Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Table of Contents
Ex 1.1 ......................................................................................................... 3
Ex 1.2 ......................................................................................................... 9
Ex 1.3 .......................................................................................................20
Ex 1.4 .......................................................................................................29
Rev Ex 1..................................................................................................35
Ex 2.1 .......................................................................................................42
Ex 2.2 .......................................................................................................51
Ex 2.3 .......................................................................................................55
Ex 2.4 .......................................................................................................60
Rev Ex 2..................................................................................................63
Ex 3.1 .......................................................................................................67
Ex 3.2 .......................................................................................................72
Ex 3.3 .......................................................................................................78
Ex 3.4 .......................................................................................................81
Ex 3.5 .......................................................................................................86
Ex 3.6 .......................................................................................................91
Rev Ex 3..................................................................................................98
sleightofmath.com
sleightofmath.com
Ex 1.1
2(a)
Ex 1.1
1(a)
y = 2x + 1
(1)
2
y = x + 2x 3 (2)
sub (1) into (2):
2x + 1
= x 2 + 2x 3
2
x 4
=0
(x + 2)(x 2) = 0
x = 2
or x = 2
y|x=2 = 2(2) + 1
y|x=2 = 2(2) + 1
= 3
=5
1(b)
y=2+x
y = 2x 2 5x 6
y=2x
2x 2 + xy + 1 = 0
sub (1) into (2):
2x 2 + x(2 x) + 1
2x 2 + 2x x 2 + 1
x 2 + 2x + 1
(x + 1)2
x = 1
y|x=1 = 2 (1)
(1,3)
2(b)
(1)
(2)
y = 1 3x
x2 + y2 = 5
(1)
(2)
=5
=5
=0
=0
=0
or
x=1
y|x=2 = 1 3 ( )
y|x=1 = 1 3(1)
11
= 2
5
2 11
2x + y = 4
y
= 4 2x (1)
( ,
5
2(c)
(1, 2)
3x + 2y = 1
2y
= 1 3x
y
13x
2
(1)
3x 2 + 2y 2 = 11 (2)
sub (1) into (2):
3x 2 + 2 (
3x 2 + 2 (
13x 2
2
16x+9x2
4
= 11
)
= 11
6x 2 + (1 6x + 9x 2 ) = 22
15x 2 6x 21
=0
5x 2 2x 7
=0
(5x 7)(x + 1)
=0
x=
or x = 1
y|x=7 =
7
5
13( )
=
7
2
8
5
( , )
=3
x=
y 2 4x = 0
(2)
sub (1) into (2):
(4 2x)2 4x
=0
2
(16 16x + 4x ) 4x = 0
4x 2 20x + 16
=0
2
x 5x + 4
=0
(x 1)(x 4)
=0
x=1
or x = 4
y|x=1 = 4 2(1)
y|x=4 = 4 2(4)
=2
= 4
=0
=0
=0
=0
(1)
(2)
sleightofmath.com
y|x=1 =
13(1)
2
=2
(1,2)
x2
Ex 1.1
+ =3
(1)
x + y= 8
y
=8x
(2)
5(ii)
Perimeter
2x + 2y
x+y
y
(8x)
4(i)
4x + 4y = 32
x+y
=8
y
=8x
(1)
x 2 + y 2 = 34
(2)
= 60
= 60
= 30
= 30 x (2)
x = or x = 2
4(ii)
(1)
=3
Area = 216
xy = 216
Area = xy
Perimeter = 2x + 2y
6(a)
x = 18
y|x=18 = 30 (18)
= 12
3x 2y = 1
2y
= 3x 1
y
3x1
2
(1)
+ [2 (
3x1
2
) + 3]
(2)
2
= 26
x 2 4x + 4 + (3x 1 + 3)2 = 26
x 2 4x + 4 + (3x + 2)2
= 26
2
2
(9x
x 4x + 4 +
+ 12x + 4) = 26
10x 2 + 8x + 8
= 26
10x 2 + 8x 18 = 0
5x 2 + 4x 9
=0
(5x + 9)(x 1) = 0
x=
or
y|x=9 =
9
3( )1
5
sleightofmath.com
2
16
5
x=1
y|x=1 =
3(1)1
2
=1
Ex 1.1
x 2 2xy + y 2 = 1
x 2y
2y
=2
= x + 2
= x1
7(a)
(1)
xy + 20 = 5x
(1)
x 2y 3 = 0
2y
= x + 3
(2)
= x
(2)
x 2 2x ( x 1) + ( x 1)
2
x x + 2x
2x
1 2
x
4
1 2
x
4
2
=1
+x
=0
y|x=0 = (0) 1
2
1 2
x
2
2
= 1
2
13
2
x + 20
y|x=5 = (5)
=0
= 3
7(b)
= x + 1 (1)
(5,1)
2
5
y|x=8 = (8)
=1
= (4) 1
3y x = 3
3y
=x+3
y
= 5x
x 13x + 40
=0
(x 5)(x 8)
=0
x=5
or x = 8
x = 4
y|x=4
2
3
=0
=0
or
( x 2 x) +20 = 5x
=1
=1
x ( x ) + 20
=1
+x+1
x + 4x
x(x + 4)
x=0
6(c)
2
1
+ ( x 2 x + 1)
4
1 2
+( x x + 1)
4
2
5
(8, )
2
2x y = 4
y
= 2x + 4
y
= 2x 4
(1)
2x 2 + 4xy 3y = 0
(2)
3y
=2
(2)
1
3
3( x+1)
2
x+3
1
1
=2
2x
(x + 3)
2x
x 3
x3
0
2x 2 + 5x + 3
(2x + 3)(x + 1)
3
x=
= 2x(x + 3)
= 2x 2 + 6x
= 2x 2 + 6x
= 2x 2 + 5x + 3
=0
=0
or
3
1
y|x=3 = ( ) + 1
2
=2
=
2
x=
or
5
6
y|x=6 = 2 ( ) 4
x = 1
y|x=1 = (1) + 1
3
2
5
8
5
( , )
=0
=0
=0
=0
=0
=0
x=1
y|x=1 = 2(1) 4
= 2
(1, 2)
sleightofmath.com
Ex 1.1
3x + y = 1
y
= 1 3x
9
4
By Pythagoras Theorem,
(4x)2 + (3x)2 = 152
16x 2 + 9x 2 = 225
25x 2
= 225
2
x
=9
x = 3 or x = 3 (rej)
(x + y)(x + 2y) = 3
(2)
(1)
(2):
sub
into
[x + (1 3x)][x + 2(1 3x)] = 3
(1 2x)(x + 2 6x)
=3
(1 2x)(2 5x)
=3
(5x 2)(2x 1)
=3
2
10x 9x + 2
=3
2
10x 9x 1
=0
(10x + 1)(x 1)
=0
x=
y|x= 1 = 1 3 (
10
=
(
8
2x
y
10
y|x=1 = 1 3(1)
13
10
13
(1, 2)
10 10
(1)
3x y = 2
3x 2 = y
y
= 3x 2 (2)
sub (2) into (1):
2x
10(i)
= 2
+ =3
3x2
2
or x = 1
10
(1)
3x2
=3
x
2
2x + (3x 2)
= 3(3x 2 2x)
2x 2 + (9x 2 12x + 4) = 9x 2 6x
11x 2 12x + 4
= 9x 2 6x
2
2x 6x + 4
=0
2
x 3x + 2
=0
(x 1)(x 2)
=0
x=1
or x = 2
y|x=1 = 3(1) 2
y|x=2 = 3(2) 2
=1
=4
A(1,1)
B(2,4)
By Pythagoras Theorem,
x 2 + y 2 = 52
x 2 + y 2 = 25
(1)
10(ii) y x = 1
y
=x+1
(2)
sub (1) into (2):
x 2 + (x + 1)2
= 25
2
2
x + (x + 2x + 1) = 25
2x 2 + 2x + 1
= 25
2x 2 + 2x 24
=0
2
x + x 12
=0
(x + 4)(x 3)
=0
x = 4
or
x=3
y|x=4 = (4) + 1
y|x=3 = (3) + 1
= 3
=4
10(iii) length cannot be negative,
x = 3, y = 4
sleightofmath.com
Ex 1.1
11(i) x 2 + xy + ay = b
at {x = 2, y = 1}
(2)2 + (2)(1) + a(1) = b
6+a
=b
b
=a+6
(1)
2ax + 3y = b
at {x = 2, y = 1}
2a(2) + 3(1) = b
4a + 3
=b
sub (1) into (2):
4a + 3 = 6 + a
3a
=3
a
=1
b|a=1 = 7
(2)
2nd eqn
2p2 x 5y = 7
At (1, p),
2p2 (1) 5(p) = 7
2p2 5p 7 = 0
(2p 7)(p + 1) = 0
= x + (2)
3
7
x + x ( x + )
2
x + ( x 2 + x)
3
3
1 2
7
x + x
3
3
1 2
5
7
2
x + x+
3
1 2
x
3
2
3
5
3
14
+ x
or p = 1
p = 1 (common sol)
(1)
2x 5y = 7
5y
= 2x + 7
12(ii) At p = 1,
12x 2 5y 2 = 7
2x + 3y = 7
3y
= 2x + 7
y
p=
y
2
3
2
3
7
3
2
3
7
= x
+ ( x + ) = 7
+ ( x + ) = 7
+ ( x + ) = 7
12x 2 5 ( x )
=7
12x 2 5 (
=0
x + 5x 14 = 0
(x + 7)(x 2) = 0
x = 7
or
x = 2 (taken)
2
y|x=7 = (7) +
=7
{x = 7, y = 7}
7 2
x2
25
12x 2 x 2 +
28
56 2
x
5
49
56 2
x
5
28
5
28
5
(2)
x
x
=7
28
25
x+
49
5
=0
(2x + 3)(x 1)
=0
or
x = 1 (taken)
y|x=3 = ( )
2
=7
=0
2x 2 + x 3
x=
) =7
=7
5
84
49
25
= 2
3
( , 2)
2
sleightofmath.com
Ex 1.1
13(i)
14(ii) If k = 1,
r
Total surface area = 32
2r 2 + 2rh
= 32
2
r + hr
= 16 [shown] (1)
13(ii) h = 4 + r
sub (2) into (1):
r 2 + (4 + r)r = 16
2r 2 + 4r
= 16
2
2r + 4r 16 = 0
r 2 + 2r 8 = 0
(r + 4)(r 2) = 0
r = 4
or
(rej r > 0)
y
r=2
h|r=2 = 4 + (2)
=6
) + 10]
(x2.86)2
(2.02)2
=0
49x 2 112x + 60
=0
(112)(112)2 4(49)(60)
2(49)
112784
98
or x =
7
5 2
62 (y+ )
3
5 2
(y+ )
3
200
62
=1
2
5
3
(y( ))
=1
2
200
( 2 )
6
2
5
3
(y( ))
(
=1
200
102
)
6
(y(1.67))
=1
=1
(2.36)2
20
7
, )
3
horizontal radius =
200
72
200
centre (
= 200
= 200
5 2
20 2
7
2
102
(
)
7
= 200
6
10
(x )
= 200
10
1021( )
7
20 2
7
2
200
( 2 )
7
(2)
(x )
y|x=10 =
) + 62 (y + ) = 200
20 2
(x )
7
200
72
(1)
1021x
20 2
72 (x
x=
Ellipse
(7x 20)2 +(6y + 10)2 = 200
200
10
, )
= x+
20
72 (x )
7
Ellipse
(7x 20)2 + (6y + 10)2 = 200
x=
Line
21x + 6y = 1
6y
= 21x + 1
1021x
(7x 20)2 + [6 (
20
= +
(2)
14(i) If k = 10,
Line
21x + 6y = 10
6y
= 10 21x
y
y|x=6 =
vertical radius =
62
11228
98
6
7
1021( )
6
4
3
sleightofmath.com
Ex 1.2
4(i)
Ex 1.2
1(a)
3x 2 + 9x
=1
2
3x + 9x 1 = 0
i.e. a = 3, b = 9, c = 1
Roots: &
Sum of roots
1(b)
Sum of roots
b
a
(1)
(3)
=
3
1 2
=( )
2(ii)
b
a
(4)
=4
(1)
(2)
2+2
= (4 )
+ =
5(i)
b
a
= (1)
2(3)
(1)
(3)
= (1) = 3
(1)
=
=
=1
= 6
33
2
x 2 4x + c = 0
i.e. a = 1, b = 4, c = c
Roots: & ( + 2)
b
a
(4)
(1)
2 + 2
=4
2
=2
=1
+2 =3
5(ii)
Sum of roots = + =
2 + 2
= 2
Sum of roots
Average height =
33
= + ( + 2) =
(2 1)(2 1)
= 4 2 2 +1
= 4 2( + ) +1
= 4(1) 2(3)
+1
= 11
2(2)
=+ =
2(+)
(2)
( )2 = 2 2 + 2
= (2 + 2 ) 2
=2
= (1)
x + 3x + 1 = 0
i.e. a = 1, b = 3, c = 1
Roots: &
(2)
(4)
Product of roots =
(1)
=4
Sum of roots
2(2)
2
1
=+ =
Product of roots =
( + )2
= 2 + 2 + 2
( + )2 2 = 2 + 2
2 + 2
= ( + )2 2
4x + 2x 2
= 3x 2 + 2
x 2 4x + 2 = 0
i.e. a = 1, b = 4, c = 2
Roots: &
Sum of roots
(9)
= (3) = 3
4(ii)
2(i)
=+ =
Product of roots =
=+ =
Product of roots =
2x 2 x 4 = 0
i.e. a = 2, b = 1, c = 4
Roots: &
69
20
b
a
=
69
40
Product of roots
c
= ( + 2) =
a
( + 2) = c
1(1 + 2)
=c =1
c
=3
(138)
(40)
69
20
6(a)
Roots: = 2 & = 5
Sum of roots
= + = (2) + (5)
Product of roots =
= (2)(5)
=7
= (10)
x 2 (SOR)x + (POR) = 0
x 2 7x + 10
=0
sleightofmath.com
Ex 1.2
Roots: = 1 & = 3
Sum of roots
= + = (1) + (3) = 2
Product of roots =
= (1)(3)
= 3
8(i)
x 2 (SOR)x + (POR) = 0
x 2 2x 3
=0
7(i)
Sum of roots
1st equation
2x 2 4x + 5 = 0
i.e. a = 2, b = 4, c = 5
Roots: &
= 5
= p
=
= 42
=+ =
Product of roots =
c
a
b
a
(4)
(5)
= (2)
(2)
=2
=
From (1):
5 = p
p
=
(1)
c
a
=q
(2)
(3)
= + 4
8(ii)
Sum of roots
x 2 + px + q = 0
i.e. a = 1, b = p, c = q
Roots: & 4
4p2
4p
9(i)
3
2
x (SOR)x + (POR) = 0
3
2x 2 + 3
7(ii)
2x 2 x 2 = 0
i.e. a = 2, b = 1, c = 2
Roots: &
=+ =
=
b
a
=
=
(1)
(2)
(2)
(2)
1
2
= 1
=0
2 + 2
= ( + )2 2()
3rd equation
Recall + = 2,
= 25q [shown]
Product of roots =
=0
Sum of roots
x 2 0x +
=q
25
4 ( p) = q
1 2
=( )
2(1)
2
1
Roots: 2 & 2
=2
4
Sum of roots
= 2 + 2 = 2( + ) = 2(2) = 4
9(ii)
2 +2
(2 )
4
= (1)
= 2
1
4
Product of roots
= (2)(2) = 4()
= 4 ( ) = 10
9(iii)
4 + 4
= (2 + 2 )2 22 2
= (2 + 2 )2 2()2
x 2 (SOR)x + (POR) = 0
x 2 4x + 10
=0
1 2
= (2 )
4
sleightofmath.com
49
16
2(1)2
10
Ex 1.2
x2
= (k 1)x + k
2
(1
x + k)x k = 0
i.e. a = 1, b = (1 k), c = k
Roots: & ( + 3)
12(i)
Sum of roots
= + ( + 3) =
Sum of roots
2 + 3
k
=k1
= 2 + 4
=+ =
Product of roots =
a
(1k)
2 + 3
3
2
3
2
=3
(1)
2nd equation
(1)
Roots:
&
Sum of roots =
Product of roots
c
= ( + 3) =
( + 3) =
1st equation
2x 2 3x + 6 = 0
i.e. a = 2, b = 3, c = 6
Roots: &
a
(k)
22 +22
2[(+)2 2]
(1)
2(2 +2 )
3 2
2[( ) 2(3)]
2
5
2
Product of roots = ( ) ( ) = 4
= k
(2)
sub (1) into (2):
( + 3)
= (2 + 4)
2
+ 3
= 2 4
2
+ 5 + 4
=0
( + 1)( + 4) = 0
= 1
or
= 4
+3=2
+ 3 = 1
(rej negative roots)
x 2 (SOR)x + (POR) = 0
5
x 2 ( ) x +4
=0
x2 + x
2
2x +5x
+4
=0
+8
=0
Recall + = , = 3
2
Roots: (3 + ) & ( + 3)
Sum of roots
= (3 + ) + ( + 3)
= 4 + 4
= 4( + )
3x 2 3kx + k 6 = 0
i.e. a = 3, b = 3k, c = k 6
Roots: &
= 4( )
2
Sum of roots
=+ =
Product of roots =
2 + 2
( + ) 2
k
2 (
k6
3
=
=
c
a
b
a
=
=
(3k)
(3)
(k6)
(3)
=6
=k
=
k6
3
20
3
20
3
20
3 2
= 3 [( ) 2(3)]
2
3k 2 2k + 12
= 20
2
3k 2k 8
=0
(3k + 4)(k 2) = 0
k=
4
3
Product of roots
= (3 + )( + 3)
= 32 + 10 + 32
= 3(2 + 2 )
+10
= 3[( + )2 2] +10
75
4
x 2 (SOR)x + (POR) = 0
or k = 2
x 2 (6)x +
75
4
4x 2 24x +75
+10(3)
sleightofmath.com
=0
=0
11
Ex 1.2
1st equation
2x 2
= 8x + 3
2x 2 8x 3 = 0
i.e. a = 2, b = 8, c = 3
Roots: &
=+ =
Product of roots
b
a
=
=
(8)
(2)
3
Sum of roots
= ( ) + ( )
=0
=4
Product of roots
= ( )( )
= (a )2
= [( + )2 4]
2nd equation
1
2
&
= [(4)2
Sum of roots =
=
(+)2 2()
()2
2 +2
2 2
3
2
(4)2 2( )
4 ( )]
2
= 22
3 2
( )
2
Roots: ( ) & ( )
Sum of roots
Roots:
1
3 2
( )
2
x 2 (SOR)x + (POR) = 0
x 2 (0)x + (22) = 0
x 2 22
=0
76
9
14(i)
2x 2 71x + 615 = 0
i.e. a = 2, b = 71, c = 615
Roots: & are base and height
x 2 (SOR)x + (POR) = 0
76
x2 ( ) x + ( )
=0
Sum of roots = + =
9x 76x +4 = 0
Product of roots =
c
a
71
2
615
2
71
= 307.5
+ = 4, =
Roots:
2 & 2
Area = = 307.5
3
2
71
Perimeter = 2( + ) = 2 ( ) = 71
2
Sum of roots = 2 + 2
= ( + )
14(ii)
= ( ) (4) = 6
Base
Product of roots
3 3
27
= (2 )(2 ) = ()3 = ( ) =
) =0
8x 2 + 48x 27
Base
27
8
Height
x 2 (SOR)x + (POR) = 0
x 2 (6)x + (
Height
=0
sleightofmath.com
12
Ex 1.2
kx 2 + (k 1)x + 2k + 3 = 0
i.e. a = k, b = (k 1), c = (2k + 3)
Roots: & 2
Sum of roots
= + (2) =
3
1st equation
x 2 3x 2 = 0
i.e. a = 1, b = 3, c = 2
Roots: &
b
a
k1
Sum of roots
Product of roots =
1k
k
1k
3k
(1)
2nd equation
x 2 6x + p = 0
i.e. a2 = 1, b2 = 6, c2 = p
(2)
Roots:
Product of roots
c
= (2) =
2
a
2k+3
k
2(
2(
3k
k2 2k+1
9k2
2k2 4k+2
9k2
2
=
=
=
2k+3
= +
k
2k+3
1
16
k+k
k(+)
k
2k+3
&
c
a
=
=
2
1
=3
= 2
b2
a2
6
1
=6
= 4
or k = 2
=6
k(3)
(2)
2k 4k + 2
= 18k 2 + 27k
16k 2 + 31k 2 = 0
(16k 1)(k + 2) = 0
k=
Sum of roots
=+ =
Product of roots
rej k is a
(
)
non zero integer
c2
a2
(p)
= ( )( ) =
k2
k2
= (1)
=p
k2
(2)
=p
=
=
k2
k = 4
2
(4)2
2
= 8
sleightofmath.com
13
Ex 1.2
17(a) 3x 2 + kx + 96 = 0
i.e. a = 3, b = k, c = 96
Roots: & 2
18
5x 2 102x + 432 = 0
i.e. a = 5, b = 102, c = 432
Roots:
& are lengths of the two shorter sides of a
Sum of roots
= + 2 =
Sum of roots
a
k
9
k
=k
= 9
Product of roots =
3
k
=
=
(102)
(5)
102
5
432
5
2 + 2
By Pythagoras Theorem,
Hypotenuse = 2 + 2
a
96
3
2
= 32
2
= 16
= 4 or = 4 (rej positive roots)
k|=4 = 9(4)
= 36
2
Product of roots
c
= (2) =
2
=+ =
1 432
)= 43.2cm2
Perimeter = + + 2 + 2
= + + ( + )2 2
=(
17(b) p + q = 13
pq = 6
Roots: p2 & q2
Sum of roots
= p2 + q2 = 13
Product of roots = p2 q2
= (pq)2 = 62
Area = () = (
102
5
) + (
102 2
5
) 2(
432
5
= 36cm
= 36
x 2 (SOR)x + (POR) = 0
x 2 13x + 36
=0
(x 4)(x 9)
=0
x=4
or x = 9
p2 = 4
p2 = 9
p = 2
p = 3
sleightofmath.com
14
Ex 1.2
19(a) 2x 2 + px + 24 = 0
i.e. a = 2, b = p, c = 24
Roots: &
=4
= + 4 (1)
Sum of roots
=+ =
Product of roots =
Sum of roots
=+
( + 4) + =
(1)
(3)
1
3
2
3
b
a
p
2nd equation
Roots: 2 & 2
2
p
2
p
2 + 4
= 4 8
Sum of roots = 2 + 2
= ( + )2 2()
1 2
=( )
2 ( )
Product of roots
c
=
=
a
24
11
9
( + 4)
= 12
2 + 4
= 12
2
+ 4 12 = 0
( + 6)( 2) = 0
= 6
or
p|=6 = 4(6) 8
= 16
(rej p < 0)
2 2
11
9
)x +
=0
9x 2 + 11x + 4
=2
p|=2 = 4(2) 8
20(i)
= 16
=0
1st equation
4x 2 x + 36 = 0
i.e. a = 4, b = 1, c = 36
Roots: 2 & 2
= 2 + 2 =
Sum of roots
2 2
Product of roots =
c
a
b
a
=
=
(1)
(4)
(36)
(4)
1
4
=9
2nd equation
Roots:
1
2
&
1
2
Sum of roots
2
1
2 +
Product of roots = ( 2 ) ( 2 ) =
2 +2
2 2
1
2 2
=
=
1
4
( )
(9)
1
1
36
x 2 (SOR)x + (POR) = 0
x2
2
1
36
x+
1
9
36x x + 4
sleightofmath.com
=0
=0
15
Ex 1.2
Recall + = ,
4
2 2
=9
Roots: &
Sum of roots
=+
Product of roots
=
= ( +
= 9
= 3
+ 2
= ( ) + 2
2 2
)2
Sum of roots
= ( + 2) + ( + 2)
= ( + ) + 4
b
+4
= (4a 2b + c)
a
x 2 (SOR)x
Product of roots
= ( + 2)( + 2)
+ (POR)
a
1
=0
x 2 ( + 4) x + [ (4a 2b + c)] = 0
For = 3:
25
SOR = + 2(3) =
x + ( 4) x
+ (4a 2b + c)
a
ax 2 + (b 4a)x + (4a 2b + c)
=0
=0
For = 3:
1
23
4
5
24
SOR = + 2(3) =
(rej)
SOR = , POR = 3
2
x 2 (SOR)x + (POR) = 0
5
x 2 ( ) x + 3
=0
=0
2x 5x + 6
21(i)
1st equation
ax 2 + bx + c = 0
Roots: &
Sum of roots
=+ =
Product of roots =
b
a
a( + 2)( + 2) = a( + 2 + 2 + 4)
= a[ + 2( + ) + 4]
c
= a [( ) + 2 ( ) + 4]
= c 2b + 4a
= 4a 2b + c [shown]
sleightofmath.com
16
Ex 1.2
1st equation
4x 2 + kx
=1
4x 2 + kx 1 = 0
i.e. a = 4, b = k, c = 1
Recall + = ,
Roots:
=+ =
Product of roots =
b
a
=
=
k
4
1
Sum of roots
= 5( + )
9
9
=
1
+ 2( + ) + 4 ( ) + 2 ( k) + 4
4
4
36
=
15 2k
= 5 ( )
4
= k
4
Product of roots
x2
= (2 + 3)(3 + 2)
2
= 6 + 13 + 6
23(i)
+13
k2 + )
Sum of roots
x 2 + kx
4
8x + 10kx
=+ =
Product of roots =
x (SOR)x +(POR)
x ( k) x
) =0
= 0
1st equation
2x 2 + 4x + 5 = 0
i.e. a = 2, b = 4, c = 5
Roots: &
152k
13
2
2
)x +(
+13
= k
152k
=0
36
2)
k 2
483k
= 6 [( ) 2 ( )] +13 ( )
(SOR)x +(POR)
x2
= 6[( + )2 2]
3 + 6 + 3 + 6
3( + ) + 12
=
+ 2( + ) + 4 + 2( + ) + 4
16
+2
3
3
9
)(
)=
=(
( + 2)( + 2)
+2 +2
= 5 + 5
= 6(
Product of roots
= (2 + 3) + (3 + 2)
= 6( +
+2
&
k
3 ( ) + 12
48 3k
4
=
=
1
k
( ) + 2 ( ) + 4 15 2k
4
4
2nd equation
Roots: (2 + 3) & (3 + 2)
Sum of roots
3
3
3( + 2) + 3( + 2)
=
+
=
( + 2)( + 2)
+2 +2
Roots: &
Sum of roots
3
+ ( k2
8
=0
1
Roots:
+3k 2
4
2
= 2
)=0
+ k2
&
=0
Sum of roots
=0
= +
Product of roots = ( ) ( ) =
=
=
2
5
2
1
5
2
=
=
4
5
2
5
x 2 (SOR)x + (POR) = 0
4
x 2 ( ) +
2
5x + 4 + 2
sleightofmath.com
=0
=0
17
Ex 1.2
25
=+ =
Product of roots =
b
a
Sum of roots
=+ =
2nd equation
Roots:
&
2x 2 kx + k
=2
2
2x kx + k 2 = 0
i.e. a = 2, b = k, c = (k 2)
Roots: &
+ =
Sum of roots
= +
Product of roots = ( ) ( ) =
=
=
a
c
a
=
=
c
a
b
a
k
2
= 2 + 2
a
c
Product of roots
c
= =
=
x 2 (SOR)x + (POR) = 0
a
k2
2
x 2 ( ) x + ( )
=0
cx 2 bx
=0
+a
(1)
(2)
(2+2)2
2
= + 1
24(i)
x(2 x)
=3
2
x 2x + 3 = 0
is root
2 2 + 3 = 0
2 = 2 3
If < 0, < 0
LHS = > 0
RHS = + 1 < 0
LHS RHS
both roots cannot be negative
(1)
(1) :
3 = 22 3
(2)
(1)
(2):
sub
into
3 = 2(2 3) 3
3 = (4 6) 3
3 = 6 [shown]
24(ii) Roots: &
Sum of roots
=+ =
Product of roots =
c
a
b
a
=
=
(2)
(3)
(1)
(1)
=2
=3
sleightofmath.com
18
Ex 1.2
x 2 + 4(c + 2)
= (c + 4)x
2
(c
x + 4)x + 4(c + 2) = 0
i.e. A = 1, B = (c + 4), C = 4(c + 2)
Roots: a & b
Sum of roots
=a+b
a+b
B
A
(c+4)
1
a+b
=c+4
2
(a + b)
=c+4
2
2
a + 2ab + b = c 2 + 8c + 16
(1)
Product of roots
= ab =
ab =
ab
C
A
4(c+2)
1
= 4c + 8
(2)
sleightofmath.com
19
Ex 1.3
2(c)
Ex 1.3
1(a)
y = 3(x 1)2 1
turning pt (1, 1)
shape
= 3( 1)2 1
2
(1, 1)
y|x=0 = 2
y intercept = 2
1(b)
y = 2(x + 1)2 3
turning pt (1, 3)
shape
y|x=0 = 5
y intercept = 5
1(c)
(2,1)
y = 3(x 2)2
turning pt (2,0)
shape
3(a)
(2,0)
12
y = 3(x 2)2
Quadratic equation
px 2 6x + p = 0
i.e. a = p, b = 6, c = p
Discriminant
For equal real roots:
b2 4ac
=0
(6)2 4(p)(p) = 0
36 4p2
=0
2
p 9
=0
(p + 3)(p 3) = 0
p = 3 or p = 3
Quadratic equation
5x 2 x 2 = 0
i.e. a = 5, b = 1, c = 2
3(b)
Quadratic equation
3x 2 + 2x p = 0
i.e. a = 3, b = 2, c = p
Discriminant
For two distinct real roots:
b2 4ac
>0
(2)2 4(3)(p) > 0
4 + 12p
>0
12p
> 4
Quadratic equation
9x 2 + 6x + 1 = 0
i.e. a = 9, b = 6, c = 1
Discriminant
b2 4ac = (6)2 4(9)(1)
=0
2 Real Roots
Quadratic equation
(x 2)2
= 6
2
x 4x + 4 = 6
x 2 4x + 10 = 0
i.e. a = 1, b = 4, c = 10
Discriminant
b2 4ac = (4)2 4(1)(10)
= 24
<0
0 Real Root
Discriminant
b2 4ac = (1)2 4(5)(2)
= 41
>0
2 Real roots
2(b)
2(d)
1
= ( + 2)2 + 1
4
2
y|x=0 = 2
y intercept = 2
2(a)
y = (x + 2)2 + 1
y|x=0 = 12
y intercept = 12
5
= 2( + 1)2 3
turning pt (2,1)
shape
1(d)
Discriminant
b2 4ac = (1)2 4(3)(1)
= 11
<0
0 Real Root
(1, 3)
Quadratic equation
x 2 + x + 1 = 2x 2
3x 2 + x + 1 = 0
i.e. a = 3, b = 1, c = 1
sleightofmath.com
>
3
20
Ex 1.3
Quadratic equation
2x 2 + 3x + 2p = 0
i.e. a = 2, b = 3, c = 2p
4(c)
Discriminant
For real roots:
b2 4ac
0
2
(3) 4(2)(2p) 0
9 16p
0
16p
9
p
3(d)
9
16
Discriminant
For no x intercepts:
b2 4ac
<0
2
(2) 4(p)(3) < 0
4 12p
<0
12p
>4
5(a)
4(a)
1
16
Quadratic curve
y = 4x 2 4x p
i.e. a = 4, b = 4, c = p
k
5(b)
>
2
Quadratic Inequality
3x 2 + 6x + k 1 is always negative
i.e. a = 3, b = 6, c = k 1
2 conditions
(i) a < 0
3 < 0
(ii) b2 4ac
(6)2 4(3)(k 1)
36 + 12(k 1)
36 + 12k 12
12k
k
Quadratic curve
y = 9x 2 px + 1
i.e. a = 9, b = p, c = 1
Discriminant
For one x intercept:
b2 4ac
=0
(p)2 4(9)(1) = 0
p2 36
=0
(p + 6)(p 6) = 0
p = 6 or p = 6
Quadratic Inequality
2x 2 + 2x + k is always positive
i.e. a = 2, b = 2, c = k
(ii) b2 4ac
<0
(2)2 4(2)k < 0
8k
>4
Discriminant
For two x intercepts:
b2 4ac
>0
2
(4) 4(4)(p) > 0
16 + 16p
>0
p
> 1
4(b)
2 conditions
(i) a > 0
2>0
Discriminant
For no real roots:
b2 4ac
<0
2
(1) 4(p)(4) < 0
1 + 16p
<0
<
>
Quadratic equation
px 2 x 4 = 0
i.e. a = p, b = 1, c = 4
Quadratic curve
y = px 2 2x + 3
i.e. a = p, b = 2, c = 3
sleightofmath.com
<0
<0
<0
<0
< 24
< 2
21
Ex 1.3
Quadratic Inequality
y = 2x 2 + x 2k lies entirely above x axis
i.e. a = 2, b = 1, c = 2k
7(b)
2 conditions
(i) a > 0
2>0
<
1
16
Discriminant
For curve to meet x axis:
B 2 4AC
0
2
(2) 4(3)(c 1) 0
4 12(c 1)
0
4 12c + 12
0
16
12c
13
(2,1)
2
1
= (x 4)2
2
turning pt (4,0)
shape
f(0) = 8
y intercept = 8
= ()
+3
+3
= 2[(x 1)2 12 ] +3
= 2(x 1)2
turning pt (1,5)
shape
+8
= [(x 4)2 42 ] +8
= 2(x 2 2x)
+8
2
1
2
1
f(x) = 2x 2 + 4x
f(x) = x 2 4x
= [x 2 8x]
7(a)
Quadratic equation
y = 3x 2 2x + c 1
i.e. A = 3, B = 2, C = c 1
+13
+13
+13
+1
f(0) = 13
y intercept = 13
= ()
(ii) b2 4ac
<0
(1)2 4(2)(2k) < 0
1 + 16k
<0
k
f(x) = 3x 2 12x
= 3(x 2 4x)
= 3[(x 2)2 22 ]
= 3(x 2)2
turning pt (2,1)
shape
+5
(4,0)
f(0) = 3
y intercept = 3
(1,5)
3
= ()
sleightofmath.com
22
Ex 1.3
f(x) = 4x 2 8x
= 4[x 2 + 2x]
= 4[(x + 1)2 12 ]
= 4(x + 1)2
turning pt (1, 1)
shape
5
5
5
1
8(c)
Discriminant
For two unequal real roots:
b2 4ac
>0
(1)2 4(2)(1 p) > 0
1 8(1 p)
>0
1 8 + 8p
>0
8p
>7
f(0) = 5
y intercept = 5
(1, 1)
5
= ()
8(d)
Quadratic equation
3x 2
= 2x + p 1
2
3x 2x + 1 p = 0
i.e. a = 3, b = 2, c = 1 p
Discriminant
For distinct real roots:
b2 4ac
>0
2
(2) 4(3)(1 p) > 0
4 12(1 p)
>0
4 12 + 12p
>0
12p
>8
p
Quadratic equation
p(x + 1)(x 3)
= x 4p 2
2
p(x 2x 3)
= x 4p 2
px 2 2px 3p
= x 4p 2
2
px (2p + 1)x + p + 2 = 0
i.e. a = p, b = (2p + 1), c = p + 2
Discriminant
For no real roots:
b2 4ac
[(2p + 1)]2 4(p)(p + 2)
(4p2 + 4p + 1) 4p(p + 2)
(4p2 + 4p + 1) 4p2 8p
4p + 1
4p
4p
<0
<0
<0
<0
<0
< 1
>1
>
1
4
Quadratic equation
x 2 + p2
= 3px 5
2
2
x 3px + p + 5= 0
i.e. a = 1, b = 3p, c = p2 + 5
Quadratic equation
x 2 2kx + k 2
=3+x
2
2
(2k
x
+ 1)x + k 3 = 0
i.e. a = 1, b = (2k + 1), c = 3
Discriminant
For real roots:
b2 4ac
0
2
2
[(2k + 1)] 4(1)(k 3) 0
(4k 2 + 4k + 1) 4(k 2 3) 0
4k 2 + 4k + 1 4k 2 + 12
0
4k + 13
0
Discriminant
For equal real roots:
b2 4ac
=0
2
2
(3p) 4(1)(p + 5) = 0
9p2 4p2 20
=0
2
5p 20
=0
p2 4
=0
(p + 2)(p 2)
=0
p = 2 or p = 2
>
>
9
8(b)
Quadratic equation
(x + 1)(2x 1) = p 2
2x 2 + x 1
=p2
2
2x + x + 1 p = 0
i.e. a = 2, b = 1, c = 1 p
k
least value of k is
sleightofmath.com
13
4
13
4
23
11
Ex 1.3
Quadratic equation
2x 2 + p
= 2(x 1)
2x 2 + p
= 2x 2
2
2x 2x + 2 + p = 0
i.e. a = 2, b = 2, c = 2 + p
Discriminant
For no real roots:
b2 4ac
(2)2 4(2)(2 + p)
4 8(2 + p)
1 2(2 + p)
1 4 2p
2p
<0
<0
<0
<0
<0
<3
> [shown]
(ii) b2 4ac
<0
2
(2k) 4(k)(k + 1) < 0
4k 2 4k(k + 1)
<0
2
2
4k 4k 4k
<0
4k
<0
4k
>0
k
>0
3
2
Quadratic equation
px 2 + 3px + p + q = 0
i.e. a = p, b = 3p, c = p + q
Discriminant
For two equal real roots:
b2 4ac
=0
2
(3p) 4(p)(p + q) = 0
9p2 4p2 4pq
=0
2
5p 4pq
=0
p(5p 4q)
=0
(1)
(2)
p = 0 (rej p 0) or p = q [shown]
5
<
3
sleightofmath.com
24
Ex 1.3
k1x
(1)
(y 1)2 = 4x
(2)
(1)
y 2 = 2x + 5
(2)
k1x 2
3
(k1x)2
9
= 2x + 5
= 2x + 5
(k 1 x)2
= 18x + 45
(1)2 (x + 1 k)2 = 18x + 45
[x + (1 k)]2
= 18x + 45
2
x + 2(1 k)x + (1 k)2
= 18x + 45
2
2
x + (2 2k)x + (1 2k + k )
= 18x + 45
2
2
x + (16 2k)x +(k 2k 44) = 0
i.e. a = 1, b = (16 2k), c = (k 2 2k 44)
Discriminant
For line to meet curve:
b2 4ac
0
(16 2k)2 4(1)(k 2 2k 44)
0
2
2
(4k + 64k + 256) 4k + 8k + 176 0
72k + 432
0
k
6
13(c) Line & curve
y = kx + 2
y 2 = 8x x 2
Discriminant
For line to not meet curve:
b2 4ac
(2k 8)2 4(1)(k 2 4k + 4)
22 (k 4)2 4(k 2 4k + 4)
(k 2 8k + 16) k 2 + 4k 4
4k + 12
4k
k
14(i)
(1)
(2)
(1)
y=xk
(2)
<0
<0
<0
<0
<0
< 12
>3
Discriminant
For curve to meet the line:
b2 4ac
0
2
(2k 1) 4(k)(k) 0
4k 2 4k + 1 4k 2 0
4k + 1
0
4k
1
1
14(ii) k = 1
4
<
4
sleightofmath.com
25
Ex 1.3
Quadratic inequality
5x 2 + 20x + c
< 50 for all real values of x
5x 2 + 20x + c 50 < 0
i. e. A = 5, B = 20, C = c 50
17(i)
2 conditions
(i) A < 0
5 < 0
(ii) B 2 4AC < 0
(20)2 4(5)(c 50)
400 + 20(c 50)
400 + 20c 1000
20c
c
15(ii) y = 5x 2 + 20x
= 5(x 2 4x)
= 5[(x 2)2 22 ]
= 5(x 2)2
turning pt (2,40)
shape
Discriminant
b2 4ac = (4)2 4(1)(1)
= 20
>0
intersects x axis twice
<0
<0
<0
< 600
< 30
+20
+20
+20
+40
Discriminant
b2 4ac = (2)2 4(1)(5)
= 16
<0
y is always positive
y|x=0 = 20
y intercept = 20
(2,40)
20
= 5( 2)2 + 40
k 2 4k + 12 = (k 2)2 22 + 12
= (k 2)2 +8 [shown]
Discriminant
For curve to be tangent to x-axis,
b2 4ac
=0
(p)2 4(p + 3) = 0
p2 + 4p 12
=0
(p + 6)(p 2) = 0
p = 6 or p = 2
At p = 6,
At p = 2,
2
y = x 6x + 6 + 3 y = x 2 + 2x 2 + 3
= x 2 6x + 9
= x 2 + 2x + 1
At y = 0,
x 2 6x + 9 = 0
(x 3)2
=0
x
=3
(3,0)
Discriminant
b2 4ac = k 2 4(1)(k 3)
= k 2 4k + 12
= (k 2)2 + 8
>0
(k 2)2 0
real for all real values of k
Daniel & Samuel
A-math tuition 9133 9982
Quadratic curve
When p = 4:
y = x 2 + (4)x (4) + 3
= x 2 + 4x 1
i.e. a = 1, b = 4, c = 1
sleightofmath.com
At y = 0,
x 2 + 2x + 1 = 0
(x + 1)2
=0
x
= 1
(1,0)
26
Ex 1.3
Quadratic equation
f(x)
= g(x)
2
x + 6x 5
= 8x + c
2
x 2x 5 c = 0
i.e. A = 1, B = 2, C = 5 c
Discriminant
For y = f(x) to intersect y = g(x):
B 2 4AC
0
(2)2 4(1)(5 c) 0
4 + 4(5 + c)
0
1+5+c
0
c
6
Discriminant
b2 4ac = (14.4)2 4(1.2)(26.3)
= 333.6
>0
Possible to reach 80 thousand dollars
(i) A > 0
1>0
(ii) B 2 4AC
(2)2 4(1)(5 c)
4 + 4(5 + c)
1 + (5 + c)
6+c
c
19(i)
<0
<0
<0
<0
<0
< 6
<0
<0
<0
<0
< 10.5
Combine inequalities:
x < 10.5 and x > 0
0 < x < 10.5
Quadratic function
At C = 10:
1.2n2 14.4n + 53.7 = 10
1.2n2 14.4n + 43.7 = 0
i.e. a = 1.2, b = 14.4, c = 43.7
20(i)
Discriminant
b2 4ac = (14.4)2 4(1.2)(43.7)
= 2.7
<0
not possible to have a cost of production of 10
thousand dollars
y = 0.5t 2 + 7t + k
Height is 26m after 10s,
y|t=10
= 26
2
0.5(10) + 7(10) + k = 26
50 + 70 + k
= 26
k
=6
20(ii) y = 0.5t 2 + 7t + 6
y|t=0 = 6
sleightofmath.com
27
Ex 1.3
20(iii) y
> 30
2
0.5t + 7t + 6 > 30
0.5t 2 7t + 24 < 0
t 2 14t + 48 < 0
(t 6)(t 8) < 0
+
22(ii)
=
=
+
8
22
23
6+8
2
=7
Maximum point
= y|t=7 = 0.5(7)2 + 7(7) + 6 = 30.5
20(v) y = 0.5(t 7)2 + 30.5
(a)
20(v)
(b)
= 0.5 2 + 7 + 30.5
(7,30.5)
No.
The graphs have different domain.
1st: t 0
2nd : t
21
22(i)
23
2a
2a
[shown]
Yes?
Regardless b2 4ac is less than 0 or not,
LHS is proven to equal RHS
A:
B:
2
y
y = 0.3x + 3
= 0.2x 2 + 1.8
C:
y = 0.08x 2
+2.4
2.4
1.8
30
Comparing x-intercepts,
C
>A >B
30 > 10 > 3
C will send water the farthest
y
= 10
0.5x 2 + 2x + k
= 10
2
0.5x + 2x + k 10 = 0
x 2 4x 2k + 20
=0
(2k
i.e. a = 1, b = 4, c =
+ 20)
For water jet to send water to height of 10 m,
b2 4ac
0
(4)2 4(1)(2k + 20) 0
16 4(2k + 20)
0
4 (2k + 20)
0
2 (k + 10)
0
2 + k 10
0
k
8
2a
bb2 4ac
b+b2 4ac
2a
b+b2 4ac
+ =
bb2 4ac
Incorrect.
