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1, JANUARY 2014
43
I. I NTRODUCTION
ONTROLLED ac/dc converters provide high reliability, low complexity, and low power loss and minimize
the number of series-connected switches for high-voltage or
medium-voltage (MV) applications [1], [2]. One drawback of
these converters is the generation of voltage harmonics which
affects the power quality on the dc side [3], [4]. Controlling the
converter phase angle impacts on the output voltage harmonics,
which are assessed by using individual harmonic distortion
and the ripple factor (RF) [2]. Methods have been used to
minimize the output voltage waveform distortion, and a multipulse configuration can be used in MV systems to improve
the power quality. Converters utilize a front-end phase-shifting
transformer feeding a number of six-pulse converters connected
in parallel for high-current applications or in series for highvoltage applications [3].
44
(2)
where
3Io Vmax
.
(3)
P = 1/2(cos 1 + cos 2 )
Q = 1/2(sin 1 + sin 2 ).
(4)
vo1
vo2
3Vmax
=
3Vmax
=
cos 1 +
n=1
cos 2 +
n=1
Fig. 1.
6n+1
6n1
6n(1) = n+tan1
sin(6n+1)1 sin(6n1)1
6n+1
6n1
cos(6n+1)2
2
cos(6n1)
6n+1
6n1
1
.
6n(2) = n+tan
sin(6n+1)2 sin(6n1)2
6n+1
6n1
(7)
By substituting (6) into (5), the total output voltage can be
expressed in terms of 1 and 2 by
vo =
3Vmax
cos 1 +cos 2
1
1 2 cos 21
sin(6t+6(1) )
+
+ 2
2
5
7
57
1
1 2 cos 22
sin(6t+6(2) )
+
+ 2
2
7
57
5
1
1
2 cos 21
sin(12t+6(1) )
+
+ 2
2
11
13
1113
1
1
2 cos 22
sin(12t+6(2) )+ .
+
+
112 132
1113
(8)
1
1
2 cos 21
sin(6nt + 6n(1) )
+
(6n 1)2
(6n + 1)2
(6n 1)(6n + 1)
(5)
1
1
2 cos 22
.
sin 6(nt /6) + 6n(2)
+
(6n 1)2
(6n + 1)2
(6n 1)(6n + 1)
(6)
HAMAD et al.: MV 12-PULSE CONVERTER: OUTPUT VOLTAGE HARMONIC COMPENSATION USING A SERIES APF
45
d
dt
(9)
46
Fig. 6.
Fig. 4.
measured load current average Idc is used to control the auxiliary current source which produces the control winding current
Ich required to achieve a dc ampere-turn balance between the
converter-side winding and the control winding
Nm3 Ich = Nm1 Idc .
Fig. 5. (a) Series APF transformer and (b) BH curve and effect of the
control winding current.
(10)
(11)
HAMAD et al.: MV 12-PULSE CONVERTER: OUTPUT VOLTAGE HARMONIC COMPENSATION USING A SERIES APF
Fig. 7.
47
Twelve-pulse converter follows the proposed power locus with the series APF inserted into the dc side via a magnetic amplifier.
guarantee that the control winding current Ich tracks the reference current. Based on the transformer configuration and
winding arrangement for the converter-side winding and the
control winding (11), this current prevents the magnetic amplifier from saturating. Since power flow in this application is
unidirectional, a single-quadrant dc chopper is used with the
magnetic amplifier as an LV high-current controlled current
source which circulates the chopper output current in the lowresistance control winding. This load resistance determines
the maximum steady-state chopper current when 1. The
switching frequency fch is 10 kHz, and a smoothing inductance
Lch of 10 mH is used to ensure continuous Ich with low ripple
current [35]. Also, this inductance presents high impedance
(required of a current source) to current changes in the other
two windings. The current source response, determined by the
dc source and inductance and time constant Lch /Rch , should be
better than the dc current response required of the main ac/dc
converter.
VI. O UTPUT VOLTAGE C OMPENSATION OF A 12-P ULSE
C ONVERTER U SING A S ERIES APF W ITH
A M AGNETIC A MPLIFIER
The series APF with a magnetic amplifier is used to compensate the 12-pulse converter output voltage harmonics. The
steady-state performance of the dc-side-compensated converter
is investigated while the converter tracks the power locus in
Fig. 1. This power locus is based on a constant and ripplefree load current for the required active power range. The
load may be either static or dynamic. A dynamic load may
draw either constant or variable dc current. As an example,
48
TABLE I
O UTPUT VOLTAGE AND L OAD VOLTAGE H ARMONIC P ROFILE
A. Simulation Results
B. Experimental Results
with a turn ratio of 2:1: 3, functions as the front-end transformer of the 12-pulse system which is implemented to
emulate the simulated MV system. The supply voltage vs
is 170 V, and the converter with the series magnetic amplifier APF feeds an inductive dc load of Idc = 1 A. The
auxiliary dc-source voltage Vdc(s) is 110 V. The test-rig picture
appears in the Appendix. The experimental results when the
1
.
