are Btu «ft? of ‘outside surface (Btu/lbm dry air enthalpy difference), kW per (m of outside surface) (klikg dry air enthalpy difference). In order to calculate U,, by Eq. (11.63), we must first assume values of the mean water film surface temperature fy» and of the pipe tempera- ture fp. These assumptions allow initial approximations to be made for b,,, and be, respectively. After calculation of U,,,.. We must check the assumptions. We will now derive equations for these procedures. By Eqs. (11.58) and (11.62), we have for the pipe temperature + (1.64) ‘To establish a procedure for checking fq, we begin by writing the relation PB = Ball = hp) = AA Oh Id By Bas. (11.60) and (11.62) “a f~yp= (1 Thus, we obtain h nw h~ Seta (, —FaCrat) 9) (1165) Equation (11.65) allows determination of 4, , through calculation of the enthalpy of sat- uated air, hy» at the same temperature. We will now study the influences upon U7, ofthe various quantities in Eq, (11.63). Some of these are shown in Ex. 11.6, which is @ similar problem to Ex. 113. Chap. 11 / Heating and Cooling of Moist Air by Extended Surface Colls 318316TABLE 11.6 Determination of thermal Resitonees and Us y for Be. 115 Component or Calzulaion «Part (@) ) Part (6) Paw (4) insidesurtoce resstance, Ry = DeAo/ Aa iM 0.0259 00287 0.0129 Fin resistance, Tees tuatl=4) gangs guia ana 00s FT Fy wlAnolAe + bu) Outside-surface resistance, Raw Daim! aw 0.023 0.0283 o0we 0.0259 Total resistance, Rew = iw t Raw + Row 0.0757 0.0616 0.0977 (0.0627 Ry in percent of Ri M2 420 5A 06 | Rew in percent of Rv 34 69 TH Raw in porcent of Ry 340041508404 ow VR. Blufhef-Blu/lbm, 132-162-102 ‘which is close tool astumed value of 55 °F. We may next tse Ea. (11.65) to check our assumed value for fy, We find -Cwderno j, . osouszars) aang, _['- (4865) 71.1 Bu/lom, ind We find that 61.7 7, "Tau, ul tesa 607 hota a enongh Table 116 shows rsull for the completeproblem. ‘Compared to FX 113 (Table 1,4), Table 1.6 shows that with wet Bos ie insidesur- face reistance Rg andthe fa resins, ace more sgn than Whe he is at ay Compared to aluminuin’fing, Table 1.6, part (b), shows that with copper fins, U,.u is increased by about 23 percent: Part (c) shows that reducing h,,by'a factor of2 from 10.0 to 51) decreases U,_q by about 24 percent. Part (A) shows that inceasing fh by afactorof2 from {460010 1200 incteases Uc by shou pees Pasa 3 11.10 MEAN AIR ENTHALPY DIFFERENCE FOR WET FINNED-TUBE HEAT EXCHANGERS } Equation (11.62) shows that when simultaneous cooling and dehumiitying occur, the overall hear-ransfer coefficient, Uy, is based upon an air enthalpy difference. Further- more, the enthalpy h isthe true air enthalpy, but the quantity h,, i ajicttious enthalpy of saturated air calculated at the refrigerant temperature. We now néed to develop an texpression for the mean enthalpy difference for 2 cooling and dehumidifying coil. The mean enthalpy difference Mj, is defined by the equation | 0 Une Ahn at.) ‘We may recall that for dry fins where only sensible heat transfer occurs, At, is given by the logarithmic mean temperature difference ifthe fluid temperature within the tubes Chap. 11 / Heating and Cooling of Moist Air by Extended-Surtace Coils 317remains constant, Furthermore, in Sec. 1.2 we observed that for a countercross-flow heat exchanger with more than two tube passes, and where the tube-side fluid temperature changed, it was generally acceptable to calculate Az, for pure counterflow. “Two common cases exist with cooling coils. One occurs where the coll serves as the ‘evaporator of a direct-expansion refrigeration system. Here the refrigerant temperature remains essentially constant, and we would expect the logarithmic mean enthalpy differ- ence to apply. The other case occurs where the refrigerant (chilled water, brine, et.) tem- perature changes. However, counterflow is always desirable, and in almost all cases more than two tube passes are used. Thus, ve would expect that in such cases the logarithmic mean enthalpy difference calculated for pure counterflow would be a sufficiently accu- rate approximation for Ah, ‘We can show that, with certain approximations, for pure counterflow the mean air ‘enthalpy difference is given by (hy = han) ~ (ha = hid tn (#2 ; =e) where hy and fy are, respectively, the true enthalpies, Brulbm, (kJ/kg,), of the entering and leaving air stream, and hy, and A, «. are, respectively, fictitious enthalpies, Btwlbm, (Ki/ke,), of saturated air calculated st the entering and leaving refrigerant tem- peratures. Equation (11.67) is restricted to cases where the refrigerant