He forgets to include m 0
m = 0 Linear equation
=
)(
23(i)
2a
10
(7,30.5)
6
b+b2 4ac
=(
=
6< t<8
bb2 4ac
2a
2b
2a
b
=
a
sleightofmath.com
28
Ex 1.4
1(f)
Ex 1.4
1(a)
x2 4
0
(x + 2)(x 2) 0
(x 1)(x + 2) < 0
+ +
2 1
+
2
2 x 2
2 < x < 1
2
2
1
2
1(b)
(x + 3)(x 4) 0
2x 2 4x 3 > x
2x 2 5x 3 > 0
(2x + 1)(x 3) > 0
+ +
3 4
3 x 4
+
3
x < or x > 3
2
3
1(c)
3(a)
x(x 2)
<3
x 2 2x 3 < 0
(x 3)(x + 1) < 0
+ +
1 3
+
2
1 < x < 3
x < or x > 2
2
1(d)
3(b)
+ +
2 6
x(x 5) 0
+
x2
> 4x + 12
2
x 4x 12 > 0
(x 6)(x + 2) > 0
x < 2 or x > 6
+
5
3(c)
x 0 or x 5
4x(x + 1)
3
2
4x + 4x 3
0
(2x + 3)(2x 1) 0
+
0
1(e)
x 2 4x
x(x 4)
+
3(d)
0x4
+
1
0
0
(1 x)2
17 2x
2
x 2x + 1 17 2x
x 2 16
0
(x + 4)(x 4) 0
+ +
4 4
x 4 or x 4
sleightofmath.com
29
(x + 2)2
x 2 + 4x + 4
2x 2 36
x 2 18
(x + 18)(x 18)
+
Ex 1.4
< x(4 x) + 40
< 4x x 2 + 40
<0
<0
<0
6(b)
Discriminant
For two real roots:
b2 4ac
0
2
(2p) 4(9)(1) 0
4p2 36
0
p2 9
0
(p + 3)(p 3) 0
18 18
18 < x < 18
4
10
6(c)
< 150
< 150
<0
<0
18
6(a)
5
18
Quadratic equation
px 2 2x + 2p + 1 = 0
i.e. a = p, b = 2, c = 2p + 1
Discriminant
For no real roots:
b2 4ac
(2)2 4(p)(2p + 1)
4 4p(2p + 1)
1 2p2 p
2p2 + p 1
(2p 1)(p + 1)
C = 5x 2 38x + 222
+
3
p 3 or p 3
16
C
5x 2 38x + 222
5x 2 38x + 72
(5x 18)(x 4)
10 < T < 16
5
Quadratic equation
9x 2 + 2px + 1 = 0
i.e. a = 9, b = 2p, c = 1
<0
<0
<0
<0
<0
>0
+
1
2
1
<x<4
p < 1 or p >
2
Quadratic equation
x 2 px + p = 0
i.e. a = 1, b = p, c = p
Discriminant
For two distinct real roots:
b2 4ac
>0
(p)2 4(1)p > 0
p2 4p
>0
p(p 4)
>0
+
+
4
p < 0 or p > 4
sleightofmath.com
30
Ex 1.4
Quadratic equation
2x 2 2px + p2 + p = 0
i.e. a = 2, b = 2p, c = p2 + p
Discriminant
For real roots:
b2 4ac
(2p)2 4(2)(p2 + p)
4p2 8(p2 + p)
p2 2(p2 + p)
p2 2p2 2p
p2 2p
p2 + 2p
p(p + 2)
Quadratic equation
3kx 2 + (k 5)x
= 5x 2 + 2
2
(3k 5)x + (k 5)x 2 = 0
i.e. a = (3k 5), b = (k 5), c = 2
Discriminant
For no real roots:
b2 4ac
(k 5)2 4(3k 5)(2)
k 2 10k + 25 +8(3k 5)
k 2 10k + 25 +(24k 40)
k 2 + 14k 15
(k + 15)(k 1)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
<0
<0
<0
<0
<0
<0
+ +
15 1
+ +
2 0
15 < x < 1
2 p 0
9
7(a)
1st inequality
x 2 + ax
<b
2
x + ax b < 0
2nd inequality
2 < x < 4 is the solution:
k[x (2)](x 4) < 0
k(x + 2)(x 4)
<0
Compare x 2 : k = 1
Discriminant
For real roots:
b2 4ac
[(2p + 4)]2 4(p)(10 p)
4p2 + 16p + 16 4p(10 p)
p2 + 4p + 4 p(10 p)
p2 + 4p + 4 10p + p2
2p2 6p + 4
p2 3p + 2
(p 1)(p 2)
(x + 2)(x 4) < 0
x 2 2x 8
<0
Compare x: a = 2
Compare x 0 : b = 8
7(b)
Quadratic equation
px 2 p + 10
= 2(p + 2)x
2
px p + 10
= (2p + 4)x
2
px (2p + 4)x + 10 p = 0
i.e. a = p, b = (2p + 4), c = 10 p
1st inequality
2x 2 + a
> bx
2
2x bx + a > 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
+
2
p 1 or p 2
2nd inequality
x < 2 or x > 3 is the solution:
k[x (2)](x 3) > 0
k(x + 2)(x 3)
>0
2
Compare x : k = 2
2(x + 2)(x 3)
>0
2
2(x x 6)
>0
2
2x 2x 12
>0
Compare x: a = 12
Compare x 0 : b = 2
sleightofmath.com
31
Ex 1.4
Quadratic equation
(p + 2)x 2 12x + 2(p 1) = 0
i.e. a = p + 2, b = 12, c = 2(p 1)
Discriminant
For real and distinct roots:
b2 4ac
(12)2 4(p + 2)[2(p 1)]
144 8(p + 2)(p 1)
18 (p2 + p 2)
p2 p + 20
p2 + p 20
(p + 5)(p 4)
12
(1)
2xy + 6 = 0
(2)
sub (1) into (2):
2x(2x + c) + 6 = 0
4x 2 + 2cx + 6
=0
i.e. A = 4, B = 2c, C = 6
Discriminant
For line not to intersect curve:
B 2 4AC
<0
2
(2c) 4(4)(6)
<0
2
4c 4(4)6
<0
2
c 24
<0
(c + 24)(c 24) < 0
+
x 2 xy + y 2 = 1
(2)
Discriminant
For two distinct points:
B 2 4AC
(3k)2 4(3)(k 2 1)
9k 2 12(k 2 1)
3k 2 4(k 2 1)
3k 2 4k 2 + 4
k2 4
(k + 2)(k 2)
5 < x < 4
Line & curve
y = 2x + c
(1)
>0
>0
>0
>0
>0
<0
<0
+ +
5 4
11
=1
=1
=1
=1
=0
>0
>0
>0
>0
>0
<0
<0
+ +
2 2
2 < k < 2
13(i)
d
80
2
0.15v + v
80
2
3v + 20v 1600 0 [shown]
24 24
24 < c < 24
80
+
20
80
v 20
3
sleightofmath.com
32
Ex 1.4
14
Compare x:
=6
Compare x 0 : 16 = 4k
k =4
> 224
> 224
>0
>0
>0
+ +
14 8
3(x 5)
3x 15
8
4
Quadratic equation
(k 6)x 2 8x + k = 0
i.e. a = (k 6), b = 8, c = k
Discriminant
For two distinct points:
b2 4ac
>0
2
(8) 4(k 6)(k) > 0
64 4(k 2 6k)
>0
16 k 2 + 6k
>0
2
k 6k 16
<0
(k 8)(k + 2)
<0
15
x(2x + 1)
>6
2
(i)(b) 2x + x 6
>0
(2x 3)(x + 2) > 0
+
2
(2)
= 12
17
(1)
p = (4 + 2k)
+ +
2 8
2 < k < 8
3
2
x < 2 or x >
2
3
2
Combine inequalities,
2 < k < 8 and k > 6
6<k< 8
15
(ii)
3
4 2
4 x < 2
16
or
18(a) x 2 + 2x < 0
x(x + 2) < 0
and x 2 x
>2
2
x x2
>0
(x 2)(x + 1) > 0
+ +
2 0
+ +
1 2
2 < x < 0
x < 1 or x > 2
x>
2
1st inequality
2x 2 + px + 16 < 0
2nd inequality
2 < x < k is solution
A(x 2)(x k)
Compare x 2 : A = 2
2(x 2)(x k)
2(x 2 2x kx + 2k)
2[x 2 (2 + k)x + 2k]
2x 2 4(4 + 2k)x + 4k
2 1
<0
2 < x < 1
<0
<0
<0
<0
sleightofmath.com
33
Ex 1.4
18(b) x 2
4
2
x 4
0
(x + 2)(x 2) 0
and x 2 6
> 5x
2
x 5x 6 > 0
(x 6)(x + 1) > 0
+ +
2 2
+ +
258.36 258.03
258.36 x 258.03
19(iii) 1 + 2n + 3 n(n 1) 100 000
2
258.36 n 258.03
Largest integer satisfying the above inequality
258
+
4
0x4
20
4
3< x 4
18(d) x x 2 < 9
x
x2
x2 x 0
x(x 1) 0
+
x 2 2x 3 > 0
(x + 1)(x 3) > 0
+ > or x 3 > 0
x > 1 x > 3
3rd step is incorrect
and x 2
<9
2
x 9
<0
(x + 3)(x 3) < 0
+ +
3 3
x 0 or x 1
100 000
3x 2 + x 199 998 0
2(3)
x = 258.36 or x = 258.03
x 2 or x > 6
19(ii) 1 + 2x + 3 (x 1)x
x < 0 or x > 3
x=
x < 1 or x > 6
+ +
1 6
x 2 or x 2
2 1
19(i)
Correct Solution
x 2 2x 3 > 0
(x + 1)(x 3) > 0
3 < x < 3
+ +
1 3
3 < x 0 or 1 x < 3
x < 1 or x > 3
sleightofmath.com
34
Rev Ex 1
A3(i)
Rev Ex 1
A1
x + 2y = 5
2y
= x + 5
y
= x+
(1)
Sum of roots
2x + y = 2xy
sub (1) into (2):
(2)
x+
5
5
x x+
2x 7x + 5
(2x 5)(x 1)
x=
5
2
or
1 5
2 2
5
y|x=5 = ( ) +
c
a
=
=
1
2
5
2
2 ( )
=5
4
=0
=0
1 2
= ( )
=0
a2 + 2 = ( + )2 2
= x 2 + 5x
2
7
=+ =
Product of roots =
2x + ( x + ) = 2x ( x + )
3
1st equation
2x 2 + x 5 = 0
i.e. a = 2, b = 1, c = 5
Roots: & , where <
A3(ii) ( )2 = 2 2 + 2
= (2 + 2 ) 2
x =1
1
y|x=1 = (1) +
=2
=5
=
2 ( )
4
41
4
1
= 10
4
A2
Perimeter
2x + 2y = 36
x+y
= 18
y
= 18 x
(1)
A3(iii) = 41 or = 41
2
(rej < )
A3(iv) 2nd equation
Recall + = ,
2
5
2
(x 2 + y 2 ) = 164
x2 + y2
= 164
(2)
Roots: 2 & 2
Sum of roots = 2 + (2)
= 2( )
= 2 (
41
)
2
= 41
= 4 ( ) = 10
2
x 2 (SOR)x + (POR) = 0
x 2 (41)x +10 = 0
x2 + 41x +10
=0
35
Rev Ex 1
A5(a) x 2 5x + 3 > 5 4x
x2 x 2
>0
(x 2)(x + 1) > 0
+ +
1 2
x < 1 or x > 2
0
0
0
0
2
1 2
A5(b) Quadratic inequality
3x 2 6x + c
> 4 for all real values of x
2
3x 6x + c 4 > 0
i.e. A = 3, B = 6, C = c 4
2 conditions
(i) A > 0
3>0
a
0
(2 p) 0
p
2
Discriminant
For distinct real roots:
b2 4ac
2
(ii) B 2 4AC
(6)2 4(3)(c 4)
36 12(c 4)
3 (c 4)
3c+4
7c
c
c
>0
>0
>0
>0
<0
<0
+ +
1 3
1 < p < 3
Combine inequalities
1 < p < 3 and p 2
1 < p < 2 or 2 < p < 3
A6(i)
<0
<0
<0
<0
<0
<0
< 7
>7
Quadratic equation
x 2 + px + 8
=p
2
x + px + 8 p = 0
i.e. a = 1, b = p, c = 8 p
Discriminant
b2 4ac = (p)2 4(1)(8 p)
= p2 32 + 4p
= p2 + 4p 32
= (p + 8)(p 4)
For equal roots:
b2 4ac
=0
(p + 8)(p 4)
=0
p = 8 or p = 4
36
Rev Ex 1
+ +
8 4
p < 8 or p > 4
A6(iii) For a positive & a negative root:
POR < 0
<0
c
<0
Discriminant
For line to intersect curve:
b2 4ac
0
2
(p) 4(4)(8)
0
2
p 128
0
(p + 128)(p 128) 0
8p <0
p
< 8
p
>8
+
2
A7(a) 2x 4x + 5
= 2(x 2 2x)
+5
2
2
= 2[(x 1) 1 ] +5
= 2(x 1)2
+3
turning pt (1,3)
y intercept = 5
shape
= 2( 1)2 + 3
5
(1,3)
p 128 or p 128
largest negative integer is 12
A8(i)
Discriminant
For line to be tangent to the curve:
B 2 4AC
=0
2
(6) 4(2)(5 c) = 0
36 8(5 c)
=0
36 40 + 8c
=0
8c 4
=0
2
=+ =
Product of roots =
1st equation
x 2 4x + 6 = 0
i.e. a = 1, b = 4, c = 6
Roots: &
Sum of roots
128 128
c
a
b
a
=
=
6
1
4
1
=4
=6
2 + 2 = (2 + 2 )
= [( + )2 2]
= ( + )2 3 [shown]
A8(ii) 3 + 3 = ( + ) (2 + 2 )
= ( + ) [( + )2 3]
[42
= (4)
3(6)]
= 8
A8(iii) 2nd equation
Roots: 3 & 3
Sum of roots = 3 + 3 = 8
Product of roots = 3 3 = ()3 = (6)3 = 216
x 2 (SOR)x +POR = 0
x 2 (8)x +(216) = 0
x2 + 8x + 216
=0
37
Rev Ex 1
B2(b) 3 2x x 2 0
x 2 + 2x 3 0
(x + 3)(x 1) 0
x + 2y = 10
2y
= x + 10
1
= x+5
2
2y 7y + x = 1
sub (1) into (2):
+ +
3 1
(2)
3 x 1
(1)
2 ( x + 5) 7 ( x + 5) + x
2
=1
2 ( x 2 5x + 25) + ( x 35) + x
1
11
2
11
2
=1
x + 15
=1
x + 14
=0
x 11x + 28
(x 4)(x 7)
x=4
=0
=0
y|x=4 = (4) + 5
=3
A(4,3)
3
2
3
b
a
2(p+1)
= 2p + 2
2p+2
(1)
a
p2 +p
2 ( ) (p + 1)
3
8
(p2
9
2
(2)
= p2 + p
+ 2p + 1)
d+c
cd
12
1
(1)
= 12
=1
= 23 [shown]
1
c
&
1
d
Sum of roots
= +
= 23
cd
Product of roots = ( ) ( ) =
= (1) = 1
=p +p
= (3) =
8p + 16p + 8
= 9p + 9p
2
p 7p 8
=0
(p + 1)(p 8) = 0
p = 1
or
p=8
|p=1 = 0
a|p=8 = 6
(rej roots are non zero)
2k
6
k
3
k
12
(1)
Product of roots
=p +p
=0
B4(a) 6x 2 2kx + k = 0
Roots: & 3
Sum of roots
= + 3 =
1
2
2p+2 2
+ =
x2 23x + 1
22
=p +p
sub (1) into (2):
3
2 2
(12)
x 2 (SOR)x + (POR) = 0
Product of roots
c
= (2) =
2(
Product of roots = cd =
Sum of roots = c + d = =
B (7, )
= + 2 =
x 2 12x + 1 = 0
i.e. A = 1, B = 12, C = 1
Roots: c & d
1st equation
y|x=7 = (7) + 5
B3(i)
or x = 7
=1
k
6
k
6
(2)
3( )
12
k2
48
2
=
=
k
6
k
6
k
= 8k
k 2 8k = 0
k(k 8) = 0
k = 0 (rej k is positive) or k = 8
38
Rev Ex 1
B4(b) x 2
= 3x + 5
2
x 3x 5 = 0
i.e. a = 1, b = 3, c = 5
Roots: &
Sum of roots
=+
Product of roots =
1
2
=
=
=
=
b
a
c
a
2 +2
2 2
(+)2 2
()2
32 2(5)
(5)2
19
25
(1)
=
=
3
1
5
1
=3
2 conditions
(i) a < 0
1 < 0
= 5
(ii) b2 4ac
<0
[2(k 3)]2
4(1)(25) < 0
4(k 2 6k + 9) 4(25)
<0
2
(k 6k + 9) 25
<0
2
k 6k 16
<0
(k 8)(k + 1)
<0
+ +
1 8
Show = +
= 5
=
(2)
+
+
1
5 2
( )
25
4
25 +
4
4
4
4
=
=
19
25
19
25
= 192
= 192 25
= 19(3 + 5) 25
= 57 + 95 25
= 57 + 70
1 < k < 8
B5(b) y = (x 3)(x + 1)
(i)
= x 2 2x 3
= (x 1)2 12 3
= (x 1)2 4
turning pt (1,4)
shape
y intercept = 3
= ( 1)2 4
1
Method 2
is a root
2 = 3 + 5
(1)
(1) 2 :
4 = 33 + 52
(2)
(1, 4)
39
Rev Ex 1
B6(b) Line & curve
y = 3x + k
(1)
y2 = 1 x2
(2)
>0
>0
>0
>0
>0
>0
<0
<0
10 10
10 < k < 10
Tangent
k = 10
B7(a) (1 + x)(6 x)
(x + 1)(x 6)
x 2 5x 6
x 2 5x 14
(x 7)(x + 2)
8
8
8
0
0
+ +
2
7
x 2 or x 7
40
Rev Ex 1
B7(b) 2x(x + 2)
< (x + 1)(x + 3)
2
2x + 4x
< x 2 + 4x + 3
2
x 3
<0
(x + 3)(x 3) < 0
B8(ii) Discriminant
b2 4ac = (4)2 4(1)(28)
= 128
0
real roots
3 3
3 < x < 3
3 3
B8(i)
Quadratic equation
At r = 40:
(t 10)2 2(t 4)2
(t 2 20t + 100) 2(t 2 8t + 16)
(t 2 20t + 100) 2t 2 + 16t 32
t 2 4t + 68
t 2 + 4t 28
= 40
= 40
= 40
= 40
= 0 [shown]
B8(iv) r = t 2 4t
+68
2
= [t + 4t]
+68
2
2
= [(t + 2) 2 ] +68
= (t + 2)2
+72
turning pt (2,72)
shape
y intercept = 68
(2,72)
68
= ( + 2)2 + 72
41
Ex 2.1
4
Ex 2.1
(7 + 32)
1(a)
18 = 9 3
= 32
(5 25)
2
2
1(c)
1(d)
2(a)
2(b)
300 = 100 3
= 103
80 = 16 5
= 45
(45 205)
= 67 +422
45 +205
= 22 + 422 205
48 = 16 3
= 43
5(a)
6
3
42
=
=
23 + 53 33 = 43
3
63
+50
5(b)
2
23
2
23
6
2(3)
6
6
5(c)
12
254
(1 27)
(1)2
2(1)(27) +(27)
=1
47
= 29 47
3(d)
(5 + 18)
=
=
3(c)
=
3(b)
= 23
= 42 4 2 +25 2
= 42 22 +52
= 72
3(a)
= 67 +422
12
254
25+4
25+4
245+48
2
(25) (4)2
245+48
2016
245+48
4
= 65 + 12
+4(7)
6(a)
324
4+32
= 25 +1018 +18
= 43 +109 2
= 43 +10(32)
=
=
= 43 +302
324
4+32
432
432
32(432)
4(432)
2
(4)2 (32)
122 9(2)
16+122
169(2)
34+242
2
= 17 122
sleightofmath.com
42
3+22
322
=
=
=
=
=
6(c)
8
(6+2)
3+22
322
(3)
Ex 2.1
3+22
+23(22)
2
(3) (22)
3
6(d)
3+22
+(22)
50 48
+46
18 12
+4(2)
34(2)
11+46
18 12
50 48
=
=
=
=
=
(6)
=
=
+(2)2
+26(2)
8
6
12(50 + 48)
2
(50) (48)
8
2
50 + 48
18(50 + 48)
5
1146
50 + 48
+ 46
+4
8
10 + 46
8
10 + 46
80 326
(10)2 (46)
80 326
100 16(6)
80 326
=
4
30 + 25 33
106 24
2
6 + 25 33
106
2
6 + (22.5 )(31.5 )
2
106
6 + (22 2)(33)
2
106
6 + 126
106
600 576
50 48
=
10 46
10 46
900 + 864
2
6 + 26
2
= 3 + 6
7(a)
= 20 86
x3 x = 2
x(3 1) = 2
x
=
=
=
=
=
2
31
2
3+1
31
3+1
23+2
2
(3) (1)2
23+2
31
23+2
2
= 3 + 1
7(b)
2x 3 = 5
2x 3 = 25
= 14
7(c)
21 x = 3
4(1 x) = 3
sleightofmath.com
1x
4
1
4
43
8(a)
8 x = x 2
8x =x2
2x
= 10
x
=5
Ex 2.1
9(ii)
= 1800
= 100 18
= 1018
= 109 2
a + b3 = 2 3
= 10(32)
= 302
8(c)
a + b7 = 47 12 7
= 12 + 37
Equate rational terms:
a = 12
Equate irrational terms:
b=3
a + b2 = 3(1 2) + 42
= (3 32) + 42
= 3 + 2
Equate rational terms:
a=3
Equate irrational terms:
b=1
9(i)
v|s=90 = 20(90)
v = 20s
= 2(4)(3 + 25)
+4(80 3)
= 8(3 + 25)
+416 5 12
= 24 + 165
+4(45) 12
= 24 + 165
+165 12
= 12 + 325
10(ii) Volume
= (square base)
(height)
= (3 + 25)
v|s=40 = 20(40)
(80 3)
2
= 800
= 100 8
= (9
= 108
+ 125
+ 20)
(45 3)
= 104 2
= (125 + 29)
(45 3)
= 10(22)
= 125(45 3)
+29(45 3)
= 48(5) 365
+1165 87
= 202
= 153 + 805
11(a) 412
3
3
2
= 44 3 3
3
= 4(23)
= 83
3
3
2
3
3
18
3
18
3
3
3
183
3
63
= 3
3
Daniel & Samuel
A-math tuition 9133 9982
sleightofmath.com
44
4
2
=
=
=
4
2
2
2
42
128
3
642
3
2
42
Ex 2.1
82
3
82
3
8
= 22
2
3
= 22
2
3
12(b)
(273)
8
2
42
2
22
1
2
1
2
+ 2
2
= 2
6
11(c)
=
=
2
6
26
6
1
= 6
3
= 6
3
4
27
4
93
4
4
33
( 3
9
37
=
=
=
37
37
37
=
=
=
=
813
2
93
2
9
+ 3
2
+
93
2
9
5
43
5
23
=
)
5
23
53
2(3)
3
3
1
4(7)
127
+9
37127
1
37127
37+127
37+127
37+127
2
(37)2 (127)
37+127
1369144(7)
37+127
361
247
361
1
2
(27) +2(27)(3)+(3)2
1
4(7)
37+127
1
37+127
432
43+2
43+2
43+2
2
(43) (2)2
43+2
37127
(37)2 (127)
37127
37127
361
38
= 44 3 +39 2
= 4(23) +2(32)
= 83
+92
= 83
+92
(52 + 23)
= 83
+92
52 23
43+2
44
1369144(7)
13(a) (3 3)2
16(3)4
37127
5223
38
5223
52+23
52+23
38(52+23)
2
(52) (23)
38(52+23)
25(2)4(3)
38(52+23)
38
= 42 + 63
37127
= 412 +318
+9
3)
6
+127
+ 3
2
(32)
27
5
12
(27)
2(27)(3) +(3)2
3)
432
9 2
27
243
2
1
2
1
(27+3)
18
27
37
3(3)
= 6
3
43
33
= 6
3
12(a)
2
43+2
2
43+2
834
2
(43) (2)2
= 12 63
= 12 63
10 53
23
2+3
= 9 63 + 3
432
432
5
23
2+3
10+53
43
= 2 113
834
16(3)4
834
44
643
44
3
22
1
11
sleightofmath.com
45
s2 +1
s+2
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
(15)
Ex 2.1
15(b) 6 5x x = 2x
= x
6 5x
6 5x
= x2
x 2 + 5x 6 = 0
(x + 6)(x 1) = 0
x = 6 or x = 1 (rej)
+1
(15)+2
(125+5) +1
35
725
35
3+5
3+5
7(3+5)
25(3+5)
(3)2 (5)
21+75
15(c) x + 5 + x
=1
=1x
x + 5
x+5
= x 2 2x + 1
x 2 3x 4 = 0
(x 4)(x + 1) = 0
x = 1 or x = 4 (rej)
65+2(5)
95
11+5
4
11
4
14(i)
+ 5
4
4+
16
(4 +
= (5 4 3) (4 +
= (5 23)
= (5 23)
(4 +
6
3
6
3
63
3
)
3
3
=
=
(4 + 23)
= 8 + 23
14(ii) By Pythagoras Theorem,
Square of the length of diagonal
2
+ (4 +
10
40 5
40 + 5
40 + 5
400 + 50
2
20 + 25 2
40 5
20 + 52
35
4 + 2
7
+
[given]
7
83 4(3)
= (5 12)
10
405
(40) (5)
= x5 + 10
(40 5) = 10
5 12
Area = (5 12)
x40
6
3
48
3
48
36
3
= 25 1012 + 12
+ (28 +
= 37 104 3
+ (28 +
= 37 10(23)
+ (28 +
= 37 203
+(28 + 163)
48
3
483
3
3
3
= 65 43
15(a) 2 + x x
=0
=x
2 + x
2+x
= x2
x2 x 2
=0
(x 2)(x + 1) = 0
x = 1 (rej) or x = 2
Daniel & Samuel
A-math tuition 9133 9982
sleightofmath.com
46
Ex 2.1
18
6 25
a + b7
= 3b 6
(b + 2)5
Equate rational terms:
3 = 3b 6
3b = 9
b =3
(1)
Equate irrational terms:
a = (b + 2) (2)
sub (1) into (2):
a = ((3) + 2)
=
=
=
17(b) a b7 = (2 + 7)(2 7) +7
= (2)2 (7)
=47
= 3 + 7
Equate rational terms:
a = 3
Equate irrational terms:
b = 1
= 1
+7
+7
324
2
87
324
+7
23 87
324
23 87
23 + 87
23 + 87
324(23 + 87)
2
(23)2 (87)
324(23 + 87)
529 64(7)
324(23 + 87)
81
+b8
2
13
= 92 + 327
+b4 2
=9
+b(22)
= 17 122
= 17 +(2b 12)2
Equate rational terms:
a = 17
Equate irrational terms:
1 = 2b 12
18
47
= 4(23 + 87)
17(c) a + 2 = (3 22)2
122
18
47
=(
=
= 5
b=
a + b7 =
+ 4(2)
+2b2
19(a) (a + 32)(3 42)
= 18 + b2
= 18 + b2
= 18 + b2
sleightofmath.com
47
Ex 2.1
= b 233
19(d)
12 + 3a3
83 2a(3)
12 6a
+(3a 8)3
Equate rational terms:
12 6a = b
(1)
2+47
= 4 7
a+b7
2 + 47 = (4 7)(a + b7)
= b 233
= b 233
= 4(a + b7)
= 4a + 4b7
= 4a 7b
Equate rational terms:
2 = 4a 7b
4a = 7b + 2
7b+2
7b+2
4
= 6 43
a(5 33)
+b3(5 33)
= 6 43
16 = 16b 7b 2
9b = 18
b = 2
5a 3a3
+5b3 3b(3)
5a 9b
+(5b 3a)3
Equate rational terms:
5a 9b = 6
= 6 43
= 6 43
9b+6
5
a|b=2 =
20(i)
9b+6
5
= 4
25b 27b 18 = 20
2b
= 2
b
=1
= 4(2 3)
=4
43
= 7 43
7(2)+2
=4
(1)
a7 b(7)
+(4b a)7
(1)
7(a + b7)
9(1)+6
5
=3
sleightofmath.com
48
Ex 2.1
20(iii) 34 242 = c + d2
21(ii)
2
34 242 = (c + d2)
1
2
12
10
+d2 (2)
+2cd2
62+73
= (
34
34d2
144
d2
602703
36(2)49(3)
602703
75
4
) + 2d2
+ 2d2
= 144 + 2(d2 )2
14
+
1
3+32
1
3+32
332
332
332
2
(3) (32)
332
15
2 + 3
5
15
3 2
R2
15
3 + 5 2
R2
= 3 + 2
c|d=3 =
= 4
=4
V = IR
= 56 [
1
10
(62 + 73)]
= 6(62 + 73)
2
= 312
= 34 3
+ 18
2
1
R2
1
R2
32
3+2
3+2
32
= a + 1 a
=
4 + 32 or 4 32
1
R2
3+2
R2
3
12
1
R2
=0
12
1
R2
32
(d2 )2 17d2 + 72
c|d=3 =
1
R2
1
R2
R2
R2
a+a+1
332
39(2)
=0
22(i)
(d2 9)(d2 8)
=0
2
2
d =9
d =8
d = 3 d = 22
(rej non-surds)
21(i)
6273
12 2
d
6273
602703
(62) (73)
(2)
1
(62+73)
10
1
R1
1
a + a + 1
1
a + a + 1
a a + 1
a (a + 1)
a a + 1
1
a a + 1
a a + 1
= a + 1 a [shown]
+ 9 2
2
22(ii)
1+2
= (2 1)
= 3(23)
+ (32)
= 63
21
2
2+3
1
3+4
+ +
1
8+9
Method of Difference
[
]
Telescopic Sum Concept
+(3 2)
+(4 3)
+
+(9 8)
= 9 1
=31
=2
sleightofmath.com
49
Ex 2.1
x 2 x 2 + 3x 2 + x 6 = 0
x 2 x 2
= 3x 2 + x 6
x2 x 2
= 9(x 2 + x 6)
x2 x 2
= 9x 2 + 9x 54
8x 2 + 10x 52
=0
4x 2 + 5x 26
=0
(4x + 13)(x 2) = 0
x=
13
4
(rej) or x = 2
sleightofmath.com
50
Ex 2.2
2(b)
Ex 2.2
when y = 16:
3
2x 2 = 16
1(a)
1(b)
(23 32 )0 = 1
4
(23)
x2 = 8
2
= (8)3
x
x
= (23 )3
= 4
= 2 (3)
1
2
= 24 (3 )
= 16(3)2
= 144
1(c)
93 33
6
3(a)
16x = (24 )x
= (2x )4
= u4
3(b)
3(c)
(32 )3 33
6
1
(27)3
6
1
(33 )3
6
3
6
1
=
2
1(d)
254
= (2x )2
53 56
= (52 )
1
4
1
3
1
6
1
3
1
6
=5
5 5
3(d)
1 1 1
52+3+6
=
= 51
=5
1(e)
33 30 93
2
273
30
33
(32 )3
2
(33 )3
1
33
= u2
5 5
1
2
33
4(a)
32
2
u2
2x 2y
= 23 2x 22
1 2
33+32
=
= 31
= 23+x2
=
3
2(a)
y=
4(b)
2x
42x+1
x
3
2x 2
3
y|x=9 = 2(9)2
3
21 (24x )
=2
= 2x
24x+2
21+4x
= 2x
+4x+2
1+4x
= 29x+1
= 2(32 )2
= 2(33 )
= 54
(22 )2x+1
(16x )
sleightofmath.com
51
4 x1
Ex 2.2
6(b)
8y
2( a)+( a)
32
1
22x2
25
3
5
y
2
2
2x+1
7(a)
(23 )
x+2
15
2
17 (2 )
7(b)
17
2
+a3 b 3 a3 b 3 + b
= a3
=a
172
2
2
7(c)
= 33
23
=3
2( 9 + 6 + 4)
3
= 27 + 18 + 12
18 12 8
= 27
=1
+ (4)(5)(52x )
5x+2
+ 4(52x+1 )
( 3 2)( 9 + 6 + 4)
= 3( 9 + 6 + 4)
7(d)
(a2 + 2a4 b 4 + b 2 )
1
(a2 2a4 b 4 + b 2 )
1
= (a2 + b 2 )
(2a4 b 4 )
= (a + 2a2 b 2 + b)
2a2 b 2
=a+b
= 5x
(a)
5x+2
52x+2
= (a3 + b 2 ) b 2
x+2
( a3 + b 2 + b) ( a3 + b 2 b)
522x
+ 20(52x )
5x+2
5(52x+1 )
53x
52x+1
= (a3 + b 2 + b)(a3 + b 2 b)
52x+1
52x+1
17
2
(52 )1x
+ 3(52x )
+ 17(52x )
52x+1
=a+b
53x 251x
52x+1 + 3(25x ) + 17(52x )
53x
= a a3 b 3 + a3 b 3
23x+2
= 162
17(23x+1 )
= 162
= a3 (a3 a3 b 3 + b 3 ) +b 3 (a3 a3 b 3 + b 3 )
23x+6
= 162
(a3 + b 3 ) (a3 a3 b 3 + b 3 )
17(2)(23x )
3 2x+1
(22 )
=2
6(a)
= 3a9
1
4
2
3a3
a9
(8)
+ a3
a9
3 5
222x+2y2
8x+2 34(23x )
2a3
1
5(b)
(a2 )9
(23 )y
= 22y2x2
5(a)
+(a6 )
23y5
= 222x 2
=
2(a3 )
a2
= (22 )x1
1 2
1
3
12
( a )
4
12
a4
= (a2 ) (a4 )
a4
= a2
=a
a4
a3
sleightofmath.com
52
(3) +(3)
33.5
Ex 2.2
+(3)
+32.5
12
+42(3) = 3k
+31.5
+423
= 3k
33 3 +32 3 +33
+423
= 3k
3(33 +32
+42)
= 3k
+3
2n1
P = (2 + 5)
2n
2n
3(81)
=3
1
2
(2 + 5)
2 + 5
(4 + 45 + 5)
2 + 5
(3 ) (34 ) = 3k
342
= 3k
33
11
6
17
6
5
2
5
2 )2
(23
= 2x 3y pz
3p
2 )2
x y z
=2 3 p
14(i)
(a)
(21 x 1 )r
u = 2x
v = yx
2x+1 +y 2 (y x2 ) = 11
2x 2 +y x
= 11
2u +v
= 11
= 2x 3y pz
1
(1)
,y = 3 ,z = 8
(2n )21
3(2n )
+4(2n+2 )
n)
n )22
3(2
+4(2
= 2n [21
+4(22 )]
= 2n (2
+16)
14(i)
(b)
(22 )
1
x+1
2
2x 22
4u
42x+1
2x+2
= 15(2n )
11
(22 32 p3 ) = 2x 3y pz
2n+1
=
(23 2 )8r
3
2
2 2 32 p8
2
1 r
(8x 2 )8r ( )
[shown]
2x
(24p2 )
(210 35 p5 )
11
13
=2 3 p
3 p
= 2x 3y pz
x y z
=2 3 p
13
2
x = 1 ,y = 2 ,z = 6
(144p2 )
= (5 2)(9 + 80)
x y z
p5
22 32 p 2
2 3 p
x=
(9 + 45) (2 5)
45
= (5 2)(9 + 165)
= 2x 3y pz
54p5
2 3 3 3 p4
10(i)
2 5
11
2 5
(36p6 )3
(24
= (5 2)(9 + 45)
(22 32 p6 )3
9(b)
9(a)
= (2 + 5) (2 + 5)
+51 y x = 4
1
+ yx
5
1
+ yx
5
1
+ yx
5
1
+ v
5
=4
=4
=4
=4
(2)
2v v = 22 4
5
9
5
22n+1
(22n )(2)
(22 )n (2)
4n (2)
= 18
= 10
(3)
=
2
19 is a factor,
it is divisible by 19
Daniel & Samuel
A-math tuition 9133 9982
sleightofmath.com
53
14(iii) (4y)x = 4x y x
= (2x )2 y x
= (u)2 v
1 2
Ex 2.2
ax = b y
(10)
=( )
2
a = bx
(1)
=
2
15(i)
a w
by = ( )
= bx
(1)
(2)
by
= [b
yz
( +z)
x
by = b
yz
y = +z
= z(
xy
y+x
= w ( 1)
= w(
yx
x
y+x
= (b x1 )
y
xy
= z ( + 1)
=( )
wy
= [(b ) b]
y
+1
x
bx
b y = b x w
wy
y =
w
y
x
b
b y = (ab)z
by
(2)
ax = b y
x
yx
x
=w
=
xy
yx
[shown]
=z
=
xy
y+x
[shown]
sleightofmath.com
54
Ex 2.3
1(a)
Ex 2.3
32x = 27
32x = 33
2x = 3
3
x
=
2
1(b)
4x = 32
22x = 25
2x = 5
1(c)
3x
3
x
2
3(i)
1
3
= 2
1 x+2
( )
=3
3
= 31
2x 4 = 1
2x4
22x
2x1
2x+1
= 10
= 10
= 101
=1
1
=
2(c)
3(2x1 )
= 2x + 4
x )(21 )
3(2
= 2x + 4
3(2x ) ( )
= 2x + 4
(2x )
= 2x + 4
(2x )
=4
sub u = 3x :
u
= (23 )2x
= 263x
5(a)
4x 6 16x+1 = 0
2
4x 6
= 16x+1
2
4x 6
= (42 )x+1
2
4x 6
= 42x+2
x2 6
= 2x + 2
x 2 2x 8 = 0
(x 4)(x + 2) = 0
x = 4 or x = 2
= 4 3 ( )
u
u2
= 4u 3
2
u 4u + 3
=0
(u 3)(u 1) = 0
u=3
or u = 1
x
sub u = 3 :
sub u = 3x :
x
3 =3
3x = 1
3x = 31
3x = 30
x =1
x =0
= 82x
=5
3x = 4 3 ( x )
=0
3x = 4 3(3x )
x + 1 = 6 3x
4x
x2 + x 2
2x1
=2x
33x
2x = 8
2x = 23
x =3
4x
x2
32x+2
3(ii)
2(b)
= 32x
27x
2
=8
sub u = 2x :
u=8
(32 )x+2
4x (52x )
22x (52x )
102x
2x
x
=3
2(a)
3x
2
1
1(d)
2
=2
3
x = 3
x
3x
x = 2 or x = 1
(2) =
(x + 2)(x 1) = 0
9x+1
3x
sleightofmath.com
52x 6(5x ) +5 = 0
(5x )2 6(5x ) +5 = 0
sub u = 5x :
u2 6u + 5
=0
(u 1)(u 5) = 0
u=1
or
u=5
x
sub u = 5 :
sub u = 5x :
x
5
=1
5x = 5
5x = 51
5x = 50
x =1
x =0
55
7(a)
2x+1
Ex 2.3
=0
=0
7(b)
3x
9y
=0
=0
a=8
sub a = 2x :
2x = 8
2x = 23
x =3
3x
32y
3x2y
35x (32y ) =
5x+2y
= 33
= 33
= 2y + 3
(1)
2nd eqn
1
42x (26y ) =
2
= 3(2 + 2
22x 2
= 3(2x ) + 2
(2x )2 2
= 3(2x ) + 2
x
sub u = 2 :
2u2
= 3u + 2
2u2 3u 2 = 0
(2u + 1)(u 2) = 0
1
u=2
u=
or
2
sub u = 2x :
sub u = 2x :
2x = 2
1
2x =
2
2x = 21
x
(rej 2 > 0)
x = 1[shown]
5x (252y )
=1
x ((52 )2y )
5
= 50
x (54y )
5
= 50
5x+4y
= 50
x + 4y
=0
x
= 4y
= 27
x 2y = 3
x)
35x (9y )
1st eqn
24x+6y
= 22
4x + 6y = 2
sub (1) into (2):
4(2y + 3) + 6y
8y + 12 + 6y
14y
y
(2)
= 2
= 2
= 14
= 1
2 4m = (2 4m )n
1
= (2 22m )n
1
= (22m+1 )n
(1)
=2
2m+1
n
[shown]
9
1
32
2
3
=3
5x + 2y = 2
(2)
Put y =
1
9
into (1):
1
x|y=1 = 4 ( )
9
=
9
sleightofmath.com
56
Ex 2.3
1st eqn
n
2 4m = 8
2m+1
n
9(c)
2
=2
2m+1
=3
n
2m+1
(1)
27m
= 10(3x )
(32 )x+1
+1
= 10(3x )
32x+2
+1
= 10(3x )
(32x )(32 ) +1
= 10(3x )
9(3x )2
= 10(3x )
+1
= 81
9u2
= 34
9u2 10u + 1 = 0
3
= 34
3m 2n 2 = 4
3m 2n
=6
(9u 1)(u 1) = 0
9n+1
33m
32n+2
3m2n2
u=
(2)
3m 2 (
3m (
2m+1
3
4m+2
9m 4m 2
5m
m
=6
u=1
sub u = 3x :
3x = 1
3x = 30
x =0
=6
9(d)
= 18
= 20
= 4
2(4)+1
3
sub u = 4 :
1
4x =
2
22x = 21
2x = 1
1
x
=
9(e)
2(3x )
= 34 3x
3(3x )
= 34
3x
= 33
=3
(9)
2x
3x+2
32x 3x+2
= 3x 9
(3 )2 (3 )(32 )
= 3 9
(3 )2 9(3 )
= 3 9
u2 10u + 9
=0
(u 9)(u 1) = 0
= 9
or
x
sub u = 3 :
3x = 9
3x = 32
x =2
10(a) 8x (4y )
5(7x )
=5
7x
=1
2 2 22y
7x
= 70
2 2 +2y
=0
3x
3x
3x
2
sleightofmath.com
= 1
sub u = 3x :
3x = 1
3x = 30
x =0
= 322
1
= 25 (22 )
1
= 252
+ 2y = 5
3x + 4y
Daniel & Samuel
A-math tuition 9133 9982
= 3x 9
sub u = 3x :
x
= 2(7x ) + 3
7(7x ) 2 = 2(7x ) + 3
= 34 3x
(3 )2 10(3 ) + 9 = 0
sub u = 4 :
4x = 2
22x = 21
2x = 1
1
x
=
6(3x1 )
6(3x )(31 ) = 34 3x
2(16x )
= 5(4x ) 2
2(4x )
= 5(4x ) 2
x )2
2(4
= 5(4x ) 2
sub u = 4x :
2u2
= 5u 2
2
2u 5u + 2 = 0
(2u 1)(u 2) = 0
1
u=2
u=
or
7x+1 2
or
=3
= 10u
3x = 32
x = 2
+1
sub u = 3 :
1
3x =
9(b)
+1
sub u = 3x :
2nd eqn
9(a)
9x+1
1
2
= 11 [shown]
(1)
57
3y
Ex 2.3
12
= (3x )
9x
3y
1 (3x )
=3
32x
y2x2
3
= 31+x
2
y 2x = 1 + x
y
= 2x 2 + x 1 [shown]
10(c) sub (2) into (1):
3x + 4(2x 2 + x 1)
3x + (8x 2 + 4x 4)
8x 2 + 7x 4
8x 2 + 7x 15
(8x + 15)(x 1)
x=
15
8
y|x=15 = 4
8
11
r2
4
r2
4
r2
4
32
3r x r
( x 2 )
3 x
9x2
9
2 6r
( )
2 6r
r 2 (3r ) ( )
9
2 6r
r 2 (3r ) ( )
9
6r
u2
x3
27
2
9
4(3x )
9
x 3r12
= kx 3
=k
2 6(3)
(1)
13
(27) ( )
=k
=k
4u
x 2 8x 2 = 7
8
x2
(2)
(3)2 (3(3) ) ( )
9
2 3
u
= 12u 27
2
u 12u + 27 = 0
(u 3)(u 9) = 0
u=3
u=9
sub u = 3x :
sub u = 3x :
3x = 3 or
3x = 9
x
1
3 =3
3x = 32
x=1
x=2
y|x=1 = 2(1) 3
y|x=2 = 2(2) 3
= 1
=1
= kx 3
x 2r12 = kx 3
Compare power of x:
3r 12 = 3
3r
=9
r
=3
sub (2) into (1):
27
Compare coefficient:
3x
sub u = 3x :
6r
(1)
= 4 ( ) 1
27
(3x )2
y|x=1 = 2
(3x)r
32x
x=1
= 16x
= 24x
= 24x
= 4x
= 4x 6
= 2x 3
2nd eqn
3y = 4(3x2 ) 1
(2)
sub (1) into (2):
32x3
= 4(3x2 ) 1
2x
3
3 3
= 4(3x 32 ) 1
= 11
= 11
= 11
=0
=0
or
5
(2)
1st eqn
64(4y )
26 (22y )
26+2y
6 + 2y
2y
y
=7
x2
sub u = x 2 :
8
u
=7
u
u2 7u 8 = 0
(u 8)(u + 1) = 0
u=8
or
u=1
=
3
sub u = x 2 :
3
x2 = 8
3
x 2 = 23
x = 22
x = 4
14
sub u = x 2 :
3
x2 = 1
x =1
No.
Counter example
when a = 1 & b = 1,
(1)x (1)y = (1)2 (1)5
LHS = RHS when x, y
sleightofmath.com
58
Ex 2.3
Method 1 (Substitution)
x 3x 4
=0
sub u = x:
u2 3u 4
=0
(u 4)(u + 1) = 0
u=4
or
u=1
sub u = x:
sub u = x:
x = 4
x = 1
x = 16
x = 1 (rej)
Method 2 (Square both sides)
x 3x 4
=0
x4
= 3x x 4 > 0, x > 0
2
(x 4)
= 9x
x 2 8x + 16 = 9x
x 2 17x + 16 = 0
(x 1)(x 16) = 0
x = 1 (rej) or x = 16
sleightofmath.com
59
Ex 2.4
2(c)
Ex 2.4
1(a)
1 x
y = 4x
base 4 > 1, graph slopes up
= 2( )
3
1(b)
= 4
1 x
y=( )
3
1
0 < base < 1, graph slopes down
2(d)
1(c)
=( )
3
1(d)
3(i)
y = ex
base e > 1, graph slopes up
=
y = 3(5.1)x
base 5.1 > 1, graph slopes up
= 3(5.1)
y = 50 000(1.04)x
y|x=0 = 50 000(1.04)0
= $50 000
3(ii)
y|x=5 = 50 000(1.04 )5
= $60 833
4(i)
y = 40(1.4)x
= 2(3 )
2
y = 2(3x )
= 2(31 )x
y = x
base > 1, graph slopes up
y|x=0 = 40(1.4)0
= 40
2(a)
y|x=6 = 40(1.4)6
= 301
4(iii)
y|x=24 = 40(1.4)24
= 128 568
5(i)
T = 90(0.98)x
y = 6ex
base e > 1, graph slopes up
= 6
2(b)
4(ii)
T|x=0 = 90(0.98)0
= 90
5(ii)
T|x=10 = 90(0.98)10
= 73.5
5(iii)
T|x=60 = 90(0.98)60
= 26.8
y = 2e
= 2(e1 )x
1 x
= 2( )
e
= 2
2
sleightofmath.com
60
Ex 2.4
y = 3(5x )
base 5 > 1, graph slopes up
9(ii)
y = 3(0.2)x
0 < base 0.2 < 1, graph slopes down
= 3(5 )
3
= 3(0.2)
y|x=10 = 45 000(1.02)10
= 54 855
y = 3(2x )
base 2 > 1, graph slopes up
= 3(2 )
6
3
=6
7(iii)
One intersection
One solution
8(i)
P = 600(2 + e0.2t )
y = 45 000(1.02)x
base 1.02 > 1, graph slopes up
= 45 000(1.02)
f(x) = 3(5x )
f(x) = 3(5x )
= 3(51 )x
= 3(0.2)x
y = f(x) and y = f(x) are reflection of each other
in the y-axis
7(i)
7(ii)
45 000
8(iii)
t , e0.2t 0,
P 600(2 + 0) = 1200
9(i)
y = 45 000(1.02)
10(i)
C = 4.86e0.047t
C|t=0 = 4.86e0
= 4.86g/ml
P|t=0 = 600(2 + e0 )
= 1800
8(ii)
end of 2021:
x = 2021 2011
= 10
1
e0.047
0 < base
e0.047
4.86
= 4.86 0.047
end of 2015:
x = 2015 2011
=4
y|x=4 = 45 000(1.02)4
= 48 709
sleightofmath.com
61
Ex 2.4
1 x
12(iv) m
y = 2x = (21 )x = ( )
1
405 ( ) = 80
2 t
3
2
= 8(2 )
13(i)
= 2
16
( )
( )
3
t
=( )
3
=4
3
2 t
y = 8(2x )
base 2 > 1, graph slopes up
( , 22)
= 80
2 t
81
2 4
V = Aekt
Initial value of the car is $60 000:
V|t=0
= 60 000
k(0)
Ae
= 60 000
A
= 60 000
y=2
(1)
y = 8(2x )
(2)
sub (1) into (2):
2x
= 8(2x )
22x = 8
22x = 23
2x = 3
3
x
=
(3)
60 000
9 4
k 4
=( )
V = 60 000 ( )
10
= 60 000(0.9)t [shown]
13(ii) V = 60 000(0.9)t
0 < base 0.9 < 1, graph slopes down
2 t
m = 405 ( )
3
2 0
m|t=0 = 405 ( )
3
= 405g
12(ii)
10
9 t
y = 2 2 = 21.5 = 22
3
( , 22)
12(i)
10
9
60 000
2 3
m|t=3 = 405 ( )
3
= 60 000(0.9)
= 120g
12(iii) Amount decayed in 3 years
= m|t=0 m|t=3
= 405 120
= 285g
sleightofmath.com
62
Rev Ex 2
A2(b)
Rev Ex 2
A1(i)
(5 2)x = 5 + 2
x
5+2
5+2
52
5+2
5+2
(2)2
+45
+4
54
= 9 + 45
A1(ii) x
= 9 + 45
1
x
1
9+45
1
= 9 + 45
= 9 + 45
= 9 + 45
= 9 + 45
+9 45
9+45
945
945
945
(9)2 (45)
= 42
945
50
25 2
2
3
2
52
2
2
= 42
52
2
2
= 42
52
2
2
= 42
52
2
2
23
12
96
3
2
2
166
3
2
2
2
2
( 6 6
3
3
2
2
( 6 6
3
3
2
2
( 6 6
3
3
2
2
( 6 6
3
3
2
2
(106)
2
2
46
3
2
6
26
6
1
6
3
4
4
3216
2
= k3
323 33
2
323 33
2
= k3
= k3
3(21.5 )(31.5 )
2
3(22)(33)
2
186
= k3
= k3
= k3
+96)
= k3
+96)
= k3
= k3
512
= k3
5(4 3)
= k3
5(23)
= k3
103
= k3
k = 10
= 42
8116(5)
= 18
A2(a) 42
128
3
52
3
3
3
2
2
+
+
+
+
+
A3(a) x 2 7
=3
2
x 7
=9
2
x 16
=0
(x + 4)(x 4) = 0
x = 4 or x = 4
7
72
7
362
7
62
7
62
7
6(2)
7
12
2
2
A3(b) 2x + 3 4x
3 4x
3 4x
4x 2 + 4x 3
(2x + 3)(2x 1)
x = or x =
A3(c)
x
18x
=0
= 2x
= 4x 2
=0
=0
(rej)
1
3
3x
= 1 8x
2
9x
= 1 8x
2
9x + 8x 1 = 0
(9x 1)(x + 1) = 0
x=
sleightofmath.com
1
9
or x = 1 (rej)
63
4x
= 2(2x1 )
8
22x
= 22 (2x1 )
23
1
4
1
x
2
2x3
= 66
4u2 + u 264
=0
(4u + 33)(u 8) = 0
5
2
u=
1st eqn
8 4y
23 22y
23+2y
3 + 2y
2x
x
= 66
sub u = 4 :
u
+ u2
(4x ) + (4x )2
x
=2
2x 3 = x
A4
Rev Ex 2
2x1
=2
= 22x1
= 22x1
= 2x 1
= 4 + 2y
=y+2
33
or
sub u = 4x :
4x =
u=8
sub u = 4x :
33
4x = 8
4
x
4x = 23
22x = 23
2x = 3
(rej 4 > 0)
(1)
x
2nd eqn
3y 3x
A6(i)
= 81
x
= 34
=4
(2)
y+
=4
y + + 1= 4
3
1 0.85t
=3
m = 300e0.85t
m|t=0 = 300e0
= 300mg
(3y ) (32 ) = 34
3y+2
x
y+
= 300 ( )
e
=2
=4
x)
A5(a) 2(4
x)
2(4
x+2
+4
+
(4x )(42 )
2(4x ) + 16(4x )
x)
18(4
= 9(4
= 9(
sub u = 4x :
18u
1
4 0.5
1
4
B1(a) x 8 x
(x 8)x
4
1
4x
x
= 41
= 1
=3
=3
x 2 8x
=3
x 2 8x
=9
2
x 8x 9 = 0
(x 9)(x + 1) = 0
x = 9 or x = 1 (rej)
sub u = 4x :
=
2
1
4x
= 9( )
300
0.5 )
= 300 0.85
sleightofmath.com
64
Rev Ex 2
B1(b) 18 x 1 = 4
18 x 1 = 16
=2
x 1
x1
=4
x
=5
B1(c)
11+4
x
2
B3(i)
1
2
1
2
33 (32 )
(BC)h
114
=
=
x
2
3x
3
9
3x
=3
3+
x
B2
=x
=
B
C
(83 22)
92
8322
92
83 22
83 + 22
83 + 22
92(83 + 22)
2
92(83 + 22)
64(3) 4(2)
92(83 + 22)
184
83 + 22
2
= 46
(83) (22)
(32 )3
3+
(83 22)h = 46
h=
x = 7 or x = 7
=
= 46
(83 22)h = 92
x
= 11 4
2
x 7
=0
(x + 7)(x 7) = 0
B1(d) 27(3)x
Area
2
3
2
3
11
3
22
3
= 43 + 2
(a 65)(2 + b5)
= 82
AC = ( BC)
+ h2
= [ (83 22)]
= 82
= (43 + 2)
+ (43 2)
+ (43 2)
(1)
or
15
a|b= 4 = 15 (
15
) 41
15
= 45
= 16(3) + 86 + 2
+ (16(3) 86 + 2)
= 100
= 10
b=3
a|b=3 = 15(3) 41
=4
sleightofmath.com
65
At (3,4):
Rev Ex 2
= a(3)n 23
= a(3)n
= a(3)n
=a
= 33n
4
27
33
33n
a
At (9,220): 220
243
243
a(32n )
(1)
= a(9)n 23
= a(9)n
= a(32n )
= 243
(2)
B5(b) 9x + 10(3x )
(32 )x + 10(3x )
(3x )2 + 10(3x )
sub u = 3x :
u2 + 10u
u2 + u 12
(u + 4)(u 3)
u = 4 or
sub u = 3x :
3x = 4
(rej 3x > 0)
(3)
= 3x+2 + 12
= (3x )(32 ) + 12
= 9(3x ) + 12
= 9u + 12
=0
=0
u=3
sub u = 3x :
3x = 3
3x = 31
x=1
t
B6(i)
B6(ii) | = 20 + 100(0.8)86
t=8
94.3
= 20 + 100(0.8)6
|t=0
=X
0
20 + 100(0.8)6
20 + 100(1)
X
B6(iii)
= 84
20 + 100(0.8)
x
x1 )
B5(a) 5 + 5 = 30(5
5x + 5 = 30(5x )(51 )
100(0.8)
5x + 5 = 30(5x ) ( )
5
5x + 5 = 6(5x )
sub u = 5x :
u + 5= 6u
5
= 5u
u
=1
sub u = 5x :
5x = 50
x =0
=X
=X
= 120C
t
6
= 84
t
6
= 64
(0.8)
t
6
= 0.64
(0.8)
t
6
= (0.8)2
=2
= 12s
t
B6(iv)
sleightofmath.com
t , 100(0.8)6 0
20C
66
Ex 3.1
3(b)
Ex 3.1
1(a)
Yes
Are exponents
Non-negative?