Lf C f
(12)
HAMAD et al.: MV 12-PULSE CONVERTER: OUTPUT VOLTAGE HARMONIC COMPENSATION USING A SERIES APF
49
Fig. 9. DC-side compensation of a 12-pulse converter using a series APF with a unit step load change. (a) Converter output voltage Vo , (b) compensated load
voltage VL , and (c) load current.
TABLE II
O UTPUT VOLTAGE AND L OAD VOLTAGE H ARMONIC
P ROFILE FOR A L OAD S TEP C HANGE
50
Fig. 10. Performance parameters before and after compensation using a series APF: (a) Four dominant harmonic factors and (b) voltage RF. (----) Before
compensation and () after compensation.
HAMAD et al.: MV 12-PULSE CONVERTER: OUTPUT VOLTAGE HARMONIC COMPENSATION USING A SERIES APF
51
Fig. 12. Configuration #2: Coupling the series APF with a magnetic amplifier.
A PPENDIX
See Fig. 13.
R EFERENCES
Fig. 11. Practical results of series APF compensation: (a) Voltage waveforms,
(b) current waveforms, (c) spectrum of the converter output voltage Vo , and
(d) spectrum of the load voltage VL after compensation.
[1] N. Akagi, Large static converters for industry and utility applications,
Proc. IEEE, vol. 89, no. 6, pp. 976983, Jun. 2001.
[2] B. K. Bose, Power Electronics and AC Drives. Englewood Cliffs, NJ,
USA: Prentice-Hall, 1986.
[3] B. Wu, High Power Converters and AC Drives. Piscataway, NJ, USA:
IEEE Press, 2006.
[4] P. E. Aqueveque, E. P. Wiechmann, and R. P. Burgos, On the efficiency and reliability of high-current rectifiers, in Proc. IEEE PESC,
Jun. 1519, 2008, pp. 45094516.
[5] L. Wei, N. Guskov, R. A. Lukaszewski, and G. Skibinski, Mitigation of current harmonics for multi-pulse diode front end rectifier
systems, in Conf. Rec. 14th IEEE IAS Annu. Meeting, Oct. 26, 2005,
vol. 1, pp. 129137.
[6] H. Akagi, New trends in active filters for power conditioning, IEEE
Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 32, no. 6, pp. 13121322, Nov./Dec. 1996.
[7] N. Vazquez, H. Rodriguez, C. Hernandez, E. Rodriguez, and J. Arau,
Three-phase rectifier with active current injection and high efficiency,
IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 56, no. 1, pp. 110119, Jan. 2009.
[8] S. Choi, New pulse multiplication technique based on six-pulse thyristor
converters for high-power applications, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 38,
no. 1, pp. 131136, Jan./Feb. 2002.
[9] I. A. Vargas, A. J. Forsyth, and F. J Zabalza, Capacitor voltage balancing
techniques for a multi-pulse rectifier with active injection, in Proc. 24th
IEEE APEC, Feb. 1519, 2009, pp. 383389.
[10] J. F. Baird and J. Arrilaga, Harmonic reduction in D.C.-ripple reinjection, Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng.Gener., Transm. Distrib., vol. 127, no. 5,
pp. 294303, Sep. 1980.
52
[34] K. Harada, Y. Ishihara, and T. Todaka, A novel high power factor converter using a magnetic amplifier, IEEE Trans. Magn., vol. 32, pt. 2,
no. 5, pp. 50135015, Sep. 1996.
[35] M. H. Rashid, Power Electronics: Handbook. Don Mills, ON, Canada:
Academic, 2001.
[36] K. H. Ahmed, S. J. Finney, and B. W. Williams, Passive filter design for
three-phase inverter interfacing in distributed generation, Elect. Power
Qual. Util. (EPQU) J., vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 4959, May 2007.
[37] G. K. Dubey, Thyristorised Power Controllers. New Delhi, India: Wiley
Eastern, 1986.
Mostafa S. Hamad received the B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees from The Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria
University, Alexandria, Egypt, in 1999 and 2003,
respectively, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Faculty of Engineering, University
of Strathclyde, Glasgow, U.K., in 2009.
Since January 2010, he has been an Assistant
Professor with the Arab Academy for Science,
Technology and Maritime Transport, Alexandria.
His research interests include motor drives, power
quality, flexible ac transmission systems, and
renewable energy systems.
Barry W. Williams received the M.Eng.Sc. degree from The University of Adelaide, Adelaide,
Australia, in 1978 and the Ph.D. degree from the
University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K., in 1980.
After seven years as a Lecturer with Imperial College London, University of London, London, U.K.,
he was appointed Chair of Electrical Engineering
with HeriotWatt University, Edinburgh, U.K., in
1986. He is currently a Professor with the University
of Strathclyde, Glasgow, U.K., where he is also the
Head of the Power Electronics and Energy Conversion Group, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering. His teaching
covers power electronics (on which topic he has authored a textbook) and
drive systems. His research activities include power semiconductor modeling
and protection, converter topologies, soft-switching techniques, and application
of application-specified integrated circuits and microprocessors to industrial
electronics.