India is primarily an agriculture country dating back to more than ten thousand years.

Today, India ranks the

second largest in agricultural output worldwide. Agriculture contributes approximately 33 percent of the Gross
Domestic Product and round about 70 percent of Indian population is engaged in agriculture sector. Most of the
agricultural outputs including wheat, tea, coffee, cotton etc are exported to foreign countries contributing about
8.56 percent of India?s exports. About 43 per cent of geographical land is used for agricultural activity. India
accounts world?s number one country in sugarcane and stood second rank in rice output.
Modern Agricultural Techniques:
With years of practice in agriculture there have been new inventions and modern techniques adopted by
farmers in agriculture To spread and encourage knowledge of agriculture among the youth generation,
government has even launched new programmes and courses with specialization in agriculture Modern
Agricultural comprises of improved farming techniques and the using of irrigation and high-yield grains
resulting into increased production. The main drawback is being the inadequate monsoon, which accounts a
crucial role in influencing agricultural production in India since most of the cropped area even now does not
have any assured irrigation. Although measures are being undertaken by government authorities to eradicate the
inadequacy of monsoon by introducing water dams and river project for effective irrigation.
In fact, India is facing the biggest challenge of producing enough food grains to cater the increasing population
of India. Hence measures are been taken to expand farmland area and with quality grains the farmers are now
able to produce double output in the same amount of land.
Farmers have adopted modern improved irrigation techniques that have the potential to increase agricultural
production with improved farming techniques in areas that rely on monsoon also could improve yield.
Moreover, improving the use of fertilizer, especially on rain fed land, also would help to increase the
production. Government of India is trying a variety of plans and strategies with sophisticated water management
techniques replacing the traditional farming practices.
Very much so, as we learn more about how things grow and prosper, as well as manufacturing
becoming more advanced we find ways to become more productive. This can be a new tool
which makes things easier, new tests to find out just what's needed to make what happen, or
new uses for things.
Here's a few examples:
- in the olden days fertilizer was basically whatever manure was available. Now not everyone has
livestock, and while those who have access to manure still use it, we can soil test and manure
tests to apply the optimum amount of nutrients for plant growth. Even with manure the tests
might show to add this much N, P, K, and maybe a few micro nutrients. These will come from
commercial fertilizer, either manufactured (some N sources), or mined & refined (a lot of the
others)
- in the olden days it was small horse drawn equipment, now it's larger equipment pulled by
machines. All need to be manufactured, and require diesel that horses didn't
- Way back when sanitation products more or less consisted of soap and water. Now there are
specialized cleaners, not to mention routine things such as teat dip on dairies. All are
manufactured somewhere
- Barns themselves. They used to be wooden, usually with hand-hewn beams likely made with
local lumber. Now while they still use wood, there's also a lot of concrete and steel. Livestock
barns will often have curtain walls for more ventilation, not to mention fans. The old timers didn't
know the value of ventilation. The structure itself tends to be a one time thing but the fans,
curtains, etc tend to only last a few years.
- veterinary needs have brought into play many new medications to get sick animals back on
their feet quicker. also with the onset of AI replacing the herd bull brings some on. I won't call the
semen manufactured, but the straw it comes in as well as expendable supplies such as sheaths,
covers and gloves are ongoing inputs.

- weed control went from hoes and cultivators to using chemicals, and in some cases flamers.
requiring not only the chemical itself but nozzles are expendable, and if a flamer is used the
propane to fuel it.
- even simpler things such as moving from haystack to bales requires not only the baler but the
twine to hold it together.

Crop Management in India

In northern region, soil mulching and other practices will help in in-situ conservation of residual
moisture for successful Rabi cropping.

Mulching the basins of Coconut and Arecanut with palm leaves, dry Coconut husk & coir pith and other
crop residues may be followed for effective conservation of moisture.

One sixth of the 50% dose of the recommended dose of fertilizer may be applied once a month for
Kerala conditions through drip irrigation in Coconut. In case of other states where there is limited rains,
the same dose can be applied once in 2-months.

In seed spices, harvesting of late sown coriander, cumin and fenugreek is advised. It must be ensured
that the produce is dried well. In dill, irrigation for late sown crop and harvesting of early sown crop are
to be takenup.

Trees on agricultural land may be prunned to open-up canopy for light penetration for crops. Green
weeds and leguminous tree leaves my be lopped and used for composting, in-situ mulching or for
incorporation in soil under puddled condition.