Integers?
True
True
4(a)
1(b)
(2x 2 x + 1)(3x 2)
Coefficient of x 2
= (2)(2) + (1)(3)
= 7
Yes
Are exponents
Non-negative? True
Integers?
True
4(b)
(5x 2 + 2x 4)(3x 2 + x 2)
(x 2 + 3x + 2)(8x 2 5x 4)
Coefficient of x 2
= (1)(4) + (3)(5) +(2)(8)
= 4
15
+16
= 3
No
Are exponents
Non-negative? True
Integers?
False
4(c)
(2x 2 2x + 5)(x 2 3x + 1)
Coefficient of x 2
= (2)(1) + (2)(3) +(5)(1)
=2
+6
5
=3
No
4(d)
Are exponents
Non-negative? False
Integers?
True
3
x2
Coefficient of x 2
= (1)(6) + (2)(3)
= 6 6
= 12
5(a)
2(i)
2(ii)
3(a)
(4x 3 x 2 + 7x 2)(2x 3 + 3x 2 + 6)
a(x 2) + b = 5 3x
sub x = 2:
a(2 2) + b = 5 3(2)
b
= 1
sub x = 0:
a(0 2) + b = 5 3(0)
2a + b
=5
2a + (1) = 5
a
= 3
b = 1
(7x 3)(2x 2 + 4x 1)
= 14x 3 +28x 2 7x
6x 2 12x +3
3
= 14x + 22x 2 19x + 3
sleightofmath.com
67
Ex 3.1
a(x 1) + b(x + 3) = 3x + 1
6(i)
(3x 2 + 2)
sub x = 1:
a(1 1) + b(1 + 3)= 3(1) + 1
4b
=4
b
=1
(5x + 10)
1
sub x = 3:
a(3 1) + b(3 + 3) = 3(3) + 1
4a
= 8
a
=2
5(c)
2
15 3
x
2
+ 15x 2 + 5x + 10
a(x 2) + b(x 4) = x + 2
Yes. Exponents are non-negative integers
sub x = 2:
a(2 2) + b(2 4)= 2 + 2
2b
=4
b
= 2
6(ii)
= (3x 2 + 2)2
sub x = 4:
a(4 2) + b(4 4)= 4 + 2
2a
=6
a
=3
5(d)
5(e)
a =4
b =0
c = 1
3 = c + d
3 = (1) + d
d=2
= 3x 2 + 5x + 3
+3x 4 + 37x 2 + 100x + 104
No because 3x 4 + 37x 2 + 100x + 104 will have
non-integer exponent
x 3 6x 2 + 14x 8 = (x 2)3 + ax
7(i)
(a)
sub x = 2:
(2)3 6(2)2 + 14(2) 8 = (2 2)3 + 2a
4
= 2a
a
=2
5(f)
7(i)
(b)
2P(x)
[Q(x)]2
= 2(x + 1) (x 2 x + 1)2
= 2(x + 1) (x 2 x + 1)(x 2 x + 1)
Coefficient of x 2
= [(1)(1) +(1)(1) +(1)(1)]
= 3
= 27b + 8
= 27b
= 1
sub x = 1:
2(1)2 7(1) + 3
1)3 + (1)3
8
9
a
M(x) = P(x)Q(x)
= (x + 1)(x 2 x + 1)
Coefficient of x 2
= (1)(1) +(1)(1)
=0
+ (5x + 10)2
ax 3 x + 3 = 4x 3 + bx 2 + c(x 1) + d
Compare x 3 :
Compare x 2 :
Compare x:
Compare x 0 :
By Pythagoras Theorem
Hypotenuse
7(i)
(c)
= 9a 1
= 9a
=1
Q(x)[3x 2 + P(x)]
= (x 2 x + 1)(3x 2 + x + 1)
Coefficient of x 2
= (1)(1) +(1)(1) +(1)(3)
=1
1
+3
=3
sleightofmath.com
68
Ex 3.1
9(c)
Deg (M(x)) = 3
Deg [2P(x) [Q(x)]2 ] = 4
Deg [Q(x)[3x 2 + P(x)]] = 4
sub x = 2:
3(2)2 5(2) + 4 = a(2 2)2 + b(2 2) + c
6
=c
c
=6
8(i)
sub x = 0:
3(0)2 5(0) + 4
4
4
= 12x 3 +14x 2 6x
+30x 2 +35x 15
3
= 12x + 44x 2 + 29x 15
8(ii)
9(a)
4
2b
b
9(d)
x 3 6x 2 x + c = (x 3)(ax 2 3x + b)
3
Compare x : a = 1
sub x = 3:
(3)3 6(3)2 3 + c = (3 3)(a(3)2 3(3) + b)
30 + c
=0
c
= 30
sub x = 0:
(0)3 6(0)2 (0) + c
b)
c
30
b
9(b)
= (0 3)(a(0)2 3(0) +
= 3b
= 3b c = 30
= 10
x 3 + cx 2 + x + 6 = (x + 1)(x 2)(ax + b)
Compare x 3 : a = 1
sub x = 0:
(0)3 + c(0)2 + (0) + 6 = (0 + 1)(0 2)(a(0) +
b)
6
= 2b
b
= 3
sub x = 2:
(2)3 + c(2)2 + 2 + 6
4c + 16
c+4
c
x 3 + 3x 2 2x + 16 c(x + 2)
= ax 2 (x 1) + b(x 2)2 (x 1)
sub x = 1:
(1)3 + 3(1)2 2(1) + 16 c(1 + 2)
= a(1)2 (1 1) + b(1 2)2 (1 1)
18 3c
=0
3c
= 18
c
=6
sub x = 0:
(0)3 + 3(0)2 2(0) + 16 c(0 + 2)
= a(0)2 (0 1) + b(0 2)2 (0 1)
16 2c
= 4b
16 2(6) = 4b c = 6
4
= 4b
b
= 1
sub x = 2:
(2)3 + 3(2)2 2(2) + 16 c(2 + 2)
= a(2)2 (2 1) + b(2 2)2 (2 1)
32 4c
= 4a
32 4(6) = 4a c = 6
8
= 2a
a
=2
= (2 + 1)(2 2)(a(2) + b)
=0
=0
= 4
sleightofmath.com
69
yz 2
Ex 3.1
+( z)2 y
+(2 y)
+y 2 z 4
= yz 2 +(x 2 2z + z 2 )y +4 4y + y +y 2 z 4
= yz 2 + y 2zy + z 2 y +4 4y + y +y 2 z 4
= yz 2 +y 2yz + yz 2 +4 4y + y +y 2 z 4
= yz 2 +y 2yz
+yz 2
+4 4y
+y
+y 2 z 4
= yz 2 +(y + 4) (2yz + 4y) +yz 2 + y + y 2 z 4
Yes, all exponents of x are non-negative integers
Degree is 3
10(ii) x 3 z 2
+ z 4
+4x 2 4x
+z 2
= [x 3 z 2 + (x z)2 + 1] +4x 2 4x +z 2
= z 2 +[x 3 z 2 + (x z)2 + 1]
4x +4x 2
+(x )2 y
+(2x y)
+y 2
2
+y 2
+y 2
+y 2
= x 3 y +(x 2 2x + )y +(2x y)
= x 3 y +x 2 y 2xy + y +(2x y)
= x 3 y +x 2 y 2xy + y +(2x y)
= x 2 y +x 2 y
+y
2xy
2
+(2x y)
+y 2
2
= [x 2 y + y] +x 2 y + (2x y) 2xy
= y 2 +[x 2 y + y]
2xy
+y 2
+x 2 y + (2x y)
sleightofmath.com
70
Ex 3.1
A(t) = t 3 + at 2 + p
B(t) = bt(t 2)2 + 2t 2 + ct + q
= x 3 (a + b)x 2
+abx
cx 2
+c(a + b)x abc
3
2
(a
= x + b + c)x + [ab + c(a + b)]x abc
= x 3 (a + b + c)x 2 + (ab + ac + bc)x abc
12(ii) (x a)(x b) (x z)
= (x a)(x b) (x x) (x z)
= (x a)(x b) (0)
(x z)
=0
13
= B(t)
= bt(t 2)2 + 2t 2 + ct + q
= bt(t 2)2 + 2t 2 + ct + q
= bt(t 2)2 + 2t 2 + ct + 0
= bt(t 2)2 + 2t 2 + ct
A = 3, B = 2, C = 5 and D = 2
3(x 1) 2(x 1)(x + 1) + 5x(x 2 1) 2
= 3( 1) 2( 1)( + 1)
+5( 2 1) 2
= 3 3 2 2 + 4
Compare t 3 : b = 1
t 3 at 2 = t(t 2)2
+2t 2 + ct
t 3 at 2 = t(t 2 4t + 4) +2t 2 + ct
3x 3 2x 2 + x 4
= A(x 1) + B(x 1)(x + 1) + Cx(x 2 1) + D
t 3 at 2 = t 3 4t 2 + 4t +2t 2 + ct
t 3 at 2 = t 3 2t 2 + (4 + c)t
at 2
Compare x 3 : C = 3
= 2t 2 + (4 + c)t
Compare t 2 : a = 2
a =2
sub x = 1:
D = 2
sub x = 1:
10
10
2A
A
Compare t: 4 + c = 0
c
= 4
12(i)
(a)
(x a)(x b) = x 2 (a + b)x + ab
sub x = 0:
= 2A + D
= 2A + (2)
=8
=4
D = 2
4 = A B + D
B =4A+D
= 4 (4) + (2)
A = 4, D = 2
= 2
sleightofmath.com
71
Ex 3.2
2(b)
Ex 3.2
1(a)
1(b)
3x
+4
2
3x 2 9x
+6x
+2
(9x 2 6x)
12x
+2
(12x 8)
10
Quotient = 3x + 4
Remainder = 10
+3x
2x 2
3
2x +1 4x
+8x 2
(4x 3 +2x 2 )
6x 2
(6x 2
1(c)
+2
+7x 5
+8x
5x
4
x 2x 3 5x
2x 3
(5x 4 10x 3
8x 3
(8x 3
2
4x 2
+37
+6x 2
15x 2 )
+21x 2
16x 2
37x 2
(37x 2
4x
x 2
3x 2 )
+8x
2x 2
2 +2x)
(2x
6x
4
(6x +6)
10
2x 2 +2x 1 8x 4
+0x 3
(8x 4 +8x 3
8x 3
(8x 3
11
2
x 2
4x 2 )
+3x 2
8x 2
11x 2
(11x 2
+0x
+5
+0x
+4x)
4x +5
+11x 11)
2
15x + 21
2
+4x
8x 4 x 2 + 5
= (2x 2 + 2x 1) (4x 2 4x +
+4x
24x)
+28x 3
74x 111)
102x +108
+1
2x 2
3
2
x 2 2x
4x +x 2
(2x 3 4x 2 )
+x 2
(x 2)
0
2x 3 4x 2 + x 2 = (x 2)(2x 2 + 1)
+6
+8x
2(c)
Quotient = 5x 2 + 8x + 37
Remainder = 102x + 108
2(a)
+2x
x 2
3x 4 x 2 + 8x 4
= (x + 1)(3x 3 3x 2 + 2x + 6) 10
+7x
+3x)
4x
5
(4x +2)
7
2
Quotient = 2x + 3x + 2
Remainder = 7
2
3x 3
3x 2
x +1 3x 4
+0x 3
4
(3x +3x 3 )
3x 3
(3x 3
11
21
) 15x +
3(i)
Deg(Dividend)
= Deg(Divisor) +Deg(Q(x))
4
3
2
Deg (x + 2x 2x ) = Deg(x + 2) +Deg(Q(x))
2x + 4
(4)
= (1)
+Deg(Q(x))
Deg (Q(x))
=3
sleightofmath.com
+2
2x +4
2x
4x)
2x
+4
(2x +4)
0
72
Ex 3.2
3(ii)
Deg(Dividend)
= Deg(Divisor) +Deg(Q(x))
4
3
2
Deg (x + 2x 2x ) = Deg(x + 2) +Deg(Q(x))
2x + 4
(4)
= (2)
+Deg(Q(x))
Deg (Q(x))
=2
6
2x 2
+3x 2 )
5x 2
+x 2
6x 2
(6x 2
3(iv)
Deg(Dividend)
(4)
= (3)
Deg (Q(x))
=1
+Deg(Q(x))
4(a)
2x 2
+x 2
3x 2
3x 2
2x +4
x)
x
+3x +4)
4x +4
= (2x 2 1)(3x + 2)
= 6x 3 + 4x 2 3x 2
Dividend
=x2
+16x
6x
3
x 2 6x
+4x 2
(6x 3 12x 2 )
16x 2
(16x 2
+29
3x
3x
32x)
29x
2
(29x 58)
56
(2x 2 1)(3x + 2)
= (x 2)(6x 2 + 16x + 29) + 56
2x +4
2x
2x)
+0x +4
+0x +1)
3
x
+3
4
+x 1 x
+2x 3
(x 4 x 3
3x 3
(3x 3
Divisor
=2
+2x
x2
2 +0x 1 x 4
x
+2x 3
(x 4 +0x 3
2x 3
(2x 3
+Deg(Q(x))
4
3
2
3
2
Deg (x + 2x 2x ) = Deg (x x ) +Deg(Q(x))
2x + 4
+x 1
3(iii)
Deg(Dividend)
= Deg(Divisor) +Deg(Q(x))
4
3
2
Deg (x + 2x 2x ) = Deg(x 2 1) +Deg(Q(x))
2x + 4
(4)
= (2)
+Deg(Q(x))
Deg (Q(x))
= Deg(Divisor)
4(b)
Dividend
Divisor
= 3x 3 x 2 + 2x + 3
= (x + 1)(x 1) = x 2 1
3x
1
3
+0x 1 3x
x 2
(3x 3 +0x
x 2
(x 2
+2x
3x)
+5x
+0x
5x
+3
+3
+1 )
+2
3x 3 x 2 + 2x + 2
= (x + 1)(x 1)(3x 1) + 5x + 2
sleightofmath.com
73
Ex 3.2
5(c)
Dividend = 6x 4 3x 3 28x 2 x 10
Divisor
= 3 2x = 2x + 3
= 10x 7x 4x + 8x + 7
= (x + 1)(2x 3) = 2x 2 x 3
x
+5
5x 2
2 x 3 10x 4
3
2x
7x
4x 2 +8x +7
(10x 4 5x 3
15x 2 )
3
2x
+11x 2 +8x
+3x)
(2x 3 +x 2
2
+5x +7
10x
2 5x 15)
(10x
10x +22
4
3x 3 3x 2 + 19 x
11x
4x
3
2x +1 8x
18x 2
(8x 3 +4x 2 )
22x 2
(22x 2
+6
+x
2
59
2
59
2
10
10
x +
Dividend = 8x 3 18x 2 + x + 6
Divisor
= 2x + 1
2
2x +3 6x 4
x
3x 3 28x 2
4
3
(6x 9x )
6x 3
28x 2
3
(6x 9x 2 )
x
19x 2
2
(19x + 57 x)
10x 7x 4x + 8x + 7
= (2x 2 x 3)(5x 2 x + 5) + 10x + 22
5(a)
59
+6
+x
11x)
12x
+6
(12x +6)
0
217
4
177
4
217
4
2x 5 x 3 + x 2 4 = (x 2 x 2)Q(x) + ax + b
2x 5 x 3 + x 2 4 = (x 2)(x + 1)Q(x) + ax + b
sub x = 2:
64 8 + 4 4 = 2a + b
56
= 2a + b
b
= 56 2a
(1)
Yes, it is 4x 11x + 6
sub x = 1:
2 + 1 + 1 4 = a + b
4
= a + b
(2)
(1)
(2):
sub
into
4
= a + (56 2a)
3a
= 60
a
= 20
5(b)
Dividend = 6x 4 25x 3 + 5x 2 + 60x 36
Divisor
= (x 2)(3x 2) = 3x 2 8x + 4
3x
9
2x 2
2 8x +4 6x 4
+60x 36
3x
25x 3 +5x 2
4
3
2
(6x 16x
+8x )
3
+60x
9x
3x 2
3
2
12x)
(9x +24x
2
+72x 36
27x
(27x 2 +72x 36)
0
Deg(Q(x)) = 1
Yes, it is 2x 2 3x 9
sleightofmath.com
74
Ex 3.2
x 4 2x 3 + ax 2 2
= x(x 1)(x + 1)Q(x) + 4x 2 + bx + c
sub x = 0:
c = 2
sub x = 1:
12+a2 =4+b+c
a3
=4+b2
a
=b+5
sub x = 1:
9
(i)(a)
(2)
Remainder = 4x 2 + bx + c
= 4x 2 + (2)x 2
= 4x 2 2x 2
8(ii)
32 24 + 1 = 2a 3
9
= 2a 3
a
=6
4x 3 6x 2 + 1
= (x 2)Q(x) + 6x 3
3
2
4x 6x 6x + 4 = (x 2)Q(x)
Q(x)
+16x
+0x 2
+26
6x
9
Remainder when P(x) + Q(x) is divided by x 2
(i)(b) = 3 + 47
= 50
4x 3 6x 2 + 1 = (x 2)Q(x) + ax 3
sub x = 2:
2x 3
+8x 2
x 2 2x 4
+4x 3
(2x 4 4x 3 )
8x 3
(8x 3
+0x 2
16x 2 )
6x
16x 2
2 32x)
(16x
26x
5
(26x 52)
47
Remainder when Q(x) is divided by x 2
= 47
8(i)
+6
+4x
+4x
2x)
6x
9
(6x 12)
3
Remainder when P(x) is divided by x 2
=3
(1)
1+2+a2 =4b+c
a+1
=4b2
a
=1b
sub (1) into (2):
b + 5= 1 b
2b = 4
b
= 2
+x
3x 2
3
x 2 3x
5x 2
3
(3x 6x 2 )
x2
(x 2
+2x
4x 2
3
x 2 4x
6x 2
(4x 3 8x 2 )
2x 2
(2x 2
x2
2
6x
+4
6x
4x)
2x +4
(2x +4)
0
Q(x) = 4x 2 + 2x 2
sleightofmath.com
75
Ex 3.2
9(ii)(a)
2
10(ii) For x = 7:
Dispenser capacity
3x
2
3
x 2 3x
5x 2
(3x 3 3x 2
2x 2
(2x 2
+4x 9
6x)
+10x 9
+2x +4)
8x
13
2
Remainder when P(x) is divided by x x 2
= 8x 13
x
+6x
2x 2
2 x 2 2x 4
x
+4x 3
4
(2x 2x 3
6x 3
(6x 3
+10
+0x 2
4x 2 )
+4x 2
6x 2
10x 2
(10x 2
Number of Bottles
5
11
6x
12x)
+6x 5
10x 20)
16x
+15
2
Remainder when Q(x) is divided by x x 2
= 16x + 15
2x+y
12
= 5(7) + 5
= 40 cm3
3x
4y
2
2x +y 6x
5xy
4y 2
2 +3xy)
(6x
8yx
4y 2
(8yx 4y 2 )
0
6x2 5xy4y2
9(ii)(b)
Remainder when Q(x) P(x) is divided by x 2 x 2
= (16x + 15) (8x 13)
= 8x + 28
10(i)
= (7)2 + 1
= 50
6x
= 3x 4y
5yx
3x 2
3
x +2y 3x
+yx 2
(3x 3 +6yx 2 )
5yx 2
(5yx 2
+7y 2
3y 2 x
y 3
3y 2 x
10y 2 x)
7y 2 x
y 3
(7y 2 x +14y 3 )
15y 3
Quotient = 3x 2 5yx + 7y 2
Remainder = 15y 3
sleightofmath.com
76
Ex 3.2
3x 3 ax 2 bx + 72 = (x 2 + 5x + c)(dx + e)
Compare x 3 : d = 3
3x 3 ax 2 bx + 72
= (x 2 + 5x + c)(3x + e)
= 3x 3 +15x 2
+3cx
+ex 2
+5ex
+ce
3
2
= 3x + (15 + e)x +(3c + 5e)x +ce
Compare x 2 : a = 15 + e
(1)
Compare x:
(2)
b = 3c + 5e
Compare x 0 : 72 = ce
let c = 1, e = 72
Put e = 72 into (1):
a = 15 + 72
a = 87
Put c = 1, e = 72 into (2):
b = 3(1) + 5(72)
b
= 363
3x
+72
3
x +5x +1 3x
+87x 2
(3x 3 +15x 2
72x 2
(72x 2
2
+363x +72
+3x)
+360x +72
+360x +72)
0
sleightofmath.com
77
Ex 3.3
1(a)
Ex 3.3
Let f(x) = x 4 4x 3 + 3x 2 + x + 3
By Remainder Theorem,
Remainder
= g(2)
By Remainder Theorem,
Remainder = f(1)
=1+4+31+3
= 10
1(b)
g(x) = 2x 3 bx 2 + 2ax 4
= 2x 3 (3a 5)x 2 +2ax 4
= 16 12a + 20 +4a
= 32 8a
By Remainder Theorem,
Remainder = f(2)
= 2(1)(9) + 4 3
= 19
1(c)
Let f(x) = 8x 3 + ax 2 + bx 9
f(x) has remainder of 95 when divided by x + 2
By Remainder Theorem,
f(2)
= 95
64 + 4a 2b 9 = 95
4a 2b
= 22
4a
= 2b 22
a
Let f(x) = x + 3x kx + 4
(1)
=3
By Remainder Theorem,
f(2)
=k
8 + 12 2k + 4 = k
3k
= 24
k
=8
4
3
27 + a + b 9
9
=3
a+ b
= 15
9a + 6b
3a + 2b
= 60
= 20
(2)
By Remainder Theorem,
f(2a)
= 32
4
3
3
4
16a 8a + 8a 14a = 32
2a4
= 32
4
a
= 16
a = 2 or a = 2
b11
2
) + 2b
(3b 33) + 4b
7b
b
= 20
= 40
= 7
= 1
4(i)
f( )
b11
f(x) = ax 2 + bx 6
(1)11
2
= 6
By Remainder Theorem,
f(3)
=9
9a 3b 6 = 9
3b
= 9a 15
b
= 3a 5
sleightofmath.com
78
Ex 3.3
f(x) = x 3 + ax 2 + bx 3
f(x) has remainder of 27 when divided by x 2,
By Remainder Theorem,
f(2)
= 27
8 + 4a + 2b 3 = 27
4a
= 22 2b
a
11b
2
7(i)
(1)
11b
2
=7
11 b 2b = 14
3b
= 3
b
= 1
= 2
11(1)
2
=6
6(ii)
f(x) = x 3 + ax 2 + 7
f(x) has remainder of 2p when divided by x + 1
By Remainder Theorem,
f(1)
= 2p
3
2
(1) + a(1) + 7 = 2p
1 + a + 7
= 2p
a
= 2p 6
(1)
7(ii)
f(x) = x 3 + 6x 2 1x 3
f(x) = x 3 2x 2 + 7
By Remainder Theorem,
Remainder = f(p)
= f(2)
= (2)3 2(2)2 + 7
= 8 8 + 7
= 9
By Remainder Theorem,
Remainder = f(1)
= (1)3 + 6(1)2 1(1) 3
= 3
8
Let f(x) = ax 3 + bx 2 + 2x + c
By Remainder Theorem,
f(1)
= 2f(1)
a + b + 2 + c = 2(a + b 2 + c)
a + b + 2 + c = 2a + 2b 4 + 2c
c
= 3a b + 6 [shown]
sleightofmath.com
79
Ex 3.3
Let f(x) = 2x 2 + 6x + 3
By Remainder Theorem,
f(p)
= f(2q)
2(p)2 + 6(p) + 3 = 2(2q)2 + 6(2q) + 3
2p2 6p + 3
10
p2 3p
= 4q2 + 6q
3p + 6q
= p2 4q2
3(p + 2q)
= (p + 2q)(p 2q)
p 2q
=3
1 +
a
= 20
= 20
= 20
= 20
=0
=0
12
=1
f(x) (x 2 + x 2)
Remainder = ax + b
f(x) = (x 2 + x 2)Q(x) +ax + b
= (x 1)(x + 2)Q(x) +ax + b
11(ii) P ( 2) = 2 a + b
= a
P(1)
=a+b
9352 =a+b
1
= a + b [shown] (1)
Remainder = ax +b
= (1)x +(2)
=x2
P(x) = 9x 3 3x 2 5x 2
= (x 1)(3x + 2)Q(x) + ax + b
f(x) = x 2 2x + p
g(x) = px 2 + x + 3
By Remainder Theorem,
f(1)g(1)
[(1)2 2(1) + p][p(1)2 + (1) + 3]
(p + 3)(p + 2)
p2 + 5p + 6
p2 + 5p 14
(p + 7)(p 2)
p = 7 or p = 2
11(i)
(1) (2):
= 8q2 + 12q + 3
3
2
= a + b [shown] (2)
3
Remainder = 2x + 2
13
f(x) = 4x 3 (x 2)5 x 2 + xx 7
f(x) is not a polynomial because not all exponents
are non-negative integers
3
xx has exponent of
2
sleightofmath.com
80
Ex 3.4
3(ii)
Ex 3.4
1(a)
P(x) = 2x 4x + x 2
P(2) = 16 16 + 2 2
=0
+5x
2x 2
3
x 2 2x
+x 2
(2x 3 4x 2 )
5x 2
(5x 2
By Factor Theorem,
Yes
1(b)
+2
8x
8x
10x)
2x
4
(2x
4)
0
g(x) = 2x 3 + x 2 8x 4
= (x 2)(2x 2 + 5x + 2)
= (x 2)(2x + 1)(x + 2)
P(x) = 16x + 8x 6x 9
1
P ( ) = 2 + 2 + 3 9
2
= 6
0
By Factor Theorem,
No
4(a)
x 3 64 = x 3 43
= (x 4)[x 2 + x(4) + 42 ]
= (x 4)(x 2 + 4x + 16)
4(b)
27a3 + 125x 3
= (3a)3 + (5x)3
1(c)
8 + 27x 3 = 23 + (3x)3
= (2 + 3x)[22 2(3x) + (3x)2 ]
By Factor Theorem,
No
2
= (2 + 3x)(4 6x + 9x 2 )
P(x) = 3x 4ax 4a
x + 2 is a factor of P(x)
By Factor Theorem,
P(2)
3(2)2 4a(2) 4a2
12 + 8a 4a2
a2 2a 3
(a 3)(a + 1)
a = 3 or a = 1
3(i)
4(d)
432x 3 2y 3
= 2(216x 3 y 3 )
= 2[(6x)3 y 3 ]
= 2(6x y)[(6x)2 + 6x(y) + y 2 ]
=0
=0
=0
=0
=0
g(x) = 2x 3 + x 2 + px 4
x 2 is a factor of g(x)
By Factor Theorem,
g(2)
2(2)3 + (2)2 + p(2) 4
16 + 4 + 2p 4
2p
p
=0
=0
=0
= 16
= 8
sleightofmath.com
81
Ex 3.4
f(x) = ax 3 + bx 2 5x + 2a
Quadratic factor: x 2 3x 4 = (x 4)(x + 1)
x 4 is a factor of f(x)
By Factor Theorem,
f(4)
=0
64a + 16b 20 + 2a = 0
66a + 16b
= 20
33a + 8b
= 10
x + 1 is a factor of f(x)
By Factor Theorem,
f(1)
=0
a + b + 5 + 2a= 0
a+b+5
=0
a
= 5 b
6(ii)
6(iii)
p = 2
f(x) = 2x 2 + 3px 2q
g(x) = x 2 + q
(2)
2x
1
3
3x 4 2x
7x 2
(2x 3 6x 2
x 2
(x 2
(1)
x a is a factor of g(x)
By Factor Theorem,
g(a)
=0
a2 + q = 0
a2
= q
(2)
a = 0 (rej a 0) or a =
5x +4
8x)
+3x +4
+3x +4)
0
3p
4
(3)
Method 1
sub (3) into (1):
2 (
x a is a factor of f(x)
By Factor Theorem,
f(a)
=0
2
2a + 3pa 2q = 0
f(x) = 2x 3 7x 2 5x + 4
x2
=0
=0
=0
=0
=0
=0
(1)
5(ii)
By Factor Theorem,
f(2)
(2p + 1)4 2p + 2p2
8p + 4 2p + 2p2
2p2 + 6p + 4
p2 + 3p + 2
(p + 1)(p + 2)
p = 1 or p = 2
2(
8
By Factor Theorem,
f(1)
=0
2
(2p + 1) + p + 2p = 0
2p2 + 3p + 1
=0
(2p + 1)(p + 1)
=0
9p2
9p2
3p 2
16
9p2
8
2
) + 3p (
)
9p2
4
9p2
4
2q
2q
2q
3p
4
) 2q = 0
=0
=0
=0
9p + 16q
= 0 [shown]
Method 2
sub (3) into (2):
p = or p = 1
3p 2
9p2
16
= q
= q
9p + 16q = 0 [shown]
sleightofmath.com
82
Ex 3.4
10(a) 2x 4 + 54x = 2x(x 3 + 27)
= 2x(x 3 + 33 )
= 2x(x + 3)[x 2 x(3) + 32 ]
= 2x(x + 3)(x 2 3x + 9)
Part I
f(x) = 3x 3 5ax 2 + ka2 x + 4a3 , a 0
By Remainder Theorem,
f(2a)
3(8a3 ) 5a(4a2 ) + ka2 (2a) + 4a3
24a3 20a3 2ka3 + 4a3
40a3 2ka3
2ka3 + 8a3
ka3 + 4a3
a3 (k + 4)
a = 0 (rej a 0) or k = 4
= 32a3
= 32a3
= 32a3
= 32a3
=0
=0
=0
10(b)
(1 + x)3 + 64
= (1 + x)3 + 43
= [(1 + x) + 4][(1 + x)2
(1 + 2x + x 2
= (x + 5)
= (x + 5)(x 2 2x + 13)
(1 + x)(4) + (4)2 ]
4 4x
+ 16)
sleightofmath.com
83
Ex 3.4
x 6 64 = ( 3 )2 82
= (x 3 + 8)(x 3 8)
= (x 3 + 23 )(x 3 23 )
= (x + 2)[x 2 x(2) + 22 ] (x 2)[x 2 + x(2) + 22 ]
= (x + 2)(x 2 2x + 4) (x 2)(x 2 + 2x + 4)
11(ii) x 6 64
= (x 2 + 4)2 4x 2
= (x 2 + 4)2 (2x)2
= (x 2 + 2x + 4)(x 2 2x + 4)
(x 2 + 2x + 4)(x 2 2x + 4)(x 2 4 1)
=0
(x 2 + 2x + 4)(x 2 2x + 4)(x 2 5)
=0
sub y = x 3 :
1
Sum of roots
= 3 + 3 =
1
3
Product of roots =
1
3
c
a
b
a
(2)
(3)
= (1)
(1)
=2
=3
12(ii) +
1
= (3 ) + (3 )
1
= (3 + 3 ) (3 3 3 + 3 )
2
= 2 (3 3 + 3 )
1
3 + 3 = 2, 3 3 = 3
1
= 2 [(3 + 3 ) 23 3 3]
a2 + b2 = (a + b)2 2ab
= 2[(2)2
2(3) 3]
= 2(4 6 3)
= 10
3 + 3 = 2, 3 3 = 3
sleightofmath.com
84
Ex 3.4
2(12n2 + 1)
4
12n2 + 1
2
Difference in cubes
= (large cube) (small cube)
= a3 b3
red cuboid
= (a)(a b)(a)
= (a b)a2
green cuboid
= a(b)(a b)
= (a b)ab
blue cuboid
= (a b)(b)(b)
= (a b)b2
sum of cuboids
= (a b)a2 + (a b)ab + (a b)b2
= (a b)(a2 + ab + b2 )
Resultant Volume = sum of cuboids
a3 b3
= (a b)(a2 + ab + b2 ) [shown]
sleightofmath.com
85
Ex 3.5
3(b)
Ex 3.5
1(a)
1(b)
2(i)
x 3 2x 2 4x + 8
)
(x 2)(
)
(x 2)(x 2
2
= (x 2)(x
4)
= (x 2)(x + 2)(x 2)
= (x + 2)(x 2)2
3
(x 3)(4x 3)(x + 2) = 0
x = 3 or x =
3x 10x + 9x 2
(x 1)(
)
2
)
(x 1)(3x
2
(x
1)(3x
+2)
= (x 1)(3x 2 7x +2)
= (x 2)(3x 1)(x 2)
f(x)
x 3 3x 2 4x
x 3 3x 2 4x + 12
(x 2)(
)
2
(x 2)(x
)
(x 2)(x 2
6)
2
(x 2)(x
x 6)
x 3 4x 2 + x + 6
(x 2)(
(x 2)(x 2
(x 2)(x 2
(x 2)(x 2 2x
or x = 2
3(d)
x(x + 3)(x 1)
x(x 2 + 2x 3)
x 3 + 2x 2 3x
x 3 + 2x 2 4x 8
(x 2)(
)
2
(x 2)(x
+4)
(x 2)(x 2 +4x +4)
(x 2)(x + 2)2
x = 2 or x = 2
(x 2)(x 3)(x + 2) = 0
x = 2 or x = 3 or x = 2
3(a)
x3 + 4
= x(x + 4)
3
x +4
= x 2 + 4x
3
2
x x 4x + 4
=0
(x 1)(
)
2
(x 1)(x
)
(x 1)(x 2
4) = 0
(x 1)(x + 2)(x 2)
=0
x = 1 or x = 2 or x = 2
= 12
= 12
=0
=0
3(c)
f(x) = x 3 3x 2 4x
f(x)
=0
2
x(x 3x 4) = 0
x(x 4)(x + 1) = 0
x = 0 or x = 4 or x = 1
2 (ii)
4x 3 + 18
= 7x 2 + 21x
4x 3 7x 2 21x + 18 = 0
(x 3)(
)
2
(x 3)(4x
)
2
(x 3)(4x
6)
(x 3)(4x 2 + 5x 6) = 0
=0
)
)
3)
3) = 0
=x+8
=x+8
=x+8
=0
=0
=0
(x 2)(x 3)(x + 1) = 0
x = 2 or x = 3 or x = 1
sleightofmath.com
86
x 3 9x 2 + 25x 21
=0
(x 3)(
)
(x 3)(x 2
)
2
(x 3)(x
+ 7)
2
(x 3)(x
6x + 7) = 0
x = 3 or x =
=
5(b)
2(1)
68
622
2
= 3 2
1 3
x
6
3
113
6
717
4
9(i)
+ x
= 35
= 210
=0
4(4)2 4(1)(30)
2(1)
416120
2
4104
2
(not real)
f(x) = 2x 3 + 9x 2 + 7x + 3
f(k)
=9
3
2
2k + 9k + 7k + 3 = 9
2k 3 + 9k 2 + 7k 6 = 0 [shown]
Let f(x) = 2x 3 x 2 + 3x + 2
1
= 35
1 2
x
2
2
2(2)
x = 7 or x =
(7)(7)2 4(2)(4)
74932
(x 7)(
)
(x 7)(x 2
)
(x 7)(x 2
+ 30)
(x 7)(x 2 +4x + 30) = 0
2x 3 + 6x 6
= (13x 6)(x 1)
3
2x + 6x 6
= 13x 2 19x + 6
3
2
2x 13x + 25x 12 = 0
(x 3)(
)
2
(x 3)(2x
)
(x 3)(2x 2
+ 4)
(x 3)(2x 2 7x + 4)
(x 3)(2x 2 7x + 4) = 0
x = 3 or x =
x 3x + 2x
x 3 3x 2 + 2x 210
2(3)
6
N(x) = x 3 x 2 + x
N(x)
(1)(1)2 4(3)(1)
11+12
63628
3x 3 + 5x 2
= 3x + 2
3
2
3x + 5x 3x 2 = 0
(x + 2)(
)
(x + 2)(3x 2
)
(x + 2)(3x 2
1)
(x + 2)(3x 2 x 1) = 0
6(i)
(6)(6)2 4(1)(7)
x = 2 or x =
5(c)
Ex 3.5
9(ii)
2k 3 + 9k 2 + 7k 6 = 0
f ( ) = 2 ( ) + 2
(k + 2)(
(k + 2)(2k 2
(k + 2)(2k 2
(k + 2)(2k 2
=0
By Factor Thm, (2x + 1) is factor
6(ii)
2x 3 + 4
2x 3 + 4
2x 3 x 2 + 3x + 2
= (x 1)(x 2)
= x 2 3x + 2
=0
(k + 2)(2k 1)(k + 3) = 0
k = 2 or k =
(2x + 1)(
(2x + 1)(x 2
(2x + 1)(x 2
(2x + 1)(x 2 x
1
x = or x =
)
)
+ 2)
+ 2) = 0
1
2
or k = 3
(1)(1)2 4(1)(2)
)
)
3)
+5k 3) = 0
2(1)
118
2
17
2
(not real)
sleightofmath.com
87
Ex 3.5
y = 2x 3
(1)
(2
y = x)(5x + 6)
(2)
sub (1) into (2):
2x 3
= (2 x)(5x + 6)
3
2x + (x 2)(5x + 6) = 0
2x 3 + 5x 2 4x 12
=0
(x + 2)(
)
(x + 2)(2x 2
6)
2
(x + 2)(2x
+x 6) = 0
(x + 2)(2x 3)(x + 2)
x = 2
or
y|x=2 = 2(2)3
11(i)
+5x
x2
2 x 2 x 4
x
+4x 3
(x 4 x 3
5x 3
(5x 3
=0
x=
3
2
3 3
y|x=3 = 2 ( )
=
=0
=0
+6
x 2
2x 2 )
+x 2
5x 2
6x 2
(6x 2
( ,
16x 12
16x
10x)
6x 12
6x 12)
0
27
4
(x 2)(x + 1)(x 2 + 5x + 6) = 0
(x 2)(x + 1)(x + 2)(x + 3) = 0
x = 2 or x = 1 or x = 2 or x = 3
3 27
2
=0
=0
= 16
(2, 16)
11(ii) P(x)
x 4 + 4x 3 x 2 16x 12
a = 4, b = 16
(x 2)(x + 1)Q(x)
(x 2 x 2)Q(x)
P(x) = x 4 + ax 3 x 2 + bx 12
P(x) is divisible by (x 2)
By Factor Theorem,
P(2)
=0
16 + 8a 4 + 2b 12 = 0
8a + 2b
=0
b
= 4a
P(x) is divisible by (x + 1)
By Factor Theorem,
P(1)
=0
1 a 1 b 12 = 0
a + b + 12
=0
a + (4a) + 12
=0
b = 4a
a
= 4
12(i)
12(ii) f(x)
=0
3
2
2
3
2x + ax 7a x 6a
=0
(x + a)(
)
(x + a)(2x 2
)
(x + a)(2x 2
6a2 )
(x + a)(2x 2 ax 6a2 ) = 0
(x + a)(2x + 3a)(x 2a) = 0
3
x = a or x = a or x = 2a
2
b|a=4 = 4(4) = 16
13(i)
x 2 (9 2x)
9x 2 2x 3
2x 3 9x 2 + 2
(2x 1)(
(2x 1)(x 2
(2x 1)(x 2
(2x 1)(x 2
4x
1
x = or x =
sleightofmath.com
)
)
2)
2) = 0
(4)(4)2 4(1)(2)
=2
=2
=0
2(1)
416+8
2
424
2
426
2
= 2 6
88
Ex 3.5
x = or x = 2 + 6 or x = 2 6
2
(
14
rej 2x )
would not exist
Intersects x = 1 or x = 3 only
P(x) = k(x + 1)(x 3)2
+
0
+
8
0<a<8
16
5 32x 2
5 32x 2
12x 3 + 32x 2 + 3x 5
(2x + 1)(
)
(2x + 1)(6x 2
)
(2x + 1)(6x 2
5)
2
(2x + 1)(6x +13x 5)
= 3x(4x 2 + 1)
= 12x 3 + 3x
=0
=0
5 1
2 3
x = , ,
17(i)
29.7
2 + 2
21
P(x) = 4x 3 + 2ax 2 2x 2 + ax a
Compare area,
1 3
1 2
1 2
A(x) = xy
P ( ) = 4 ( ) + 2a ( ) 2 ( ) + a ( ) a
=
1
2
+ a
2
1
2
+ aa
2
Compare width,
=0
x 2 + y 2 + y = 21
By Factor Theorem,
(2x 1) is a factor of P(x)
15(ii) P(x) (2x 1)(
(2x 1)(2x 2
(2x 1)(2x 2
= (2x 1)(2x 2
(1)
)
)
+a)
+ax +a)
x 2 + y 2
x2 + y2
42y
= 21 y
= 441 42y + y 2
= 441 x 2
441x2
42
(2)
A(x) = x (
=
441x2
2
42
x(441x2 )
84
sleightofmath.com
89
x(441x2 )
= 15
84
Ex 3.5
3
7
2)
x(441 x
= 1296
x 2 441x + 1296= 0
x
=
=
(441)(441)2 4(1)(1296)
2(1)
441189297
2
(12.4,42.4)
= ()
sleightofmath.com
90
Ex 3.6
2(a)
Ex 3.6
1(a)
3x+1
(x2)(x+5)
x2
x+2
(x+1)2
Cover-up rule:
x = 5:
+ (x+1)2
Cover-up rule:
x+5
x = 1:
x = 2:
A
x+1
7
=A
( )(7)
14
=B
(7)( )
1
( )2
A=1
Substitution:
B=2
x = 0:
=B
B=1
= +
A =1
3x+1
(x2)(x+5) =
1(b)
x2
x+5
x+2
(x+1)2 =
x2
A
B
+
(x + 2)(x + 1) x + 2 x + 1
2(b)
Cover-up rule:
4
=A
( )(1)
3
=B
(1)( )
x = 2:
x = 1:
1(c)
x2
(x+2)(x+1)
x+5
x2 +x
x+5
4
x+2
x(x+1)
A
x
3
x+1
x = 1:
1(d)
x+5
x2 +x
x+10
x2 4
x+1
x+10
x2 4
2
x+2
+ (x2)2
=A
A=4
x = 2:
32
(4)( )2
=C
C=8
x = 0:
x+1
44
(2)(4)
B = 4
2(c)
14+7x3x2
x2 (x+2)
= +
(x+2)(x2)2 =
A=5
A
x
4
x+2
B
x2
B = 3
4
8
x2
+ (x2)2
C
x+2
Cover-up rule:
A
x+2
8
=A
( )(4)
12
=B
(4)( )
B
x2
Substitution:
64
( )(16)
x = 0:
14
( )2 (2)
x = 2:
12
(4)( )
3
x2
=7
B=7
x2
Cover-up rule:
x = 2:
A
x+2
x2 8x+44
x+10
(x+2)(x2)
x = 2:
x = 2:
5
=A
( )(1)
4
=B
(1)( )
x2 8x+44
(x+2)(x2)2
B = 3
Cover-up rule:
x = 0:
+ (x+1)2
Cover-up rule:
A=4
1
x+1
A = 2
Substitution:
B=3
x = 1:
sleightofmath.com
18
C = 3
= + +
14+7x3x2
x2 (x+2)
=C
7
x2
x+2
A=0
91
4x2 9x+7
x(x1)2
Ex 3.6
3(c)
x1
+ (x1)2
Cover-up rule:
7x2 9x+29
(x3)(x2 +4)
x3
Bx+C
x2 +4
Cover-up rule:
x = 0:
7
( )(1)
x = 1:
2
(1)( )2
=A
=C
65
( )(13)
A=7
x = 3:
C=2
Substitution:
=A
29
(3)(4)
x = 0:
A=5
A
3
C
4
C = 3
Substitution:
5
(2)(1)2
x = 2:
3(a)
4x2 9x+7
x(x1)2
x1
8x2 11x+5
(2x3)(x2 +1)
= + +
2x3
B = 3
(x3)(x2
Bx+C
3(d)
x2 +1
Cover-up rule:
13
2
13
)( )
4
x= :
2
x = 1:
3(b)
=A
(1)(2)
8x2 11x+5
(2x3)(x2 +1)
x(x2 +3)
3
A
2
2x3
C = 1
1
B+C
2x3
B=2
x2 +4
Bx+C
x2 +5
A=2
B=3
3x1
x2 +1
(x1)(x2
4(a)
x2 +3
=A
4(b)
Bx+C
x2 +3
2
= +
x(x2 +3)
2
Compare coefficients:
x 2 : 1 = 5 + B B = 4
x:
C=2
5
4x+2
x2 +3
= +
C
5
2B+C
= +
x1
4x
x2 +5
C=4
B = 1
Deg(numerator) = 1
Deg(denominator) = 2
Deg(numerator) = 1
Deg(denominator) = 2
Deg(numerator) < Deg(denominator),
the fraction is proper
4(c)
Deg(numerator) = 2
Deg(denominator) = 2
Deg(numerator) = Deg(denominator),
the fraction is improper
4x2 +3
x2 2
+5)
A
1
A=5
5
20
(1)(9)
x = 2:
Bx+C
x2 +2x+15
x(x2 +3)
(1)(5)
x2 +5x+6
15
( )(3)
x2 +2x+15
x1
x = 0:
x + 2x + 15 = 5(x + 3)
+(Bx + C)x
2
= 5x + 15
+Bx 2 + Cx
= (5 + B)x 2 + Cx + 15
12
=
( )(6)
x = 1:
A=2
Cover-up rule:
x = 0:
5
x3
B+C
Substitution:
5
(3)(1)
x2 +2x+15
x2 +5x+6
(x1)(x2 +5)
Cover-up rule:
Substitution:
x = 0:
+4)
(2)(5)
7x2 9x+29
+ (x1)2
27
x = 1:
sleightofmath.com
4(x2 2)+11
x2 2
=4+
11
x2 2
92
Ex 3.6
Deg(numerator) = 4
Deg(denominator) = 3
5(b)
x+3
(x2)(x2 4)
x2 (2x3)
x+3
1
2
3
2x 3x x
5(a)
x2 (2x3)
x+3
(x2)(x4)
+0x 2
= x+ +
A
x2
2x 2
+0x 2
x = 2:
x = 4:
7
(2)( )
x+3
(x2)(x4) =
=
1
( )(16)
=A
A=
x = 2:
5
(4)( )2
=C
C=
x = 0:
2x 2
15 2
x 2x2
4
x2 (2x3)
3
(2)(4)
= +
x4
A=
=B
x2
7
2(x4)
B=
5(c)
1
16(x+2)
A
Cover-up rule:
x = 2:
5
( )(8)
x+2
x2
7
2
1
16
5
4
2
1
16
1
16
x2
5
4
+ (x2)
2
1
16(x2)