temperature change is small, since in the derivation itis necessary to assume the quantities ag and by as constants in the relation h, = ag + Ogfg. We must also ignore the term ri, dWh in Eq. (11.41). Mig (a67) 11.11 OVERALL HEAT-TRANSFER PROBLEMS INVOLVING au WET FINNED SURFACES Practical cooling-coil design problems require solution of Eq. (11.66). As discussed in See. 11.6, itis usually necessary to include a deposit coefficient for the inside surface of the tubes in the calculation of the overall heat-transfer coefficient. Thus, for most cases, ‘we would use (1.68) Estimation of h; in Eq, (11.68) generally poses little difficulty except in the case of evap- orating refrigerants. As discussed in Sec. 2.24, correlations for h, for boiling liquids are available, or we may resort to experiments. The wet-surface coefficient fh, must be cal- culated by Eq. (11.54). In Eq. (11.54) the term y,,/k, is usually small, so that an estimate of the water film thickness is not critical. However, in case of frost formation, the term Yu/k, may be more important. “The convection heat-transfer coefficient A... in Eq. (11.54) is usually the controlling factor for h,,..- As discussed in Sec. 11.6 for dry fins, direct experimental data are needed for an accurate estimate. Little information is available in published literature for h,,, for a wet cooling coil Part IV / Heat- and Massransfer Processes and Applicationsoats: T T oon —— ono) << Wasa | i I ] 0.007 0.006 | ms as OF 08 09 10 is 20s rex tots (2) x 08 Figure 11.20 Dry-surface and wet-surface heat-transfer correla- tions for the external surface of a finned-tube cooling coil ‘A comprehensive experimental study comparing the coefficient h,, for a wet-sur- face cooling coil to that for the same coil operated without dehumidification was obtained by Meyers [4]. The experimental coil was similar to surface I of Table 11.5 and Fig. 11.15. Figure 11.20 shows the correlations for heat transfer to the external surface both for dry- surface operation (cooling without dehumidifcation) and for wet-surface operation (coo! ing and dehumidification). In all wet-surface calculations, a mean-water film thickness of 0.004 in (0.1 mm) was assumed. Because of the presence of-the water lm, the core air velocity is higher for the wet col than for the dry coil for a given face velocity. Other experimental data for wet surfaces show similar trends. The water often con- enses in dropwise form on what are called “nonwetting” surfaces. Thess water droplets tend to increase the roughness of the surface and increase the heat-transfer coefficient and the friction factor. The change is most pronounced at high air velocities (large Re), because the boundary layers become thinner as the air velocity increases. Other portions of the surface are wetted as a water film flows downward from regions above. The pres- ence of grease or dirt can also change the behavior ofthe surface. Therefore itis very di ficult to accurately predict the external heat-transfer coefficient for wet coils. An approximate method to estimate the wet-surface heat-transfer coefficient when the dry value is known for the same surface isto use the following empirical relation for the effec- tive Reynolds number for the wet surface: Rey = 46REM (r1.69) ‘Then the data for the dry coil, such as those given in Fig, 11.15, can be used to estimate the performance of the same coil under wet conditions, In calculation of U,, by Eq. (11.68), attention must be given to the term b,, 9 Its expressed in units of Btulbm, « °F (ki/kg, * °C) and represents the slope of a curve expressing the enthalpy of saturated air as a function of temperature. In our analyses, we j assumed @ linear relation between fh, and t, which is permissible over a small range of ¢ | ssuch as about 10 °F (5 °C) or less. The quantity b,,_ should be evaluated at the mean water-film surface temperature. Where the mean water-film surface temperature change exceeds about 10°F (5°C) for the entire coil, it is more accurate to separate the coil depth Chap. 11 / Heating and Cooling of Moist Air by Exonded-Surtace Coils 319320 into two or more parts and to treat each part separately. It is particularly interesting to analyze the influence of b,,, in Eqs, (11.63), (11.65), and (11.68). Ifthe quantity yy/ky in Eq. (11.54) is of minor importance, by, » mainly affects ,, since itis essentially can- celled in the term by, »/Ro,9- This circumstance is fortunate, and it is usually not neces- sary to make a precise evaluation of by. ‘Depending upon the circumstances of the problem, a