Rainfed crops like blackgram, chickpea, greengram, pigeonpea were affected due to non occurrence of
winter rains. Farmers of eastern region are advised to harvest the crops at physiological maturity.

It is advised to harvest maize cob and market it instead of going for grain to save irrigation water.

Since winter season is dry, transplanting of summer rice is advisable where assured irrigation facilities
are available.

Weather and Weather based Crop Management Plan

Land tillage for spring maize, moong, urad, sugarcane, sunflower, jute and maize for fodder may be
taken up. Farmers of eastern region are advised to complete transplanting of boro rice. In well puddle
fields at a spacing of 15x 15 cm. In main fields 60, 60 and 40 kg N,P and K/ha should be applied as
basal application. Wherever, seedlings are affected due to frost injury, it is advisable to grow rice
seedlings by dapog method to compensate the time loss.

Weeding and interculturing of rabi crops specially winter maize, wheat. Hand weeding of onion, garlic
& other spices are to be attended. Sugarcane should be harvested and earmarked for ratoon. For broad
leaved weeds 2,4-D chemical 625 gm in 700-800 litre water and for Phalaris minor, Isoproturan (75%)
1.0 kg in 800 litre water/ha should be sprayed. Eradication of Orobanche should be taken up in mustard,
tomato, potato and tobacco fields. Desuckering of tobacco crop has to be attended to allow better leaf
growth on main plant. Top dressing with urea in wheat, pulses, oilseeds, maize, fodder crops followed
by irrigation

In all standing crops light irrigation is to be given.

Sowing of watermelon may be initiated in coastal Orissa.

Crop Protection

For management of Karnal bunt , one spray of propiconazole 25EC @ 0.1% may be given (in seed crop
only) at ear head emergence stage. Instead of one spray of propiconazole 25 EC, two sprays of T.viride
or one spray of T.viride at 31-39 days and 41-49 days provide a non-chemical (biological control)
management of disease. One spray of T.viride (at 31-39 days) followed by one spray of propiconazole
25 EC at growth stage 41-49 can be given to attain near complete control.

For charcoal rot management in maize, water stress should be avoided at post-flowering stage, 3-4
sprays of Mancozeb (Dithane M-45) effectively reduce rust and Turcicum leaf blight intensity in
susceptible varieties.

The weather is conducive for ocurrence of Sigatoka leaf spot disease especially in Cavendish group of
Bananas like Robusta, Grand Naine, Dwarf Cavendish which are commercially grown in Maharashtra,
Gujarat, Karnatak, AP and Tamilnadu. Banana farmers are advised to spray Propicanazole 0.1% with
wetting agent (Teepol/sandovit 5ml/litre water), Bavistin 0.1%, Calixin 0.1% and Mancozeb 0.2% each
at 21 day interval.

For management of termites, in the standing crop, the broadcasting of the insecticide treated soil 15
DAS be practiced. For this, Endosulfan 35EC @ 2.3 l/ha or chloropyriphos @ 3 l/ha be done. This is
applicable to safeguard mulch material in Cocconut and Arecanut basins.

In the North-Western and Indogangatic plans, Bengal gram (chicken pea) crop at flowering stage shall
attract pod borer damage. If the larvae cross 2 per plant in 20 plants per acre, spraying of endosulfan or
any contact insecticide at 2 litres per hactare may be taken up. However, the insecticide application
should be only need-based and never as per any schedule.

To control blister beetle in cucumber, collect the adults mechanically and crush them or spray
Endosulfan @ 2ml/litre

Dip the ginger fingers with Redomil MZ72 or Spectra MZ 72 @2gm/lit of water for 30 minutes and
keep in the shed

To protect the crop from pea pod borer, spray of 0.05% Monochrotophos 36SL or 0.07% Endosulfan
35EC is advised.

Present weather situation is favourable for the powdery mildew disease in pea crop. Dusting with
sulphur dust @ 25 - 30 kg/ha is advised. Spraying 2-3 times 0.1% Bavistin or 0.1% Karathane is also
effective for the control.

In Kumaon area and in parts of eastern UP, widespread damage of crops due to white grub is noticed.
Drenching of Chlorpyriphos 0.07% is recommended in the affected patches.

Himalayan rats are seen to damage the cereal crops in Kumaon area. Suitable steps to install bait stations
on a community scale has to be undertaken. The crop loss can be reduced by timely baiting
interventions.