5
4(x2)2
Bx+C
x2 +4
=A
A=
5
8
Substitution:
x4
x+3
(x2)(x2 +4)
5
2(x2)
x = 0:
3
(2)(4)
x = 1:
4
(1)(5)
x+3
(x2)(x2
+4)
=
=
1
16
x+3
5
2
+ (x2)2
x = 2:
(x+2)(x2)2 =
=A
B
x2
Substitution:
15 2
x )
4
15 2
x
4
Cover-up rule:
5
( )(2)
+x 3
3
(x 4 2 x 3 )
5 3
x
2
5
( x 3
2
(x+1)(x3 2)
x+2
Cover-up rule:
2x3 3x2
5
x4 +x3 2x2
(x2)(x+2)(x2)
= (x+2)(x2)2
x+3
sleightofmath.com
=
5
8(x2)
5
8(x2)
C=
A
1
B+C
5
1
4
B=
5
8
5
1
8
4
x2 +4
5x+2
8(x2 +4)
93
(x+2)(x+3)
Ex 3.6
2x
+5
3
x +5x +6 2x
+15x 2
(2x 3 +10x 2
5x 2
(5x 2
2
6(c)
x2 +5x+6
+39x
+12x)
+27x
+25x
2x
+33
+33
+30)
+3
2x
2x+3
= 2x + 5 + (x+2)(x+3)
(x+2)(x+3)
2x + 5 +
A
x+2
x+3
6(b)
1
( )(1)
x = 3:
3
(1)( )
=A
x2
(x+1)(x2)
2x2 7x+19
= 3 + (2x+3)(x1)2
A
2x+3
B
x1
+ (x1)2
A = 1
Cover-up rule:
=B
B=3
= 2x + 5
1
x+2
25
25
4
x= :
3
x+3
x = 1:
=A
10
(5)( )2
A=4
=C C=2
Substitution:
x2 x2
x = 0:
4x
x 2 4x 3
4x 2 16x +7
(4x 3 4x 2 8x)
8x +7
3+
x = 2:
2x+1)
3
4x +3 6x 3
5x 2 19x +28
(6x 3 3x 2 12x +9)
2x 2 7x +19
Cover-up rule:
= (2x+3)(x2
19
(3)(1)
A
3
3+
B
1
4
2x+3
C
1
3
x1
B = 3
2
+ (x1)2
78x
= 4x + (x+1)(x2)
4x +
x+1
B
x2
Cover-up rule:
x = 1:
15
( )(3)
x = 2:
9
3( )
=A
=B
= 4x
A = 5
B = 3
5
x+1
3
x2
sleightofmath.com
94
Ex 3.6
6(d)
+2x
4x 2
3
2 +x
5
+2x 4
x +0x
4x
5 +0x 4
(4x
2x 4
(2x 4
1
+3x 3
+4x 3 )
x 3
+0x 3
x 3
(x 3
x 2
x +1
x 2
+2x 2 )
3x 2 x
+0x 2 x)
3x 2 +0x +1
= 4x 2 + 2x 1 +
4x3 +12x2 x4
=x+3+
x+3+
Bx+C
x2 +1
x= :
=A
A=1
x= :
2
3x2 +1
x(x2 +1)
Bx+C
9(i)
x2 +1
3x 2 + 1 = (x 2 + 1) +(Bx + C)x
= x2 + 1
+Bx 2 + Cx
x(x2 +1)
6x2 21x+25
x(2x5)
4x
x2 +1
= 4x 2 + 2x 1 +
D
2x+1
1
=C
( )(2)
1
=D
(2)( )
C=
2
D=
2
a
3x2 +8x+1
x2 +2x+1
3
+2x +1 3x 2
(3x 2
+8x
+6x
2x
+1
+3)
2
6x2 21x+25
2x2 5x
2x2
3
21x +25
2x 5x 6x 2
2 15x)
(6x
6x +25
A=3
x(2x5)
h = 3 + (x+1)2
3+
6x2 21x+25
C
2x1
V = 3x 2 + 8x + 1
a = (x 2 + 2x + 1)
h=
Compare coefficients:
x 2 : 3 = 1 + B
B = 4
x: C = 0
4x5 +2x4 +3x3 x2 x+1
1
(2x 1)(2x + 1)
V = ah
= (1 + B)x 2 + Cx + 1
1
4x2 1
Cover-up rule:
Cover-up rule:
x = 0:
=x+3+
4x2 1
x(x2 +1)
A
x 4
x)
+0x 4
+0x 3)
1
A = 1, B = 3
3x2 +1
4x 2 + 2x 1 + +
1
( )(1)
x
+3
3
4x +0x 1 4x
+12x 2
3
(4x +0x 2
12x 2
(12x 2
2
=3+
9(ii)
x+1
+ (x+1)2
Cover-up rule:
x = 1:
4
( )2
=B
B = 4
6x+25
x(2x5)
B
C
3+ +
x
Substitution:
x = 0:
2x5
2
1
= +
A=2
Cover-up rule:
5
25
( )(5)
10
( )( )
x = 0:
x= :
5
2
=B
=C
h= 3 +
B = 5
C=4
10(i)
sleightofmath.com
2
x+1
(x+1)2
x 3 3x 2 + 4 = (x + 1)(x 2 4x + 4)
= (x + 1)(x 2)2
95
Ex 3.6
10(ii)
x 2 +3x
x 3x +0x +4 x 5 +0x 4
(x 5 3x 4
3x 4
(3x 4
3
10(ii)
x2 +8
11(ii)
2
x5 36x2 +53x+18
+9
+0x 3
+0x 3
+0x 3
9x 3
9x 3
(9x 3
36x 2
+4x 2 )
40x 2
+0x
40x 2
27x 2
13x 2
= (x 2 + 3x + 9) +
x3 3x2 +4
= (x 2 + 3x + 9) +
(x 2
+ 3x + 9) +
+53x
+12x)
+41x +18
+0x +36)
+41x 18
x = 2:
12
(3)( )2
=C
18
1(4)
x3 3x2 +4
13x2 +41x18
(x+1)(x2)2
A
B
x+1
x2
2
(4)( )
=B
B=
x2 +8
100x+250
x2 +5x
x+1
A
x4
5
x2
+ (x2)2
12(iii)
x = 2:
6
(6)( )
11(i)
2x+16
(x4)(x+2)
x+2
2(x+8)
2
+
(x4)(x+2)
x+2
2
1
2
2(
x4
4
x4
4
x4
4
x
)+
x+2
2
x+2
A=2
=B
x4
x+2
2
x+2
x2 +2
1
2
x+2
1
2(x+2)
1
2
1
2
x2
1
2(x2)
x+5
50
x
=A
=B
50
x+5
A = 50
B = 50
50
x
50
x+2
=A
x+8
(x4)(x+2) =
x2 +5x
x+5
Cover-up rule:
12
( )(6)
100x+250
x2 +2
1
12(ii) 50km
13(i)
x = 4:
x(x+5)
B
250
(5)( )
x 5 36x 2 + 53x + 18
x 3 3x 2 + 4
8
= (x 2 + 3x + 9)
x+8
(x4)(x+2)
x = 5:
B = 5
100x+250
250
( )(5)
11
x = 0:
x2
x = 2:
C=4
A=
Cover-up rule:
x+2
=A
A = 8
x2 +2
13x2 +41x18
12(i)
+ (x+2)(x2)
x2 +2
1
2
( )(4)
Substitution:
x = 0:
x2 +2
x = 2:
=A
Cover-up rule:
Cover-up rule:
72
( )9
x2 4
1
+53x +18
C
(x2)2
x = 1:
x 3 8 = (x)3 (2)3
= (x 2)[x + x(2) + 22 ]
= (x 2)(x 2 + 2x + 4)
B = 1
1
x+2
=1
=1
=1
=1
=1
=x4
=8
sleightofmath.com
96
x2 +4
x3 8
Ex 3.6
x2 +4
= (x2)(x2
A
x2
14(iii)
2(3)
1
x2 +2x+4
2
1
3
1
3
1
4
1
=
+
Cover-up rule:
8
( )(12)
x = 2:
=A
A=
x = 0:
4
(2)(4)
x = 1:
5
(1)(7)
2
3
x3 8
x2
2
=
14(i)
1
(x+1)(x+2)
x+1
A
1
C=
B+C
B=
2
3
x2
3(x2 +2x+4)
1
( )(1)
x = 2:
1
(1)( )
(x+1)(x+2) =
15(i)
14(ii)
1
2(3)
++
4(5)
101(102)
1
101
1
102
2 102
25
81
5x2 3x+8
(x1)(x2 +4)
2
x1
3x+1
x2 +4
x+2
Compare constants:
8=81
8 = 7 [inconsistent]
A=1
15(ii)
=B
x+1
=A
101
Cover-up rule:
x = 1:
1
100
1
1
2
x
3
3
x2 +2x+4
3(x2)
A
2
3(4)
1
Substitution:
x2 +4
+2x+4)
Bx+C
B = 1
1
x+2
5x2 3x+8
(x1)(x2 +4)
x1
Bx+C
x2 +4
Cover-up rule:
x = 1:
10
( )(5)
=A
A=2
Substitution:
x = 0:
8
(1)(4)
x = 2:
22
(1)8
5x2 3x+8
(x1)(x2
sleightofmath.com
+4)
2B+C
= +
2
x1
3x
x2 +4
C
4
C=0
B=3
97
Rev Ex 3
A3(i)
Rev Ex 3
A1(i)
g(x) = x 3 + ax 2 + x + 5
By Remainder Theorem,
g(2)
= 31
3
2
2 + a(2) + 2 + 5 = 31
8 + 4a + 2 + 5
= 31
4a
= 16
a
=4
=c+5
=c+5
=c+5
=6
g(2)
8 + 4a + 2 + 5
15 + 4(4)
31
b
A2(i)
A4(a)
= 2(1)(2 b) + 2c + 5
= 2(2 b) + 2c + 5
= 2(2 b) + 2(6) + 5
= 2(2 b) + 17
= 5
1x2
7x+3
x2 1
7x+3
(x+1)(x1)
A
B
x+1
x1
x = 1:
10
( )(2)
x = 1:
4
(2)( )
7x3
1x2
x+1
2
=
=0
=0
=0
=0
=3
Cover-up rule:
f(1) = (1)3 + (k 2) (k 7) 4
= 1
+k 2
k + 7 4
=0
By Factor Theorem, (x + 1) is a factor of f(x)
A4(b)
1x
10x5
(x+1)(x2 +4)
A = 5
=B
B = 2
x1
5
x+1
=A
x+1
Bx+C
x2 +4
Cover-up rule:
15
=
( )(5)
x = 1:
A = 3
Substitution:
x = 0:
5
(1)(4)
= +
x = 1:
5
(2)(5)
= +
10x5
(x+1)(x2
7x3
+ x2]
+ x2 )
(x + 3)3 x 3
= [(x + 3) x][(x + 3)2
+ (x + 3)x
2
(x + 6x + 9 + x 2 + 3x
=3
(3x 2 + 9x + 9)
=3
= 9(x 2 + 3x + 3)
sleightofmath.com
+4)
3
x+1
B+C
C=7
3x+7
x2 +4
B=3
98
x3
(x4)2
Rev Ex 3
x3
x
+8
3
x 8x +16 x
+0x 2
3
(x 8x 2
8x 2
(8x 2
2
x3
(x4)2
A6
f(x) = 4x 3 16x 2 9x + 40
(a)(i)
By Remainder Theorem,
f(4) = 4(4)3 16(4)2 9(4) + 40
=4
x2 8x+16
+0x
+16x)
16x
64x
48x
+0
+0
+128)
128
A6
f(x) = x
(a)(ii) x = 4 is a root
4x 3 16x 2 9x + 40
4x 3 16x 2 10x + 40
2x 3 8x 2 5x + 20
(x 4)(
)
(x 4)(2x 2
)
(x 4)(2x 2
5)
2
(x 4)(2x
5)
48x128
(x4)2
A
B
+ (x4)2
x4
=x+8+
x+8+
Cover-up rule:
x = 4:
48(4)128
( )2
B = 64
Substitution:
x = 0:
128
16
A
4
B
16
=x
=0
=0
=0
(x 4) (x + ) (x ) = 0
A = 48
x = 4 or x =
x3
(x4)2 = x + 8 +
A5(i)
48
x4
64
+ (x4)2
x 3 + 3x 2 6x 8
=0
(x 2)(
)
2
(x 2)(x
)
(x 2)(x 2
+ 4)
2
(x 2)(x
+5x + 4) = 0
(x 2)(x + 4)(x + 1)
=0
x = 2 or x = 4 or x = 1
2
3
a=
4
3
a=
3
sleightofmath.com
99
Rev Ex 3
f(x) (x 2 x 2)
Remainder = ax + b
f(x) = (x 2 x 2)Q(x) + ax + b
= (x + 1)(x 2)Q(x) + ax + b
f(x) has a remainder of 5 when divided by x + 1
By Remainder Theorem,
f(1) = 5
a + b = 5
b
=a5
(1)
f(x) has a remainder of 7 when divided by x 2
By Remainder Theorem,
f(2)
=7
2a + b = 7
(2)
sub (1) into (2)
2a + (a 5) = 7
3a
= 12
a
=4
b|a=4 = (4) 5
= 1
=0
=0
=0
=0
Sub x = a2 & y = b2 :
g(a) = x 2 xy 12y 2
= (x 4y)(x + 3y)
1+14 =A5
A
=3
By Remainder Theorem,
f(1)
=7
5
2
(k
3(1) + 1) = 7
k 2 2k + 1
=4
2
k 2k 3
=0
(k 3)(k + 1)
=0
k = 3 or k = 1
With k = 12,
g(a) = a4 a2 b2 12b4
4 = (1)(1) + B
B = 5
Remainder = Ax + B
= 3x 5
or x =
g(2b)
16b4 (2b)2 b2 + kb4
16b4 4b4 + kb4
b4 (12 + k)
b = 0 or k = 12
B1(a) x 3 + x 4 = (x 2 + x 1)(x 1) + Ax + B
x = 1:
Remainder = ax + b
= 4x 1
x = 0:
B3(ii)
81x 3 + 24y 3
= 3[(3x)3 + (2y)3 ]
= 3(3x + 2y)[(3x)2 (3x)(2y) + (2y)2 ]
= 3(3x + 2y)(9x 2 6xy + 4y 2 )
81x3 +24y3
9x2 6xy+4y2
3(3x+2y)(9x2 6xy+4y2 )
9x2 6xy+4y2
= 3(3x + 2y)
sleightofmath.com
100
2x2 7x+14
(x+2)(x4)
Rev Ex 3
2x2 7x+14
x2 2x8
2(x2 2x8)3x+30
=2
f(x) is divisible by x + 2
By factor Theorem,
f(2)
=0
(2)2 + 5p(2) + p2 + 5 = 0
4 10p + p2 + 5
=0
2
p 10p + 9
=0
(p 9)(p 1)
=0
p = 1 or p = 9
f(x) is not divisible by x + 3
(x+2)(x4)
303x
+ (x+2)(x4)
A
B
2+
x+2
x4
Cover-up rule:
x = 2:
36
( )(6)
x = 4:
18
(6)( )
B4(i)
(b)
2x2 7x+14
(x+2)(x4)
42
(2x5)(x+1)2
A = 6
=B
=2
=A
B=3
6
x+2
3
x4
2x5
By Factor Theorem,
f(3)
9 + 5p(3) + p2 + 5
p2 15p + 14
(p 14)(p 1)
p 14 or p 1
p= 9
+ (x+1) + (x+1)2
Cover-up rule:
5
42
( )( )
x= :
7 2
2
x = 1:
=A
42
(7)( )2
24
A=
=C
B5
(b)
C = 6
Substitution:
42
A
B C
=
+ +
(5)(1)2
5
1
1
12
x = 0:
42
(2x5)(x+1)2 =
B4(ii)
24
7(2x5)
=2
=2
2
6
x2 +2
6
x2 +2
6
x2 +2
12
(x+1)2
3
x2 4
3
A
x+2
B
x2
Cover-up rule:
x = 2:
3
( )(4)
x = 2:
3
(4)( )
=A
A=
=B
=2
=2
B=
6
x2 +2
6
x2 +2
+
+
x 2 (x + 3)
= 10x + 24
3
2
x + 3x
= 10x + 24
x 3 + 3x 2 10x 24 = 0
(x 3)(
)
2
(x 3)(x
)
2
(x 3)(x
+ 8)
(x 3)(x 2 +6x + 8) = 0
(x 3)(x + 2)(x + 4) = 0
x = 3 or x = 2 or x = 4
7(x+1)
+ (x+2)(x2)
+
3
4
x+2
3
4(x2)
3
4
u = 4
sub u = 3x :
3x =
3
4
x2
B5(b) 9x (3x + 3)
= 10(3x ) + 24
(32 )x (3x + 3) = 10(3x ) + 24
(i)
(3x )2 (3x + 3) = 10(3x ) + 24
sub u = 3x :
u2 (u + 3) = 10u + 24
u=3
u = 2
x
sub u = 3 :
sub u = 3x :
3x = 3
3x = 2(NA)
4 (NA)
x=1
3
4(x+2)
B5
25x 2 (5x + 3) = 50x + 24
(b)(ii) (5x)2 (5x + 3) = (10)5x + 24
sub y = 5x
y 2 (y + 3) = 10y + 24
y=3
or y = 2
or y = 4
5x = 3
5x = 2
5x = 4
x=
0
0
0
0
sleightofmath.com
3
5
x=
2
5
x=
5
101
Rev Ex 3
B7(i)
f(x) g(x)
(x 4 x 3 7x 2 + x + 6)
(x 4 2x 3 10x 2 + 5x + 18)
x 3 + 3x 2 4x 12
(x 2)(
)
(x 2)(x 2
)
(x 2)(x 2
+ 6)
2
(x 2)(x +5x + 6)
(x 2)(x + 2)(x + 3)
x = 2 or x = 2 or x = 3
By Remainder Theorem,
f(4)
= 20
2(5)(1)(4 k) = 20
4k
=2
k
=2
B6(ii) f(x) = 2(x + 1)(x 3)(x 2)
f(2) = 2(1)(5)(4)
= 40
f(x) = x 4 x 3 7x 2 + x + 6
g(x) = x 4 2x 3 10x 2 + 5x + 18
=0
=0
=0
=0
=0
= g(2) = 12
= g(2) = 0
= g(3) = 48
By Factor Theorem:
(x + 2) is a factor of f(x) & g(x)
= 2
sleightofmath.com
102
|5 9| = |4|
=4
1(b)
|3 1| = |2 |
= (2 )
=2
1(c)
2(i)
Given: y = |x 2 8x + 2|
Ex 4.1
4(ii)
y = 18:
2|3 x| + 4 = 18
|3 x|
=7
3 x= 7
or 3 x = 7
x
= 4
x
= 10
5(a)
|x 4| = 6
x 4 = 6 or
x = 10
5(b)
|2x + 3| = 5
2x + 3 = 5
2x + 3 = 5
2x
=2
2x
= 8
x
=1 x
= 4
5(c)
|x 2| + 3 = 5
|x 2|
=2
x 2= 2
x 2= 2
x
=4 x
=4
6(a)
y = |f(x)|
2(iii)
3(a)
x 4 = 6
x
= 2
(1,4)
|2 2| +| 1|
(3,5)
(2,3)
= 2 2 +(1)
= 3 2
3(b)
|2 5|
= (2 5) +3 5
= 5 2
=1
3(c)
2|6 3|
+|3 5|
+3 5
6(b)
y = |f(x)|
+|3 6|
(1,4)
4(i)
6(c)
y = |f(x)|
= 3(6 3)
= 36 33
3
1
Given: y = 2|3 x| + 4
O
sleightofmath.com
103
Ex 4.1
y = |f(x)|
10
7(a)
c
<0
c > 0
6 c> 6
>0
|6 c| = 6 c
y = |x 3| for 0 x 4
y
(1,4)
3
f(c) = (6 c) c 2
= 6 c c2
(4,1)
(3,0)
f(x)
|6 x| x 2
7(b)
y = |x + 2| for 3 x 3
(3,5)
(2,0) O
y = |3x 5|
x=
9
=0
=0
For x < 0,
6 x x2
=0
2
x +x6
=0
(x + 3)(x 2) = 0
x = 3 or x = 2 (rej x < 0)
(3,1)
f(x) = |6 x| x 2
f(c) = |6 c| c 2
5
3
f(x) = x + 2 |3 2x|
f(a) = a + 2 |3 2a|
a
>2
2a < 4
3 2a < 1
<0
|3 2a| = (3 2a)
11(a) 2|x + 1| + 3 = 9
2|x + 1|
=6
|x + 1|
=3
x + 1 = 3 or x + 1 = 3
x
=2
x
=2
11(b) 11 2|x + 3| = 1
2|x + 3|
= 10
|x + 3|
=5
x + 3 = 5 or
x + 3= 5
x
=2
x
=2
12(a) |2x 3| = x
2x 3 = x or
x
=3
12(b) |5x 8| = 3x
5x 8 = 3x or
2x
=8
x
=4
2x 3 = x
x
=3
5x 8 = 3x
2x
=8
x
=4
sleightofmath.com
104
Ex 4.1
14(c) |x(x 2)| = 2x 3
x(x 2) = 2x 3 or
x 2 2x = 2x 3
x 2 4x + 3
=0
(x 1)(x 3) = 0
x = 1 (rej) or x = 3
12(c) 4|x 6| 5x = 0
|x 6|
x 6=
x
=
5x
4
5x
4
or
x 6=
x
= 6
13
= 6
x
= 24
(rej x 0)
5x
x
= 24
(rej x 0)
14(d) Method 1
2|x| = x 2 4x
|x y| = |y 5|
2
|x|
y
>5
y5 >0
|y 5| = y 5
1
2
1
2
1
x y= y
3
2
=x+
2
1
x y= y
3
= x+
x2 4x
2
=x+
5
2
= x+
x2 4x
2
2x
= x 2 4x
x 2 6x = 0
x(x 6) = 0
x = 0 or x = 6
x = 6 or x = 6
15
y = |2x 6|
14(b) Method 1
|x|2 + x 2
=4
2
2
x +x
=4
2
2x
=4
2
x 2
=0
(x + 2)(x 2) = 0
6
3
x = 2 or x = 2
Method 2
|x|2 + x 2
=4
|x 2 | + x 2
=4
2
|x |
= 4 x2
x2
= 4 x 2 or x 2
2x 2 = 4
2x 2
2
x
=2
x2
x
= 2
x
or
Method 2
2|x|
= x 2 4x
2
4|x|
= (x 2 4x)2
4x 2
= (x 2 4x)2
4x 2
= x 4 8x 3 + 16x 2
x 4 8x 4 + 12x 2
=0
x 2 (x 2 8x 2 + 12) = 0
x 2 (x 2)(x 6) = 0
x = 0 or
x = 2 or x = 6
(rej)
14(a) |x 2 4| = 2
x2 4
= 2 or x 2 4
=2
2
2
x 6
=0
x 6
=0
(x + 6)(x 6) = 0
(x + 6)(x 6) = 0
x = 6 or x = 6
2
5
x2 4x
x y = (y 5)
2x
= x 2 4x
x 2 6x = 0
x(x 6) = 0
x = 0 or x = 6
|x y| = (y 5)
x y = (y 5) or
x(x 2)
= 2x 3
2
x 2x
= 2x 3
2
x 4x + 3
=0
(x 1)(x 3) = 0
x = 1 (rej) or x = 3
15(i)
=4x
=4
=2
= 2
y = 2|x 3|
= |2x 6|
15(ii) y = |6 2x|
= |(2x 6)(1)|
= |2x 6||1|
= |2x 6|
sleightofmath.com
105
Ex 4.1
16(a) y = |1 x 2 |
= |(1 + x)(1 x)|
(2,3)
(0,1)
(1,0) (1,0)
17(ii) y = |2x 4|
16(b) y = |x 2 4|
= |(x + 2)(x 2)|
(0,4)
(2,0)
18(i)
(5,8)
(2,1)
(1,0)
(3,0)
y = 2|x + c| 5
At (1,3):
3
= 2|(1) + c| 5
8
= 2|c 1|
|c 1| = 4
c 1 = 4 or c 1 = 4
c
=5
c
= 3
(2,0)
18(ii) y = |2x + 5|
17(i)
(4,0)
y = |2x 3|
16(d) y = |x 2 4x|
= |x(x 4)|
(2,4)
3
2
19(i)
y = |2x + c|
At (1,2),
2
= |2(1) + c|
2
= |2 + c|
|c + 2| = 2
c + 2 = 2 or c + 2 = 2
c
=0
c
= 4
c = 4
y = |3 kx|
(5,12):
12
= |3 k(5)|
|3 5k| = 12
3 5k = 12 or 3 5k = 12
5k
= 9
5k
= 9
At (0,4),
4 =
|2(0) + c|
|c| = 4
c = 4
k
19
(ii)(a)
=
5
(1,6)
3
O 1
= |3 3|
(5,12)
sleightofmath.com
106
Ex 4.1
22
k = 0 or k > 4
(ii)(a)
22
k=4
(ii)(b)
1 x= 1
x
=0
22
0<k<4
(ii)(c)
= |2 5|
=+2
23(a) No.
It can be 0
5
2
23(b) |x| 0
5
2
23(c)
24
20(ii) 2 intersections
2 solutions
21(i)
y = |x 2 + 2x 3|
= |(x + 3)(x 1)|
= | 2 + 2 3|
(1,4)
3
=2
3 1
Method 2
x 2 |x| 2 = 0
|x|
= x2 2
x
= x 2 2 or x
= x2 2
x2 x 2
=0
x2 x 2
=0
(x 2)(x + 1) = 0
(x 2)(x + 1) = 0
x = 2 or x = 1
x = 2 or x = 1
(rej)
(rej)
21(ii) |x 1|
= |x+3|
|x 1||x + 3| = 2
|x 2 + 2x 3| = 2
25
x 2 = x
(i)(a) Not true
x 2 = |x|
Draw y = 2
4 intersections
4 solutions
22(i)
y = |x 2 6x + 5| for 1 x 7
= |(x 1)(x 5)|
(1,12)
(3,4)
5
1
5
|x 2
Method 1
x 2 |x| 2
=0
|x|2 |x| 2
=0
(|x| 2)(|x| + 1) = 0
|x| = 2
|x| = 2
or
or
x = 2
x = 2
25
x 2 = x
(i)(b) By definition, square root results in only positive
number
25(ii) |x|
(7,12)
6x + 5| = k
sleightofmath.com
107
Ex 4.2
2(a)
Ex 4.2
1(a)
y = 3x
power of 5 is positive & odd (except for 1),
graph is similar to y = x 3
y = x4
(0 < power
1
4
< 1)
2(b)
1(b)
y = x3
2
(0 < power < 1)
3
y = 3x 4
power of 4 is positive & even,
graph is similar to y = x 2
O
2(c)
y = x2
3
(power > 1)
2
1(c)
y = 3 = 2x 3
x
power of 3 is negative & odd,
1
graph is similar to y =
2(d)
y = 3x 2
3
(power > 1)
2
1(d)
y = 4 = 2x 4
x
power of 4 is negative & even,
1
graph similar to y = 2
x
coefficient is negative,
reflect in x axis
O
2(e)
y = 3x 2
3
(power > 1)
2
coefficient 3 is negative,
reflect in x axis
108
Ex 4.2
4(c)
y = x 3
1
(power < 0)
x = y 2
y=
O
3(b)
x2
1
y = x 3
2
(power < 0)
3
5(i)
O
3(c)
y=
3
(power < 0)
=
5(ii)
2
10
x2
5(iii)
4
3
5(iv)
410
x2
= 10
2
= (10)
= 2.5
1
4
y = 2
=
10
x2 =
10
2
(40)2
y = :
10
= 24
= 4
y = x 3
y|x=40 =
4(b)
10
y = 4x 2
10
x
10
= 2
4(a)
y = 2
3
x 2
2
10
x
10
1
x2
1
109
Ex 4.2
9(b)
= 2 6
= 2 6
y=
y = 8x = 2x 3
1
(0 < power < 1)
3
coefficient 2 is negative, reflect in x-axis
= 2x 2
x
1
(power < 0)
2 = 2 3
9(c)
1 =
y=
32x2
2
2x5
= 2x 5
(power < 0)
5
1 sol
8
y=
1
(0 < power < 1)
3
10(i)
1 = 4 3
2 = 4 2
1
3
1
3
4x + x = 4
y = 2x + 1
(1)
1
y=
(2)
x
(1)
(2):
sub
into
1
2x + 1
=
x
2x 2 + x
=1
2x 2 + x 1
=0
(2x 1)(x + 1) = 0
1
x=
or
x = 1
2
4x
=4x
y1
= y2
1 sol
9(a)
1
4x 3
= 2( ) + 1
y|x=1
=2
10(ii)
= 1
y = 6x = 6x 2
1
(0 < power < 1)
= 2 + 1
1
(1, 1)
y|x=1 = 2(1) + 1
( , 2)
2
11(i)
5x 2
= 2x 6
1
5x 2 2x 6
1
6
=0
1
3
x (5x 2) = 0
1
x6 = 0
x =0
or
x6 = 0
x =0
110
Ex 4.2
11(ii) y|x=0 = 0
(0,0)
y|x=
22
5
8
125
= 5(
1
23 2
1
2
8
125
) = 5 ( 3)
5
21.5
51.5
=5
22
55
2(18)
L
36
36
L
36
= 2
I
= 36I 2
power of 2 is negative & even,
1
it is similar to y = 2
= 512
= 2 6
8 210
( ,
)
125
5
(0,0)
Note:
Verify which graph is higher at x-coordinates
8
bigger & smaller than
125
12(i)
210
=5
5
5
8 210
125
O
13(i)
2 = 4 5
I=
2P
L
O
L = 8:
2P
4
1
I = (8) = =
1 =
= P2
2
13(ii) 1 sol
2(18)
L
36
L
= 6L2
(power < 0)
2
111
4
x
Ex 4.2
15(iii) 2x = 4x 12
for 0.5 x 4
x2 = 2
= 23
2
y|
= 2(2)3 = 23
2
x=23
2
3
(2 , 23 )
16(i)
2x 3x 2
=0
(2x + 1)(x 2) = 0
1
x = 2
(rej x 0)
16(ii) y = 2x 2
y = 3x
or
x = 2
x =4
(1)
(2)
= 2 2
= 3
(4,6)
O
2
1
3x 2
1
y = 3x =
(0 < power < 1)
2
17(i)
14(ii) (1 x)x = 4
1x
At (8,1),
At (8,1),
1 = a 8
4
x
y=
1 = a(2)
1 sol
15(i)
y = a x
a=
1=
2x
b
2(8)
b = 16
1 = 2
1
2 = 4 2
1
4x 2
y=
1
(power < 0)
2
15(ii) 1 solution
112
Ex 4.2
17(iii) (8, 1)
(8,1) = 1 3
2
Symmetrical about O
113
Rev Ex 4
A2(d) | 3x 1| = 3
Rev Ex 4
or
x 1 = 3
3
=4
x
x
= 43
x
= 64
x 1 = 3
= 2
x
x
= (2)3
x
= 8
3
(1,5)
(2,4)
f(x)
=3
|3x 1| = 3
3x 1 = 3
or
3x
=4
x
3x 1 = 3
3x
= 2
2
3
=
3
A3(b) y = |9 x 2 |
A1(b) g(x) =
|x 2
2x|
(0,9)
(3,0)
(3,0)
(1,3)
( , 0)
x=
2
3
( , 0)
2
2x 3 = x
3x
=3
x
=1
( ,3 )
A2(b) |x + 1| = 2x 3
x + 1 = 2x 3 or x + 1 = (2x 3)
x + 1 = 2x + 3
x
=4
3x = 2
A2(c) |x 2 + 6| = 5x
x 2 + 6 = 5x or
x 2 5x + 6 = 0
(x 2)(x 3) = 0
x = 2 or x = 3
(1,3)
(0,1)
2
A2(a) |2x 3| = x
2x 3 = x or
x
=3
( , 0)
(2,0)
A4
(rej)
x2 + 6
= 5x
x 2 + 5x + 6 = 0
(x + 2)(x + 3) = 0
x = 2
or x = 3
(rej)
(rej)
sleightofmath.com
y = |x 2| 5
At x axis,
y
=0
|x 2| 5 = 0
|x 2|
=5
x 2 = 5 or
x
=7
P(7,0)
x 2 = 5
x
= 3
Q(3,0)
114
Rev Ex 4
A6(ii)
A6(iii)
y = 2x 3
1
(0 < < 1)
3
y=
16x
x 2
16
1
16 2 = | 16|
1
(25,9)
1 = 2 4
(25,4.5)
16
( < 0)
1
16
= 2
A5(ii) y = 2x 13
(1)
y=
16x
1 1
16
(2)
1
3
16
1
1 1
x 3+2 =
x
5
6
A6(iv) 2x 14 = |x 16|
2 solutions
1
3
B1(a)
|2x + 4| = x 2 + 1
2x + 4
= x 2 + 1 or
x 2 2x 3 = 0
(x + 1)(x 3) = 0
x = 1 or x = 3
2x + 4
= (x 2 + 1)
x 2 + 2x + 5 = 0
x=
=
B1(b) |x 2 1| = x 2
x2 1 = x2
or
1
= 0 (NA)
=
= 26
y|x= 1 = 2(26 )
2x 4
or x =
1
2
=8
1
4
1
3
x
=4
x
= 44
x = 256
64
= 2(22 )
2x 4 3 = 5
2x 4 3 = 5 or
(NA)
B1(c) |2x 14 3| = 5
(3)
64
x=
6
5
x2
32
(25 )
2(1)
216
x 2 1 = x 2
2x 2
=1
= 25
x
x
(2)(2)2 4(1)(5)
2x 4
x
= 2
1
4
= 1
(NA
1
x4
0)
, )
64 2
1
A6
y = 2x 4
(i)(a)
y = 4:
1
2x 4 = 4
1
x4 = 2
x = 24
x = 16
B1(d)
|x 2| = x 4
= x 4 or x 2
= (x 4)
x 2
x x 2
=0
x + x 6
=0
2
(x) x 2 = 0
(x 2)(x + 1) = 0
(x) + x 6 = 0
(x + 3)(x 2) = 0
x = 2
x =4
x = 3
(rej)
x = 1
(rej)
x = 2
x=4
1
A6
y|x=25 = 2(25)4
(i)(b)
4.5
sleightofmath.com
115
Rev Ex 4
B3(b) 2x + 3y = 19
3y
= 19 2x
= |2 5|
5
4
5
2
=4
|x (
|x
192x
3
19
| x
3
19
3
5
B3(a) 2x + y = 3
y
= 3 2x
y|x=1 = 4 (1)
=3
(1,3)
=3
=3
2x 5 = (4 x)
2x 5 = 4 + x
x
=1
y|x=28 =
B4(ii)
or
28
3
28
5
5
3
5
3
28
5
192( )
13
5
19
= 3
10
3
=2
x
y|x=2 =
192(2)
3
=5
B4(i)
(2)
+ x| = 3
3
5
(1)
)| = 3
3
3
19
=
y|x=2 = 4 (3)
=1
(3,1)
|x y| = 3
sub (1) into (2):
192x
(1)
= | 36.9|
y = |2x 1|
(2)
sub (1) into (2):
|2x 1| = 3 2x
2x 1 = 3 2x or 2x 1 = (3 2x)
4x
=4
2x 1 = 3 + 2x
2
= 0 (NA)
x
=1
y|x=1 = 3 2(1)
=1
36.9
= 0.9
|x 36.9|
= 0.9
x 36.9 = 0.9 and
x
= 36
x 36.9
x
= 0.9
= 37.8
sleightofmath.com
|x 2 10x + 8| = 8
x 2 10x + 8 = 8 or
x 2 10x
=0
x(x 10)
=0
x = 0 or x = 10
x 2 10x + 8 = 8
x 2 10x + 8 = 8
x 2 10x + 16 = 0
(x 2)(x 8) = 0
x = 2 or x = 8
116
Rev Ex 4
B6(b) y = 2x + 1
= | 2 10 + 8|
y=
(5,17)
8
5 17 5 + 17
2(1)
10217
(2)
2x + 1
(10)(10)2 4(1)(8)
1068
(1)
|x 2 10x + 8| = 0
x 2 10x + 8 = 0
x=
6
x
2x + x
=6
2x + x 6
=0
(2x 3)(x + 2) = 0
1010032
2
x = 2 or x = 2 (rej x 0)
= 5 17
x=
9
4
9
y|x=9 = 2 + 1 = 2 ( ) + 1 = 4
B6(a)
( , 4)
2 =
1
2
= 6
1
1 = 2 = 2 2
(3,23)
y = 2x =
1
2x 2
1
y=
= 6x 2
x
1
(power < 0)
2
y1 = 2x
y2 =
(1)
(2)
6
x
x=3
(3)
6
3
6
3
3
3
63
3
= 23
(3,23)
sleightofmath.com
117
Ex 5.1
Ex 5.1
1(a)
2! 3! = (2 1)(3 2 1)
= (2)(6)
= 12
1(b)
6!
3!
6543!
3!
=654
= 120
1(c)
5!
5
( ) = (51)!(1)!
1
5!
=
4!
=5
1(d)
9!
9
( ) = (92)!(2)!
2
9!
=
7!2!
98
2
= 36
2(a)
2(b)
n
0
1
2
3
4
5
Binomial Coefficients
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
3
3
1
1
4
6
4
1
1
5
10
10
5
1
(1 2x)4
= [1 + (2x)]4
= 1 +(4)(2x)1
= 1 +(4)(2x)
= 1 8x
+(6)(2x)2
+(6)(4x 2 )
+24x 2
+(4)(2x)3
+(4)(8x 3 )
32x 3
+(1)(2x)4
+(1)(16x 4 )
+16x 4
(1 + 3x)5
= 1 +(5)(3x)1
= 1 +(5)(3x)
= 1 +15x
+(10)(3x)2
+(10)(9x 2 )
+90x 2
+(10)(3x)3
+(10)(27x 3 )
+270x 3
+(5)(3x)4
+(5)(81x 4 )
+405x 4
sleightofmath.com
+(1)(3x)5
+(1)(243x 5 )
+243x 5
118
n
0
1
2
3
4
5
1
6
1
7
1
7
8
1
8
9
1
9
36
10 1
10
45
(1 + 2x)9
= 1 +(9)(2x)
= 1 +18x
3(b)
4(a)
Ex 5.1
Binomial Coefficients
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
3
3
1
4
6
4
5
10
10
6
15
20
15
21
35
35
28
56
70
56
84
126
126
120
210
252
210
+(36)(4x 2 )
+144x 2
1
5
1
6
21
1
7
28
84
1
8
36
120
1
9
45
1
10
+(84)(8x 3 ) +
+672x 3 +
(1 x 2 )10
= [1 + (x 2 )]10
= 1 +(10)(x 2 ) +(45)(x 4 )
= 1 10x 2
+45x 4
+(120)(x 6 ) +
120x 6 +
(1 + x)10
10 (x)1
)
1
+(10)(x)
+10x
+(
=1
=1
=1
10
+ ( ) (x)2
2
+(45)(x 2 )
+45x 2
10 (x)3
)
+
3
+(120)(x 3 ) +
+120x 3 +
+(
4(b)
(1 3x)8
= [1 + (3x)]8
8
8
8
=1
+ ( ) (3x)1 + ( ) (3x)2 + ( ) (3x)3 +
3
1
2
=1
+(8)(3x) +(28)(9x 2 ) +(56)(27x 3 ) +
=1
24x
+252x 2
1512x 3 +
4(c)
(1 2x 2 )7
= [1 + (2x 2 )]7
7
7
=1
+ ( ) (2x 2 )1 + ( ) (2x 2 )2
1
2
=1
+(7)(2x 2 )
+(21)(4x 4 )
=1
14x 2
+84x 4
4(d)
7
+ ( ) (2x 2 )3 +
3
+(35)(8x 6 ) +
280x 6 +
16
(1 x 3 )
2
16
= [1 + ( x 3 )]
2
1
2
1
1
16
16
= 1 + ( ) ( x 3 ) + ( ) ( x 3 )
2
2
1
2
1 3
1 6
= 1 +(16) ( x ) +(120) ( x )
2
= 1 8x 3
+30x 6
3
1
16
) ( x 3 ) +
2
3
1
+(560) ( x 9 ) +
+(
70x 9 +
sleightofmath.com
119
n
n!
n(n1)(n2)!
( )= (n2)!2! = (n2)!(21)
2
(
=
(
n(n1)
(n+1)!
(n+1)!
n+1
) = [(n+1)2]!(3)! = (n2)!(3)!
3
5(ii)
Ex 5.1
(n+1)(n)(n1)(n2)!
(n2)!(3.2.1)
(n+1)(n)(n1)
n
= 4( )
2
n+1
)
3
(n+1)(n)(n1)
= 4[
(n + 1)(n)(n 1)
n(n1)
2
= 12n(n 1)
(1 + x) (1 x)
= (1 + x) [1 + (x)]
0
1
2
3
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
= [( ) (x) + ( ) (x) + ( ) (x) + ( ) (x) + ( ) (x)
+ ( ) (x) ]
0
3
5
1
2
4
0
1
2
3
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
[( ) (x) + ( ) (x) + ( ) (x) + ( ) (x) + ( ) (x) + ( ) (x) ]
0
3
5
1
2
4
= [1
[1
= (1
(1
+(5)(x)
+(5)(x)
+(10)(x)
+(10)(xx)
+(5)(x 2 )
+(1)(x 2 x)]
+(10)(x)
+(10)(xx)
+(5)(x 2 )
+(1)(x 2 x)]
+5x
5x
+10x
+10x
+10xx
10xx
+5x 2
+5x 2
+x 2 x)
x 2 x)
=10x +20xx
6(ii)
+2x 2 x [shown]
(1 + 2) (1 2)
= 102
= 102
= 582
+20(2)2
+402
+2(2)2 2
+82
sleightofmath.com
120
(2 x) (1 + x)
Ex 5.1
8 1 0
8 1 3
8 1 1
8 1 2
= (2 x)[( ) ( x) + ( ) ( x) + ( ) ( x)
+ ( ) ( x) + ]
0 2
3 2
1 2
2 2
1
1 2
1
= (2 x)[1
+(8) ( x) +(28) ( x ) +(56) ( x 3 ) + ]
2
= (2 x)(1
+4x
+7x
+7x + )
Substitution
1.9 (1.05)8 = (2 0.1) (1 + 0.05)8
1
= [2 (0.1)] [1 + (0.1)]
(1 + x)10 000
10 000 (x)0 10 000 (x)1
)
)
=(
+(
+
0
1
=1
+10 000x +
8(ii)
Substitution
(1.1)10 000 = [1 + (0.1)]10 000
= 1 + 10 000(0.1) +
= 1 + 1000 +
= 1001 +
> 1000
10 000
1.1
is larger
sleightofmath.com
121
Ex 5.1
(1 + x)20
20
20
20
= ( ) (x)0 + ( ) (x)1 + ( ) (x)2 +
0
1
2
2
= 1 + 20x + 190x +
) ]|
400
= 20 000 [(1 +
= 20 000 [1 + (
4t
= [20 000 (1 +
4
400
1
100
t=5,r=4
(45)
)]
20 000 [1 + 20 (
20
= 1 4x 68x 2 +
) + 190 (
100
+364x 2
673x 2
+240x 2 +
1
100
) ]
$24 380
9(ii)
E = 24 380
A = 20 000 [1 + (
)]
20
100
= 24 403.8008
AE
A
100%
9(iii)
Yes
10(i)
(a)
(1 + 4x)6
6
6
= ( ) (4x)0 + ( ) (4x)1
0
1
6
+ ( ) (4x)2 +
2
=1
+6(4x)
+15(16x 2 ) +
=1
+24x
+240x 2 +
10(i)
(b)
(1 2x)14
= [1 + (2x)]14
14
14
14
= ( ) (2x)0 + ( ) (2x)1 + ( ) (2x)2
0
1
2
+
=1
+14(2x)
+91(4x 2 ) +
=1
28x
+364x 2 +
sleightofmath.com
122
Ex 5.1
(1 x)6 = [1 + (x)]6
6
6
6
= ( ) (x)0 + ( ) (x)1 + ( ) (x)2
0
1
2
=1
+6(x)
+15x 2
2
3
= 1 6x + 15x 20x +
6
+ ( ) (x)3 +
3
+20(x 3 ) +
= 1 +12x +60x 2
6x 72x 2
+15x 2
+160x 3
360x 3
+180x 3
20x 3
= 1 + 6x + 3x 2 40x 3 +
Method 2 (substitution)
(1 + x 2x 2 )6
= [1 (x + 2x 2 )]6
= 1 6(x + 2x 2 )
+15(x + 2x 2 )2
20(x + 2x 2 )3
= 1 6(x + 2x 2 )
+15[x(1 2x)]2
20[x(1 2x)]3
= 1 6(x + 2x 2 )
+15(x)2 (1 2x)2
20(x)3 (1 2x)3
= 1 6(x + 2x 2 )
+15x 2 (1 2x)2
+20x 3 (1 2x)3
= 1 6(x + 2x 2 )
+15x 2 (1 4x + )
+20x 3 (1 + )
= 1 +6x 12x 2
+15x 2
60x 3
+20x 3 +
= 1 + 6x + 3x 2 40x 3 +
sleightofmath.com
123
Ex 5.1
(1 x)(1 + ax)6 = 1 + bx 2 +
14(i)
(1 x)4
(1 x)(1 + ax)6
6
6
6
= (1 x)[( ) (ax)0 + ( ) (ax)1 + ( ) (ax)2 +
0
1
2
= (1 x)[1 +(6)(ax) +(15)(a2 x 2 ) + ]
= (1 x)(1 +6ax +15a2 x 2 + )
+15a2 x 2
6ax 2
= 1 +6ax
x
Compare x 2 : 15a2 6a
+(4)(x 3 ) +(1)(x 4 )
= 1 4x
+6x 2
4x 3
+x 4
=b
1 2
15 ( ) 6 ( ) = b a =
13(i)
+(6)(x 2 )
S = y 4 4y 3 + 6y 2 4y + 1
= 1 4y + 6y 2 4y + 1
= (1 y)4
= 1 + (4)(x)
Sub y = 1 x 3 :
6a 1 = 0
a
4
4
4
4
= 1 + ( ) (x)1 + ( ) (x)2 + ( ) (x)3 + ( ) (x)4
3
1
2
4
14(ii)
S = (1 x 3 )4 4(1 x 3 )3 + 6(1 x 3 )2 4(1 x 3 ) + 1
= [1 + (x)]4
7
12
Sub back y = 1 x 3 :
S = [1 (1 x 3 )]4 = (x 3 )4 = x12
n
n
(1 2x)n = 1 + ( ) (2x)1 + ( ) (2x)2 +
1
2
n
= ( ) (4x 2 ) +
2
n
=4 ( ) x2 +
2
n
Coefficient of x 2 = 4 ( ) [shown]
2
13(ii) Coefficient of x 2 = 24
n
4( )
= 24
2
n
( )
=6
2
n!
(n2)!2!
=6
n(n1)(n2)!
(n2)!2!