cooling coil may operate with ‘one oF more rows of its initial external surface dry (no dehumidification) and with the remainder of its surface wet. If Eq. (11.65), when applied to inlet conditions, indicates a value oft, higher than the inlet-air dew-point temperature, then the initial surface will bbe dry. The procedures of Secs. 11.2-11.6 should be applied to this part of the coil. For the dry section of a coil, we may show by procedures analogous to those used in obtaining Eq. (11.65) that trae aft ~ fete Seo wd] (11.70) When ty,» is equal to the inlet-air dew-point temperature f, ,, we have = 6 = WAS Ay MR t qu 1 = (1 — U,A,/h Ay.) Equation (11.70) allows calculation of the mean fin temperature fy fora dry section for given values of air dry-bulb temperature t and refrigerant temperature fq. Equation (11.71) allows calculation of air temperature t for the location where condensation just begins. It follows that the analysis for a wet coil would begin at this location. ‘An illustration of the fundamental calculation procedures for a fin-and-tube cool- ing coil is shown by the following example.we obtain y= 0.0439 Tome bm, and», = 13.94 ‘Chap. 11 / Heating and Cooling of Moist Air by ExtendedSurtace Coils, 321322 ‘The solution of five rows of tubes for Ex. 11.7 is probably adequate. As a check to the solution, we could divide the coil into increments, such as two rows, and evaluate more accurate values of b, » and U7, . for each increment. We may easily show that for Ex. 11.7 Fey = Fig + (hy — bg ton telte where ft and hr, are the respective enthalpies of the air entering and leaving the incre- mental coil and A, is the surface area of the incremental coil. In this way, we may calcu- late f, for cach increment except for the last increment, where the requited incremental A, would be calculated. Port lV / Hea and Moss-Transter Processes and Applications11.12. CALCULATION OF COOLING-COIL PERFORMANCE AT OTHER THAN DESIGN CONDITIONS ‘The calculation procedures given in Secs. 11.9-11.10 are adequate for calculating necessary surface area and the number of rows of tubes wiere operating concitions are known. ‘Example 11.7 was such a problem, where, among other data, the final airstate was specified. We may, however, encounter a problem where the coil surface area is known and we need to determine the final air state for various operating conditions. The fundamental procedure previously given would provide for determination of the final air enthalpy fh, only. In this section we will study how the air humidity ratio W also may be determined throughout a cooling coil. Unfortunately, no convenient mathematical solution is available for W as was the case for k. However, Eq. (11.45) allows us to construct the process line on the A-W- psychrometric chart for moist air passing through a cooling-and-dehumidifying coil. ‘We will assume that the inlet-ar state, iniet-rfrigerant state, the various heat-trans- fer coefficients, and the coil-surface data are known. If the refrigerant is a liquid which ‘does not change phase, by alteration of Eq, (11.67) we may obtain that the enthalpy of the air leaving the coil is given by peha=etm engenders amy where cy = ry ba/ttgce.g ANd Cy = Us,wA. [tt and rt is mass-flow rate (dry basis) of the air, rg is the mass-flow rate of the refrigerant, c, g is the specific heat of the refrigerant, and other quantities are the same as those defined in Secs. 11.9 and 11.10. Ifthe refriger- _ant temperature is constant, Eq, (11.72) reduces to I= Ig t (em hy genie (1.73) ‘The relationship between the mean water-film surface temperaturs ¢,,,, and the air enthalpy k may be found from Eq. (11.65). Equations (1145), (1.65), and (11.72)-(11.73) in conjunction withthe psychromet- ric chart provide a method for determining the change of air state through a cooling and Coefficient in Eq. (11.47), Bvlbm, °F (Keg, °C); bq evaluated at refrigerant temper- inure (qb, evaluated at watercilm temperate (by, «evaluated at mean water-flm Temperature 6 ce Cold-fiid capacity rate, Btufhr «°F (KW?) 6 taybylhtggy ny dimensionless. Oi gAg ft, dimensionless. cy —-Hotfuid capacity rate, Beufar-“F (KWPC), aug Maximum capacity rate, Buuthr «°F (kWPC). coe Minimum capacity rate, Bru -“F (KWPC), ce Specific heat at constant pressure of cold uid (usually at), Brutbes °“F (kkg = °C). 