In the north-eastern states bamboo flowering has been reported in Arunachal Pradesh & Mizoram. The
rodent population is expected to explode. Mass trapping using bamboo traps as well as mass-baiting as a
community level campaign may be taken-up particularly in the districts of Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram,
Nagaland and Manipur where rodent explosion is currently seen.

For the management of aphids in wheat crop, foliar spray of Methyl demeton 25EC @ 2 litre/ha on
infected rows at the start of the aphid colonization be given.

Sap sucking insects damage crops such as Oilseed crops, gram and vegetables. Spray Methyl demeton or
Endosulphan or Quinalphos @2 l/ha as and when the damage crosses designated threshold levels.

Application of Karathane (0.1%) for controlling powdery mildew in Mango is advised.

Wherever there is incidence of attack of fruit and shoot borer in Brinjal, it is recommended to arrange
pheromone traps @ 4 per acre. Clip the infested shoots and fruits and destroy them. Prophenophos @ 2
ml or Carbaryl @ 3g/l of water may be sprayed.

For the control of thrips in Chilli, spray of Acephate @ 1.5g/l or Dimethoate 1.5ml/l is recommended.
For management of anthracnose disease spraying Hexaconazole 0.05% is recommended.

For the management of wilt in cumin, drench the soil with the carbendazim 0.2%. Suggested live
irrigation in moisture stress areas for Black pepper, Cardamom and Vanilla.

Damping-off and Leaf blight disease in Tobacco nurseries under excess moisture are anticipated. 0.4%
Bordeaux mixture (40 gm Copper sulphate and 40 g lime in 10 litre water) or Copper-oxy-chloride 20
g/10 litre/20 sq m or metalaxyl (2g) + mancozeb (20g) in 10 litre for 100 sq m to be applied.

Pest Management of Coconut Palms

Eriophyid mite infestation in coconut palms can be managed by spraying neem oil-garlic-soap mixture
at 2% concentration.The spray droplet is to be directed towards second - fifth month old bunch. Avoid
spraying in un-pollinated inflorescence. Root feeding of neem formulations containing 5 % Azadirachtin
@ 7.5 ml + 7.5 ml water. Avoid using wettable sulfur as it brings down the myco-acarine population.

Isolated incidence of stem bleeding has been reported from North Malabar(Kerala), Pollachi
(Tamilnadu) and Ambajipetta (Andhra Pradesh). Integrated disease management includes regulation of
moisture regime, application of organics@50 kg/palm, additional application of 5 kg neem cake fortified
with Trichoderma harzianum. Root feeding with 5% Calixin, chipping and dressing the chiseled portion
with 5% calixin followed by coal tar application.

The Coconut slug caterpillar, Conthyla rotunda has caused severe damage to the palms in Nagercoil
District of Tamil Nadu. In addition to coconut they feed on banana also. They can be managed by
spraying carbaryl 0.1%, / chlorpyriphos 0.05 %. In addition release of predatory pentatomid bug,
Eucanthecona furcellata are found effective in managing the pest.

Rhinoceros beetle: Fill the leaf axils with naphthalene balls 10g (4 nos.) & neem cake 250g + fine sand
(250g). Placing pheromone traps helps in monitoring tree and to capture the adult beetles. Spray carbaryl
50% WP 0.01% (200mg/ lit. of water) in breeding sites.

Red palm weevil: Stem injection of 1% Carbaryl 50 % WP @ 1 litre per palm. Place pheromone traps @
1 per ha. The adult weevils can also be trapped using attractants such as fresh toddy fermented with
yeast/acetic acid or fermented mixture of crushed sugarcane+ jaggery + Banana.

Black headed caterpillar: Spraying Dichlorvos @ 0.02 % or malathion @ 0.05 % helps to bring down
the population.

India is primarily an country dating back to more than ten thousand years. Today, India ranks the second
largest in agricultural output worldwide. Agriculture contributes approximately 33 percent of the Gross
Domestic Product and round about 70 percent of Indian population is engaged in agriculture sector.
Most of the agricultural outputs including wheat, tea, coffee, cotton etc are exported to foreign countries
contributing about 8.56 percent of India?s exports. About 43 per cent of geographical land is used for
agricultural activity. India accounts world?s number one country in sugarcane and stood second rank in
rice output.