=6
n(n1)
2
=6
n(n 1)
= 12
n2 n
= 12
n2 n 12
=0
(n 4)(n + 3) = 0
n = 4 or n = 3 (rej n > 0)
sleightofmath.com
124
Ex 5.1
(1 + x)5 (1 4x)4
= (1 + x)5 [1 + (4x)]4
4
4
4
5
5
5
= [( ) (x)0 + ( ) (x)1 + ( ) (x)2 + ] [( ) (4x)0 + ( ) (4x)1 + ( ) (4x)2 + ]
0
1
2
0
1
2
2)
2)
[
]
[
(5)(x)
(10)(x
(4)(4x)
(6)(16x
= 1
+
+
+
1
+
+
+]
2
2
(1 16x + 96x + )
= (1 + 5x + 10x + )
= 1 16x
+96x 2
+5x 80x 2
+100x 2 +
1 11x + 26x 2 [shown]
15(ii) Factor & multiply polynomials
(a)
(1 + x)5 (1 4x)5 = [(1 + x)5 (1 4x)4 ] (1 4x)
= [1 11x + 26x 2 + ] (1 4x)
= 1 11x
+26x 2
4x +44x 2 +
= 1 15x + 70x 2 +
15(ii) Substitute
(1 x)5 (1 + 4x)4 = [1 + (x)]5 [1 4(x)]4
(b)
1 11(x) +26(x)2
1 +11x
+26x 2
+26x 4
sleightofmath.com
125
Ex 5.1
16
28x 6 30x 4 1 = 0
sub x = 1 + h:
28(1 + h)6 30(1 + h)4 1
=0
6 (h)0
6 (h)1
6 (h)2
28 [( )
+( )
+( )
+]
0
1
2
=0
4
4
4
30 [( ) (h)0 + ( ) (h)1 + ( ) (h)2 + ] 1
0
1
2
28(1 + 6h + 15h2 + )
30(1 + 4h + 6h2 + ) 1
=0
28 + 168h + 420h2
=0
30 120h 180h2 1 +
240h2 + 48h 3
80h2 + 12h 1
(20h 1)(4h + 1)
h=
20
root x = 1 +
17(i)
4
= 35x 4 [ ( ) (x)3 ]
3
5 [ (5) (x)2
+21x
]
2
6
+7x 6 [ ( ) (x)1 ]
1
7
7
[ ( ) (x)0 ] +
+x
0
0
0
0
1
20
= 1.05
(1 + 2x)2n
2n
2n
2n
= ( ) (2x)0 + ( ) (2x)1 + + ( ) (2x)r
0
1
r
2n (2x)2n
++ ( )
2n
17(ii) 22n
= [1 + (1)]2n
=(
=(
2n (1)0
2n
2n
)
+ ( ) (1)1 + ( ) (1)2
0
1
2
2n
+ + ( ) (1)2n
2n
2n
)
0
coefficent of x 7 = 393
18(iii) 1st Observation
(1 + y)7
= 1 + 7y + 21y 2 + 35y 3 + 35y 4 + 21y 5 + 7y 6 +
y7
2n
2n
2n
+ ( ) + ( ) + + ( ) [proven]
1
2
2n
18(i)
(1 + y)7
7
7
7
7
= ( ) (y)0 + ( ) (y)1 + ( ) (y)2 + ( ) (y)3
0
3
1
2
7 (y)4
7 (y)5
7 (y)6
7
+( )
+( )
+( )
+ ( ) (y)7
5
6
4
7
2
3
4
5
= 1 + 7y + 21y + 35y + 35y + 21y + 7y 6 + y 7
sleightofmath.com
126
Ex 5.2
Ex 5.2
1(a)
(2 x)3
= [2 + (x)]3
= 23
3
3
3
+ ( ) (2)31 (x)1 + ( ) (2)32 (x)2 + ( ) (2)33 (x)3
3
1
2
=8
+(3)(4)(x)
+(3)(2)(x 2 )
+(x)3
= 8 12x + 6x 2 x 3
1(b)
(x + 2y)4
= x4
4
4
4
4
+ ( ) (x)41 (2y)1 + ( ) (x)42 (2y)2 + ( ) (x)43 (2y)3 + ( ) (x)44 (2y)4
3
1
2
4
= x4
+(4)(x 3 )(2y)
+(6)(x 2 )(4y 2 )
+(4)(x)(8y 3 )
+(16y 4 )
(2 + x 2 )5
= 25
5
5
5
5
5
+ ( ) (2)51 (x 2 )1 + ( ) (2)52 (x 2 )2 + ( ) (2)53 (x 2 )3 + ( ) (2)54 (x 2 )4 + ( ) (2)55 (x 2 )5
3
5
1
2
4
= 25
+(5)(16)(x 2 )
+(10)(8)(x 4 )
+(10)(4)(x 6 )
+(5)(2)(x 8 )
+x10
x 5
(4 ) = [4 + ( x)]
1
1
5
+ ( ) (4)51 ( x)
2
1
= 45
= (1024) +(5)(256) ( x)
2
2
1
5
+ ( ) (4)52 ( x)
2
2
3
1
5
+ ( ) (4)53 ( x) +
2
3
+(10)(64) ( x 2 )
+(10)(16) ( x 3 )
12
( + x2 )
2
1 12
2
=
=
2(c)
1
2x
12 1 121 (x 2 )1
12 1 122 (x 2 )2
+( )( )
+( )( )
2
1
2 2
=( )
1
+(12) (
4096
1
4096
2x 2 ) = [
1
2x
3
512
1 8
1
1
x4 +
55
128
+(66) (
1
1024
) (x 4 )
1
8x5
12 1 123 (x 2 )3
)( )
+
3 2
+(220) (
) (x 6 )
512
x6 +
+(8) (
256x8
256x8
) (x 2 )
8 1 81 (2x 2 )1
8 1 82 (2x 2 )2
+( )( )
+( )( )
1 2x
2 2x
2x
33
512
+ (2x 2 )]
=( )
=
x2 +
1
2048
+(
1
128x7
7
4x2
) (2x 2 )
+(28) (
1
64x6
) (4x 4 )
8 1 83 (2x 2 )3
+( )( )
+
3 2x
+(56) (
1
32x5
) (8x 6 ) +
14x +
sleightofmath.com
127
Ex 5.2
For (x + 2y)5
5
Tr+1 = ( ) (x)5r (2y)r
r
3(b)
3(c)
Tr+1
4(a)
1 13
2y
= [3x 2 + (
1
2y
13
For coefficient of x 3 ,
1 r
13
= ( ) (3x 2 )13r ( )
2y
r
r=6
6(a)
10 (2)106 (x)6
)
6
= (210)(16)(x 6 )
= 2260x 6
(rej)
18
For ( x 2 )
r=3
Term independent of x
18
= ( ) (1)6 (x)0
6
= (18 564)(1)(x)0
= 18 564
9
4th term = ( ) (3x)93 (2)3
3
= (84)(729x 6 )(8)
= 489 888x 6
For (y 2x)10 = [y + (2x)]10
6(b)
10 (y)10r (2x)r
)
r
r=
10
2
= [x 1 + (x 2 )]18
18 (x 1 )18r (x 2 )r
)
r
18
(1)r x 2r
= ( ) x r18
r
18
= ( ) (1)r
x 3r18
r
Tr+1 = (
Tr+1 = (
9
Tr+1 = ( ) (3x)9r (2)r
r
4(c)
2r = 6 r = 3
1 3
15
10
Coefficient of x 6 = [( ) ( ) ] = ( )
4
8
3
7th term = (
r=
For coefficient of x 6 ,
4(b)
2r = 3
Coefficient of x 3 = 0
10
= ( ) (2)10r (x)r
r
10
= [1 + ( x 2 )]
)]
For (2 + x)10
Tr+1
10
r
1
10
) ( x 2 )
4
r
1 r
10
= ( ) ( ) (x 2 )r
4
r
1 r
10
= ( ) ( ) x 2r
4
r
10 (2x)10r (3)r
)
For (3x 2
x2
Tr+1 = (
For (1
For (x +
1
2x2
12
= [x + (2 x2 )]
12 12r
)x
r
12
= ( ) x12r
r
12 1 r
= ( )( )
r 2
Tr+1 = (
=5
10
Middle term = ( ) (y)105 (2x)5
5
= (252)(y 5 )(32x 5 )
= 8064x 5 y 5
( x 2 )
12
1 r
( ) x 2r
2
x123r
r=
12
2
=6
12 1 6 (x)123(6)
)( )
6 2
231
=
6
Middle term = (
16x
sleightofmath.com
128
Ex 5.2
(px 3)n
= [px + (3)]n
n
= ( ) (px)n0 (3)0
0
= (px)n
n
+ ( ) (px)n1 (3)1 +
1
+(n)(px)n1 (3) +
= pn x n
3npn1 x n1 +
= 512x 9
qx 8 + [given]
Compare 1st term: Compare 2nd term:
3npn1 x n1 = qx 8
pn x n = 512x 9
3(9)291 x 91 = qx 8
n =9
n = 9, p = 2
8 )x 8
27(2
= qx 8
pn = 512
q
= 6912
n = 9,
p9
= 512
p
=2
8(i)
x 7
(2 )
2
7
1
= [2 + ( x)]
2
1
1
7
= (2)7 + ( ) (2)71 ( x)
2
1
1
= 128 +(7)(64) ( x)
2
2
2
1
7
+ ( ) (2)72 ( x)
2
2
1 2
+(21)(32) ( x )
4
3
1
7
+ ( ) (2)73 ( x) +
2
3
1 3
+(35)(16) ( x ) +
8
(1.995)7 = (2 0.005)7
= (2
0.01 7
2
(2 + x)5 = 25
9(ii)
= 32 +80x
+80x 2
576x 1440x 2
+4608x 2 +
= 32 496x +3248x 2 +
sleightofmath.com
129
Ex 5.2
(2x 1)6
= [(2x) + (1)]6
6
6
6
= (2x)6
+ ( ) (2x)61 (1)1 + ( ) (2x)62 (1)2 + ( ) (2x)63 (1)3
3
1
2
= (64x 6 ) +(6)(32x 5 )(1)
+(15)(16x 4 )(1)
+(20)(8x 3 )(1)
= 64x 6
192x 5
+240x 4
160x 3 +
160x 5 +
Coefficient of x 5 = 1216
11(i)
( 2x)
= [ + (2x)]
1 5
5 1 51 (2x)1
+( )( )
1 2
1
+(5) ( ) (2x)
=( )
=
=
2
1
32
1
32
5 1 52 (2x)2
+( )( )
2 2
1
+(10) ( ) (4x 2 )
16
5 1 53 (2x)3
+( )( )
+
3 2
1
+(10) ( ) (8x 3 ) +
4
x + 5x 20x +
8
11(ii) Expansion
1
(1 + ax + 3x 2 ) ( 2x)
2
= (1 + ax + 3x 2 ) (
= 5x 2
5a 2
x
8
3
+ x2
32
5a
= (5
163
32
x + 5x 2 20x 3 + )
8
20x 3
+5ax 3
=(
1
32
15 3
x +
8
3
) x 2 + (5a
32
5a
8
) x2
20
+ (5a
175
8
15
8
) x3 +
) x3 +
Coefficients
Coefficient of x 2 =
(
163
32
5a
5a
8
[given]
13
2
Coefficent of x
= 5a
32
9
4
= 5 ( )
4
265
8
45
175
9
13
175
8
a=
9
4
sleightofmath.com
130
Ex 5.2
For (x + my)8
8
Tr+1 = ( ) x 8r (my)r
r
Constant Term = (
12(ii) if m = 2:
8
(a)
Tr+1 = ( ) x 8r (2y)r
r
8 8r r r
= ( )x
2 y
r
8
= ( ) 2r x 8r y r
r
14(i)
For (x 3
2 10
x2
k r
9
Tr+1 = ( ) x 9r ( )
x
r
9 9r (kx 1 )r
= ( )x
r
9 9r r r
= ( )x k x
r
9 r 92r
= ( )k x
r
For coefficient of x 3 , For coefficient of x 3 ,
9 2r = 3
9 2r = 3
2r = 6
2r = 6
r
=3
r
=3
r=5
8 5
= ( )2
5
= 1792
= 1512x 5 y 3
Coefficient of x 3
Coefficient of x 3
9
9
= ( ) k3
= ( ) k3
3
3
3
= 84k
= 84k 3
Equate coefficients
Coefficient of x 3 = Coefficient of x [given]
84k 3
= 126k 4
2k 3
= 3k 4
3
4
2k 3k
=0
3
k (2 3k)
=0
= 1512x 5 y 3
= 1512x 5 y 3
= 1512x 5 y 3
= 1512
= 3
= [x 3 + (2x 2 )]10
10 (x 3 )10r (2x 2 )r
)
r
10
= ( ) x 303r (2)r x 2r
r
10 (2)r
=( )
x 305r
r
k = 0 (rej k is positive)or k =
Tr+1 = (
13(i)
Specific coefficients
k 9
13
= 13 440
For (x + ) ,
8 8r (my)r
12(ii) Recall: T
r+1 = ( ) x
r
(b)
T4
8
( ) x 83 (my)3
3
8
( ) x 5 m3 y 3
3
56m3 x 5 y 3
56m
m
10 (2)6 305(6)
)
x
6
For coefficient of x 3 y 5 ,
Coefficient of x 3 y 5
30 5r = 0
5r
= 30
r
=6
Term in x10
30 5r = 10
5r
= 20
r
=4
10 (2)4 10
=( )
x = 3360x10
4
30 5r = 5
5r
r
Coefficient of
1
x5
=(
= 35
=7
10 (2)7
)
= 15 360
7
sleightofmath.com
131
Ex 5.2
14(ii) Put k = 2,
3
(1 6x
2)
2
3
(x + )
x
= (1 6x 2 )[(term in x 3 ) + (term in x 5 ) + ]
[to be continued]
Specific terms
2
For (x + 3 ) = [x + ( x 1 )] ,
x
r
2
9
Tr+1 = ( ) x 9r ( x 1 )
3
r
9 9r 2 r r
( ) x
= ( )x
3
r
r
9 2
= ( ) ( ) x 92r
r 3
For term in x 3 , 9 2r = 3
2r
=6
r
=3
2 3
Term in x 3 = 84 ( ) x 3 =
3
224 3
x
9
For term in x 5 , 9 2r = 5
2r
=4
r
=2
2
2
9
Term in x 5 = ( ) ( ) x 5 = 16x 5
2 3
Expansion
(1 6x
2)
2
3
(x + )
x
= (1 6x 2 ) (
224 3
x
9
+ 16x 5 + )
= (1)(16x 5 ) + (6x 2 ) (
=
400 5
x
3
224 3
x )
9
Coefficient of x 5 =
400
3
sleightofmath.com
132
Ex 5.2
x n
(2 )
2
= [2 + ( x)]
0
1
n
n
1
1
= ( ) (2)n0 ( x) + ( ) (2)n1 ( x)
2
2
0
1
1
2
n
1
+ ( ) (2)n2 ( x) +
2
2
n(n1)
= 2n
+n(2n1 ) ( x)
= 2n
n(2n1 ) ( ) x
= 2n
n(2n1 )(21 )x
= 2n
n(2n2 )x
+n(n 1)2n5 x 2 +
1
2
(2n2 ) x 2 +
n(n1) n2 2
2 x
8
n(2n2 )x
+(2n+1 )x
+n(n 1)2n5 x 2
(n)2n1 x 2 +
Compare x:
2n+1 n(2n2 )
=0
n2
3
n2
(2 )2 n(2 ) = 0
2n2 (23 n)
=0
n
=8
15(iii) Compare x 0 :
a = 2n
= 28 n = 8
= 256
Compare x 2 :
b = n(n 1)2n5 (n)2n1
= 8(8 1)285 (8)281 n = 8
= 576
sleightofmath.com
133
Ex 5.2
Expansion
(1 + x)(a bx)12
= (1 + x)[(term in x 7 ) + (term in x 8 ) + ]
[to be continued]
17(i)
Specific terms
For (a bx)12 = [a + (bx)]12 ,
12 12r (bx)r
)a
r
12
= ( ) a12r (b)r x r
r
For coefficient of x 2 , r = 2
n
n
Coefficient of x 2 = ( ) 32 = 9 ( )
2
2
Equate coefficients
(Coefficient of x 3 ) = 6(Coefficient of x 2 )
n
n
27 ( )
= 6 9( )
3
2
n
n
( )
= 2 ( ) [shown]
3
2
Tr+1 = (
For term in x 7 ,
r=7
12
Term in x 7 = ( ) a5 (b)7 x 7
7
= 792a5 b7 x 7
17(ii)
For term in x 8 , r = 8
12 4 (b)8 8
)a
x
8
= 495a4 b8 x 8
Term in x 8 = (
n!
(n3)!3!
n(n1)(n2)(n3)!
(n3)!3!
n(n1)(n2)
3!
(n)(n1)(n2)
6
Expansion
(1 + x)(a bx)12
= (1 + x)[(792a5 b7 x 7 ) + (495a4 b8 x 8 ) + ]
= 1(495a4 b8 x 8 ) + x(792a5 b7 x 7 ) +
= 495a4 b8 x 8
792a5 b7 x 8 +
n!
= 2 (n2)!2!
=2
=2
=2
n(n1)(n2)!
(n2)!2!
n(n1)
2!
(n)(n1)
2
(n)(n 1)(n 2)
= 6(n)(n 1)
(n)(n 1)[(n 2) 6] = 0
(n)(n 1)(n 8)
=0
n=0
or n = 1
or n = 8
(rej n 2) (rej n 2)
= (495a4 b8 792a5 b7 )x 8 +
Coefficient of x 8
= 0 [given]
4 8
5 7
495a b 792a b = 0
5a4 b8 8a5 b7
=0
5a4 b8
= 8a5 b7
a
b
sleightofmath.com
134
Ex 5.2
(2 + p)5
5
5
5
+ ( ) (2)51 (p)1 + ( ) (2)52 (p)2 + ( ) (2)53 (p)3 +
3
1
2
2
= (32) +(5)(16)(p)
+(10)(8)(p )
+(10)(4)(p3 )
+
2
3
= 32
+80p
+80p
+40p
+
= 25
18(ii) (2 + x 2x 2 )5
= [2 + (x 2x 2 )]5
= 32 +80(x 2x 2 ) +80(x 2x 2 )2
= 32 +80(x 2x 2 ) +80(x 2 4x 3 + )
= 32 +80x
160x 2
2
+80x
320x 3
+40x 3 +
= 32 +80x
19
80x 2
+40(x 2x 2 )3 +
+40(x 3 + )
280x 3 +
4
+ ( ) (a)43 (bx + cx 2 )3 +
3
= a4 + 4a3 (bx + cx 2 )
+4a(b3 x 3 + ) +
= a4 + 4a3 bx +4a3 cx 2
+4ab3 x 3 +
(rej a > 0)
4a3 b = 216
a3 b = 54
a = 3,
(3)3 b = 54
b
=2
sleightofmath.com
135
For (2x 2
1 n
x
Ex 5.2
1
) = [2x 2 + (x 2 )]
21(i)
1 r
n
Tr+1 = ( ) (2x 2 )nr (x 2 )
r
1
n nr 2n2r
(1)r x 2r
= ( )2 x
r
5
n nr
= ( ) 2 (1)r x 2n2r
r
For (a + b)n ,
n
TR+1 = ( ) anR bR
R
For 2nd term, R = 1
n
2nd term: p = ( ) an1 b1 [given]
1
= nan1 b
For 3rd term: R = 2
n
3rd term: q = ( ) an2 b2 [given]
2
n!
2n r = 0
= (n2)!2! an2 b2
5
2
= 2n
5
n(n1) n2 2
a b
2
n!
= (n3)!3! an3 b3
For coefficient of x 7 x:
5
10 r = 7.5
2
5 5r (1)r 2(5)52r
20(ii) T
x
r+1 = ( ) 2
r
5
5
= ( ) 25r (1)r x102r
r
n(n1)(n2)! n2 2
a b
(n2)!2!
= r
5
2
n(n1)(n2)(n3)! n3 3
a b
(n3)!3!
n(n1)(n2) n3 3
a b
6
pr
q2
=1
nan1 b
Coefficient of x 7 x
5
= ( ) (2)51 (1)1
1
= (5)(16)(1)
= 80
n(n 1)(n 2) n3 3
[
a b ]
6
n(n 1) n2 2
[
a b ]
2
1 2
n (n 1)(n 2)a2n4 b4
6
=
1 2
n (n 1)2 a2n4 b 4
4
=
2(n 2)
[shown]
3(n 1)
=
=
2(n2)
3(n1)
2(n2)
3(n1)
3(n 1) = 4(n 2)
3n 3 = 4n 8
n
=5
sleightofmath.com
136
Ex 5.2
22
3
Given: a = 2 + 5 + 2 5
Prove: a3 = 4 3a
LHS
= a3
3
= [( 2 + 5) + ( 2 5)]
3
= ( 2 + 5)
31 3
1
32 3
2
3 3
3 3
( 2 5) + ( ) ( 2 + 5)
( 2 5)
+ ( ) ( 2 + 5)
1
2
3
+3 ( 2 + 5) ( 2 5)
= 2 + 5
3
+3 ( 2 + 5) ( 2 5)
33 3
3
3 3
( 2 5)
+ ( ) ( 2 + 5)
3
+2 5
= 4 +3 ( 2 + 5) ( 2 5) [( 2 5) + ( 2 + 5)]
3
= 4 +3( 4 5)
(a)
= 4 +3(1)
(a)
= 4 3
(a)
a = 2 + 5 + 2 5
= 4 3a
= RHS [proven]
a3
= 4 3a
3
a + 3a 4
=0
(a 1)( +
+ )
(a 1)(a2 +
+ )
2
(a 1)(a +
+ 4)
2
(a 1)(a + a + 4) = 0
a = 1 or a =
(1)(1)2 4(1)(4)
2(1)
115
2
sleightofmath.com
137
Rev Ex 5
A2(b)
Rev Ex 5
A1(i)
(a)
(1 + 3x)6
6
6
6
= 1 + ( ) (3x)1 + ( ) (3x)2 + ( ) (3x)3 +
3
1
2
= 1 + (6)(3x) +(15)(9x 2 ) +(20)(27x 3 ) +
= 1 + 18x + 135x 2 + 540x 3 +
A1(i)
(b)
(1 4x)5
For (x
2 12
x2
= [x + (2x 2 )]12
12 12r (2x 2 )r
)x
r
12
= ( ) x12r (2)r x 2r
r
12
= ( ) (2)r x123r
r
Tr+1 = (
For coefficient of x 3 ,
12 3r = 3
3r
= 9
r
=3
= [1 + (4x)]5
5
5
5
= 1 + ( ) (4x)1 + ( ) (4x)2 + ( ) (4x)3 +
3
1
2
Coefficient of x 3
12
= ( ) (2)3
3
= 1760
+(135x 2 )(1) +
= 160x 2
+135x 2 +
360x 2
= 65x 2 +
Coefficient of x 2 = 65
A2(a)
x 8
For (1 + ) ,
2
8 x r
Tr+1 = ( ) ( )
r 2
8 1 r
= ( ) ( x)
r 2
8 1 r
= ( ) ( ) xr
r 2
For coefficient of x 3 ,
r=3
Coefficient of x 3
8 1 3
= ( )( )
3 2
=7
sleightofmath.com
138
Rev Ex 5
2 8
(x 2 )
x
2 8
= [x 2 + ( )]
x
= (x 2 )8
2 1
2 2
8
8
+ ( ) (x 2 )81 ( ) + ( ) (x 2 )82 ( )
x
x
1
2
= x16
+(8)(x14 ) ( )
2
x
2 3
8
+ ( ) (x 2 )83 ( )
x
3
+(28)(x12 ) ( 2 )
+(56)(x10 ) ( 3 )
2 8
(x 3 + 1)2 (x 2 )
x
= (x 6 + 2x 3 + 1)(x16 16x13 + 112x10 448x 7 + )
= (x 6 )(448x 7 ) +(2x 3 )(112x10 )
= (448x13 )
+(224x13 )
13
= 240x +
+(1)(16x13 ) +
+(16x13 ) +
x n
(1 ) = [1 + ( x)]
0
1
n
n
1
1
= ( ) ( x) + ( ) ( x)
2
2
0
1
1
= (1)
+(n) ( x)
=1
nx
+(
+
A4(ii) (1 x)n = 1 + ax + 7x 2 +
2
n
1
+ ( ) ( x) +
2
2
n(n1)
) ( x2 ) +
n(n1) 2
x
8
[given]
Compare x 2 :
n(n1)
=7
8
2
n n
= 56
2
n n 56
=0
(n 8)(n + 7) = 0
n = 8 or n = 7 (rej n > 2)
A4(iii) Compare x:
1
n
2
1
=a
(8) = a
2
= 4
sleightofmath.com
139
Rev Ex 5
(1 + p)4
4
4
4
4
= ( ) (p)0 + ( ) (p)1 + ( ) (p)2 + ( ) (p)3
0
3
1
2
=1
+6p2
+4p
+4p3
B2
4
+ ( ) (p)4
4
4
+p
B2(i)
1 1
= [a2 x 2 + ( x 2 )]
r= =4
2
= 1 + 4x + 10x 2 + 16x 3 +
Coefficient of
x
)
a
8
Middle term = ( ) a1612 (1)4 x 44
4
= 70a4
8r
= [(1) + (x + x 2 )]4
+4(x + x 2 )3 +
a2
1
1 1
8
( x 2 )
Tr+1 = ( ) (a2 x 2 )
a
r
1
1
8
= ( ) a162r x 2r4 (1)r ar x 2r
r
8
= ( ) a163r (1)r x r4
r
A5(ii)
(1 + x + x 2 )4
= 1 +4(x + x 2 ) +6(x + x 2 )2
For (
1
x
r=3
8
= ( ) a163(3) (1)(3)4
3
= (56)a7 (1)
= 56a7
(2 x)7
= [2 + (x)]7
7
7
= ( ) (2)70 (x)0 + ( ) (2)71 (x)1
0
1
7
+ ( ) (2)72 (x)2 +
2
= 128
+(7)(64)(x)
+(21)(32)(x 2 ) +
= 128 448x + 672x 2 +
B1(ii) 1.997 = (2 0.01)7
= 128 448(0.01) +672(0.01)2 +
= 128 4.48 +0.0672 +
123.587
B1(iii) (k x)(2 x)7
= (k x)(128 448x + 672x 2 + )
= k(672x 2 ) +(x)(448x) +
= 672kx 2 +448x 2 +
= (672k + 448)x 2 +
Coefficient of x 2 = 616 [given]
672k + 448
= 616
672k
= 168
k
=
4
sleightofmath.com
140
Rev Ex 5
B3(i)
5
(2 + 3)
0
5
= ( ) (2)50 (3)
0
1
2
3
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
+ ( ) (2)51 (3) + ( ) (2)52 (3) + ( ) (2)53 (3) + ( ) (2)54 (3) + ( ) (2)55 (3)
3
5
1
2
4
= (32)
+(5)(16)(3)
+(10)(8)(3)
+(10)(4)(33) +(5)(2)(9)
+(1)(1)(93)
Show: (2 3) =
1
(2+3)
5 (2+3)
LHS = (2 3)
B4(i)
(2+3)
5
5
(43)5
(2+3)
1
(2+3)
= RHS [shown]
=3
B4(ii)
(3 x)(1 + 2x)n = 3 + 47x + bx 2 + [given]
(3 x)(1 + 2x)n
= (3 x) [1
n
n
+ ( ) (2x)1 + ( ) (2x)2 + ]
1
2
n(n1)
(4x 2 ) + ]
+ (n)(2x) +
= (3 x)(1
+ 2nx
= (3 x) [1
= 3 +6nx
x
+ 2n(n 1)x 2 + )
+6n(n 1)x 2
2nx 2
sleightofmath.com
141
Rev Ex 5
Expansion
(1 + ax)6 (2 + bx)5
6
6
= [1 + ( ) (ax)1 + ( ) (ax)2 + ]
1
2
5 (2)51 (bx)1
5
5
[2 + ( )
+ ( ) (2)52 (bx)2 + ]
1
2
= (1 + 6ax + 15a2 x 2 + )(32 + 80bx + 80b2 x 2 + )
+80b2 x 2
+480abx 2
+480a2 x 2 +
+(80b2 + 480ab + 480a2 )x 2 +
= 80bx
+192ax
= (80b + 192a)x
Equate coefficients
Coeff. of x = 112 [given]
80b + 192a = 112
b
=
=
112192a
80
712a
(1)
Coeff. of x 2
= 80 [given]
2
2
80b + 480ab + 480a = 80
b2 + 6ab + 6a2
=1
(2)
sub (1) into (2):
(
712a 2
5
144a2 +168a+49
25
+6a (
+
712a
5
42a72a2
) + 6a2 = 1
+6a2 = 1
= 25
= 25
66a2 42a
+24
11a2 +7a
+4
(11a + 4)(a + 1)
=0
=0
=0
a=
4
11
(rej a )
or
a = 1
b|a=1 =
712(1)
5
=1
sleightofmath.com
142
Ex 6.1
4(ii)
Ex 6.1
1(a)
Point:
D(1,4) or E(3,1)
(4)(1)
A(4,5) B(6,9)
MAB = (
4+6 5+9
y (4)=
= (5,7)
1(b)
5+11 3+(7)
2(b)
C
= MAB
9+b (6)+b2
(3, 4) = ( 1 ,
)
3 =
2
a1 = 0
A(0,3)
4
13
M
= MAB
a +6 a +7
(3,5) = ( 1 , 2 )
2
(a1 )+(6)
4
3
5(i)
A(a1 , a2 )
M(3,5) B(6,7)
[x (1)]
4
3
= x+
= (3, 2)
2(a)
y4 = x
A(5,3) B(11, 7)
MAB = (
y y1 = mDE (x x1 )
DE:
9+b1
(a2 )+(7)
and
5 =
a2 = 3
(6)+b2
3 =
and 4 =
2
2
b1 = 3
b2 = 2
B(3, 2)
5(ii)
Radius = |BC|
= [(3) 3]2 + [(2) (4)]2
M
= MAB
a +(4) a2 +(8)
(2,6) = ( 1
)
,
2
(a1 )+(4)
2 =
2
a1 = 0
A(0,20)
3(a)
and
= 40
(a2 )+(8)
6 =
a2 = 20
= 4 10
= 210
6(i)
= 36 + 4
2a+4a a+5a
= 1 + 49 = 50
= (3a, 2a)
3(b)
= 49 + 1 = 50
(2t)+4 5+(12t)
|AC| = |BC|,
ABC is isosceles
= (t + 1,3 t)
4(i)
A(1,6) B(3,2)
C(5, 4)
6(ii)
MAB = (
6+(2) (4)+4
2
= (2,0)
D = MAB
=(
(1)+3 6+2
= (1,4)
E = MAC
=(
(1)+(5) 6+(4)
2
= (3,1)
sleightofmath.com
143
Ex 6.1
area of ABC
1
|AB||MAB C|
2
1 [6 (2)]2
(5 2)2 + (3 0)2
2 +[(4) 4]2
1
= 64 + 64
2
y = x 2 + 2x 3
9 + 9
1
12818
2
1
= 2304
2
1
= (48)
2
x=
=
= 24 unit 2
2
p2 +q2
2
2
442
= 2 2
y|x=2+2 = 1 2(2 + 2)
) = (5,1)
=5
4162
432
A(2 2, 3 + 22)
= (5,1)
2
2(1)
= 5 + 22
p2 +q2 p+q
(4)(4)2 4(1)(4)
y|x=22 = 1 2(2 2)
A(p2 , p) B(q2 , q)
MAB
(2)
Points A & B
At A & B, 2x + y = 1 intersects y = x 2 + 2x 3.
2x + y = 1
y
= 1 2x
(1)
and
p + q = 10 (1)
sub (2) into (1):
p2 + (2 p)2
= 10
2
2)
(4
p + 4p + p = 10
2p2 4p 6
=0
2
p 2p 3
=0
(p + 1)(p 3)
=0
p+q
2
= 5 22
=1
B(2 + 2, 3 22)
q = 2 p (2)
p = 1
or
q|p=1 = 3
A = (p2 , p)
= ((1)2 , 1)
= (1, 1)
p=3
q|p=3 = 1
A = (p2 , p)
= ((3)2 , 3)
= (9,3)
B = (q2 , q)
= ((3)2 , 3)
= (9,3)
B = (q2 , q)
= ((1)2 , 1)
= (1, 1)
Midpoint of AB
MAB = (
(22)+(2+2) (5+22)+(522)
= (2,5)
9
B(2,5) C(c1 , c2 )
A(3,7)
MAC = (
(3)+(c1 ) (7)+(c2 )
2
c2
=0
= 7
MBC = (
(2)+(c1 ) (5)+(c2 )
)
,
2
2
c1
=0
=2
C(2, 7)
sleightofmath.com
144
Ex 6.1
6+8 8+(4)
2
12(i)
) = (7,2)
Point N
N = MBC = (
Line MN
Points:
8+(2) (4)+(2)
M(7,2) or N(3, 3)
(2)(3)
Gradient: mMN =
(7)(3)
= 9 + 16
16 + r 2
r2
=9
r = 3 or r = 3 (NA)
) = (3, 3)
5
4
MPR = (
y y1 = mMN (x x1 )
MN:
35
+2
Point P
5
27
At P, MN (y = x
y
5
4
5
P(
27
5
27
4
27
q2
=
2
=7
27
5
M = MAC = (
1+6 3+2
2
1+6
, 0) N(3, 3)
) =(
2
3+s1
2
3+s1 5+s2
and
s1 = 4
S(4,0)
2
3+2
2
s2
)
5+s
2
=
2
=0
D(7, d)
9
) = ( , 0)
2
=M
b+7 3+d
and
2 2
0+q2
2
b+7
7 7
)=( , )
M(7,2) P (
2
7
q1 = 7
Q(7,7)
, 0)
11(ii) MBD
10(ii) Ratio :
11(i)
= MPR
0+q1 0+q2
2
0+q1
=0
=0
27
2 2
5
27
x
4
4
7 7
= x
=( , )
y (2)= ( ) [x (7)]
y
4+3 4+3
2
9
2
) = ( , 0)
2
and
b =2
3+d
2
=0
d = 3
sleightofmath.com
145
Ex 6.1
15(i)
M = MPR = (
N = MQS = (
15(ii) M
= (3 t1
)2
+ [5 (2t1
)]2
5(t1 )2 14t1 + 10
12t1
t1
= 5(t1 )2 26t1 + 34
= 24
=2
r4 7
6+0 (2)+s
s2
) = (3,
, )
) =(
2
0+d1
(1)+d1 6+d2
2
6+1
2
) =(
2
0+3
2
(1)+0 6+0
)
7
and
= 10
s2
s =9
0+b a+0
b a
) =( , )
2 2
b 2
a 2
b2
4
a2
4
0+d2
2
b 2
a 2
b 2
a 2
|AM| = (0 ) + (a )
|BM| = (b ) + (0 )
b2
4
b2
4
a2
4
a2
4
0+3 0+1
and
) =(
2
3+d1
|OM| = (0 ) + (0 )
2
6+d2
)
=
d2
d1
=4
D(4, 5)
Case 3
For parallelogram ACBD,
MAB
= MCD
2
(1)+0
s2
B(b, 0)
d1
=2
D(2,7)
Case 2
For parallelogram ABDC,
MAD = MBC
=3
M = MAB = (
0+d1 0+d2
and
16
d2 = 7
2
(1)+d1
, ) = (3,
D(d1 , d2 )
C(3,1)
(1)+3 6+1
2
(1)+3
=N
PQRS is a parallelogram
Case 1
For parallelogram ABCD,
MAC
= MBD
)=(
A(0, a)
A(1,6) B(0,0)
S(0, s)
T(2,4)
R(r, 5)
(4)+r 2+5
r4 7
2
r4
(t1 )2 2t1 + 1
(t1 )2 6t1 + 9
=
+ 4(t1 )2 12t1 + 9
+4(t1 )2 20t1 + 25
Q(6, 2)
= QT
(1 t1 )2
14
P(4,2)
and
d1
= 4
D(4,5)
17(i)
O(0,0)
A = MOP = (
(0)+(2a) (0)+(0)
R(2d, 2e)
= (a, 0) [shown]
2
6+0
2
= 5
3+d1 1+d2
2
0+1
B = MPQ
1+d2
2
=(
(2a)+(2b) (0)+(2c)
= (a + b, c) [shown]
d2 = 5
C = MQR = (
(2b)+(2d) (2c)+(2e)
= (b + d, c + e) [shown]
D = MRO = (
(2d)+(0) (2e)+(0)
2
= (d, e) [shown]
Daniel & Samuel
A-math tuition 9133 9982
sleightofmath.com
146
Ex 6.1
a+(b+d) 0+(c+e)
2
2
(a+b)+d c+e
)= (
)= (
a+b+d c+e
2
2
a+b+d c+e
2
19
O(0,0) B(2,4)
(a)(ii) Let A be (x, y)
)
OA
MAC = MBD ,
ABCD is a parallelogram
18
C(0, n)
B(m, n)
A(m, 0)
MAC = (
0+m 0+n
2
2
m+0 0+n
2
x2 + y2
4x
x
= x 2 + y 2 4x 8y + 20
= 8y + 20
= 2y + 5
(1)
m n
2 2
m n
) =( , )
2 2
MOB = MAC ,
diagonals of rectangle OABC bisect each other
= OM
1)2
+ (y
(x 2 2x + 1)
+(y 2 4y + 4)
2)2
= (0 1)2 + (0 2)2
= 12 + 22
(x 2 2x) + (y 2 4y) + 5
(x 2 2x) + (y 2 4y)
=5
=0
(2)
19
As OABC is a square,
0+2 0+4
(a)(i) M
) = (1,2)
,
AC = MOB = (
(x 2 4x + 4)
+y 2 8y + 16
x 2 + y 2
AM
) =( , )
= AB
(x 0)2
= (x 2)2 + (y 4)2
+(y 0)2
(x
MOB = (
M(1,2)
sleightofmath.com
147
Ex 6.1
19
(a)
(iii)
(2,4)
19(b) M(1,2) (m + 1, m + 2)
A(1,3) (m 1, m + 3)
C(3,1) (m + 3, m + 1)
OB bisector of OB
Point:
MOB (1,2)
Gradient: mOB =
mOB
40
20
20
1
2
y y1 = mOB (x x1 )
OB :
y (2)= ( ) (x 1)
2
a+b
2
1
2
5
= x+
5
2
A (a1 , a1 + )
|AM|
= |OM|
(a1 1)2 + [( 1 a1 + 5) 2]
2
(a1 1)2 + [( a1 + ) 2]
1
1 2
(a1 1)2 + ( a1 + )
2
5
5
a a1 +
4 1
2
4
5
5
15
(a1 )2 a1
4
2
4
5(a1 )2 10a1 15
(a1 )2 2a1 3
(a1 + 1)(a1 3)
a1 = 1 or
1
a2 = (1) +
=3
A(1,3)
C(3,1)
) = (2,6)
=2
(0 1)2
+(0 2)2
=5
and
2a+b+3
2
=6
2a + b + 3 = 12
2a + b
=9
b
= 9 2a (2)
sub (1) into (2):
b = 9 2(4 b)
b = 9 8 + 2b
b = 1 + 2b
b = 1
b = 1
a|b=1 = 4 (1)
=5
A(5,10)
B(1,2)
=5
(a1 )2 2a1 + 1
+ (a1 )2 a1 +
a + b= 4
a
=4b
(1)
Point A
A(a1 , a2 ) lies on OB :
1
= (2,6)
a+b 2a+b+3
y2 = x+
a2 = a1 +
A lies on y = 2x
A(a, 2a)
B lies on y = x + 3 B(b, b + 3)
MAB
M(1,2) (4,5)
A(1,3) (2,6)
C(3,1) (6,4)
=5
=5
=0
=0
=0
=0
a1 = 3
1
a2 = (3) +
=1
A(3,1)
C(1,3)
sleightofmath.com
148
Ex 6.2
3
Ex 6.2
P(1,2) Q(5,0)
R(7,4)
S(1,6)
1(a)
A(3,5) B(2,7)
(5)(7)
mAB = (3)(2)
tan =
1(b)
(2)(0)
mPQ = (1)(5) =
(6)(4)
mSR = (1)(7) =
A(4, 3) B(4,6)
mPS = (1)(1) = 2
(0)(4)
(4)(4)
A(5, 4) B(7, 4)
A(1,0)
(1)(5)
B(4,2)
(0)(2)
6
C(0, 3) D(3, 1)
3
c
2
3
(3)(1)
(0)(3)
B(2,7)
(1)(c)
= (0)(1)
=
1c
1
=1c
=4
2
3
5(a)
Point:
A(1,3)
Gradient: line y = 4x 1,
m=4
Line:
y y1 = m (x x1 )
y (3)= (4)[x (1)]
y 3 = 4x + 4
y
= 4x + 7
5(b)
Point:
mAB = mCD ,
AB CD
A(1,5)
B(2, 5) C(1, c)
57
(0)(2)
2(b)
A(0,1)
(4)(4)
mAB = (1)(4) =
mCD =
mQR = (5)(7) = 2
(3)(6)
tan = 0
= 0
2(a)
(2)(6)
tan
= 90
mAB =
21.8
mAB =
1(c)
C(0,4)
D(1,3)
(5)(7)
mAB = (1)(2) = 2
(4)(3)
A(0,1)
mCD = (0)(1) = 1
Gradient: line 2x + y = 3
y
= 2x + 3
m = 2
mAB mCD ,
AB is not CD
Line:
sleightofmath.com
y y1 = m (x x1 )
y (1)= (2)[x (0)]
y 1 = 2x
y
= 2x + 1
149
Ex 6.2
Point:
A(2,0)
Gradient:
line x + 3y = 12
3y
= 12 x
Line:
y
m=
= x+4
2nd line
dx + ey + f = 0
ey
= dx f
= m(x x1 )
y (0)= [x (2)]
5(d)
= x
=
b
A(2,0)
Gradient:
line BC,
m = mBC =
Line:
6(a)
Point:
8
36
6
3
d
e
[shown]
y y1 = m (x x1 )
y (1)= (2)[x (3)]
y 1 = 2x 6
y
= 2x 5
= mRS
3k(k2)
k2 k
2k+2
k2 k
2(k+1)
(1,2)
k(k1)
k+1 2
( 1)
k+1 2k
y y1 = m(x x1 )
y (2)= (4)[x (1)]
y 2 = 4x 4
y
= 4x 2
(k+2)1
k1
k+1
k1
k+1
k1
=0
k1 k
k1
=0
(k + 1)(2 k) = 0
k = 1 or k = 2
9
6(b)
=2
Gradient: line y = 4x 3,
m=4
Line:
(2)4
= x
y y1
1st line
ax + by + c = 0
by
= ax cy
a
c
y
= x
R(b, c)
y intercept: c = 3
Gradient:
line y = 3x + 4,
m=3
Line:
(a+b)(ab)
(a)(2a)
y = mx + c
= 3x + 3
a
2b
2aba2
2b
sleightofmath.com
(2a)(c)
= (ab)(b)
=
2ac
a2b
= 2a c
2aba2
= 2a
= 2a a +
=a+
a2
2b
2b
a2
2b
150
Ex 6.2
Gradient of AP:
3(5)
(2)p
mAP =
11(ii) Line
Point:
Gradient: Line 3x + 2y 6 = 0
2y
= 3x 6
A(1, 1)
2p
= x+
y
m=
= x3
2
3
2
mline =
Line:
y y1
= m (x x1 )
3
y (1) = ( ) [x (1)]
AP line
mAP = mline
8
2p
24
p
= 8 + 4p
=4
10(ii) Line AP
Point:
12(i)
A(2,3) or P(4, 5)
8
mAP =
AP:
y y1 = mAP (x x1 )
2(4)
Gradient:
4
3
y3 =
4
3
(x + 2)
y3 = x
y
= x+
Point A
At A, x + y + 2 = 0 intersects 3x 2y + 1 = 0:
x+y+2 =0
y
= x 2 (1)
3x 2y + 1 = 0
= (x + 1)
y+1
= x
= x
2
3
2
3
2
5
A(3, 1) or P
Gradient:
AP y = 2x + 3,
mAP = 2
AP:
y y1 = mAP (x x1 )
y (1) = 2 (x 3)
y+1
= 2x 6
y
= 2x 7
12(ii) Point P
At P, AP (y = 2x 7) intersects y = 3x 11.
2x 7 = 3x 11
x
= 4
x
=4
y|x=4 = 2(4) 7
=1
P(4,1)
(2)
13(i)
Line AP
Point:
y (3)= ( ) [x (2)]
11(i)
y+1
4
3
sleightofmath.com
Point B
B = (6 3,2)
= (3,2)
151
Ex 6.2
B(3,2) or C
BC 2y + x = 0
2y
= x
BC:
C or D(0,5)
Gradient:
CD
= x
2
mCD =
y y1 = mBC
y2 = x+
y 5 = (x 0)
2
1
= x+5
= x+
Point C
1
At C, CD (y = x + 5) meets BC (y = x + )
A(6,2)
1
2
AD BC,
2
3
x+5= x+
mAD = mBC =
AD:
Gradient:
y y1 = mCD (x x1 )
CD:
13(iii) Line AD
Point:
= x
(x x1 )
y (2)= (x 3)
2y x = 0
2y
=x
y
mBC =
13(iv) Line CD
Point:
2
1
2
17
y|x=3 = ( ) + 5
y y1 = mAD (x x1 )
4
3 17
y (2)= ( ) (x 6)
2
C ( ,
2
y2 = x+3
= x+5
2
Point D
At D, AD cuts y axis (x = 0):
y|x=0 = 5
D(0,5)
sleightofmath.com
152
Ex 6.3
4(ii)
Ex 6.3
1
mAB = (3)(6) =
(1)(8)
mBC = (6)(20) =
14
1
2
) ( )
= 1
= 1
2t t 2
= 15
t 2 2t 15 = 0
(t 5)(t + 3) = 0
t = 5 or t = 3
AB BC
A(2, 1) B(5,4) C(15, 2)
5
mAB =
mBC =
(1)(4)
(2)(5)
(4)(2)
3
6
(5)(15)
10
mBC =
a2
(3)1
210
=
=
( ) (k)= 1
2
a2
4
)( )
a2
6
= 1
= 1
2a4
6
2a
a
mBC =
20
19
0t
96
=
=
2
8
t
3
=
=
(1, 2) lies on y = ax + b
2 = a + b
(1)
1
4
t
lines are :
m1 m2 = 1
a (3) = 1
ABC = 90:
(mAB )(mBC ) = 1
1
=2
= 4 2a
= 2
= 1
Lines are :
m1 m2 = 1
= x+1
2nd line
y kx + 4 = 0
y
= kx 4
AB BC
ABC = 90
mAB =
1st Line
x + 2y 2 = 0
2y
= x + 2
y
(mAB ) (mBC ) = ( ) ( ) = 1
4(i)
5
2tt2
15
2t
2t
AC BC:
(mAC )(mBC ) = 1
= 2
7
(2)(t)
mAC = (1)(6) =
= (2)
3
( ) ( ) = 1
t
12
= 1
2 = ( ) + b
= 12
b =
3
sleightofmath.com
153
Ex 6.3
(4,5)
Point:
10
Gradient: Line x + 2y 4 = 0
2y = x + 4
1
y
m=
1
( )
2
= x+2
2
y 2 = 6x 32
=2
Point A
At A, y = x 1 intersects y = x 2 x
x1
= x2 x
x 2 2x + 1 = 0
(x 1)2
=0
x
=1
bisector of AB
AB bisector of AB
y|x=1 = (1) 1
=0
A(1,0)
Line
Point:
A(1,0)
Gradient: line y = x 1
11(i)
A(3,3) B(7,3)
AB bisector of AB
AB :
x=
3+7
Gradient:
mAB =
AB :
y y1 = mAB (x x1 )
y (3) = 1(x 11)
y+3
= x 11
y
= x 14
2
1
mAB
=1
A(3,6) or F
Gradient:
AF:
1
mBC
1
(1)(7)
( (2)(6) )
1
2
y y1 = mAF (x x1 )
1
y 6 = ( 3)
2
1
2
1
2
15
y6 = x+
y
1
(2)(8)
( (6)(16) )
Line AF
Point:
mAF =
=5
) = (11, 3)
MAB = (
y y1 = m (x x1 )
y 0 = 1(x 1)
y
= x + 1
6+16 2+(8)
Point:
m = (1) = 1
Line:
(2)
y y1 = m(x x1 )
y 5 = 2 (x 4)
y
= 2x 3
Line:
Points A & B
At A & B, x + y = 8 meets y 2 = 6x 32:
x + y= 8
y
= 8 x (1)
sleightofmath.com
= x+
154
Ex 6.3
B(2, 1) or C(6,7)
(1)7
Gradient:
mBC =
BC:
y y1 = mBC (x x1 )
y (1) = 2 [x (2)]
y+1
= 2x 4
y
= 2x 5
26
=2
12(ii) Point P
At P, AP (y = 4x + 13) cuts x axis (y = 0).
y
=0
4x + 13 = 0
x
P(
15
).
15
2x 5 = x +
5
2
13
4
P(
=5
, 0)
13
4
, 0) A(3,1)
PA: AQ = (
= 4 + 1
= 5 units
Line AB
Point:
AB:
A(3,1) or P
y y1
y1
y1
y
3) : (3 0)
:3
A(4,13) or B(9,3)
(13)(3)
Gradient: mAB =
Gradient: AP x 4y = 8
4y = x + 8
AP:
13
= 1: 12
mAP =
Q(0,13)
Line AP
Point:
12(iii) Ratio :
25
y|x=5 = 2(5) 5
=5
F(5,5)
12(i)
13
Point Q
At Q, AP(y = 4x + 13) cuts y-axis (x = 0).
y|x=0 = 13
Q(0,13)
Point F
At F, BC (y = 2x 5) intersects AF
(y = x +
1
1
4
( )
= x2
4
= 4
13(ii) Line
Point:
(4)(9)
= 2
= mAB (x x1 )
= 2(x 4)
= 2x + 8
= 2x + 21
y y1
y 13
y 13
y
C(10,8)
Gradient: Line y 4x = 5
y
= 4x + 5
= mAP (x x1 )
= 4(x 3)
= 4x + 12
= 4x + 13
m=
Line:
1
4
y y1 = m (x x1 )
1
y 8 = (x 10)
4
1
4
1
2
21
y8 = x+
y
10
5
sleightofmath.com
= x+
155
Ex 6.3
13(iii) Point P
1
21
At P, y = x +
1
21
x+
7
4
meets AB (y = 2x + 21):
= 2x + 21
14(iii) Ratio :
A(3,1) M(4,3) D(2,6)
AM: MD
= (3 4)2 + (1 3)2
21
: [4 (2)]2 + (3 6)2
=6
= 5 : 45
y|x=6 = 2(6) + 21
=9
P(6,9)
= 5 : 9 5
= 5 : 35
=1
14(i)
Line DM
Point:
Gradient:
D(2,6)
DM AB (y = 2x 5)
1
mDM =
mAB
15(i)
AB bisector of AB
y 6 = [x (2)]
2
1
y6 = x1
2
1
= x+5
bisector of AB
A(5,4) B(3, 2)
y y1 = mDM (x x1 )
DM:
:3
5+3 4+(2)
) = (4,1)
Point:
MAB = (
Gradient:
mAB =
AB :
y y1 = mAB (x x1 )
1
mAB
1
(4)(2)
( (5)(3) )
1
6
2
( )
1
3
y 1 = (x 4)
14(ii) Point M
1
3
1
3
1
3
7
At M, DM (y = x + 5) intersects
y1 = x+
AB (y = 2x 5).
= x+
x + 5 = 2x 5
2
5
15(ii) Point P
= 10
At P, AB (y = x + ) intersects y = x + 5.