2 Specific heat at constant pressure of moist ar per unit mass of dry si, Btutbm, «°F (ete, °C) ‘ ua Specific heat at constant pressure of hot uid, Btutbm = (Kkg °C) eo Specifc heat at constant pressure of water, Btwbm "F (EI/RS °C), my fetes to satu: rated lguid water. & Capacity rate ratio dimensionless F—tqg/ Biter dimensionless. G Mass velocity of moist ir, Ibmvhr =f? (kp). G, Mass velocity of dey ais, omar»? (kg fh —Bathalpy of moist ir, eufbm, (kkg,); fy refers to entering air; riers to leaving ar. hee Convection heattranser coefficient for ouside surface, Btw - £ -°F (kWitx*« °C). al, Massansforcootcient for outside surface, oma rf om bm, (key kee). ha, Deposit cooticient for inside surtace (see Table 23), Btu =f -*F (KWint °C). he Fictitious enthalpy of moist sic defined by Eq. (1.50), BrufTom, (kIg,) hy evaluated fat mean fin temperature ip My evalated at temperature ty Of fin base; Mip = ~ he, Iiyw — Bnthalpy of saturated liquid water at temperature <, Brufbm, (KIfk3,)- ‘he, nthalpy of saturated water vapor at air dry-bulb temperature, Btulbm, (KK) iS Enthalpy of saturated water vapor at O°F (0°C), Btulom, (ki/K2y). Kn Heat-ransler coefficient for inside surtace, Buu/a £2 «°F (Win? -°). Jog Heat-transter coefficient, Buuhe «ft -*F (kWh? « °C), defined by Eq (11.54). ke” Enthalpy of saturated moist air, Beullbm, (ie); hyp evaluated at pipe temperate fos th gevaluated a refrigerant temperature ty, « ovaluated at water-lm temperature fy; Frrasn evaluated at mean water-fm temperature ty, Ah, Mean enthalpy diference for moist air, Butbm, (K/kg,) Ky” G,Ag hinge, dimensionless. Ky Celts, 4) ~ ), dimensionless. k "Thermal conductivity, Burr - £2 -°Ffe (kWim? -*Clm); kp refers tofinmaterial kp refers to pipe material refers to water, Lo Length, £(m). Le heelys dimensionless. Lz Tota ength in x direction, fe (m). L, Total length in y rection, te (). Chap. 11 / Heating and Cooling of Moist Air by ExtendedSurface Coils 329meg ee VA ea ae Mass rate of flow of hot fui, bar (ke/). Mass rate of flow of cold fluid, Ibm (ky). ‘Mass rate of flow of dry at, Ibm, /hr (ke, /S) ‘Number of rows of tubes, dimensionless. ‘Number of Transfer Units, dimensionless. 97 fal (gi fs dimensionless Vic o/hy for dy fins, f°" (m“; Vio zy for wet fins, (2). Total heat-transfer rate, Btu (KW). Rate of heat transfer in fins, Beuhr (kW). a> tuo Goa ~ fdr dimensionless. ‘Thermal-resistance term used with heat exchangers with dry fins, hr f@ + °F/Btu (an -“CRW)}; R, refers to inside surface; Re refers to fins; R, refers to pipe wal; R, refers to outside surface; Ris total value. ‘Thermal-esistance term used with heat exchangers with wet fins, hr +f» Beutbm, Btu (coin ~ kg, AW); Refers to inside surface; Rg Fefers to fins; Ry, refers to ouside surface; R, refers to total value. 4ryG/u for uid outside of tubes, dimensionless; D,/. for fluid inside of tubes, dimen sionless. Outside radius of tube ft (m). ‘Outside radius of circular fin, ft (mn); Vae/ for rectangular fin, ft (m) (see Fig 11.13). LAA (0). ‘Temperature, FF (°C); usually éry bulb value for air. ‘Temperature of cold uid, *F (*C);t, refers to entering fui, , refers to leaving fuid. “Thermodynamic wet-bulb temperature of moist ait, “F CC). ‘Temperature of fn, F °C); prefers to base of fin ty, « fefers to mean fin temperature; Atp= ty fete ‘Temperature of fuid inside of tubes, °F CC). ‘Temperature of hot fluid, °F (°C); &, refers to entering Mui: refers to leaving Aud. ‘Temperature of pipe or tube, "F ('C); fp, fefers to inside surface; t,, refers to ouside surface Refrigerant temperature, F (), ‘Temperature of saturated moist air, F CC). ‘Temperature of water film, *F (°C); fm fefers to mean valve. Mean temperatuce difference between lids, F (°C); Afy,r Feers to pure counterow. ‘Temperature difference between entering and leaving fuids in a heat exchanger, °F (’C) Overall heattransfer coefficient, Btu f“F (kWimn? -*C). ‘Overall heat-transfer coefficient for heat exchangers with wet fins, Brwhr ff» Btulbm, (Wien karke,). Volumetric flow rate, f°/hr (ms). Velocity of water, fUsec (mis) Specific volume of moist air, fbm, (mx,). ‘Specific volume of liquid water, f/lbm, (me). Humidity ratio of moist ar, tom, bm, (kg): W, Feters to saturated ai at water-ilm temperature ty. Distance along heat exchanger, ft (i). ‘Thickness of pipe wall, (cn). Part lV / Heal and Mass-Transfer Processes and Applicationsy One-half of fn thickness, tt (m). Ye Thickness of water film, ft (mm). Greek Letters & Emissivity, dimensionless effectiveness, dimensionless. bo Density of water, bmi? (kg/m). Fluid viscosity, tbauft he (kg/m - 3). —_ Finefficiency for dry fins defined by Eq. (11.26), dimensionless. , —_ Finefficiency for wet fins defined by Eq, (11.57), dimensionless. Chap. 11 / Heating ond Cooling of Moist Air by Extended-Surface Colls 331