=4
3
4
x+ =x+5
1
y|x=4 = (4) 5
=3
M(4,3)
= 2
y|x=2 = (2) + 5
=3
P(2,3)
Point B
Let B be (b1 , b2 )
M
= MAB
(4,3) = (
4 =
3+b1 1+b2
2
3+b1
2
b1 = 5
B(5,5)
and
)
3 =
1+b2
2
b2 = 5
sleightofmath.com
156
Ex 6.3
bisector of AB
A(5,2) B(3,6)
AB bisector of AB
MAB = (
Point:
18(i)
) = (4,4)
2
1
m=
AB :
y y1 = m (x x1 )
(2)(6)
((5)(3))
1
4
)
2
Point C
At C, BC(y = 5x + 6) cuts y axis (x = 0).
y|x=0 = 6
C(0,6)
2
1
y4 = x2
2
1
= x+2
2
16(ii) Point P
At P, AB cuts x-axis
(y = 0)
1
2
Point Q
At P, AB cuts y-axis
(x = 0)
18(ii) Line AC
Point:
BD is bisector of AC,
mAC =
x
= 4
P(4,0)
A or C(0,6)
Gradient:
y|x=0 = (0) + 2
x+2=0
y y1 = mBC (x x1 )
y (1)= (5) [x (1)]
y 1 = 5x + 5
y
= 5x + 6
BC:
y 4 = (x 4)
B(1,1) or C
BC y = 5x
mBC = 5
5+3 2+6
Gradient:
mAB
Line BC
Point:
Gradient:
=2
Q(0,2)
AC:
1
mBD
1
(1)(7)
((1)(8))
3
2
y y1 = mAC (x x1 )
3
y 6 = (x 0)
17(a) bisector of PQ
P(3,5) Q(5,9)
PQ bisector of PQ
2
3
y6 = x
3+5 5+9
MPQ = (
Gradient:
m=
PQ :
y y1 = m (x x1 )
1
mPQ
2
1
(5)(9)
((3)(5))
18(iii) Point A
1
=0
3
y 7 = (x 4)
x + 6= 0
y7 = x+2
2
3
2
1
) = (4,7)
Point:
2
3
= x+6
2
1
= 6
x
=4
A(4,0)
= x+9
2
17(b) Point
At point where y = 6x intersects
Midpoint of AC
A(4,0) C(0,6)
PQ (y = x + 9).
2
M = MAC = (
6x = x + 9
4+0 0+6
2
) = (2,3)
13
2
x= 9
=
18
13
18
y|x=18 = 6 ( )
13
13
108
Point (
13
18 108
13
13
sleightofmath.com
157
Ex 6.3
20(i)
Line AB
Point:
A(1, 1) or B(5,3)
Gradient:
mAB =
AB:
y y1 = mAB (x x1 )
y (1) = (1) [x (1)]
y+1
=x1
y
=x2
M = MAB = (
20(ii) Line PQ
Point:
Line CD
A(2,3) B(6,7) C(7, t)
MAB = (
Point:
2+6 3+7
2
) = (4,5)
CD:
y y1
y5
y5
y
mAB
(2)(6)
= (3)(7) = 4
= mCD (x x1 )
= (1)[x (4)]
= x + 4
= x + 9
(1)+(5) (1)+(3)
2
4
4
= 1
) = (3,1)
Gradient:
mPQ =
PQ:
y y1
y1
y1
y
1
mAB
1
1
= 1
= mPQ (x x1 )
= (1)(x 3)
= x + 3
= x + 4
Value of q
Q(7, q) lies on
PQ(y = x + 4),
(q) = (7) + 4
q = 3
19(ii) Value of t
C(7, t) lies on y = x + 9:
(t) = (7) + 9
t =2
19(iii) Point D
C(7,2) D(d1 , d2 )
= 32 = 16 2 = 42
169
4 =
7+d1 2+d2
2
7+d1
2
13
2
1
2
1
13
= (42) ( )
AB is bisector of CD,
MAB = MCD
(4,5) = (
=1
Value of p
P(p, 3.5) lies on
PQ(y = x + 4),
(3.5) = (p) + 4
p
= 0.5
(1)(5)
Midpoint of AB
Area of ABCD
1
= |AC||BD|
2
1
= (213)(313)
2
= 3(13)
= 39 unit 2
19(i)
(1)(3)
= 26
and
d1 = 1
5 =
2+d2
2
d2 = 8
D(1,8)
sleightofmath.com
158
Ex 6.3
A(4,3) B(8, 3)
AB perpendicular bisector of AB
C
A(4,3)
MAB B(8, 3)
C
Point:
MAB = (
(4)+(8) (3)+(3)
Gradient: mAB =
=
AB :
2
1
mAB
1
6
12
) = (2,0)
MAB = (
4+8 3+(3)
1
(3)(3)
((4)(8))
=2
= 5p2 20p + 20
y y1 = mAB (x x1 )
y 0 = 2 (x 2)
y
= 2x 4
21(ii) Show
If (10,16) lies on AB (y = 2x 4),
(16) = 2(10) 4
16 = 16 [consistent]
(10,16) lies on AB
ABC area
1
2
1
2
=6
|CMAB ||AB|
=6
=2
=2
=4
25p2 100p + 96
=0
=0
or
2p 4 =
8
4
5
C( , )
sleightofmath.com
=6
p=
) = (2,0)
p=
12
5
2p 4 =
C(
4
5
12 4
5
, )
5
159
Ex 6.3
22
P(0,4)
4
| |
2 3
4 8
||
3 3
p
2p 4
p
2p 4
4
||
3
Line PQ
Pt:
P(0,4) or Q
=6
Grad: mPQ =
4
||
3
= 12
|30p 60|
PQ:
= 12
5
12
C(
12 4
5
4
1
2
( )
=2
y y1 = mPQ (x x1 )
y (4)= (2) [x (0)]
y
= 2x + 4
Line PR
Pt:
P(0,4) or R
, ) or C ( , )
5
y|x=4 = 4
Q(4, 4)
2p 4 = 2 ( ) 4
2p 4 = 2 ( ) 4
=
1
ml3
Point Q
At Q, PQ meets y = x
2x + 4 = x
x
= 4
=2
or 5p 10 = 2
5p
=8
12
l1 : x = 0
=6
8
3
l2 : y = x
l3 : y = x
ABC area
1
Grad: mPR =
1
ml2
= (1) = 1
PR: y y1 = mPR (x x1 )
y (4)= (1)[x (0)]
y
= x + 4
Point R
1
At R, PR meets y = x
2
x + 4 = x
2
= 4
=8
y|x=8 = (8)
2
= 4
R(8, 4)
sleightofmath.com
160
Ex 6.3
AO = OC, (radius)
AOC is isosceles
BO = OC, (radius)
BOC is isosceles
= 180
O = MAB = (
B
= 180
2 + 2
= 180
2( + )
= 180
= 90
ACB
= 90
AC BC
) = (3,1)
= radius
|OC|
= (diameter AB)
|OC|
= |AB|
1
2
1
3)2
+ (b
1)2
2
1
= (1 5)2 + (0 2)2
2
1
(a 3)2 + (b 1)2 = 20
2
AOC + OCA
= 180
+OBC + OCB
+ + +
|OC|
(a
1+5 0+2
(a 3)2 + (b 1)2
= (20)
(a 3)2 + (b 1)2
= 5 [shown]
Note:
Alternate approach is to use right angle triangle in
semicircle.
By Pythagoras Theorem, |AC|2 + |BC|2 = |AB|2 .
23(iv) At (2,3),
[(2) 3]2 +[(3) 1]2 = 5
(1)2
+22
=5
1 +4
=5
5
= 5 [consistent]
(2,3) lies on circle
sleightofmath.com
161
Ex 6.4
3(i)
Ex 6.4
1(a)
ABC area
ABC area
=| |
1 2
= |
2 3
5
6
1
2
1
4
2
|
3
2
1
= (12)
2
4(a)
5
|
2
Area of OABC
=
1
2
2
4
2
4
0
|
0
3 6
5 2
4(b)
2
||
4
1
= |10 + 6 + 24
2
1
= |6|
2
1
(42)
2
= 21 unit 2
ABC area
1
4 6
1 4
= [0 + 16 + 24 + 0 0 6 (8) 0]
=| |
1 0
|
2 0
1
1
(48)
2
= 24 unit 2
2(a)
4 0 (10)|
3(ii)
5
||
2
= 0 unit 2
= 6 unit 2
5
2
2 1
0 2
1
|0 + (4) + (2)
2
1
= |0|
2
=|
5
2
1(b)
12 30 4|
= 3 unit 2
= 24 unit 2
2(b)
=| |
2
4
2
2 6
4 0
4
||
2
1
|16 + 0 + (12)
2
1
= |56|
2
=
4 24 0|
= 28 unit 2
sleightofmath.com
162
Ex 6.4
6(iii)
Area of ABC
1 2
3 2 2
|
= |
2 3 1 0 3
1
= [2 + 0 + (6) (9) (2) 0]
=
2
3
1
2
1
2
2
9
7(i)
unit 2
A(3,5)
| |
2
||
= 5 unit 2
= 11 unit 2
3
5
3
5
7(ii)
C(9, 1)
1
2
4
1
B(5,9) C(k, k + 2)
5
9
= 18
k
k+2
5
9
k
k+2
3
||
5
= 18
3
||
5
= 36
5 9
1 1
= 36
Area of ABC
=| |
B(5,1)
A(4, 1)
2
5
|2k + 6|
=6
2k + 6 = 6 or 2k + 6 = 6
2k
=0
2k
= 12
k
=0 k
=6
Area of pentagon
3
|12k + 36|
= + +5
4
||
1
|AB||CF|
|CF|
= |10|
2
= 5 unit 2
6(ii)
=5
6(i)
Area of ABC
Area of ADE
1 2
1 2 2
|
= |
2 3
1 1 3
1
= [2 + 1 + 6 3 (2) (2)]
5(ii)
=5
sin BAC
Area of ACD
1 2
2 1 2
|
= |
2 3 0
1 3
1
= [0 + 2 + 3 (6) 0 2]
=
Area of ABC
unit 2
AC = 9 4
=5
8(i)
= 18
36
|AB|
36
80
=
=
36
[3(5)]2 +(59)2
36
516
36
45
9
5
= 5
5
= 1 + 4
= 5 units [shown]
2
1
= (t 2 + 4t + 2) unit 2
2
sleightofmath.com
163
Ex 6.4
Area of ABC = 2
1
(t 2 + 4t + 2) =
11(i)
Area of ABC
1 3 4
6 3
|
= |
2 4
2 1 4
1
= [6 + 4 + 24 (16) 12 (3)]
2
1
= (41)
2
= 20.5 unit 2
t 2 + 4t + 2
=5
2
t 4t + 3
=0
(t 1)(t 3)
=0
t = 1 or t = 3
9(i)
(4r 8)
=4
2r 4
2r
r
=4
=8
=4
9(ii)
Area of ACB
=4
1 1 3 5 1
|
|
=4
2 3 r 1 3
1
(r + 3 + 15 9 5r 1) = 4
2
1
(4r + 8)
=4
2r + 4
2r
r
10(i)
12(i)
=9
= 3x + 9
= x
3
2
AD line mAD =
1
mline
= MBD
2+1 1+4
2
2+1
= 123
= 100
= 20
3x 2y
2y
mline =
= 3(20.5)
23 + 5p
5p
p
=4
=0
=0
MAC
(23 + 5p)
) =(
2
b1 +0
2
b1 +0 b2 +2
2
and
b1 = 3
B(3,3)
Line BC
Point:
Gradient:
2
1+4
2
b2 +2
2
b2 = 3
BC:
2
3
B(4,7) or C
BC AD
mBC = mAD =
3
2
1
3
( )
2
2
3
y y1 = mBC (x x1 )
2
y (7)= ( ) (x 4)
3
3
2
3
29
y7 = x+
2
1
= (10)
= x+
= 5 unit
sleightofmath.com
164
Ex 6.4
12(iv) Area of quadrilateral ABFD
1
D(3,3) or E
A (1, )
2
DE BC (y = x +
Gradient:
mDE =
mBC
1
2
3
( )
29
3
Area of ABFD
0
1 1 4
= | 1 7 29
2
3
2
3
2
15
= x+
=
13(i)
Point E
1
15
3
29
At E, DE (y = x +
2
(y = x +
3
x+
2
13
6
15
2
=1
29
=9
E(1,9)
104
unit 2
A(3a, 4a + 1), a > 0
B(0,1)
=5
1]2
A(3,5)
13(ii) Line BC
Point:
12(iii) Point F
2
At F, BC (y = x +
3
29
y|x=0 = (0) +
=
(3a
+ [(4a + 1)
=5
2
2
9a + 16a
= 25
2
25a
= 25
a2 1
=0
(a + 1)(a 1)
=0
a = 1 (rej a > 0) or a = 1
0)2
13
y|x=1 = (1) +
+ 0 + (1) 0 (29) 3]
|AB|
29
) intersects BC
= x+
=
3
2
116
= (
3 1
1|
3
1 208
y 3 = (x + 3)
3
= [7 +
y (3)= ( ) [x (3)]
y3 = x+
y y1 = mDE (x x1 )
DE:
29
F (0, ) D(3,3)
B(4,7)
29
3
B(0,1) or C
) cuts y-axis (x = 0)
Gradient: BC AB,
mBC =
29
3
29
1
mAB
(0)(3)
4
3
= (1)(5) =
3
4
F (0, )
3
y y1 = mBC (x x1 )
BC:
y 1 = (x 0)
Point A
A(a1 , a2 ) B(4,7)
29
3
a1 +0
2
a1
)=(
4+(3)
2
At C, BC (y = x + 1) cuts x-axis (y = 0)
4
4+(3) 7+3
and
=1
29
a2 +( )
3
a2
Point C
= x+1
F (0, ) D(3,3)
a1 +0 a2 +( 3 )
4
3
x + 1= 0
)
=
=
4
3
= 1
7+3
2
1
4
3
C ( , 0)
3
A (1, )
3
sleightofmath.com
165
Ex 6.4
13(iii) bisector of AB
AB bisector of AB
MAB = (
Point:
(3)+(0) (5)+(1)
2
A(3,5)
C ( , 0)
B(0,1)
) = ( , 3)
D(
11
2
, 0)
Area of ABCD
Gradient: mAB = mBC =
y y1 = mAB (x x1 )
AB :
3
4
3
4
3
8
33
= x+
11
55
= (3 + 0 + 0 +
y 3 = (x )
y3 = x+
= |
0 0 0)
3
1 175
(
)
2 6
= 14
7
12
unit 2
Point D
At D, AB cuts x-axis (y = 0).
y
=0
3
33
4
3
x+
x
x
D(
=0
=
11
2
33
8
11
2
, 0)
sleightofmath.com
166
Rev Ex 6
A2(ii) Point D
at k = 2:
A(3,1) B(5,3)
Rev Ex 6
A1(i)
A(2,1) B(10,6) C(a, 6)
AB
D on x axis:
D(d, 0)
= BC
10]2
[(2)
+ (1
169
169
a2 20a + 75
(a 5)(a 15)
a = 5 or a = 15
6)2
BD AC:
mBD mAC = 1
30
5d
3
5d
Let D be (d1 , d2 )
For ABCD is rhombus,
MAC
= MBD
(2)+a 1+(6)
2
(2)+a
2
d1
) =(
2
10+d1
and
= a 12
2
1+(6)
2
d2
36
3
3
mBD =
= 1
= 1
30
58
tan = 1
= 45
6+d2
2
= 11
a = 5: D(7, 11)
a = 15: D(3, 11)
A2(i)
14
10+d1 6+d2
2
3
=d5
d
=8
D(8,0)
C(6,4)
obtuse = 180 45
= 135
A3(i)
A(6,7)
B(0,1)
C(9,4)
C(2k + 2,2k)
= 81 + 9
A, B, C are collinear,
mAB
= mBC
(1)(3)
(k+1)(2k+1)
2
k
2
= 9 10
= 310 units
(3)(2k)
= (2k+1)(2k+2)
=
32k
1
= 2k 3
= 90
2
= 2k 2 3k
2k 2 3k 2 = 0
(2k + 1)(k 2) = 0
1
k = or k = 2
2
|AF||BC|
|AF|(310) = 18
|AF|
sleightofmath.com
= 18
36
310
12
10
1210
10
610
5
167
Rev Ex 6
A4(a) y = ax + b
m1 = a
A5(i)
2x + y = 8
y
= 2x + 8
m2 = 2
Line BC
Point:
B(1, 3) or C
Gradient:
mBC =
BC:
y y1
1
2
= mBC (x x1 )
1
y (3) = ( ) [x (1)]
2
y = ax + b 2x + y = 8
m1 m2 = 1
a(2)
= 1
a
A5(ii) Line AC
Point:
Gradient:
y = ax + b on y axis (x = 0):
y = a(0) + b
=b
(0, b)
A4(b) AB: y = 3x +
1
BC: y = x 1
F(3,2)
= x
mAB
1
8
( )
4
1
2
C
F(3,2)
2
1
2
13
1
2
5
2
13
= x+
1
3
1
3
9
2
=9
1
13
y|x=9 = (9) +
Gradient: AF BC,
1
=2
C(9,2)
= (1) = 1
Point A
At A, AF intersects AB (y = 3x + 1)
x + 5 = 3x + 1
4x = 4
x
=1
|BC||AD|
|BC||AD|
=4
= |
2
=|
sleightofmath.com
3
5
3
5
9
2
3
|
5
3
|
5
[(1) 9]2
9 2 + 45
|AD| = [
]
2
(50) (27) 6
[(
]
+ 3) 2
125|AD|
55|AD|
= 60
|AD|
= 60
=
Daniel & Samuel
A-math tuition 9133 9982
At C, AC intersects BC (y = x )
y=x1
y y1 = mAF (x x1 )
y (2)= (1)[x (3)]
y 2 = x + 3
y
= x + 5
= x+
A5(iii) Point C
mBC
y (5)= ( ) [x (3)]
y = 3x + 1
y y1 = mAC (x x1 )
mAF =
1
(3)(5)
((1)(3))
y5 = x+
Line AF
Point:
A or F(3,2)
y|x=1 = (1) + 5
A(1,4)
2
5
= x+
A(3,5) or C
BAC = 90,
AC:
AF:
2
1
y+3
mAC =
(0, b) lies on x + y + 3 = 0,
0+b+3 =0
b
= 3
12
5
125
5
168
Rev Ex 6
AD: 3x + 2y = 6
B
AB: 5y + 6 = 3x
A6(ii) Line BC
BC x axis,
BC is y = 6
Point B
At B, BC (y = 6)cuts AD (5y + 6 = 3x),
5(6) + 6 = 3x
36
= 3x
x
= 12
B(12,6)
Line CD
Pt:
C or D(0,3)
Grad: CD AB,
Point A
At A, AD cuts x axis (y = 0):
3x + 2(0) = 6
3x
=6
x
=2
A(2,0)
Point D
At D, AD cuts y axis (x = 0):
3(0) + 2y = 6
y
=3
D(0,3)
mCD = mAB =
CD: y y1
5
3
0 =
2+e1 0+e2
2+e1
= x+3
5
Point C
At C, CD cuts BC (y = 6),
= MAE
,
= mCD (x x1 )
3
(0,3) = (
y (3)= [x (0)]
A6(ii) Point E
Let E be (e1 , e2 )
D
5
3
and
e1 = 2
E(2,6)
3 =
0+e2
x+3=6
x
=3
x
=5
C(5,6)
e2 = 6
sleightofmath.com
=
=
108
3p
2
3p
2
3p
p
=1
=2
3p
169
(1)p 3p
6
2
1p 3p
6
2
Rev Ex 6
B2(iii) :
3
= 1
A ( , 0) P(1, 1) B(0, 3)
2
= 1
By similar triangles
(using x-coordinates) [diagram?]
= 1
= 1
p+1 3p
AP: PB = ( 1) : (1 0)
2
12
= (p + 1)(p 3)
12
= p2 + 2p 3
2
p 2p 15 = 0
(p + 3)(p 5) = 0
p = 3 or p = 5
B2(i)
:1
= 1: 2
B3(i)
Point P
At P, x y 2 = 0 intersects 2x 5y 7 = 0.
xy2 =0
y
= x 2 (1)
Show =
A(2,6) B(6, 2) C(a, 8 3a)
8 3a < 0
3a < 8
a
2x 5y 7 = 0
(2)
sub (1) into (2):
2x 5(x 2) 7 = 0
2x 5x + 10 7 = 0
3x
= 3
x
=1
>
8
3
Area of ABC
= 10
6
a
2
||
= 10
2 8 3a 6
2 6
a
2
|
|
= 20
6 2 8 3a 6
| 4 + (48 18a) + 6a
= 20
36 (2a) (16 6a)|
|8 4a|
= 20
8 4a = 20
or 8 4a = 20
4a
= 28
4a
= 12
a
= 7
a
=3
8
(rej a > )
3
Point C
C(3, 1)
1
| |
2
y|x=1 = (1) 2
= 1
P(1, 1)
B2(ii) Line AB
Point:
P(1, 1) or A or B
Gradient: mAB = 2
y y1 = mAB (x x1 )
y (1) = (2) [x (1)]
y+1
= 2x 2
y
= 2x 3
Point A
Point B
At A, AB cuts x-axis At B where cuts y-axis
(x = 0).
(y = 0).
y
=0
y|x=0 = 2(0) 3
2x 3 = 0
= 3
3
B(0, 3)
x
=
AB:
2
6
B3(ii) Line AB
Point:
A(2,6) or B(6, 2)
(6)(2)
mAB =
AB:
y y1 = mAB (x x1 )
y (6)= (2)[x (2)]
y 6 = 2x + 4
y
= 2x + 10
(2)(6)
Gradient:
= 2
A ( , 0)
2
sleightofmath.com
170
Rev Ex 6
B4(iv) Line CD
Point:
C(8,2) or D
Gradient: CD AB,
(4)(9)
1
mAB
1
2
= m (x x1 )
y y1
y (1) = ( ) [x (3)]
2
2
1
2
5
y+1
= x
= x
2
5
2
x
x
y|x=3 = (3) 6
= 3
D(3, 3)
= 2x + 10
=
B5(i)
25
2
=5
1
y|x=5 = (5)
Show
P(1,0) Q(0,2) R(2,3)
|PQ| = [(1) (0)]2 + [(0) (2)]2
= 1 + 4 = 5
=0
F(5,0)
B4(i)
= mCD (x x1 )
= (1) [x (8)]
=x8
=x6
y y1
y (2)
y2
y
=1
B4(v) Point D
At D, BM (y = 3x 12) intersects CD (y = x 6).
3x 12 = x 6
2x
=6
x
=3
At F, y = x meets AB (y = 2x + 10).
1
CD:
Line:
Show =
A(2,4) B(7,9)
C(8,2)
|PQ| = |QR|,
PQR is isosceles
B5(ii) Area of
1
area of PQR = | |
AB = BC [shown]
1
0
0
2
2
3
1
||
0
= |2 + 0 + 0 0 4 3|
B4(ii) Point M
M = MAC = (
(2)+(8) (4)+(2)
2
1
= |5|
) = (5,3)
=
B4(iii) Line BM
Point:
2
5
2
unit 2
B(7,9) or M(5,3)
(9)(3)
BM:
y y1 = mBM (x x1 )
y (9)= (3) [x (7)]
y 9 = 3x 21
y = 3x 12
sleightofmath.com
171
Rev Ex 6
B5(iii) Line QS
mBC = (12)12
R
Q
tan =
S
49.4
P
Point:
Q(0,2) or S
Gradient: QS PR (using kite property),
1
mQS =
mPR
1
(0)(3)
((1)(2))
1
3
( )
1
y y1 = mQS (x x1 )
QS:
1
3
C(12,30)
y (2)= ( ) [x (0)]
3
y2 = x
3
1
= x+2
3
= x+2
Point D
D(d1 , d2 )
BC = BD:
B
= MDC
(1)
(12,2) = (
x y= 5
sub (1) into (2):
A(3, 10)
B5(iv) Point S
At S, QS (x + 3y = 6) intersects x y = 5.
x + 3y = 6
3y
= x + 6
1
3y
= x + 6
x + 3y = 6
B(12,2)
(2)
12 =
d1
d1 +12 d2 +30
2
d1 +12
2
and
2 =
= 36
d2 +30
2
d2 = 26
x ( x + 2) = 5
3
4
3
4
3
x2
=5
=7
D(36, 26)
B6(v) Line AD
Point:
21
4
1 21
y|x=21 = ( ) + 2
3
=
S(
B6(i)
tan =
AD:
y y1
, )
4
(10)30
(3)12
8
(10)(26)
(3)(36)
16
33
= mAD (x x1 )
16
y (10) = ( ) [x (3)]
(12,30)
B(12,2) C(12,30)
mAC =
mAD =
21 1
4
Gradient:
(12,2)
69.4
y + 10
33
16
48
33
16
33
282
33
x+
x
33
(3, 10)
sleightofmath.com
172
Rev Ex 6
16
33
16
33
25.9
ADB =
= 29.4 25.9
23.5
sleightofmath.com
173
Ex 7.1
2(e)
Ex 7.1
1(a)
ln 4 + lg 6 2.16
1(b)
3 lg 2 ln 2 0.210
1(c)
ln 7.1
2 lg 5
1(d)
= log 2 (5 22)
Is base 2 > 0 ?
True
Is base 2 1 ?
True
Is input 5 2 > 0 ? True
1.40
lg 9ln 3
ln(e2 1)
Yes
0.0778
3(a)
2(a)
log x (5 2x)|x=2
log x (5 2x)|x=0.5
= log 0.5 (4)
32
log 3
3(b)
10n
=
1
9
1
9
= 2
=5
log10 5 = n
lg 5
=n
Yes
3(c)
2(b)
log x (5 2x)|x=3
= log 3 (1)
ex
=4
log e 4 = x
ln 4
=x
Is base 3 > 0 ?
True
Is base 3 1 ?
True
Is input 1 > 0 ? False
3(d)
2x
=p
log 2 p = x
No
2(c)
3(e)
log x (5 2x)|x=2.5
= log 2.5 (0)
Is base 2.5 > 0 ?
Is base 2.5 1 ?
Is input 0 > 0 ?
=y
log a y = 3
True
True
False
No
2(d)
a3
4(a)
53
4(b)
log x (5 2x)|x=1
= log1 (3)
Is base 1 > 0 ? True
Is base 1 1 ? False
Is input 3 > 0 ? True
No
log 5 125 = 3
lg 100
=2
log10 100 = 2
102
4(c)
sleightofmath.com
=x
log x 3 = 4
x4
= 100
ln x = 2
log e x = 2
e2
4(d)
= 125
=3
174
log 4 x = 2
4
x
x
y
log 2 = 3
3
=x
= 16
16
8
2
y
=y
=8
=b
6(a)
6(b)
6(c)
6(d)
8(a)
3 logx x+2 2
3(1)+2 2
42 log5 1
42(0)
5 2
) =[
8(b)
=
6(e)
6(f)
7(a)
16
8(c)
8(d)
9(a)
=x
=8
ln x = lg 2
log e x = lg 2
=x
1.35
lg(3x) = 9
log10 3x = 9
109
= 3x
= (109 )
3.33 108
e2x
1
3
=k
log e k = 2x
ln k = 2x
9(b)
10x4 = 9
log10 9 = x 4
lg 9
=x4
log 2 x = 3
23
x
= e3
5.65 or 0.177
elg 2
x
= 100.61
4.07
(ln x)2 = 3
ln x = 3
x
x
lg x
= 0.61
log10 x = 0.61
log e x = 3
=( )
4
25
x
x
log y b = 2
x1
=a
y2
x
=a
2
xy = (a)(b) = ab
=2
log x a = 1
log 4 8 = x
4x
=8
22x
= 23
2x = 3
=y
5(b)
7(c)
log 3 y = n
3n
5(a)
Ex 7.1
9(c)
x4
=2k
log x (2 k) = 4
7(b)
log x 9 = 2
x2
=9
x = 3 or x = 3
(rej)
sleightofmath.com
175
em+5
=x2
Ex 7.1
12
log 3 p = a
p
log e (x 2) = m + 5
ln(x 2)
= m+5
= 3a
log 27 q = b
10(a) log 3 y = n + 1
3n+1
33b
a3b
= 3c
=xy
2x + 1
= 23
2x
= 4y
13(b) log 3 (x 2 1)
log 4 y = a
= 4a
= 21+2a
= 21+2a
= 1 + 2a
= 3b 1 [shown]
7
8
7
16
=1
x2 1
= 31
2
x 4
=0
(x + 2)(x 2) = 0
x = 2 or x = 2
(1)
log 8 (2y) = b
(2)
sub (1) into (2):
log 8 [2(4a )] = b
log8 [2(22a )] = b
log 8 (21+2a ) = b
8b
23b
3b
2a
= 3c
3
= 3c
c = a 3b
= 3c
27b
3a
=k
102
11
p
q
3a
10(c) lg(x y)
= 2
log10 (x y) = 2
2p+1
= 27b
=y
10(b) ln k = x 3
log e k = x 3
x3
13(c)
log x (6x 8) = 2
x2
= 6x 8
x 2 6x + 8
=0
(x 2)(x 4) = 0
x = 2 or x = 4
13(d) log x 64 = 3
2
x2
= 64
3
2
= 26
x
x
x
sleightofmath.com
= (26 )3
= 24
= 16
176
Ex 7.1
13(e) log 9 27 = x + 1
9x+1
15(b) log y x = 2
= 27
2x+2
= y2
3
2
(1)
=3
2x + 2 =
xy = 8
(2)
sub (1) into (2):
(y 2 )y = 8
y3
= 23
y =2
3
2
1
2x
2
1
4
14(a) ln 2 ln(4x)= 3
3
ln(4x)
log e (4x)
4x
= eln 2
x|y=2 = (2)2
ln 2
3
16
ln 2
=4
log 2 (log 3 x) = ln e
log 2 (log 3 x) = 1
log 3 x
= 21
3
ln 2
= e
18.9
= 32
=9
x
x
= 10(lg 3)
x2
= 2 + 10(lg 3)
3.69
x
x
x + 2> 0
x
> 2
= elg 3lg 5
= e(lg 3lg 5)
0.349
x 2 2x
x(x 2)
+
15(a) log x 16 = 4
x4
= 16
x = 2 or x = 2 (rej) (1)
+
2
x < 0 or x > 2
log 2 y = x
sub (1) into (2):
log 2 y = 2
>0
>0
(2)
18(a) ln(y + 1) x = 0
ln(y + 1)
=x
log e (y + 1) = x
y+1
y
= ex
= ex 1
= 22
=4
sleightofmath.com
177
Ex 7.1
=x2
x2
2
x2
log10 y =
2
x2
2
= 10
= 102x1
= (9)2
31 + log x 16
31 + log x 16
31 + log x 16
log x 16
= (32 )2
= 33
= 27
= 4
x 4
x 4
= 16
= 24
= (24 )4
= 21
=x
=x4
= ln(x 4)
2
3
= log e (x 4)
2y
2
3
31 + log x 16
18(c) e2y + 4
e2y
18(d) ln(x + y) 4x = 0
ln(x + y)
= 4x
log e (x + y)
= 4x
= e4x
= e4x x
x+y
y
19
ln(x 2 + 1 e3 lg 10 )
21
=3
log e (x 2 + 1 e3 lg 10 ) = 3
x 2 + 1 e3 lg 10
x 2 + 1 e3(1)
x2
= e3
= e3
= 2e3 1
x
= 2e3 1
x
= 6.26
[textbook answer is wrong]
20(i)
p = log 2 8
3
p = log 2 22
3
p=
2
x 2 4x + log 2 p = 0
i.e. a = 1, b = 4, c = log 2 p
22(i)
(a)
(b)
(c)
lg 546
2.74
lg 12 458
4.10
lg 464 777 399 8.67
lg k
if lg k
22(iii) Number of digits in 342 = lg 342
= 20.03
= 21
Number of digits in 732 = lg 732
= 27.02
= 27
sleightofmath.com
178
Ex 7.1
22(iv)
As we use the base-10 numeral system,
The index of base 10 is very indicative of the number of
digits.
1 digit: k = 1 to 9
lowest k = 1 = 100
2 digits: k = 10 to 99
lowest k = 10 = 101
3 digits: k = 100 to 999 lowest k = 100 = 102
Observe that the lowest k for each digit range is always
10integer
Every integer increase in index results in increase in digits
but increase in index smaller than 1 will not result in
increase in digits and still be registered as the same
number of digits.
for k with lg k is an integer, the no. of digits is lg k + 1
1 digit: k = 100
no. of digits = lg 100 + 1 = 0 + 1 = 1
2 digit: k = 10 = 101
no. of digits = lg 101 + 1 = 1 + 1 = 2
for k with lg k is a non-integer, the no. of digits is lg k
(round to the next higher integer)
1 digit: k = 5 100.699
no. of digits = lg 100.699 = 0.699 = 1
2 digit: k = 55 101.74
no. of digits = lg 101.74 = 1.74 = 2
sleightofmath.com
179
Ex 7.2
4(a)
Ex 7.2
1(a)
1(b)
4(b)
log5 4log2 10
log25 10
= log 6 (6)
=1
= log 5
2
2(b)
lg
2 lg
75
3
5
+4 lg
3 2
3 4
75
8 3 4
( )
75 2
3 2
( )
5
= lg [
5(a)
= lg
2
+2 log 3 5 log 3
3(52 )
33
5(b)
= log 3 2025
3(a)
log 5 7 =
3 ln 3
ln 3
lg 4 lg 10
lg 5 lg 2
lg 10
lg 25
lg 4 lg 10
lg 5
lg 22
lg 5
2 lg 2
lg 5
2 lg 2
lg 5
2
lg 5
lg 2
1
lg 2
1
lg 2
1
lg 2
lg 25
lg 10
lg 52
1
lg 102
2 lg 5
1
2
lg 10
2 lg 5
1
2
lg 10
2 lg 5
1
2
4
1
2
y = 100x1.5
lg y = lg(100x1.5 )
= lg 100 + lg x1.5
= 1.5 lg x + lg 102
= 1.5 lg x +2
m = 1.5
X = lg x
c =2
1
27
ln 3
=8
= lg ( ) lg ( ) + lg ( )
2(c)
= log 6 ( 2 )
= log 5 [
ln 33
=3
log 6 54
2 log 6 3
= log 6 54 log 6 32
4(32 )
ln 5
ln 3
54
2(a)
ln 27
ln 27
ln 3
log 2 8 = log 2 23
=3
= log 3 (3)
=1
1(c)
ln 5
log 3 5 log 5 27 =
ln 7
ln 5
y = 0.1(1000)x
y = (101 )(103 )x
y = 103x1
lg y = 3x 1
1.21
3(b)
log 1 5.3 =
2
m = 3
X= x
c = 1
ln 5.3
ln
1
2
2.41
6(a)
log a 8 2 log a 4
= log a 8 log a 42
8
= log a ( 2 )
4
= log a
2
sleightofmath.com
180
6(c)
Ex 7.2
52 (4)
23
25
2
8(iv)
log a 3 = 0.477
log a 5 = 0.699
loga 25
loga 3a
=
=
loga 52
loga 3+loga a
2 loga 5
(0.477)+1
9
5a
log 4 3 = a
3
= 4a
= (4a )(4b )
= 4a+3b
9
2
= log a 9
log a 5a
= 2(lg 3 + lg x)
(lg lg x 2 )
3
4
(lg 2 lg x)
= 2 lg 3 + lg x
lg + 2 lg x
= 3 lg x
+2 lg 3 lg
+ lg 32 lg
+ lg
= lg x
+ lg
2
9
= lg x
+ lg
3
4
2
lg 22 +3 lg x
2
2 lg 2+3 lg x
2
2
32
+ lg 2
4
3
32 2
4
3
27
x = 10p
y = 10q
y2
lg 4+lg x3
lg y
=q
log10 y =
100x
lg 4x3
lg 100
+ lg 2 + lg x
lg x
=p
log10 y =
lg (
sleightofmath.com
+
+
(22
3x2
= 2 (lg 3 + lg x)
10(i)
8(ii)
+ log100 4x 3
lg
= lg x
2 lg 3x
= 3 lg x
8(i)
375 = 3 53
a+2b
log 4 5 = b
5
= 4b
2(0.699)
=
1.477
0.947
7(iii)
= log a 8a
7(ii)
log 4 42
log 4 (3 52 )
2
=
log 4 3 + log 4 52
2
=
log 4 3 + 2 log 4 5
a6
2
log4 75
23 (a6 )
log4 16
log 75 16 =
3 log a 2 4
+2 log a a3
= log a 23 log a a4 + log a (a3 )2
= log a [
7(i)
8(iii)
) = lg 100 + lg x lg y 2
1
=2
+ lg x
2 lg y
=2
+ p
2q
2
1
2
181
Ex 7.2
10(ii) lg(y x ) = x lg y
= 10p (q)
= q(10p )
11
14
log 8 5 =
ln K = ln a ln b + ln c
t
bc
ln K = ln (a c e
b
lg(y + 1) = lg
y+1
x
100
x
34
15(ii) lg(3 2) = lg [
(1)(m)
3(m)
1m
3m
3+2
3+2
1
3+2
= lg 1 lg(3 + 2)
15(iii) k = log 2 (9 + 5)
log 2 (9 5) = log 2 [(9 5)
= log 2 (
95
9+5
9+5
9+5
= (x + 2)3
= log 2 4 log 2 (9 + 5)
= 81(x + 2)3
3
2
or y = 9(x + 2)
(rej y > 0)
12(c) 3
+ log 2 (x + y)
3
log 2 2
+ log 2 (x + y)
log 2 8(x + y)
8(x + y)
8x + 8y
= x 2y
10y
= 7x
7
3+2
= 3 log 3 (x + 2)
= log 3 (x + 2)3
y2
10
3 lg 2
3 + 2
1
=
[shown]
= log 3 (x + 2)3
lg 10lg 2
32
34
= log 2 (x 2y)
= log 2 (x 2y)
= log 2 (x 2y)
= x 2y
16(i)
y = 3, x = 2:
log 2 (3 + 1) = 2 log 2 (2) + c
log 2 22
=2+c
2
=2+c
c
=0
log2 22
1
log2 22
2
1
2
log2 (9+5)
1
log2 22
log2 (9+5)
1
2
=4
2 log 2 (9 + 5)
=4
2k
= 2(2 k)
log 2 (y + 1) = 2 log 2 x + c
log 2 (y + 1)
log 2 (y + 1)
y+1
y
10
2
lg 23
lg( )
= lg(3 + 2)
y2
3
2
3 2 = (3 2)
x
100
y = 9(x + 2)
13
lg 8
100
y2
15(i)
t
bc
lg x
lg x
12(b) 2 log 3 y 4
log 3 y 2 log 3 34
log 3
[shown]
12(a) lg(y + 1) = 2
lg(y + 1) = lg 102
lg 5
t
bc
ln K = ln a ln b + ln c + ln e
ac t
e bc
b
m = lg 2
16(ii)
p
log a p
log a p
p
1
q
= aloga x
= log a aloga x
= log a x
=x
3 =3
1
log4 3
=3
1
1
log3 4
= 3log3 4 = 4
= 2 log 2 x
= log 2 x 2
= x2
= x2 1
sleightofmath.com
182
Ex 7.2
1 2
18
un = (1 )
n
(ii)(a)
1 2
lg u4 = lg (1 )
4
= 2 lg [shown]
4
lg u
Method 2 (selective factorization)
(lg 5)2 + lg 2 lg 50
= (lg 5)2 + lg 2 lg(5 10)
= (lg 5)2 + lg 2 (lg 5 + lg 10)
= (lg 5)2 + lg 2 (lg 5 + 1)
= (lg 5)2 + lg 2 lg 5 + lg 2
= lg 5 (lg 5 + lg 2) + lg 2
= lg 5 lg 10
+ lg 2
= lg 5
+ lg 2
= lg 10
=1
18(i)
998
998
999
999
999
lg + lg + lg + + lg
1
4
3
2
1
= lg [( ) ( ) ( ) (
= lg (
)(
+ lg
1000
= lg (1
= 2 lg (
1
10k
10k 1
10k
lg u2 + lg u3 + lg u4 + + lg u10k
18
(ii)(b)
1 2
1 2
3
= lg (1 ) + lg (1 ) +2 lg
2
+ + 2 lg
= 2 lg
1
2
1
= 2(lg
+2 lg
+ lg
2
3
+2 lg
+ lg
+ + 2 lg
+ + lg
4
10k 1
10k
= 2 lg [( ) ( ) ( ) (
10k 1
10k
10k 1
10k
10k 1
10k
)]
1
= 2 lg ( k )
10
= 2 lg(10k )
= 2(k)
= 2k
999
1000
)]
1000
3 )
= lg(10
= 3
(10k )
19
1
lg 0.301 < 0
2
When you multiply both sides of an inequality
with a negative number, switch the reverse the
inequality sign from 2nd line onwards
20
20(i)
x = 2, y = 5
20(ii) x = 2, r = 2
sleightofmath.com
183
Ex 7.3
Ex 7.3
1(a)
log 5 (x + 1) = log 5 3
x+1
=3
x
= 2
1(b)
log 2 (x 1)
x1
3x
x
1(c)
2(a)
2(b)
3(a)
3(b)
= log 2 (4x 7)
= 4x 7
=6
= 2
3(c)
log 2 (x 1)2
=2
+ log 2 (x + 2)
2
2
(x
log 2 1)
= log 2 2 + log 2 (x + 2)
log 2 (x 1)2
= log 2 4(x + 2)
2
(x 1)
= 4(x + 2)
2
x 2x + 1
= 4x + 8
2
x 6x 7
=0
(x 7)(x + 1) = 0
x = 7 or x = 1
4(a)
log 3 x = 9 log x 3
log 3 x =
=3
= log x x 3
= x3
=5
9
log3 x
sub u = log 3 x:
u=
9
u
u2 = 9
u
=3
log 3 x = 3
x
x
4(b)
or
u
= 3
log 3 x = 3
= 33
= 27
= 33
1
27
log 3 x + 2 = 3 log x 3
3
log 3 x + 2 =
log3 x
3 log x 2 + log x 18 = 2
log x 23 + log x 18 = log x x 2
log x (23 18)
= log x x 2
log x 144
= log x x 2
144
= x2
x = 12 or x = 12 (rej)
sub u = log 3 x:
u+2
3
u
u2 + 2u 3
=0
(u + 3)(u 1) = 0
u
= 3
or u
=1
log 3 x = 3
log 3 x = 1
= 33
=
1
27
=3
(x2)(8x)
(x5)
(x2)(8x)
(x5)
= log 2 23
= 23
(x 2)(x 8)
= 8(x 5)
2
(x 10x + 16) = 8x 40
x 2 2x 24
=0
(x 6)(x + 4)
=0
x = 6 or x = 4 (rej)
sleightofmath.com
184
Ex 7.3
ln(3x y) = ln 36 ln 9
7(a)
36
ln(3x y) = ln ( )
2 log 5 x + (
3x y = 4
y
= 3x 4 (1)
2 log 5 x + (
(ex )2
2 log 5 x + (
=e
ey
e2xy
= e1
2x y = 1
= 55
2
log 2 x log 4 (x + 6) = 0
log 2 x = log 4 (x + 6)
=[
=[
=[
=2
= 5q p
= 5q 1
log2 (x+6)
2
]
]
= x + 6
=x+6
=0
x = 3 or x = 2 (rej)
7(c)
(2)
log5 (2x)
log 5 (5 4x) =
log5 (2x)
log 5 (5 4x) =
log5 (2x)
log5 5
1
log5 52
1
2
log2 22
(x 3)(x + 2) = 0
=2
1
p
log2 (x+6)
x2 x 6
=2
5qp
log2 4
= log 2 2
15q3p
log2 (x+6)
= log 2 x + 6
2p+2
= 24 (23q )
2p+2
= 24+3q
p + 2 = 4 + 3q
p
= 2 + 3q
(1)
log 2 6 log 2 (15q 3p) = 1
= log 5 55
= (55 )5
= 52
= 25
15q3p
6
= log 5 55
4 [(22 )2q ]
log 2 (
) = log 5 55
= log 5 55
= 16 (4 )
log5 52
log5 x
5
2
3
q
2
p+2
) = log 5 55
log5 25
log5 x
log 5 x
=5
log 5 x 2
7(b)
p+2
log5 x
(2)
2 log 5 x + log 25 x
3
2
into (1):
3
p|q=3 = 2 + 3 ( )
2
13
2
5 4x
= (2 x)2
5 4x
= 4 4x + x 2
x 2 + 1
=0
x2 1
=0
(x + 1)(x 1) = 0
x = 1 or x = 1
sleightofmath.com
185
log 9 y + log 3 y
log3 y
+ log 3 y
log3 9
log3 y
+ log 3 y
log3 32
1
log 3 y + log 3 y
2
3
log 3 y
2
3
Ex 7.3
= 2 log 3 x +3 log 3 2
= log 3 x
9(c)
+ log 3 2
= log 3 (8x 2 )
y2
= 8x 2
= (8x 2 )3
2
2 4
(23 )3 x 3
4
22 x 3
x = (rej) or x = 1
= (8)3 (x 2 )3
9(d)
= 4x 3
log 4 (6 x) log 2 8
log 4 x 3
= log 9 3
log 4 x 3
log4 x
= log 4 43.75
log4 16
log4 x
log4
log4 x
= log 4 4
log 4 x 2
15
x2
= 44
log 4 (6 x)
6x
= 42
= (22 )2
= 27
= 122
15
= (22 ) 4
15
x2
= 22
2
15 5
2
= (2 )
= 23
=8
9x+38
= log 9 92
=2
x+2
9x+38
x+2
9x+38
x+2
9x+38
x+2
9x+38
x+2
9(e)
= log 7 7
= 72
log 5 x
= 49
log 5 x
9x + 38
40x
= 49x + 98
= 60
15
4
( )
= log 4 4
x2
7
15
4
( )
2
7
log 7 (
15
4
( )
log 4 (6 x) 3
15
4
( )
= log 4 4
42
9(b)
= log 3 (2x)
log3 32
9(a)
= log 3 (2x)
log3 9
log3 (3x+1)
= log 3 (8x 2 )
log 3 y 2
log5 (x+10)
log5 25
log5 (x+10)
log5 52
log5 (x+10)
2
log 5 x log 5 x + 10
log 5 (
x+10
x
x+10
x2
x+10
= log 5 50.5
= log 5 5
= log 5 5
= log 5 5
= log 5 5
= 5
=5
x2
= 5x + 50
x 2 5x 50
=0
(x 10)(x + 5)
=0
x = 10 or x = 5 (rej x > 0)
sleightofmath.com
186
Ex 7.3
+ log a (7x 10a)
2 log a x
=1
log a x 2
1st eqn
log 2 (2y 3x) log 2 3 = 4 log 4 2
log 2 (
= a(7x 10a)
log 2 (
log a x
x
x
12
log 2 (
= 7ax 10a
x 2 7ax + 10a2 = 0
log 2 (
(x 2a)(x 5a) = 0
x = 2a or x = 5a
11
27 3lg x
= 91+lg(x20)
(33 )(3lg x )
= (32 )1+lg(x20)
33+lg x
= 32+2 lg(x20)
3 + lg x
= 2 + 2 lg(x 20)
1 + lg x
= 2 lg(x 20)
lg 10 + lg x
= lg(x 20)2
lg(10x)
= lg(x 20)2
10x
= (x 20)2
2y3x
3
2y3x
3
2y3x
3
2y3x
3
2y3x
= 4 (log 4 42 )
= 4( )
=2
= log 2 22
1
2
= 22
2y 3x
2y
= 12
= 3x + 12
= x + 6 (1)
3
2
2nd eqn
log 3 6 + log 3 (x + y)
log 3 6 + log 3 (x + y)
log 3 [6(x + y)]
6(x + y)
6x + 6y
10x
= x 40x + 400
6x + 6 ( x + 6)
= x 2 50x + 400
x 2 50x + 400
=0
6x + 9x + 36
= x2 x
15x + 36
= x2 x
x 2 16x 36
=0
(x 18)(x + 2)
=0
x = 18
or x = 2
= x2 x
(x 40)(x 10) = 0
x = 40 or x = 10 (rej)
y|x=2 = (2) + 6
(rej x > 0)
=3
12(ii) log 3 6 + log 3 (x + y) = log 3 (x 2 x)
x + y > 0 x2 x > 0
On top of x = 2, y = 3, the solution includes
3
sleightofmath.com
187
Ex 7.3
13(i)
log 2 (x 3 + 1) 2 log 2 x = log 2 (x 2 x + 1) 2
log 2 (x 3 + 1) log 2 x 2 = log 2 (x 2 x + 1) log 2 22
log 2 (
x3 +1
x2
= log 2 (
x3 +1
x2
(x+1)(x2 x+1)
x2
x+1
x2
22
x = 2 22 or
(rej x > 0)
+ log a2 x
1
x
loga ( )
1
x
x2 x+1
loga ( )
22
x2 x+1
1
2
+ log a x
+ log a x
x
1 2
loga x
loga a2
loga x
2
+ log a4 x = c
+
+
loga x
loga a4
loga x
4
1
4
log a ( )
x
1 2
= log a ac
416+16
2
432
2
442
2
x = 2 + 22
(x 3
log a [(x 1 )2 x 4 ]
= log a ac
log a [(x 2 )x 4 ]
= log a ac
(x 2
13(ii) log 2
+ 1) log 2 x = log 2
x + 1) 2
3
2
log 2 (x + 1) 2 log 2 x = log 2 (x x + 1) 2
x = 2 22
log a (x 4 )
= log a ac
x 4
x
15
= log a ac
+ log a x 4 = log a ac
log a [( ) x 4 ]
=
= log a ac
= log a ac
2 log a ( ) + log a x
(4)(4)2 4(1)(4)
2(1)
log a ( ) + log a x
loga a
= x2
=0
4x + 4
x 2 4x 4
x=
x2 x+1
14
= ac
= a4c
2 log a b + 4 log b a = 9
2 log a b + 4 (
1
loga b
)=9
sub u = log a b:
2u +
=9
2u2 9u + 4 = 0
(2u 1)(u 4) = 0
u=
1
2
sub u = log a b:
log a b =
b
b
sleightofmath.com
u=4
sub u = log a b:
log a b = 4
2
1
2
=a
= a
b
= a4
(rej a > b > 1)
188
Ex 7.4
3(ii)
Ex 7.4
1(a)
1(b)
4x
= 9(5x )
4 x
( )
5
5x = 9
lg 5x = lg 9
x lg 5 = lg 9
lg ( ) = lg 9
5
x lg ( ) = lg 9
5
lg 9
1.37
4e2x
lg 5
= 21
2x
=9
4 x
4(a)
21
2x
= ln
= ln
0.829
4
21
4
21
lg 9
0.985
2x . 3x
6x
lg 6x
x lg 6
= 10
= 10
= lg 10
=1
lg
4
5
1
lg 6
1.29
1(c)
4 72x
72x
72x
lg 72x
2x lg 7
=1
= 3
=3
= lg 3
= lg 3
0.282
4(b)
2x+1
= 3x
(2x )(21 ) = 3x
2x
3x
2 x
( )
lg 3
2 lg 7
2 x
lg ( )
3(i)
3x+1 12
3x+1
lg 3x+1
(x + 1) lg 3
=0
= 12
= lg 12
= lg 12
x+1
1.26
lg 3
x lg ( ) = lg
3
1
2
1
2
1
2
2
lg( )
3
lg
1.71
lg 12
lg 3
lg 12
2
1
= lg
1(d)
4(c)
1
3x+1
. 2x2
= 21
x
x
2
(3 )(3) (2 )(2 ) = 21
32
(3x )(2x )
= (3)(22 )
y = 5e
6x
lg 6x
x lg 6
= 28
= lg 28
= lg 28
y = 12:
5e0.2x = 12
0.2x
0.2x
= ln
= 5 ln
4.38
4x
5x
4 x
lg 6
1.86
12
e0.2x
lg 28
5
12
5
5(i)
9x 4
= 3x+1
(32 )x 4
= (3x )(3)
(3x )2 3(3x ) 4 = 0
5(ii)
(3x 4)(3x + 1) = 0
3x = 4
or 3x = 1 (rej)
lg 3x = lg 4
x lg 3 = lg 4
12
5
x)
= 9(5
=9
( ) =9
5
sleightofmath.com
lg 4
1.26
lg 3
189
6(ii)
7(a)
Ex 7.4
3
8x + 11(2x )
= 4x+2 20
(23 )x + 11(2x )
(2x )3 + 11(2x )
(2x )3 + 11(2x )
(2x )3 8(2x )2 + 11(2x ) + 20
sub u = 2x
u3 8u2 + 11u + 20
(u + 1)(u2 +
+ 20)
= (22 )x+2 20
= (22x )(23 ) 20
= 8(2x )2 20
=0
(u + 1)(u2 9u + 20) = 0
(u + 1)(u 5)(u 4) = 0
u = 1 or u = 5 or
sub u = 2x
sub u = 2x
x
2 = 1
2x = 5
(rej 2x > 0) x lg 2 = lg 5
=0
u
=4
sub u = 2x
2x = 22
x =2
7(d)
2.32
1
2
lg 2
sub y = ex :
ex =
1
2
(NA ex > 0)
ex
x
2y 7y + 3
1
y=
1
4
sub y = ex
ex =
8(a)
1
4
1
= ln
1.39
x 3 = e6x1
ln x 3 = ln e6x1
3 ln x = 6x 1
ln x = 2x
12
ex
sub y = ex
y
=7
12
a=2
b=
y2
= 7y 12
2
y 7y + 12 = 0
(y 3)(y 4)= 0
y = 3 or
y=4
x
sub y = e
sub y = ex
x
e =3
ex = 4
x = ln 3
x = ln 4
x 1.10
x 1.39
=0
y = 3
y=9
sub y = ex
ex = 9
x = ln 9
x 2.20
y = 2 or
= 7 12ex
=7
2ex = 7ex 3
(2y 1)(y 3) = 0
y=2
sub y = ex :
ex = 2
x = ln 2
x 0.693
or
y=2
sub y = ex
ex = 2
x = ln 2
x 0.693
lg 5
e3x + 2ex
= 3e2x
(ex )3 + 2ex
= 3(ex )2
x
sub y = e
y 3 + 2y
= 3y 2
y 3 3y 2 + 2y = 0
y(y 2 3y + 2) = 0
y(y 1)(y 2) = 0
y=0
or y = 1 or
x
sub y = e
sub y = ex
x
e = 0 (NA) ex = 1
x =0
2ex = 7(ex )2 3
sub y = ex
2y = 7y 3
2e2x 3ex
=2
x )2
x
2(e
3e
=2
x
sub y = e
2y 2 3y
=2
2y 2 3y 2 = 0
(2y + 1)(y 2) = 0
y=
7(b)
7(c)
1
3
1
3
8(b)
xex
ln xex
ln x + ln ex
ln x + (x)
ln x
= 2.46
= ln 2.46
= ln 2.46
= ln 2.46
= x + ln 2.46
a=1
b = ln 2.46
0.9
sleightofmath.com
190
Ex 7.4
(xex )2
x 2 e2x
x2
ln x 2
2 ln x
2 ln x
= 30ex
= 30ex
= 30e3x
= ln(30e3x )
= ln 30 + ln e3x
= ln 30 + (3x)
ln x
= x + ln 30
9(d)
3x 102x
= 4 20x2
= 4(20)2
(20)x
a=
2
b = ln 30
2
(3)(102 )
(20)
=
=
lg(15)x
= lg
x lg 15
= lg
5x1 3x+2
= 10
(5x )(51 ) (3x )(32 ) = 10
=
15x
x lg 15
= lg
=
100
1
100
1
100
1
100
lg
lg 15
1.70
10
(51 )(32 )
50
(5x )(3x )
(15)x
1.70
9(a)
4
202
9
50
9
50
9
lg
lg 15
0.633
9(b)
22x 5x+1
=7
2
x
x
(2 ) (5) (5) = 7
(4)x (5)x
7
5
7
20
x lg 20
= lg
5
7
5
lg
7
5
lg 20
0.112
9(c)
4(32x )
4(32 )x
(32 )
= ex
= ex
ex
9 x
( )
e
9 x
=
=
1
4
1
4
ln ( )
= ln
x ln
= ln
e
9
1
4
1
4
1
4
9
ln
e
ln
1.16
sleightofmath.com
191
Ex 7.4
1st eqn
4x+3
= 32(2x+y )
(22 )x+3
= (25 )(2x+y )
22x+6
= 25+x+y
2x + 6
=5+x+y
=y1
(1)
2nd eqn
9x + 3y = 10
(2)
+3y
= 10
+3y
= 10
(3y )2 ( ) +3y
= 10
1
9
(3y )2
= 10
+3y 10 = 0
sub u = 3y
1 2
u
9
+ u 10
=0
u2 + 9u 90
=0
(u + 15)(u 6)
=0
u = 15 or
=6
3y = 15
3y
=6
(rej)
lg 3y = lg 6
y lg 3 = lg 6
lg 6
1.631
lg 3
x|y=1.631 (1.631) 1
0.631
sleightofmath.com
192
Ex 7.5
Ex 7.5
1(a)
y = log 2 x
base = 2 > 1, graph slopes up
y
O
2(ii)
pH = lg(7.8 106 )
5.11
Blue
3(i)
T = 85(0.96)x
T|x=0 = 85(0.96)0
= 85C
3(ii)
T|x=15 = 85(0.96)15
46.1
3(iii)
T
= 30
85(0.96)x = 30
y = log 6 x
base = 6 > 1, graph slopes up
y
O
1(c)
pH = lg(5.6 107 )
6.25
Pink
1(b)
2(i)
y = log 0.2 x
0 < base 0.2 < 1, graph slopes down
y
O
1(d)
(0.96)x
x lg 0.96
= lg
25.5
17
6
17
lg
6
17
lg 0.96
4(i)
N = 100(1.65)t
N|t=0 = 100(1.65)0
= 100
4(ii)
N|t=4 = 100(1.65)4
741
4(iii)
N
100(1.65)t
(1.65)t
t lg(1.65)
= 400
= 400
=4
= lg 4
2.77
y = log 1 x
4
1
y
O
1(e)
y = lg x
base = 10 > 1, graph slopes up
y
O
5(i)
R = 100e0.000427 9t
R|t=10 000 = 100e0.0004279(10 000)
= 100(1 e4.279 )
1.39g
5(ii)
1(f)
y = ln x
base = e > 1, graph slopes up
lg 4
lg(1.65)
= (100)
2
100e(0.0004279)t = 50
O
sleightofmath.com
e(0.0004279)t
0.0004279t
= ln
1620 yrs
2
1
2
193
6(ii)
Ex 7.5
I = 0.87T
I|T=1.5 = (0.87)1.5
0.811
9(ii)
I
= 0.5
T
0.87
= 0.5
T lg 0.87 = lg 0.5
ln(t + 1)
ln e 6
t+1
e6
t
t
e6 1
7.72
13
lg 0.5
13
4.98 mm
lg 0.87
t= 8
13
ln(t + 1)
13
7(i)
S
62
75 6 ln(t + 1) 62
6 ln(t + 1)
13
= ln
= lg
x
9(iii)
S
= 75 6 ln(t + 1)
6 ln(t + 1) = 75 S
1
ln(t + 1) = (75 S)
(75S)
7(ii)
(a)
Range of values of x:
x>1
lg x > 0
Range of values of x:
0<x1
lg x 0
7(ii)
(c)
Range of values of x:
x>1
ln x > lg x
8(ii)
10(i)
A = 5000(1.04)t
A|t=5 = 5000(1.04)5
$6083
>
5000
t
9(i)
1500
1+1499e0.85(6)
1500
1+1499e5.1
0.4(1500)
1500
1+1499e0.85t
1500
5
3
1 + 1499e0.85t
1499e0.85t
2
3
e0.85t
2998
ln (
t
3
2998
3
)
2998
ln(
(1.04)
0.85
5000
S = 75 6 ln(t + 1) 0 t 12
S|t=4 = 75 6 ln(4 + 1)
= 75 6 ln(5)
= 75 6 ln 5
65.3
sleightofmath.com
600
1 + 1499e0.85t
600
lg 1.04
1+1499e0.85t
10(ii) y
= log1.04 (
(75S)
1500
y=
lg 1.6
= 5000(1.04)
=
= e6
(75S)
148
> 11.98
t = 12
8(iii)
= e6
y|t=6 =
A
> 8000
t
5000(1.04) > 8000
(1.04)t
> 1.6
t lg(1.04) > lg(1.6)
t
t+1
7(ii)
(b)
8(i)
ln(t + 1) = ln e6
0.85t
t
8.13
t
t= 9
8.13
194
t = 2.35 ln (
Ex 7.5
T24.5
12.4
13(ii)
3.5 = Ce
t|T=28.8 = 2.35 ln (
28.824.5
12.4
3.5
12.4
log 4 x
29
60
4.3
[shown]
35
k = ln ( )
43
13(iii) T = T0 + Cekt
T0 = 24.5, C = 12.4, k 0.426:
T = 24.5 + 12.4e0.426t
2
1
2
x
x
3.5
k
0.426
t = 0, T = 36.9C (assumption of normal body
temperature of 36.9C at death in Q11)
36.9 = 24.5 + Ce0.426k(0)
36.9 = 24.5 + C
C = 12.4
2.97h 2h 58min
=1
29
60
=e
e60k =
7: 29am: T = 28.0C
t|T=28.0 = 2.35 ln (
Cekt1
29
=4
=2
T24.5
ln (
= 2 log 4
=1
x
1 2
t
14(i)
12(iii) 2 log x 4 1
0<x2
13(i)
= e0.426t
12.4
T24.5
12(ii) y = 2 log 4 x
29
)
60
4.3
28.024.5
k(t1 +
Ce
4.3
3.5
2.49h 2h29min
2 log 4 x
(2)
(2) (1):
7: 00am: T = 28.8C
12(i)
29
60
k(t1 + )
14(ii)
29
60
k(t1 + )
28.0 = 24.5 + Ce
= 0.426t
2.35 ln (
T24.5
12.4
C1 : y = 2 ln x [x > 0]
C2 : y = ln x 2
[x 2 > 0]
2
C3 : y = (ln x) [x > 0]
All different.
C1 C2 because of the different domain
C1 C3 Evident by algebriac observation
C2 C3 Evident by algebraic observation
T = T0 + Cekt
7: 00am T = 28.8C, T0 , 24.5C, t = t1
28.8 = 24.5 + Cekt1
4.3 = Cekt1
(1)
7: 29am T = 28.0C, T0 , 24.5C, t = t1 +
12.4
29
60
C3 : y = (ln x)2
C2 : y = ln x 2
C1 : y = 2 ln x
sleightofmath.com
195
Rev Ex 7
A2(b) 2 log 5 x
Rev Ex 7
A1(a) log x 27 = 1.5
x1.5
= 27
3
= 33
x2
= (33 )
= 32
=9
x
x
x
log2 x
) = 12
1
64
A1(c) log 3 (x 2)
log 3 (x 2)
log 3 (x 2)
x2
2 log 5 x
=5(
log5 x
log5 52
log5 x
2
log5 x
=5( )
u
=3
log 3 (x + 4)
3
= log 3 3 log 3 (x + 4)
= log 3 (
=
= 52
= 25
1
2
=5
= 5
33
x+4
=4
= 34
= 34 + 19
= 81 + 19
= 100
= lg 102
=2
33
x+4
A3(b) lg(x + 2) + 7 lg 2
(x 2)(x + 4) = 33
x 2 + 2x 8
= 27
2
x + 2x 35 = 0
(x + 7)(x 5) = 0
x = 7 or x = 5
(rej x 2 > 0)
A2(a) log 3 xy log 3 (x 1)
log 3 xy log 3 (x 1)
xy
log 3
=5(
= 12
= 26
x = 64 or
2 log 5 x
log5 25
2u2
= 5u 2
2
2u 5u + 2 = 0
(2u 1)(u 2) = 0
1
u
=2
u
=
or
2
log 5 x = 2
1
log 5 x =
(log 2 x)2 = 36
log 2 x
= 6
x
=5(
2u
) = 12
log2 23
2 log 5 x
sub u = log 5 x:
= 12
log2 8
log2 x
(log2 x)2
2
3
= 5 log x 25
x1
xy
x1
xy
y
= log 3 9
+ lg(2x + 1)
lg(x + 2) + lg 27
= log 3 32 + lg(2x + 1)
lg[(x + 2)27 ]
=2
+ lg(2x + 1)
lg[(x + 2)27 ]
= lg 102
+ lg(2x + 1)
lg[128(x + 2)]
= lg[100(2x + 1)]
128(x + 2)
= 100(2x + 1)
= log 3 6x 1
= log 3 6x 2 log 3 3
= log 3 2x 2
32(x + 2)
= 25(2x + 1)
32x + 64
= 50x + 25
= 2x 2
18x
= 39
= 2x 2 (x 1)
= 2x(x 1)
A3(c) e2x + ex 6 = 0
(ex )2 + ex 6 = 0
sub u = ex :
u2 + u 6
=0
(u + 3)(u 2) = 0
u = 3
sub u = ex
ex = 3
(NA ex > 0)
sleightofmath.com
13
6
u=2
ex = 2
sub u = ex :
x = ln 2
x 0.693
196
Rev Ex 7
A5(ii) P
> 90 000
0.07n
12 000e
> 90 000
log 2 x = a
= 2a
log 8 y = b
= 8b
x 2 y = (2a )2 (8b )
= 22a+3b
x
2a
8b
2a
23b
A6
= 2a3b
53b
2
2a3b
= 21
a 3b = 1
53b
2
>
> 28.78
0.07
log b (xy 2 )
=m
log b x + log b y 2 = m
log b x +2 log b y = m (1)
2nm
5
[shown] (3)
2nm
) + 2 log b y = m
2 log b y
=
9
=m+
2 log b y
a|b=7 =
log b y
log b
A5(i)
log b x
5 3b 6b = 2
9b
=7
15
2
(2)
) 3b = 1
ln
15
> ln
(1)
= 0.5
0.07n
log b (x 3 y)
=n
log b x 3 + log b y = n
3 log b x + log b y = n
log b y
= n 3 log b x (2)
A4(ii) x 2 y
= 32
2a+3b
2
= 25
2a + 3b = 5
a
>
= 22a (33b )
15
e0.07n
1990 n = 0
2005 n = 2005 1990 = 15
y
x
m2n
5
6m2n
5
3mn
5
= log b y log b x
=
3mn
=[
=
2nm
5
5
(3mn)(2nm)
5
4m3n
5
log b xy = log b xy
P|n=15
2
1
= (log b x + log b y)
0.07(15)
= 12000e
34 292
2
1 2nm
= (
2
5
1 2m+n
= [
=
sleightofmath.com
2
5
2m+n
10
3mn
5
197
Rev Ex 7
B1(c) log 2 x 2 log 2 (2x + 5) = 2
A7
y = 2 lg x
(i)(a)
y|x=4 = 2 lg 4
1.20
log 2 (
A7
y = 1.5
(i)(b) 2 lg x = 1.5
lg x = 0.75
log10 x = 0.75
A7
(ii)
x2
= 22
2x+5
=4
2x+5
x2
= 8x + 20
x 2 8x 20
=0
(x 10)(x + 2) = 0
x = 10 or x = 2
B1(d) log 2 x
y = 2 lg x
y
x
A7
(iii)
x10 = 10x
1
2
x (10 ) = 10
= log 2 22
2x+5
x2
= 100.75
5.62
x
x
x2
B2(i)
x
4
= 4 log x 2
1
log 2 x
= 4(
log 2
= 2
22 = 4 or
log2 x
1
4
log 2 x = p
log 4 y = q
x 1
= 1042
4
1
lg x
2 lg x
= x1
= log 2 x +
y= x1
2
= 3x+1
2
32x
= 3x+1
2x 2
=x+1
2
2x x 1
=0
(2x + 1)(x 1) = 0
=
=
=
43x + log 2 2
43x 3
43x
(22 )3x
26x
6x
x
=5
=5
=5
=8
= 23
= 23
=3
log2 x
log 4 y
log2 4
p
log2 22
p
2
p
log 4 y
log 4 y
q
B2(iv) log 2 x = p
log2 (22+2q )
p
2+2q
p
log 4 y = q
y
= 4q
y
= 22q
x 2 y = (2p )2 (22q ) = 22p+2q
x
1
2
8
3
log4 4 2
log4 y
x = or x = 1
B1(b) 43x + log (1)
2
log4 2
log4 y
= log 2 x +2 log 4 y
=p
+2q
= x2
log4 y
sleightofmath.com
= 2p
198
Rev Ex 7
B3(a) 2x = 128(4y )
2x = 27 (22y )
2x = 27+2y
x = 7 + 2y
(1)
ln(4x + y) = ln 40 2 ln 2
ln(4x + y) = ln 40 ln 22
ln(4x + y) = ln 10
4x + y
= 10
(2)
B4(i)
ln 2 = a
ln 5 = b
1
ln 10e = ln 10e
3
1
= (ln 10 + ln e)
3
1
= [ln(2 5) + ln e]
3
1
= [ln 2 + ln 5 +1)
3
1
= (a + b +1)
3
1
= (a + b + 1)
3
B4(ii) ln x = b2a
=
=
x|y=2 = 7 + 2(2)
=3
2
(ln 5)2(ln 2)
2
ln 5ln 22
2
ln 5ln 4
1
2
5
= ln
B3
lg(1 + 2x) lg x 2 = 1
lg(2 + 5x)
2
(b)(i) lg(1 + 2x) lg x = lg 10 lg(2 + 5x)
lg
1+2x
= lg
x2
1+2x
= lg
x2
= ln
10
x =
2+5x
10
2+5x
B3
3y+2
= 5y
y
2
(b)(ii) (3) (3 ) = (5)y
(3)y
(5)y
3 y
( )
5
3 y
lg ( )
5
1
32
1
9
= lg
y lg ( ) = lg
5
1
9
1
9
1
9
3
lg
5
lg
4.30
sleightofmath.com
199
Rev Ex 7
y = ln(2x + e2 )
At (0, h),
h = ln[2(0) + e2 ]
h = ln e2
h =2
y = ln(2x + e2 )
At (k, 0),
0
= ln[2(k) + e2 ]
0
= log (2 + 2 )
0
1e2
2
y = eax
2
= log 3 (10 x) + 1
= log 3 (10 x) + log 3 3
= log 3 [3(10 x)]
= 3(10 x)
= 30 3x
= 10
5
4
e
= 2k + e
1
= 2k + e2
1 e2 = 2k
log 3 5 + log 3 (4 + x)
log 3 5 + log 3 (4 + x)
log 3 [5(4 + x)]
5(4 + x)
20 + 5x
8x
1e2
2
).
= ea(2)
2
1 2
e
2
1
ln ( e2 )
2
1
1 2
sub x = lg a:
e2a
2a
= ln ( e )
2
1
2
1
2
1
= lg
13
e2 = e2a
lg a = lg
a
13
10
10
13
10
= (ln + ln e2 )
= (ln 21 + 2)
2
1
= ( ln 2 + 2)
2
= 1 ln 2
2
B6
m = 32e0.02t
(a)(i)
m|t=20 = 32e0.02(20)
21.5
1
B6
m
= m|t=0
2
(a)(ii)
1
0.02t
32e
= [32e0.02(0) ]
2
32e0.02t = 16
1
e0.02t
0.02t
= ln
= 50 ln
34.7
2
1
2
1
2
sleightofmath.com
200
Rev Ex 7
B7(ii) xe2x
= e3
3
xe2x
= e2
ln(xe2x )
ln x + 2x =
ln x
B7(iii)
3
2
3
2
3
= 2x +
y = 2x +
3
2
sleightofmath.com
201
Ex 8.1
1(a)
Ex 8.1
Y = X 2
m=1
c = 2
Method 2 (Divide by )
y = x 2 2x
Method 2 (Divide by x)
xy = 3x 5
y
x2
y
=3
= 5 ( ) + 3
xy
1
Y = 2X +1
m = 2
c=1
xy
Method 3 (Divide by y)
y = x 2 2x
1 =
y
3
xy
x2
y
= 1
=
= 2 ( ) + 1
y
3
x2
5y
5
3 1
1
5 y
5
3
1
Y = X
x2
=1 +
2x
y
2x
y
= 2 ( ) +1
y
Y = 2X +1
m=2
c=1
= ( )
5
1 =
x2
Method 3 (Divide by )
xy = 3x 5
xy
1
=1
Y = 5X +3
m = 5
c=3
Method 1 (Divide by x)
y = x 2 2x
y
= x 2
m=
5
1(c)
c=
3
x2
xy 2y = 3
xy
= 2y +3
Y
= 2X +3
m=2
c=3
Method 2 (Swap y and )
y
x 2=
3
x2
3
y
3
+2
= 3 ( ) +2
y
1
y
Y
= 3X
m=3
c=2
sleightofmath.com
+2
202
Ex 8.1
Method 1 (Multiply x)
5
3y = 2x
3xy= 2x 2
xy = x 2
3
2
xy = (x 2 )
3
2
Y = X
3
2(a)
y 2 = 2x + 3
Y = 2X + 3
2
5
3
5
m=
3
2(b)
c=
3
xy = 2y 2 5
Y = 2X 5
Method 2 (Divide by x)
3y
= 2x
3( )= 2
y
x
y
3
5
= ( 2)
= X
3 x
5
3
5
x2
5
3x2
2
3(a)
3
2
3
Method 1 (Divide by x)
xy 2 = 2x
+5y
y
2
y =2
+5
x
m=
= 5 ( ) +2
x
Y = 5X +2
Method 2 (Divide by y)
xy 2 = 2x
+5y
x
xy = 2 ( ) +5
y
+5
Y = 2X
3(b)
Method 1 (Divide by x)
3xy= 5y 2x
y
3y = 5 ( ) 2
y
1(f)
c=
3
1(e)
-5
x
5
x
5 y
3 x
5
3
2
Y = X
3
Method 2 (Divide by y)
3xy= 5y 2x
x
2 ( )
3x = 5
5
2 x
( )
= ( ) +
3 y
2 x
3 y
2
3
5
Y = X
3
= ( )
sleightofmath.com
+
3
203
Ex 8.1
5
Non-linear eqn:
(c)(ii)
= 5x 2
3
2
lg y = lg (5x )
lg y = lg 5 + lg x
= (x + y) +2
3
2
y
x
lg y = lg 5 + lg x
2
lg 5
5(a)
(i)
3
lg x + lg 5
2
lg
(0,1) (4,9)
Gradient:
m=
Y-intercept:
c=1
19
04
2+x
2x
) =
y
5
Points:
(d)(i) Gradient:
Points:
= x +2
y(
lg y =
+ y
lg
y ( + ) = x +2
lg y = lg x + lg 5 [shown]
4(ii)
= x y +2
2
x(4x)
x+2
(0, 2) (4,1)
m=
Y intercept:
Linear eqn:
=2
4x
(2)(1)
(0)(4)
3
4
3
4
c = 2
Y = mX +c
3
= ( ) X + (2)
4
= X 2
4
Linear eqn:
5(a)
(ii)
Non-linear eqn:
Y = mX + c
= 2X + 1
Y intercept:
Linear eqn:
5
Non-linear eqn:
(b)(ii)
5
Points:
(c)(i) Gradient:
Y-intercept:
Linear eqn:
A(4,5) (0,1)
(5)(1)
m = (4)(0) =
4
4
y = x 3 +
Point:
(1,3) or (2,2)
Gradient:
m=
Linear eqn:
Y Y1 = m (X X1 )
Y (3) = (1)[X (1)]
Y 3 = X
+1
Y
= X
+4
04
c=2
Y = mX
2
4
32
12
lg y = lg (
(0,2) (4,0)
=
2x
= 1
Non-linear eqn: lg y = lg x +4
lg y = lg x + lg 104
xy = x 3 + 1
20
4
3 2
x
4
= 1
c=1
Y = mX +c
= (1)X + 1
= X +1
m=
= x 2
y=
y = 2x 2 + 1
6(a)
5
Points:
(b)(i) Gradient:
5
Non-linear eqn:
(d)(ii)
y =
1
2
6(b)
+c
104
x
10 000
x
Point:
(1,3) or (3,4)
Gradient:
m=
Linear eqn:
Y Y1
34
13
1
2
1
2
= ( ) X +(2)
2
= X
2
+2
= m (X X1 )
1
Y (3) = ( ) [X (1)]
2
Non-linear eqn:
sleightofmath.com
2
1
2
5
2
1
2
5
Y3
= X
= X+
x+y
x
= x+
x+y
2
2
1 2
5
x + x
2
2
1 2
3
x + x
2
2
204
Ex 8.1
8(i)
Points:
(1,8) or (4,2)
Gradient:
m = (1)(4) =
Linear eqn:
Y Y1
Y (8)
Y8
Y
(yx)
= m (X X1 )
= (2)[X (1)]
= 2X +2
= 2X +10
= 2(x) + 10
= 2x +
(8)(2)
Non-linear eqn:
Linear eqn:
Y = (ln q)X + ln p
8(ii)
y|x=16 = 216 +
Y-intercept = 2
ln p
=2
p
= e2
7.4
= 2(4) +
=
8(iii)
Gradient =
ln q
7(i)
2
3
2
m=
10
16
10
4
yx = 8
y(9) = 8
3y
= 8
y
=
3
9(i)
Y = X +2
2
Non-linear eqn:
Points:
Gradient:
m = (1)(0) =
y-intercept:
c=0
Linear eqn:
Y = mX + c
= (3)X + (0)
= 3X
Non-linear eqn:
y x = 3x 3
y
= 3x 3 + x
ln y = x + 2
2
3
2
x+2
3
= e2 (e2x )
2
Equate Y(yx):
Linear eqn:
Y = mX +c
=e
10
Equate X(x):
x=9
=e 2
0.2
Gradient:
= 2
11
6
3
= (ee 2 ) (e2 )
9(ii)
(3)(0)
=3
= pqx [given]
p = e2 7.4
3
q = e2 0.2
7(ii)
y = pqx
= 7.4(0.2)x
sleightofmath.com
205
Ex 8.1
m + 2n = 18
m
= 18 2n
11(b) y = ab1x
lg y = lg(ab1x )
= lg a
= lg a
= lg a
= lg b (x)
lg y = lg b (x)
(1)
n2 m = 17
sub (1) into (2):
n2 (18 2n) = 17
n2 + 2n 18
= 17
2
n + 2n 35
=0
(n 5)(n + 7) = 0
n=5
or
m|n=5 = 18 2(5)
=8
C(8,5)
(2)
n = 7
m|n=7 = 18 2(7)
= 32
C(32, 7)
(rej graph slopes up)
11(c) aey
= b2x
ln(aey )
= ln(b2x )
ln a + ln ey = (2x) ln b
ln a + y = 2x ln b
y
= 2x ln b
ln a
y
= 2 ln b (x) ln a
12
Equate X (x 3 ) coordinate:
x3 = 8
x =2
Equate Y (y x) coordinate:
yx
=5
y (2)= 5
y
=7
10(i)
Gradient:
m=
Linear eqn:
Y Y1 = m(X X1 )
Y (10) = 3 [X (3)]
Y 10 = 3X 9
Y
= 3X + 1
Non-linear eqn:
y|x= 1 = 3 ( )
2
=
=
=
=
11(a) x
yb =
3
2
3
2
32
2
32+1
2
18
6
=3
1
x
= 3x + x 2
1
+( )
+
2
= 3( ) + 1
x2
y
10(ii)
m=q
c = lg p
(3,10) or (9,28)
(3)(9)
y = p(x + 1)q
lg y = lg[p(x + 1)q ]
= lg p
+ lg(x + 1)q
= q lg(x + 1) + lg p
= q lg(x + 1) + lg p
Plot lg y against lg(x + 1)
Point:
(10)(28)
+ lg b1x
+[(1 x) lg b]
+ lg b lg b (x)
+ lg a + lg b
+ lg ab
+
+
1
2
1
2
1
2
a
yb
a
x
a
= +b
= a( ) + b
1
x
sleightofmath.com
206
Ex 8.1
14(i)
xb
yx yb = ax
yx
= yb +ax
y
y
= (b) +a
x
Point:
A(3,1) or B (8,3 )
2
Gradient:
mAB =
Linear eqn:
Y Y1
Linear eqn:
Y = bX +a
Non-linear eqn:
1
2
= m (X X1 )
3
2
1
2
1
Y1
= X
= X
1 1
2 x
1
xy
= ( )
2xy
= 1 (shown)
x
4y
2
1
8
(1)
y=x
2(2)y = 1
14(iii) 2xy = 1 1
2
(2)
Linear eqn:
Y = mX +c
= 3X +2
2x(x 2 )
= 1
2x 3
= 1
x
1
x
2x 4
=1x
4
2x + x 1 = 0
= 3 ( ) +2
x
3y
let f(x) 2x 4 + x 1
f(1) = 2(1)4 + (1) 1
=0
x = 1
=2
x
3
y (1 ) = 2
x
y(
14(ii) when x = 2,
Y-intercept = 2
a
= 2
5
2
Gradient = 3
b
=3
(3)(8)
Y (1) = ( ) [X (3)]
= (b) +a
1
2
(1)(3 )
x3
=2
=
=
2x
x3
ax
xb
a=2
b=3
13(ii) y =
2x
x3
x=y
(1)
(2)
2x
x3
x 2 3x = 2x
x 2 5x = 0
x(x 5) = 0
x = 0 or x = 5
sleightofmath.com
207
Ex 8.1
= 7 14 5 + 49 3 35
y|x=4 = 5044 4
(4, 4) does not lie on graph
y|x=4 = 5044 4
(4,4) does not lie on graph
sleightofmath.com
208
Ex 8.2
Ex 8.2
1(i)
Linearization
y = ax 2 + b
x2
y
1(ii)
1
4
9 16 25
6.2 5.6 4.6 3.2 1.4
(6.4)(2.4)
(0)(20)
1
Y intercept 6.4
b
6.4
2(i)
Linearization
1
y
= ax + b
x
1
y
2(ii)
(0.1)(2.15)
(0)(4.5)
0.50
Y intercept 0.1
b
0.1
sleightofmath.com
209
Ex 8.2
Linearization
y
= ax 2 + x b
y x = ax 2 b
1
4
9 16 25
x2
y x 40.5 36 28.5 18 4.5
3(ii)
(42)(12)
(0)(20)
1.5
Y intercept 42
b
42
b
42
4(i)
Linearization
a
N
a
=4
=
N
1
N
1
+4
t
b
at
b 1
= ( ) +
1
t
1
N
4(ii)
4
a
4
a
b
a
(1.25)(0.80)
(0)(0.88)
0.51
(1)
Y intercept 1.25
4
1.25
3.2
(2)
0.51
1.6
sleightofmath.com
210
Ex 8.2
Linearization
xy = h(x + k)
xy = hx + hk
hk
=h+
= hk ( ) + h
x
1
x
1
x
(1.5)(4.5)
(0)(4)
0.75
Y intercept 1.5
h
1.5
(1)
(2)
sleightofmath.com
211
Ex 8.2
Linearization
y
= ax +
b
x
xy = ax 2 + b
x 2 0.25 1.00 2.25 4.00
xy 7.3
6.8
6
4.8
Scale (optional)
Y1 = mX1 + c
c = Y1 mX1
(7.3)(4.8)
(4)(0)
10
= 0.4 0.25
= [4.8,7.47]
Y-interval =
6(ii)
(7.47)(4.8)
12
0.23 0.2
(7.5)(5.48)
(0)(3)
0.67
Y intercept 7.5
b
7.5
6(iii) Substitution
y 0.67x +
7.5
x
y|x=1.7 0.67(1.7) +
7.5
1.7
3.3
sleightofmath.com
212
Ex 8.2
Linearization
y = ax 2 + bx
y
= ax + b
x
x
y
x
7(ii)
(0.4)(7)
(0)(3.7)
Y intercept 0.4
b
0.4
7(iii)
Intersection
= 2 0.4
2 2 0.4 = 10
2 0.4
=
=
x
y
x
2.0
2.5
10
10
3.0
3.5
4 .0
Intersection Pt (2.35,4.3)
X 2.35
2.35
sleightofmath.com
213
Ex 8.2
Linearization
P
En
R
ln P = ln
En
R
ln P = ln E n ln R
ln P = n ln E ln R
ln E 1.61 2.30 2.89 3.00 3.22 3.40
ln P 0.92 2.30 3.48 3.69 4.14 4.50
Scale (optional)
Y1 = mX1 + c
c = Y1 mX1
(0.92)(4.50)
(3.4)(0)
10
= 0.34 0.25
= [2.3,4.5]
Y-interval =
8(ii)
(4.5)(2.3)
12
0.57 0.5
(2.3)(4.2)
(0)(3.25)
Y intercept 2.3
ln R
2.3
R
10.0
sleightofmath.com
214
Linearization
f = kn
lg f = lg[kn ]
= lg k + lg n
= lg k +n lg
= n(lg ) + lg k
lg 2.40 2.67 2.81 3.08 3.18
lg f 3.08 2.81 2.67 2.40 2.30
9(ii)
Ex 8.2
(5.48)(2.48)
(0)(3)
Y intercept = 5.48
lg k
= 5.48
k
301 995
9(iii) Intersection
kn = 102.5n
= 102.5
lg = 2.5
= 2.5
= 2.5
= 1
Intersection Pt (2.97,2.5)
X = 2.97
lg = 2.97
933
sleightofmath.com
215
Ex 8.2
Linearization
y
= Cx +
D
x
xy = Cx 2 + D
x 2 0.04 0.16 0.36 0.64
xy 1.55 1.69 1.93 2.27
10(ii) Gradient & Y-intercept
(X1 , Y1 ) = (0,1.5)
(X 2 , Y2 ) = (0.6,2.22)
Gradient
C
(1.5)(2.22)
(0)(0.6)
1.2
Y intercept 1.5
D
1.5
10(ii) Intersection
Cx 2 + D = 2
=2
Intersection Pt (0.42, 2):
X 0.42
x 2 0.42
x 0.65
sleightofmath.com
216
Ex 8.2
Linearization
yx
= kx n
lg(y x) = lg(kx n )
= lg k + lg x n
= lg k + n lg x
= n lg x + lg k
lg x
0.30 0.48 0.60 0.70 0.78
lg(y x) 1.00 1.26 1.45 1.59 1.71
Scale (optional)
Y1 = mX1 + c
c = Y1 mX1
(1.00)(1.71)
0.780
10
= 0.078 0.05
Range
Y-interval =
(1.71)(0.56)
12
0.096
0.05
Y-scale: 1 cm to 0.05 units
11(ii) Gradient & Y-intercept
(X1 , Y1 ) = (0,0.55)
(X 2 , Y2 ) = (0.68,1.56)
Gradient =
n
(0.55)(1.56)
(0)(0.68)
1.5
Y intercept 0.55
lg k
0.55
k
3.5
11(iii) Substitution
= 3.5 1.5
(1)
= + 4.5
(2)
(2) (1):
( + 4.5) = 3.5 1.5
4.5
= 3.5 1.5
9
7
= 1.5
1.18
sleightofmath.com
217
Ex 8.2
Linearization
y = Aebx
ln y = ln[Aebx ]
= ln A + ln ebx
= ln A bx
= bx + ln A
x 1 2 3 4 5 6
ln y 2.59 2.29 1.99 1.69 1.39 1.10
Scale (optional)
Y1 = mX1 + c
c = Y1 mX1
(2.59) [
(2.59)(1.10)
(1)(6)
] (1)
2.89
Domain = [0,6]
X-interval =
(6)(0)
10
= 0.6 0.5
Range
Y-interval =
(2.89)(1.10)
12
0.15 0.1
(2.88)(1.16)
(0.2)(5.8)
0.307
0.3
Y intercept 2.88
ln A
2.88
A
18
12(iii) Substitution
y = (18)e(0.3)x
= 18e0.3x
At y = 6:
6 = 18e0.3x
1
= e0.3x
3
1
ln = 0.3x
3
ln
1
3
0.3
3.66
sleightofmath.com
218
Ex 8.2
13(i) Linearization
y=a+
b
x
= b( ) + a
Plot y against
1
x
1
x
(2.5)(0)
(10)
= 0.25 0.25
= [0.5,2]
Y-interval =
(2)(0.5)
12
0.21 0.2
gradient (0)(2)
b
Y intercept = 2.0
a
2
sleightofmath.com
219
Ex 8.2
Linearization
T
= kx n
ln T = ln(kx n )
= ln k + ln x n
= ln k +n ln x
= n ln x + ln k
ln x
ln T
4.06
-1.43
4.68
-0.48
5.43
0.63
6.66
2.47
7.26
3.38
Scale (optional)
Y1 = mX1 + c
c = Y1 mX1
(1.43)(3.38)
(7.26)(0)
10
0.73 0.5
= [7.53,3.38]
Y-interval =
(3.38)(7.53)
12
0.91 0.5
(7.5)(0)
(0)(5)
1.5
Y intercept 7.5
ln k
7.5
k
5.5 104
14(iii) Substitution
Put 1.5, 5.5 104 = ,
T = (5.5 104 )(x)1.5
149.6 106 km = 149.6 million km
T|149.6 = (5.5 104 )(149.6)1.5
1
sleightofmath.com
220
Ex 8.2
15(ii) Linearization
Plot P against ln t
P = a ln t + b
[P] = a[ln t] + b
ln t 0.00 0.69 1.61 2.30 2.71 3.00 3.40
P 30 42 50 65 73 77 85
Scale (optional)
c = 30
Domain = [0,3.4]
X-interval =
(3.4)(0)
10
= 0.34 0.25
= [30,85]
Y-interval =
(85)(30)
12
4.58 2.5
Gradient = (0.9)(3.2)
a
15.7
Y intercept 30
b
30
15(iii) Substitution
P = 15.7 ln t + 30
P = 95:
(95)
= 15.7 ln t + 30
15.7 ln t
= 65
ln t 4.15
t 63.6s
sleightofmath.com
221
Ex 8.2
Quadratic eqn
y = ax 2 + bx
y
= ax + b
x
Plot
y
x
against x
x 2 3
4
5
6
7
y
9 11 13 15 17 19
x
Exponential eqn
y = khx
lg y = lg k
+ lg hx
= x lg h + lg k
= lg h (x) + lg k
Plot
y
x
x
lg y
against x
2
3
4
5
6
7
1.26 1.52 1.72 1.88 2.01 2.12
Gradient (0)(6.5)
a
Y intercept = 5
b
=5
16(iii) Substitution
y
= 2x 2 + 5x
y|x=4.5 = 2(4.5)2 + 5(4.5)
= 63
16(iv) No.
x = 1 is outside the data range and thus the computed
value is not reliable.
sleightofmath.com
222
Ex 8.2
Quadratic Equation
It is the only one among the 3 that has a turning point
to fit the data given that increases then decreases.
sleightofmath.com
223
Rev Ex 8
A2
Rev Ex 8
A1(a) Points:
m=
Y-intercept:
Linear eqn:
Non-linear eqn:
(0,5) (6,1)
Gradient:
51
06
2
3
= X+
Gradient = 0.75
a
= 0.75
) =5
= ( )+
2xy
=5
3
b x
Linear eqn:
=5
2x
2
b
2
3
2
3
y (1 +
a 1
b x
a 1
= ( ) +
= xy + 5
y+
= +2
y
1
= mX + c
= X+5
2xy
y
1
+ =2
x
b
c=5
Y
Method 1 (linear)
Non-linear eqn:
5
2
1+ x
3
15
3+2x
= 0.75b
Y intercept = 0.5
= 0.5
A1(b) Points:
Gradient:
A(1,1) or B(2,7)
mAB =
Linear eqn:
Y Y1
Y (1)
Y1
Y
Non-linear eqn: (lg y)
lg y
lg y
y
17
(1)2
6
(3)
(1)
= 4
b
=2
(2)
= m(X X1 )
= 2[X (1)]
= 2X + 2
= 2X + 3
= 2(lg x) + 3
= lg x 2 + lg 103
= lg 1000x 2
= 1000 x 2
Method 2 (non-linear)
Gradient:
m = 0.75
Y intercept: c = 0.5
Linear eqn:
Y = mX +c
0.75X 0.5
Non-linear eqn:
1
( )
= 0.75 ( ) 0.5
3
x
a
x
0.75
x
4
y
b
y
1
y
0.75
x
0.5
= 0.5
=2
=2
a=3
b = 4
A3
y = ax + b
y 2 = ax + b
Plot y 2 against x
gradient = a
y 2 intercept = b
sleightofmath.com
224
Rev Ex 8
A4(i) Linearization
y = Aebt
ln y = ln(Aebt )
= ln A + ln ebt
= ln A + [(bt) ln e]
= bt + ln A
= bt + ln A
t
1
2
3
4
5
ln y 2.50 1.95 1.39 0.83 0.26
A4(ii) Gradient & Y-intercept
(X1 , Y1 ) = (0, 3.06)
(X 2 , Y2 ) = (4.3, 0.65)
Gradient =
b
b
(3.06)(0.65)
(0)(4.3)
0.56
0.56
Y intercept 3.06
ln A
3.06
A
21.3
sleightofmath.com
225
1
u
1
v
Rev Ex 8
A5(ii) Linearization
1
u
1
u
+ =
1
v
1
f
Scale (optional)
Y1 = mX1 + c
c = Y1 mX1
(0.05)(0.08)
(0.05)(0)
10
= 0.005 0.005
= [0.05,0.1]
Y-interval =
(0.1)(0.05)
12
0.0042
0.0025
Y-scale: 1 cm to 0.0025 units
2 cm to 0.005 units
Gradient & Y-intercept
Y intercept = 0.10
1
f
= 0.10
10
sleightofmath.com
226
Rev Ex 8
Linearization
xm yn
lg(x m y n )
lg x m + lg y n
m lg x + n lg y
n lg y
= 200
= lg 200
= lg 200
= lg 200
= m lg x + lg 200
lg y
m
n
lg x +
lg 200
n
(0.86)(0)
10
= 0.086 0.05
= [0.12,1.15]
Y-interval =
(1.15)(0.12)
12
0.11 0.1
Gradient = (0.1)(0.78)
m
n
1.47
(1)
Y intercept = 1.15
lg 200
n
= 1.15
2
(2)
1.47
2
m
3
A6(iii) Substitution
x 3 y 2 = 200
y = 10:
x 3 (10)2 = 200
x3
=2
x
1.26
sleightofmath.com
227
Rev Ex 8
Method 1 (linear)
Non-linear eqn:
y
1
y
1
y
=
=
B1(i)
Method 2 (non-linear)
Points:
A(10,1) B(0, 4) C(r, 2)
Gradient:
2x+k
2x+k
(1)(4)
(10)(0)
1
2
Y intercept: c = 4
h
2
= ( )x +
Linear eqn:
Y = mX +c
1
Linear eqn:
2
Y = X+
m =
= X 4
2
Non-linear eqn:
1
At A(10,1):
2
1 = (10)
1 =
h
20+k
k
h
At B(0, 4):
k
h
k
= (0) +
2
x
2
x8
2
2
x8
4
2x16
h
2x+k
h=4
k = 16
4h = k
(1)
y
1
h = 20 + k
= (x) 4
y
1
(2)
B2(a) y =
(2) = (r) 4
2
1
2
=4
x
y
=2
x
px+q
= px + q
B2(b) y = pqx
lg y = lg(pqx )
= lg p
+ lg qx
= lg p
+(x) lg q
= lg q (x) + lg p
B2(c) ey = px 2 qx
ey
x
sleightofmath.com
= px q
228
Rev Ex 8
Linearization
axy b = a(x 2 + bx)
axy b = ax 2 + abx
axy ax 2 = abx + b
a(xy x 2 ) = abx + b
xy x 2
= bx
x
1
2
3.00
xy x
Scale (optional)
Y1 = mX1 + c
c = Y1 mX1
b
a
2
1.00
3
-0.99
4
-3.00
(3)(3)
X-intercept =
10
= 0.4 0.25
= [3,5]
(5)(3)
Y-intercept =
12
0.67 0.5
=2
=2
=2
2.83
Gradient = (0)(3.5)
2
(1)
Y intercept = 5
b
=5
(2)
=5
= 0.4
sleightofmath.com
229
Rev Ex 8
Linearization
y = Kax
lg y = lg(Kax )
= lg K + (lg ax )
= lg K + (x) lg a
= lg a (x) + lg K
x 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
lg y 1.19 0.99 0.79 0.48 0.38 0.18 -0.05
B4
Graphical reading
(ii)(a) Flawed reading
y = 3.0 (4th data)
Correct reading
Y 0.59
lg y 0.59
y 3.89
B4
Gradient & Y-intercept
(ii)(b) (X1 , Y1 ) = (0,1.4)
(X 2 , Y2 ) = (6.9,0)
(0)(1.4)
Gradient = (6.9)(0)
lg a
a
= 0.2
1.58
Scale (optional)
Y1 = mX1 + c
c = Y1 mX1
(1.19) [
Y intercept = 1.4
lg K
= 1.4
K
= 101.4
= 25.1
(1.19)(0.05)
(1)(7)
] (1)
1.38
Domain = [0,7]
X-interval =
(7)(0)
10
= 0.7 0.5
Range
= [0.05,1.38]
Y-interval =
(1.38)(0.05)
12
0.12 0.1
Point (2,1)
X =2
x =2
sleightofmath.com
230
Rev Ex 8
Linearization
y = ln(ax 2 + b)
ey = ax 2 + b
x2
ey
(1.3)(3.1)
(0)(0.9)
Y intercept 1.3
b
1.3
B5
Graphical Reading
(iii)(a) y = ln 3
ey = 3
Y =3
Pt (0.85,3)
X = 0.85
x 0.92
B5
Graphical Reading
(iii)(b) x = 0.1
x 2 = 0.01
X = 0.01
Pt (0.01,1.32)
Y 1.32
y 0.28
Scale (optional)
Y1 = mX1 + c
c = Y1 mX1
(1.38) [
1.3
Domain
(0.04)(1)
] (0.04)
= [0,1]
X-interval =
(1)(0)
10
= 0.1 0.1
X-scale:
1 cm to 0.1 units
Range
= [1.3,3.3]
Y-interval =
Y-scale:
(1.38)(3.30)
(3.3)(1.3)
12
0.17 0.1
1 cm to 0.1 units
sleightofmath.com
231
Rev Ex 8
B6(i) Linearization
P
= kc t
lg p = lg(kc t )
= lg k
+ lg c t
= lg k
+t lg c
= lg c (t) + lg k
t
1
2
3
4
5
lg P 1.14 1.40 1.67 1.93 2.20
Scale (optional)
Y1 = mX1 + c
c = Y1 mX1
(1.14) [
(1.14)(2.20)
] (1)
(1)(5)
0.88
= [0,5]
Domain
X-interval =
(5)(0)
10
= 0.5 0.5
X-scale:
1 cm to 0.5 units
Range
= [0.88,2.2]
Y-interval =
Y-scale:
(2.2)(0.88)
12
0.11 0.1
1 cm to 0.1 units
(0.87)(1.8)
(0)(3.5)
= 0.27
1.86
Y intercept = 0.87
lg k
= 0.87
k
7.41
B6(iii) Substitution
P = (7.41)(1.86)t
P|t=10 = (7.41)(1.86)10
3.7 103
sleightofmath.com
232
Ex 9.1
1(c)
Ex 9.1
1(a)
1(b)
x
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
y 3.16 2.83 2.45 2.00 1.41 0
y 2 = 4x for 0 x 5
x
0
1
2
3
y
0
2 2.83 3.46
Line of symmetry: y = 0
y 2 = 2x for 5 x 0
4
4
5
4.47
Line of symmetry: y = 0
y 2 = 0.5x for 0 x 10
x
y
0
1
2
3
4
0 0.71 1.00 1.22 1.41
5
6
7
8
9
10
1.58 1.73 1.87 2.00 2.12 2.24
Line of symmetry: y = 0
2(i)
sleightofmath.com
233
Ex 9.1
y 2 = 4(2)x
= 8x
4(i)
Points A & B
At A & B, y = 2x + 4 meets y = x 2 4,
2x + 4
= x2 4
x 2 2x 8
=0
(x + 2)(x 4) = 0
x = 2
or x = 4
y|x=2 = 2(2) + 4
y|x=4 = 2(4) + 4
=0
= 12
A(2,0)
B(4,12)
4(ii)
Length of AB
x 0
1
2
3
4
5
y 0 2.83 4 4.90 5.66 6.32
(1)
(2)
Discriminant
For line & curve to meet at one point:
b2 4ac
=0
(2)2 4m2 (1) = 0
4 4m2
=0
2
m 1
=0
(m + 1)(m 1) = 0
m = 1 or m = 1
2y = x + 3
y
= x+
(1)
y 2 = 2x + 3
(2)
sub (1) into (2):
1
3 2
2
3
2
1
4
3
( x+ )
1 2
x
4
1 2
x
4
2
= 2x + 3
+ x+
x
= 2x + 3
5(ii)
=0
x 2x 3 = 0
(x + 1)(x 3) = 0
x = 1
or x = 3
1
y|x=1 = (1) +
=1
(1,1)
y|x=3 = (3) +
=3
(3,3)
sleightofmath.com
Point ( = )
y 2 = 2x 1 (1)
y = x
(2)
Point ( = )
y 2 = 2x 1
(1)
y=x
(2)
234
y2 = x + 4
Ex 9.1
7(i)
x -4 -3 -2
-1
0
y 0 1 1.41 1.73 2
x 5
6
7
8
y 5.48 6.00 6.48 6.93
x
1
2
3
4
5
6
y 2.24 2.45 2.65 2.83 3 3.16
6(ii)
6(iii)
4x 2 13x
= 5
2
4x 12x + 9 = x + 4
(2x 3)2
=x+4
y 2 = 6x
x 0 1
2
3
4
y 0 2.45 3.46 4.24 4.90
7(ii)
y>3
x > 1.5
7(iii)
4x 2 10x + 1 = 0
4x 2 4x + 1 = 6x
(2x 1)2
= 6x
2
(2x 1)
= y2
y
= (2x 1)
Draw y = 2x 1:
4x 13x = 5
(2x 3)2 = x + 4
(2x 3)2 = y 2
y
= (2x 3)
Draw y = 2x 3 or y = 2x + 3
x = 0.45 or 2.8
x = 0.1 or 2.4
sleightofmath.com
235
Ex 9.1
Points A and B
10(i)
2
At A and B, y = x + meets y = 2x 1:
x
x+
= 2x 1
x1
=0
x2 x 2
=0
(x + 1)(x 2) = 0
x = 1
or
y|x=1 = 2(1) 1
= 3
B(1, 3)
8(ii)
x=2
y|x=2 = 2(2) 1
=3
A(2,3)
Points A and B
At A and B, y 2 = 3x meets y = 6 x
(6 x)2
= 3x
2
x 12x + 36 = 3x
x 2 15x + 36 = 0
(x 3)(x 12) = 0
x=3
or x = 12
y|x=3 = 6 (3)
y|x=12 = 6 (12)
=3
= 6
A(3,3)
B(12, 6)
0 12 3 0
|
0 6 3 0
= [0 + 36 + 0 0 (18) 0]
= |
2 2
1
Area of PAB
1 5
= |
2 0
2
3
1
3
5
|
0
4
1
= (54)
4
= 13 unit 2
= [9 (18)]
11(i)
=
9(i)
27
2
unit 2
Points A & B
1
At A & B, y = meets y = 2x + 1:
x
= 2x + 1
1
= 2x 2 + x
2x 2 + x 1
=0
(x + 1)(2x 1) = 0
x = 1
or x =
y|x=1 =
1
(1)
y|x=1 =
2
= 1
B(1, 1)
9(ii)
Points A & B
At A & B, y 2 = 12 2x meets y = 2 x
(2 x)2
= 12 2x
2
x 4x + 4
= 12 2x
2
x 2x 8
=0
(x + 2)(x 4) = 0
x = 2
or
x=4
y|x=2 = 2 (2)
y|x=4 = 2 (4)
=4
= 2
A(2,4)
B(4, 2)
11(ii) bisector of AB
1
( )
2
AB bisector of AB
=2
1
A ( , 2)
2
Point:
Point M
At M, y = 2x + 1 cuts y-axis (x = 0):
y|x=0 = 1
M(0,1)
MAB = (
(2)+4 4+(2)
Gradient: mAB =
=
2
1
mAB
1
6
)
6
) = (1,1)
1
(4)(2)
((2)(4))
=1
Ratio :
1
AB :
AM: MB = ( 0) : [0 (1)]
y y1 = m (x x1 )
y 1 = (1)(x 1)
y1 =x1
y=x
1
2
=1
:1
:2
sleightofmath.com
236
Ex 9.1
Points A & B
At A & B, y = x 2 + x 2 meets y = 2x
x2 + x 2
= 2x
2
x x2
=0
(x + 1)(x 2) = 0
x = 1
or x = 2
y|x=1 = 2(1)
y|x=2 = 2(2)
= 2
=4
B(1, 2)
A(2,4)
13(i)
A(2, 4) lies on y = x + k:
4 = 2 + k
k = 6
Point B
At B, y = x 6 meets y 2 = 8x
(x 6)2
= 8x
2
x 12x + 36 = 8x
x 2 20x + 36 = 0
(x 2)(x 18) = 0
x = 2 or x = 18
(taken) y|x=18 = (18) 6
= 12
12(ii) Length of AB
|AB| = [(1) 2]2 + [(2) 4]2
= 9 + 36
= 45
13(ii) bisector of AB
= 9 5
= 35 units
12(iii)
Recall A(2,4) B(1, 2) C(3,4) |AB| = 35
AB bisector of AB
Point:
F Foot of from C to AB
|CF| distance from C to AB
MAB = (
2+18 (4)+12
2
Gradient: mAB =
Equating Area of ABC:
1
2
1
2
|AB||CF|
35 |CF|
35 |CF|
|CF|
3 1 2
|
4 2 4
2 3 1 2
|
=|
4 4 2 4
8 + 6 + (4)
]
=[
(12) (4) (4)
1
= |
2
2
4
AB :
1
mAB
1
16
(
)
16
) = (10,4)
1
(4)(12)
( (2)(18) )
= 1
y y1 = mAB (x x1 )
y (4)= (1) [x (10)]
y 4 = x + 10
y
= x + 14
= 30
=
=
=
30
35
10
5
105
5
= 25
sleightofmath.com
237
Ex 9.1
Points A & B
At A & B, y 2 = 2x 3 meets 2x + 3y = 7
y 2 = 2x 3
(1)
2x + 3y = 7
3y
= 2x + 7
y
Area of PAB =
1
= x+
2
1
(2)
= 2x 3
28
9
46
9
x+
x+
|AB||PF|
2
1 513
7 2
(base)(height) =
49
) |PF|
|PF|
= 2x 3
9
76
=
=
=0
2x 23x + 38 = 0
(x 2)(2x 19) = 0
x=2
or
2
y|x=2 = (2) +
x=
15
19
2
2 19
y|x=19 = ( ) +
2
=1
= 4
A(2,1)
B ( , 4)
35
2
35
2
35
2
35
2
14
13
14
13
units
13 units
Point B
B(b1 , b2 ) lies on y 2 = 2x:
(b2 )2 = 2b1
1
= (b2 )2
b1
B ( (b2 )2 , b2 )
2
19
2
Midpoint of AB
1
Length of AB
A(2,6) B ( (b2 )2 , b2 )
2
19 2
|AB| = (2
) + [1
2+ (b2 )2 6+b2
2
(4)]2
MAB = (
325
513
2
= (x, y)
52 13
x=
1
2
2+ (b2 )2
2
[shown]
y =
6+b2
2
2y = 6 + b2
b2 = 2y 6
(2)
sub (2) into (1):
19
P(6,3) A(2,1) B ( , 4)
2
19
1 6 2
6
2
|
Area of PAB = |
2
3 1 4 3
1
57
19
= [6 + (8) +
6
2
(24)]
1
2
2+ (2y6)2
= 1 + (2y 6)2
2
1
4
1
4
x = 1 + (y 2 6y + 9)
x = y 2 6y + 10
0 = y 2 6y x + 10
y 2 6y x + 10 = 0
= (35)
2
= 17 unit 2
2
(1)
sleightofmath.com
238
Ex 9.1
Point P
P(a, b) lies in y 2 = 8x:
b2 = 8a
b = 8a or b = 8a (rej b > 0)
17(ii) Line AC
Point:
P(a, 8a)
Gradient:
mAC =
AC:
y y1
(2at)(2at)
(0)(at2 )
4at
at2
4
t
= m(x x1 )
4
y (2at) = [x (0)]
Length of PF
P(a, 8a) F(2,0)
y
2
PF = (a 2)2
+ (8a)
( x + 2at)
t
16 2
x
t2
16 2
x
t2
2
= (a2 4a + 4) + 8a
=
= x + 2at
t
+ (8a 0)
= (a 2)2
a2
t
4
+ 4a + 4
2)2
= (a +
= a + 2 units
16(ii) Length of PQ
PQ = (x coordinate of P) (x coordinate of Q)
=a
(2)
=a+2
PF = PQ [shown]
16(iii) Area of triangle PQF
P(a, 8a) PQ = a + 2
= 4ax
16ax + 4a2 t 2
= 4ax
20ax + 4a2 t 2
=0
at2
or
at2
x=
4
4 at2
= (
t
x = at 2 (taken)
) + 2at
= at + 2at
= at
Another point of intersection (
at2
4
, at)
= (PQ) (y coordinate of P)
2
1
= (a + 2)(8a)
2
1
= (a + 2)(4 2a)
2
1
= (a + 2)22a
2
= (a + 2)2a
17(i)
D(at 2 , 2at)
2 = 4
A(0,2at)
B(0, 2at)
C(at 2 , 2at)
sleightofmath.com
239
Ex 9.1
17(iii) A(0,2at)
18(i)
l2 : y = x
l1 l2
2
2 1 C(at , 2at)
= OA
OM
+AM
2
= OA
+
AC
OA
)
+ (OC
3
2
= OA
+ OC
3
2
2 =
0
) + ( at )
3 2at
2at
=(
3
2
= OA
= (
at 2
2
at
19(i)
= (2.2)2 + 12
= 5.84
2.416609195
Method 2
Let M be (xm , ym )
MC
Distance in km
= (2.416609195)(93 106 )(1.609)
361 106
3.61 108
2
1
x coordinates
xm xa
=2
xc xm
x1 0
y coordinates
ym ya
=2
yc ym
y1 2at
=2
at2 x1
2aty1
=2
3x1
x1
= at 2
x1
3
2
S(0.1,0) C(2.3,1)
|SC| = [(0.1) (2.3)]2 + [(0) (1)]2
M ( at , at)
AM
OA
+ OC
1
3
1
18(ii)
2+1
2
= OA
l1 : y 2 = x
y = x
y1
= at
3
M ( at , at)
3
Point:
M ( at 2 , at)
Gradient:
m =
=
Line:
mAC
1
(
4at
)
at2
1
(2at)(2at)
(
)
(0)(at2 )
4
t
t
4
= m(x x1 )
y y1
2
4
t
4
t
6
1
y ( at) = [x ( at 2 )]
2
y + at
= x at 3
= x at 3 at
sleightofmath.com
240
Ex 9.1
21.16(c2 )3 +(1.08)(c2 )
25.29(c2 )4 +(0.54)(c2 )2 +0.01
Minimum |SC|
f (c2 )
=0
21.16(c2 )3 +(1.08)(c2 )
25.29(c2 )4 +(0.54)(c2 )2 +0.01
21.16(c2 )3 + (1.08)(c2 )
c2 (21.16c 2 + 1.08)
=0
=0
=0
c2 = 0
Sign Test
c2
0 0 0+
f(c2 ) sign 0 +
f(c2 ) is minimum
1 AU = 93 million miles
= 93 106 miles
= 93 106 [1.609] km
= 93 106 [1.609][103 ]m
= 93 106 [1609] m
d = |SC||c
2 =0
f(0)
93 106 [1609]
93 106 [1609]
k
d
1.171010
1.496371010
95645ms 1
sleightofmath.com
241
Ex 9.2
2(a)
Ex 9.2
1(a)
1(b)
Centre (0,1)
Radius: r = 4
Circle: (x a)2 +(y b)2 = r 2
(x 0)2 + (y 1)2 = 42
Comparing coefficients:
2g = 2
2f = 10
g=1
f = 5
Radius: r = f 2 + g 2 c = (5)2 + 12 1 = 4
2
(3, 2)
Centre: (3, 2)
Radius: r = 2
Circle: (x a)2 + (y b)2
= r2
(x 3)2 + [y (2)]2 = 22
(x 3)2 + (y + 2)2
= 22
1(c)
2(b)
3
(3,4)
(2,2)
Centre: (2,2)
Radius: r = 2
Circle: (x a)2
+(y b)2 = r 2
[x (2)]2 +[y (2)]2 = 22
(x + 2)2
+(y 2)2 = 22
c=4
Centre: (3,4)
Radius: r = 3
Circle: (x a)2
+(y b)2 = r 2
2
[x (3)] +(y 4)2 = 32
(x + 3)2
+(y 4)2 = 32
=0
= 1
= 1
= 25
= 52
Centre: (1,5)
Radius: 5
1(d)
c=1
=0
= 4
= 4
=9
= 32
Centre: (2,3)
Radius: 3
sleightofmath.com
242
Method 1
Ex 9.2
A(8,0)
B(0, 4)
10
C(0, 16)
= 10
5(i)
=5
= 25
= 20
= 20
Centre C
C(0,0)
= x3
(1)
y 2x = 0
sub (1) into (2):
(2)
=0
At A(8,0):
(8)2 + (0)2 + 2g(8) + 2f(0) + c
64 16g + c
(1)
At B(0, 4),
(0)2 + (4)2 + 2g(0) + 2f(4) + c
16 8f + c
(2)
=0
=0
( x 3) 2x = 0
2
=0
=3
= 2
=0
=0
y|x=2 = (2) 3 = 4
2
P(2, 4)
Radius r
r = |CP| = [(2) 0]2 + [(4) 0]2 = 20
Circle
(x a)2 + (y b)2
x3
2
3
At C(0, 16),
(0)2 + (16)2 + 2g(0) + 2f(16) + c = 0
256 32f + c
=0
(3)
=5
Point P on circle
At point P on circle, where x 2y = 6 meets y
2x = 0,
x 2y = 6
2y
=x6
Circle:
(x a)2
+(y b)2
= r2
[x (8)]2 +[y (10)]2 = 102
(x + 8)2
+(y + 10)2
= 102
5 c
5c
c
c
(4)+(16)
g2
12 + (2)2 c = 5
y coordinate of centre
Method 2
x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2fy + c
=5
f 2
x coordinate of centre
= 8
C(2, 1) = (g, f)
Comparing coefficients:
g = 2
f=1
(x 0)2 + (y 0)2
x + y2
=0
=0
5(ii)
sleightofmath.com
= r2
2
= (20)
= 20
243
Ex 9.2
Points A & B
At A & B, 12x 5y = 11 cuts x 2 + y 2 6x +
2y 15 = 0
12x 5y= 11
5y
= 12x + 11
y
12x+11
(1)
or
12x+11 2
5
144x2 +264x+121
=2
=0
6x + 2 (
) 6x +
25
x=
(2)
12x+11
5
24x+22
P(1,2)
x +(
Points P & Q
At P & Q, x 2 + y 2 + 4x 6y + 3 = 0 & y = 2x meet
x 2 + (2x)2 + 4x 6(2x) + 3 = 0
x 2 + 4x 2 + 4x 12x + 3
=0
2
5x 8x + 3
=0
(x 1)(5x 3)
=0
x=1
x 2 + y 2 6x + 2y 15 = 0
sub (1) into (2):
x 2 + y 2 6x + 2y 15
x +(
7(i)
3 6
Q( , )
5 5
) 15 = 0
15 = 0
7(ii)
bisector of PQ
3 6
P(1,2) Q ( , )
5 5
x2
+
144 2
x
25
264
25
PQ bisector of PQ
121
25
Point:
6x
+
24
5
234
25
144
13
A (
6(ii)
x=
24
13
12( )+11
24
13
6
13
13
=
)
B(
6
13
12( )+11
5
13
29
13
29
8(i)
43
13
43
A (
13
29
) B(
13
43
)
2
24
6
29
43
|AB| = [( ) ( )] + [( ) ( )]
13
13
13
mPQ
6
5
4 8
)= ( , )
5 5
= (2)(6 =
)
5
3
(1)( )
5
1
4
( )
5
2
( )
5
1
2
(x x1 )
=m
8
5
2
1
= x+
= x+2
2
x 2 + y 2 2x + 8y 23 = 0
x 2 + y 2 + 2gx +2fy +c
=0
c = 23
= 36
=6
Comparing coefficients
2g = 2
2f = 8
g = 1
f=4
13 13
13
2+
13 13
Length of AB
24
y y1
3
5
y ( ) = ( ) [x ( )]
y|x= 6 =
PQ :
=0
=0
or
13
=0
=0
25
24
y|x=24 =
Gradient: m =
MPQ = (
22
15
169 2
x
25
2
1+
= 40 = 4 10 = 210
sleightofmath.com
244
Ex 9.2
Tangent AB
10
P(3, 10)
210
AB
bisector of AB
AB bisector of AB
C(1, 4)
Point:
Point:
P(3, 10)
Gradient: mAB =
Points on circle
A(2,3) B(1,6)
1
mPC
1
(10)(4)
( (3)(1) )
1
6
)
2
1
AB :
y y1
9(i)
= x 11
3
1
bisector of AB
9(ii)
9(iii)
(2)+4
2
= 1
Centre C
At C, y = 6 2x meets AB (x = 1)
y|x=1 = 6 2(1)
=4
C(1,4)
2 2
1
(3)(6)
[(2)(1)]
= 3 =
3
= m (x x1 )
1
9
2
=x
1
2
=x+4
Radius r
r = |AC| = [2 (3)]2 + (3 1)2 = 29
Circle
(x a)2
Radius r
r = |AC| = [(2) 1]2 + (0 4)2 = 25 = 5
Circle
(x a)2 +(y b)2 = r 2
(x 1)2 +(y 4)2 = (5)2
1 9
)=( , )
Centre C
At C, AB (y = x + 4) meets 2x + 5y = 1
2x + 5(x + 4) = 1
2x + 5x + 20 = 1
7x
= 21
x
= 3
y|x=3 = (3) + 4
=1
C(3,1)
Points on circle
A(2,0) B(4,0)
x=
mAB
y (10) = ( ) [x (3)]
y ( ) = (1) [x ( )]
= x1
y y1
= mAB (x x1 )
y + 10
(2)+(1) (3)+(6)
Gradient: mAB =
AB:
MAB = (
+(y b)2
= r2
Points A & B
At A & B, x 2 + y 2 4x + 6y 12 = 0 cuts x
axis (y = 0).
x 2 + (0)2 4x + 6(0) 12 = 0
x 2 4x 12
=0
(x + 2)(x 6)
=0
x = 2 or x = 6
A(2,0)
B(6,0)
Length of AB
|AB| = 6 (2) = 8
sleightofmath.com
245
Ex 9.2
11(ii) Centre C
x 2 + y 2 4x + 6y 12 = 0
x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
12(ii)
Comparing coefficients:
2g = 4
2f = 6
g = 2
f=3
= MAD
(2, 3) = (
2 =
(2)+(d1 ) (0)+(d2 )
2
(2)+(d1 )
2
and
12(i)
3 =
d1 = 6
D(6, 6)
Centre C of
At C, AB (y = x) cuts circle (x 2 + y 2 = 36)
x 2 + (x)2 = 36
2x 2
= 36
2
x
= 18
x
= 18 = 9 2 = 32
x = 32
or
x = 32
y|x=32 = 32
y|x=32 = 32
)
(0)+(d2 )
2
d2 = 6
=
5
5
C(32, 32)
C(32, 32)
Radius r of
r = |BC|
5
Centre: A(5, 5) or B(5,5)
Radius: r = 5
C1 :
C2 :
Point D
D(d1 , d2 )
C
AB : y = x
= (g f) = (2, 3)
Centre C
= (5 32) + [5 (32)]
[x (5)]2 + [y (5)]2 = 52
(x 5)2 + (y 5)2 = 52
[x (32)]
or [x (32)]
sleightofmath.com
2
2
+[y (32)]
+[y (32)]
2
2
= (96)
2
= (96)
246
Ex 9.2
Tangent
x + 2y = 5
2y
= x 5
y
= x
Normal
Point:
14
C(1,3)
P
x + 2y = 5
Normal:
1
mtan
1
1
2
( )
=2
y y1 = mnorm (x x1 )
[x (1)]
y (3)= (2)
(x + 1)
y3 =2
y 3 = 2x + 2
y
= 2x + 5
Centre C
x 2 + y 2 4x 8y 5 = 0
x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
Point P on circle
1
Comparing coefficients
2g = 4
2f = 8
g = 2
f = 4
x = 2x + 5
5
2
15
2
= 3
Centre C
y|x=3 = (3)
Area of ABC = | |
13(ii) Centre
C(1,3)
Radius
r = |CP| = [(3) (1)]2 + [(1) 3]2 = 20
2
1
5
8
2
4
2
||
1
1 16 + 20 + (2)
|
|
2 (5) 16 8
1
|15|
2
= 7.5 units 2
= r2
= (g, f) = (2,4)
= 1
P(3, 1)
Circle
(x a)2 +(y b)2
=0
=0
=0
C(1,3) or P
Gradient: mnorm =
Point A & B
At A & B, (y = 3x 7) cuts
(x 2 + y 2 4x 8y 5 = 0)
x 2 + (3x 7)2
4x 8(3x 7) 5
2
2
x + (9x 42x + 49) 4x 24x + 56 5
(10x 2 42x + 49)
28x + 51
sleightofmath.com
247
Ex 9.2
x 2 + y 2 + 4x +6y 12 = 0
x 2 + y 2 + 2gx +2fy +c = 0
Comparing coefficients
2g = 4
2f = 6
g=2
f=3
16
(1)
(2)
c = 12
Discriminant
For two distinct points:
b2 4ac
(2m 4)2 4(1 + m2 )(4)
(4m2 + 16m + 16) 16(1 + m2 )
(4m2 + 16m + 16) 16 16m2
12m2 + 16m
3m2 4m
m(3m 4)
= 32 + 22 (12) = 25 = 5
(3, 1)
(2, 3)
+
4
>0
>0
>0
>0
>0
<0
<0
(2)2
= 5
< radius
point lies inside circle
17
Centre
x 2 + y 2 + 2x 2y 3 = 0
x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
C(1,1)
Comparing coefficients:
2g = 2 2f = 2
g=1
f = 1
P(1,2)
Tangent
P(1,2) or C(1,1)
Gradient: mtan =
=
1
mnorm
1
(1)(2)
[(1)(1)]
1
mCP
1
1
)
2
= 2
Tangent: y y1 = mtan (x x1 )
y (2)= (2)[x (1)]
y 2 = 2x + 2
y
= 2x + 4
sleightofmath.com
248
Ex 9.2
19(ii) bisector of PQ ( )
P(2, 2) Q(6,0)
A(a, 0) B(a, 0)
Point:
PA
= 2PB
[x (a)]2 + (y 0)2
(x + a)2 + y 2
= 2(x a)2 + y 2
(x + a)2 + y 2
= 4[(x a)2 + y 2 ]
(x 2 + 2ax + a2 ) + y 2
= 4[(x 2 2ax + a2 ) + y 2 ]
x 2 + 2ax + a2 + y 2
= 4x 2 8ax + 4a2 + 4y 2
3x 2 + 10ax 3a2 3y 2
=0
x2
10
3
ax + a2 + y 2
2
Gradient: mPQ =
=
PQ :
19(iii)
2
3
5
+ a2 + y 2 = 0
(x a) + y 2
(x x1
)2
+ (y y1
)2
16 2
a
9
= r [shown]
1
1
2
= 2
(x a)2 + (y b)2
= r2
(x 6)2 + [y (5)]2 = (5)2
(x 6)2 + (y + 5)2
= 25
[wrong answer in textbook]
4
3
Circle
Centre: P(2, 2)
Point: Q(6,0)
Radius: r = |PQ|
20(i)
(x x1 )2 + (y y1 )2 = r 2
(x 2)2 [y (2)]2 = (20)
(x 2)2 + (y + 2)2 = 20
x 2 + y 2 4x 4y = 1
y=x+c
(1)
(2)
(2)2
= 20
19(iv) C2 :
radius = a
C1 :
2
4
1
(2)(0)
[ (2)(6) ]
Radius of C2 = 5
Centre of C2 =(6, 5)
) = (4, 1)
18(ii) centre (5 a, 0)
19(i)
y y1 = mPQ (x x1 )
y (1) = (2) [x (4)]
y+1
= 2x + 8
y
= 2x + 7
25 2
a
9
mPQ
(6,0)
(x a)
[(x a) ( a) ] + a + y = 0
3
2+6 (2)+(0)
=0
MPQ = (
x 2 + (c 4)x +
c2 4c1
2
=1
=1
=1
=0
=0
[shown]
sleightofmath.com
249
Ex 9.2
21
b
Sum of roots = x1 + x2 =
(c4)
1
(2)]2
=4c
P(9,2)
C(2, 1)
By Pythagoras Theorem,
|PT|2 = |PC|2
Midpoint of PQ
=(
=(
=(
=(
2
x1 +x2
2
x1 +x2
2
4c
2
4c
2
2
x1 +x2 +2c
2
x1 +x2 +2c
2
(4c)+2c
2
4+c
(x, y) = MPQ (
x =
2x
c
4c 4+c
2
= 72 + 32
= 58
= 45
)
)
PT
22
y=
= 45
x = (y k)2 + h
4c
2
(h, k)
4+c
2
two y intercepts
(2)
Method 2 (solution)
x = a(y k)2 + h
13
13
= 35
=4c
= 4 2x (1)
y=
= 9 5
|CT|2
= (13)
Q(x2 , y2 ) lies on y = x + c:
y2 = x2 + c
Q(x2 , x2 + c)
x1 +x2
= 13
(1)]2
[x
+ [y
Centre: C(2, 1)
Radius: r = 13
Points P & Q
P(x1 , y1 ) lies on y = x + c:
y1 = x1 + c
P(x1 , x1 + c)
MPQ = (
Circle
(x 2)2 + (y + 1)2
4+(42x)
2
82x
At y axis (x = 0):
0
= a(y k)2 + h
2
a(y k) = h > 0
h<0
y = x + 4
(y k)2
(y k)
= k
>0
a>0
h
a
h
a
two y intercepts
sleightofmath.com
250
Ex 9.2
Method 3 (discriminant)
a(y k)2 + h
=0
a(y 2 2ky + k 2 ) +h = 0
ay 2 2aky +ak 2 + h = 0
i.e. A = a, B = 2ak, C = ak 2 + h
23
9
4
Grad: mAB =
AB :
1
mAB
=
=
31
8
31
18
31
y|x=31 = 2 ( )
18
18
D(
31
9
31 31
18
31
31
= [(3) ( )] + [(1) ( )]
18
) = ( , 3)
2465
324
(1)(5)
[(3)(4)]
Circle
(x x1 )2 + (y y1 )2
y y1 = mAB (x x1 )
1
(x
y (3)= ( ) [x ( )]
1
4
1
y3 = x+
y
Radius r
r = |AD|
3+4 1+5
2
AB bisector of AB
,
x + 3 = 2x
Points
A(3,1) B(4,5) C(1,3)
Point: MAB = (
At D, AB (y = x + 3 ) meets AC (y = 2x).
Discriminant
B 2 4AC = (2ak)2 4(a)(ak 2 + h)
= 4a2 k 2 4a2 k 2 4ah
= 4ah
>0
a > 0, h < 0
two y-intercepts
23
Centre D
= x+3
4
31 2
) + (y
18
31 2
9
= r2
2
= (
2465
324
7
8
AC bisector of AC
Point: MAC = (
Grad: mAC =
AC :
3+(1) 1+3
2
1
mAC
) = (1,2)
1
(1)(3)
[(3)(1)]
=2
y y2 = mAC (x x2 )
y (2)= (2) (x 1)
y 2 = 2x 2
y
= 2x
sleightofmath.com
251
Rev Ex 9
A2
Rev Ex 9
A1(i)
Line AC
A(4,4) C(6,0)
Point:
A(4,4) or C(6,0)
(4)(0)
4
2
(1)
(2)
= 2
y y1 = m (x x1 )
y (0)= (2)[x (6)]
y = 2x + 12
AC:
Point B
At B, AC meets y 2 = 4x
(2x + 12)2
= 4x
2
4x 48x + 144 = 4x
4x 2 52x + 144 = 0
x 2 13x + 36
=0
(x 4)(x 9)
=0
x=4
or x = 9
(taken)
y|x=9 = 2(9) + 12
= 6
B(9, 6)
Discriminant
For two distinct points:
b2 4ac
(2m 1)2 4(m2 )(1)
(4m2 4m + 1) 4m2
4m + 1
4m
>0
>0
>0
>0
> 1
<
1
4
Combine inequalities:
m > 0 and m <
1
4
(2)2
A3(i)
(10,18)
42
= 4 + 16
13
= 20
= 4 5
= 25 units
13
Radius: r = 13
Point: (10,18)
y coordinate of centre C = 13
= (3)2 + (6)2
= 9 + 36
= 45
= 9 5
= 35
A1(iii) AC: CB
= 25: 35
= 2: 3
sleightofmath.com
252
Rev Ex 9
A4(iii) Radius
1
r = |AB|
2
A4(i)
= 100 = 5
2
Points on circle
A(2,4) B(6, 2)
Circle
(x x1 )2 + (y y1 )2 = r 2
[x (2)]2 + [y (1)]2 = (5)2
(x 2)2 + (y 1)2 = 25
Centre C
C = MAB = (
(2)+6 4+(2)
2
) = (2,1)
A4(ii) Line DE
Point:
C(2,1)
Gradient: DE AB,
mDE =
DE:
1
mAB
Points D & E
=
1
(4)(2)
[(2)(6)]
1
[
6
]
8
4
3
y y1 = mDE (x x1 )
y (1)=
4
3
4
[x (2)]
y1 = x
y
3
4
3
5
+ [( x ) 1]
(x 2)2
+( x )
25 2
x
9
25 2
x
9
2
= x
(x 2)2
100
9
100
9
3
3
16 2
64
+( x x
9
9
100
x+
x
= 25
= 25
64
9
)= 25
= 25
=0
=0
=0
or x = 5
y|x=1 = (1)
= 3
E(1, 3)
sleightofmath.com
9
125
x 4x 5
(x + 1)(x 5)
x = 1
3
2
8 2
(x 2 4x + 4)
y|x=5 = (5)
=5
D(5,5)
253
Rev Ex 9
B1(i)
(1)
(2)
x 2 + (mx )
+6x 8 (mx ) = 0
x +
(m2 2
3
2
9
1
3
8
x mx + ) +6x 8mx +
(1 + m2 )x 2 mx +
(1 + m2 )x 2 + (6
26
3
+(6 8m)x +
m) x +
25
=0
=0
=0
Discriminant
b2 4ac
= (6
26
3
m)
B1(ii) Length of AB
A(9, 6) B(4,4)
25
4(1 + m2 ) ( )
= (36 104m +
= (36 104m +
676
9
676
9
m2 )
100
2)
100
9
9
= 125
(1 + m2 )
100
9
= 25 5
= 55 units
224
= 64m2 104m +
Area of CAB
1 4 4 9 4
|
|
2 4 4 6 4
1
= [(16) + 24 + 36 16 (36) 24]
2
1
= (40)
2
24
= 20 unit 2
64m2 104m +
>0
m<
24
or m >
3
Points A & B
At A & B, y 2 = 4x meets y = 2x + 12
(2x + 12)2
= 4x
2
4x + 48x + 144 = 4x
4x 2 + 52x + 144 = 0
x 2 + 13x + 36
=0
(x + 9)(x + 4)
=0
x = 9
or x = 4
y|x=9 = 2(9) + 12
y|x=4 = 2(4) + 12
= 6
=4
A(9, 6)
B(4,4)
7
24
224
9
=0
2
1
or m =
224
9
|AB||CF|
= 20
(55)|CF| = 20
CF
40
55
8
5
85
5
units
<0
7
24
24
<x<
4
3
sleightofmath.com
254
Rev Ex 9
(1)
(2)
x 2 + (x + c)2 4x + 3 = 0
(2)
sub (1) into (2):
x 2 + (x + c)2
4x + 3 = 0
2
2
2
x + (x + 2cx + c ) 4x + 3 = 0
(2x 2 + 2cx + c 2 )
4x + 3 = 0
2x 2 + (2c 4)x + (c 2 + 3)
=0
(1)
<0
<0
<0
<0
<0
<0
<0
Discriminant
For line to be tangent to circle:
b2 4ac
=0
2
2
(2c 4) 4(2)(c + 3)
=0
2
2
(4c 16c + 16) 8(c + 3) = 0
(4c 2 16c + 16) 8c 2 24 = 0
4c 2 16c 8
=0
2
c + 4c + 2
=0
c=
3 3
3 < m < 3
m is positive integer,
m=1
(4)(4)2 4(1)(2)
2(1)
422
2
48
2
= 2 2
Line with =
y = x + (2 2)
= x 2 2
sleightofmath.com
255
Rev Ex 9
Method 1 (algebraic)
x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
(13,0): 132 + 2g(13) + c = 0
169 + 26g + c = 0
(27,0): 272 + 2g(27) + c = 0
729 + 54g + c = 0
B3
Method 2 (graphical)
bisector of PQ
PQ bisector of PQ
PQ : x =
(1)
(13)+(27)
2
= 20
(0,9)
O
bisector of PR
Point:
(2)
MPR = (
=(
(0,9):
02 + 92 + 2f(9) + c = 0
81 + 18f + c
= 0 (3)
Gradient: mPR =
PR :
13+0 0+9
2
13 9
2
, )
2
mPR
y y1
(27,0)
(13,0)
9
]
13
13
9
(x x1 )
=m
1
(0)(9)
[(13)(0)]
13
13
y ( ) = ( ) [x ( )]
2
9
2
=
=
9
13
169
9
13
18
44
x
x
Centre C
At C, PQ (x = 20) meets PR (y =
y|x=20 =
13
9
(20)
13
9
44
9
44
9
= 24
C(20,24)
Radius r
C(20,24) P(13,0) Q(27,0) R(0,9)
r = |CP| = (20 13)2 + (24 0)2
= 625 = 25
Circle
(x x1 )2 + (y y1 )2 = r 2
(x 20)2 + (y 24)2 = 252
B4(i)
x 2 + y 2 6x 2y 15 = 0
x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
Comparing coefficients:
2g = 6,
2f = 2,
g = 3
f = 1
Centre:
sleightofmath.com
c = 15
Z(3,1)
256
Rev Ex 9
B4(iii)
(2,3)
(3,1)
AB:
(3,1)
Chord AB
Point: M(2,3)
Grad: mAB =
1
mZM
1
(1)(3)
[(3)(2)]
1
2
)
1
1
2
Line CD
Point:
Z(3,1)
Gradient: CD AB
y y1 = mAB (x x1 )
mCD = mAB =
y (3)= [x (2)]
2
1
1
2
y y1 = m(x x1 )
CD:
y3 = x1
y
y (1)= ( ) [x (3)]
2
1
= x+2
y 1= x
3
2
= x
(1)
Points C & D
1
At C & D, CD (y = x ) meets
circle (x 2 + y 2 6x 2y 15 = 0)
1 2
x2 + ( x )
2
1
2
x + ( x2
4
5 2
1
2
1
x+ )
( x x+ )
4
5 2
x
4
2
2
15
2
4
55
=0
6x x + 1 15
=0
7x 14
=0
=0
(6)(6)2 4(1)(11)
2(1)
y|x=325
645
2
= 3 25
y|x=3+25
= (3 25)
=0
5x 30x 55
x 2 6x 11
x=
6x 2 ( x ) 15
= (3 + 25)
3
1
3
1
= ( + 5)
= ( 5)
2
2
2
2
= 1 + 5
= 1 5
C(3 25, 1 5) D(3 + 25, 1 + 5)
sleightofmath.com
257
Rev Ex 9
B5(i)
=0
=0
=0
=0
(1)
3
4
k < or k > 0
kx y = k + 1
y
= kx + k + 1
y
= kx k 1
(2)
k = 0 or k =
3
=0
=0
=0
=0
=0
=0
=0
4
3
+
0
<k<0
3
Discriminant
b2 4ac
= (2k 2 4k 4)2 4(1 + k 2 )(k + 2)2
= (2)2 (k 2 + 2k + 2)2 4(k 2 + 1)(k 2 + 4k + 4)
= 4(k 2 + 2k + 2)2
4(k 2 + 1)(k 2 + 4k + 4)
k 2 (k 2 + 2k + 2)
k 2 (k 2 + 4k + 4)
]
= 4 [+2k(k 2 + 2k + 2)] 4 [
+1(k 2 + 4k + 4)
2
+2(k + 2k + 2)
= 4(k 4
4(k
+2k 3
+2k 3
4
= 4(k 4
4(k 4
+4k
+4k 3
+4k 3
= 4k 4
+16k 3
4k 4
16k 3
= 12k 2 + 16k
= 4k(3k + 4)
+2k 2
+4k 2
+2k 2
+4k 2
+k 2
+4k
+4k
+4)
+4k
+4)
+8k 2
+5k 2
+8k
+4k
+4)
+4)
+32k 2
20k 2
+32k
16k
+16
16
sleightofmath.com
258
Ex 10.1
Ex 10.1
1(i)
1(ii)
AD = CD
(S)
BDA = BDC (A)
BD = BD
(S)
ABD CBD
(D is mid pt of AC)
(BD AC)
(common side)
(SAS congruency)
(corr. s of s)
ABD = CBD
i. e. BD bisects ABC
2(i)
(given)
AP
= QE
AP + PQ = QE + PQ
AQ
= EP
AQ = EP
(S)
BAQ = DEA (A)
BQA = DPE (A)
D
C
(Proven)
(Given)
(iso. CPQ with
CP = CQ)
(AAS congruency)
ABQ EDP
2(iii)
QBA = PDE
(corr. s of s)
2(ii)
D
C
A
D
C
A
3(i)
BOA ~ BYT
AB
BO
BT
BY
(given)
(corr. s of s)
A
B
3(ii)
(SS)
AB
BO
BT
BY
(proven)
(opp. )
(SAS similarity)
4(i)
(corr. )
(corr. )
(AA similarity)
sleightofmath.com
259
AC
BC
Ex 10.1
AN
(corr. s of s)
MN
AC MN = AN BC
NC AC = AN BC (MN = NC;
equal sides of iso. MNC
with NMC = NCM)
5(i)
(90)
(alt. )
(AA similarity)
B
5(ii)
AC
CB
CB
(corr. s of s)
BD
AC BD = CB 2
6
AC GF
AC GE
GE BD
AC BD
(given)
E
G
7(i)
DE BC
AD = DB, AE = EC,
mid pt thm
7(ii)
DE = BC
2
1
= (2x)
2
(BC = 2x)
=x
2
C
8(i)
(given)
(opp. )
(M is mid-pt of DC)
(AAS congruency)
D
A
S
M
C
sleightofmath.com
260
Ex 10.1
( SDM TCM)
( SDM TCM)
( SDM TCM)
(DB bisects SDM &
CA bisects TCM)
DSB CTA
SB = TA
(AAS congruency)
(corr. sides of s)
D
A
S
10
R
I
(S)
(SAS congruency)
11(i)
ZX = ZQ
(S) (given)
JXZ = FQZ
(A) (iso. QZX with QZ = XZ)
JQ
= XF
JQ + QX = XF + QX
(given)
JX
= FQ
(S)
JZX FZQ
AR
= ET
(given)
AR (TR) = ET (TR)
AT
= ER
(S)
NAT = LER
AG
= EG
NG
= LG
Subtracting sides,
AG NG = EG LG
AN
= EL
ANT ELR
(SAS congruency)
JX = FQ
AEB = DEC
= DCE
= ACD (A)
(opp. )
(iso. CDE with DE = DC)
(common )
ABE ~ ADC
(AA similarity)
A
D
11(ii)
AB
AE
AD
AC
E
B
( ABE ~ ADC)
AB AC = AD AE
sleightofmath.com
261
(alt. )
BDE = CEF
= EFD (A)
(90)
(alt. )
BDE ~ EFD
(AA similarity)
13(i)
Ex 10.1
A
FED = DBE
= ECF (A)
( BDE ~ EFD)
(iso. ABC with AB = AC)
EFD ~ CEF
(AA similarity)
(alt. s)
(s in AFC =
(common )
(EAF = EBF)
(s in BEC =
(EAF = EBF)
(common )
(AA similarity)
13(iii)
CF
CA
CE
CB
( AFC ~ BEC)
CF CB = CE CA
14(i)
=
=
(right angles)
(common )
(AA similarity)
(corr. sides of ~ s)
CE
CB
1
E
B
(E is mid-pt of BC)
D is the mid-point of AC
14(ii) In ADE & CDE,
DA = DC
(S)
ADE = CDE (A)
DE = DE
(S)
ADE CDE
AE = CE
AEC is isosceles
Daniel & Samuel
A-math tuition 9133 9982
(D is mid-point of AC)
(90)
(common side)
(SAS congruency)
(corr. sides of s)
( with 2 equal s)
E
B
sleightofmath.com
262
DBG = ABC
= ACB
= DGB
DBG is isosceles
DG = BD
= CE
15(ii) DG = EC
(S)
DFG = EFC (A)
DGF = ECF (A)
DGF ECF
Ex 10.1
A
(proven)
(opp. )
(alt. )
(AAS congruency)
15(iii) DF = FE
(corr. sides of s)
16(i)
BP = AC
AB = QC
(S)
(S)
(Given)
(Given)
FBP = 90 FPB
= 90 EPC
= ECP
ABP = QCA (A)
(FBP)
(opp. )
(ECP)
A
F
E
P
B
C
ABP QCA
16(ii) BAP = CQA
AP = QA
QAP is isosceles
CQA = APQ
BAP = APQ
(SAS congruency)
(corr. s of s)
(corr. sides of s)
( with 2 equal sides)
(equal s of iso.)
A
F
E
P
B
C
A
F
E
P
B
C
sleightofmath.com
263
=
=
CE
CA
1
Ex 10.1
B
(Common )
(corr. )
(AA similarity)
(corr. sides of ~ s)
BF: BC = 1: 2
17(ii) AB = 2EF
CD =
AC
AE
AC
AE
(common )
(corr. )
(AA similarity)
(corr. sides of~ s)
EF
= 2EF
AB: CD = 1: 1
18(i)
AC
= 3EC
(Given)
AE + EC = 3EC
= 2EC
= 2(2EF) (F is mid pt of EC)
= 4EF
E
G
B
18(ii) BE DF
AG
AD
AG =
AE
AF
AE
AF
4
5
AG
GD
E
G
B
F
D
AD
= AD
(common )
(corr. )
(AA similarity)
(corr. sides of ~ )
(AE = 4EF)
=4
sleightofmath.com
264
Ex 10.1
A
AC = BC = 1cm
E
EF
FC
=
=
AB
BC
AB
AB
(AB = BC)
=1
EF = FC
B
(1)
DF
BD = DC = 0.5cm
AB
BD
AB
=1
2
BC
AB
=1
2
AB
(corr. sides of ~ s)
(D is midpoint of BC)
(AB = BC)
=2
BF = 2EF
(2)
Sum of sides
BF + FC
=1
sub (1) & (2) into (3):
(2EF) + (EF)
=1
3EF
=1
EF
(3)
1
3
20(i)
ADB = CDA
(A)
ABD = 90 BAD
= CAD
(A)
ABD ~ CAD
20(ii)
BD
AB
BD =
BD
DC
AD
AB
AD
AB
=
=
=
AD
(corr. sides of ~ s)
CA
AD2
CD
AD2
CD2
CD
CA
AB
AC
(90)
( BAD)
(BAC = 90)
(AA similarity)
(1)
(corr. sides of ~ s)
(2)
AB2
AC2
sleightofmath.com
265
Ex 10.2
Ex 10.2
1(i)
1(ii)
(opp. )
(AC and BD bisects at E)
(AC and BD bisects at E)
(SAS congruency)
E
B
E
B
2(i)
BF = DE
(S)
AFB = CED (A)
AF = CE
(S)
ABF CDE
(Given)
(90)
(Equal sides of square)
(SAS congruency)
2(ii)
AB = CD
(= sides)
BF = ED
FC = EA
ABF CDE
(2 pairs of equal
opp. sides)
(alt. )
(alt. )
(common side)
(AAS congruency)
3(ii)
( ABD CDB)
AB = CD (= sides)
( ABD CDB)
AD = CB (= sides)
ABCD has 2 pairs of equal
sides
4(i)
A + B + C + D
A + B + (A) + (B)
2(A + B)
A + B
4(ii)
A = C (= )
(Given)
B = D (= )
(Given)
ABCD is a parallelogram (2 pairs of equal opp. s)
(given)
(equal sides of
square AFCE)
Adding sides,
BF + FC = ED + EA
BC
= DA (= sides)
ABCD is a parallelogram
3(i)
sleightofmath.com
266
Ex 10.2
(A)
(S)
(given)
(common side)
XBA
= YDC
180 XBA = 180 YDC
ABC
= CDA (A)
ABC CDA
BA = DC (= )
BC = DA (= )
ABCD is a parallelogram
(given)
(s in a line = 180)
(AAS congruency)
(corr. sides of s)
(corr. sides of s)
(2 pairs of equal opp. sides)
( sides of ABCD)
AD BC
DX BY
AD
AX = CY
( )
= CB
AD + (AX) = CB + (CY)
DX
= BY (= )
B
C
D
Y
BE = DF
AB = CD
(S)
(S)
7(ii)
(given )
(Equal opp sides of
ABCD)
(alt. )
(SAS congruency)
D
F
E
(= )
AE = CF
( ABE CDF)
AEB
= CFD
( ABE CDF)
180 = 180
D
F
E
( )
AE CF
(alt. )
AECF is a parallelogram (1 pair of equal
& opp. sides)
sleightofmath.com
267
AE = CF
= 7cm
Ex 10.2
( ABE CDF)
(CF = 7cm)
D
F
E
8(i)
AC = AC
(S)
AB = AD
(S)
BC = DC
(S)
ABC ADC
(common side)
(equal adj. sides of kite)
(equal adj. sides of kite)
(SSS congruency)
E
B
D
C
8(ii)
CE = CE
(S)
BEC = DEC (A)
BE = DE
(S)
BCE DCE
(common side)
(Diagonals are )
(Longer diagonal bisects
shorter diagonal)
(SAS congruency)
E
B
D
C
8(iii)
BD AC
E
B
D
C
9?
(incomplete)
Diagonals are only equal if x = y = z = 90
x
A
1)
Statements
x = z
2)
3)
4)
5)
BAD = x
ABC = y
BCD = z
BAD + ABC = 180
6)
AD BC
7)
8)
AB DC
Reasons
x + y = y + z
x = z
opp.
opp.
opp.
BAD + ABC
= x + y
= 180
Supplementary int. s
ABC + BCD
y + z
= 180
Supplementary int. s
sleightofmath.com
268
EH BD
GF BD
EH GF
Ex 10.2
D
H
A
G
E
I
B
EID = 90
EFG = 90
(BD DF)
(corr. )
D
H
A
G
E
I
B
10(ii) EH GF
EFG = 90
1
(proven) [ ]
(proven) [ ]
GF = BD
EFGH is a
rectangle
=
=
I
C
EF BC
BD
G
E
[. ]
EH = GF
11(i)
D
H
EH = BD
2
1
BE
BA
1
A
F
(common )
(corr. )
(AA similarity)
(corr. s of ~ s)
F is midpt of BD
11(ii) In FDG & BDC,
FDG = BDC
DFG = DBC
DFG ~ DBC
DG
DC
=
=
DF
DB
1
2
(common )
(corr. )
(AA similarity)
(corr. s of ~ s)
D
F
G
(F is midpt of BD)
G is midpt of CD
11(iii) AF = FC
(Given)
BF = FD
(F is midpt of BD)
ABCD is a parallelogram (Diagonals bisect each
other)
sleightofmath.com
269
Ex 10.2
(given)
(common side)
(A)
(equal s of iso.
ABF)
(corr. )
(supple. int. s)
(SAS congruency)
D
E
C
A
D
E
F
B
( BAD CDA)
12(ii) ADB = DAC
ADE is isosceles ( with 2 equal s)
(equal sides of iso.)
AE = DE
D
E
B
12(iii) BD
= CA
BD (DE) = CA (AE)
BE
= CE
BEC is isosceles
( BAD CDA)
(AE = DE)
D
E
B
13(i)
AE = AD
(S)
EB = DC
(S)
AED
= ADE
AED + 90 = ADE + 90
AEB
= ADC (A)
ABE ACD
13(ii) AE = AD
(S)
(given)
(equal opp. sides of rect.)
(iso. AED)
( of rect. )
(SAS congruency)
D
F
( ABE ~ ACD)
AED = ADE
AEF = ADG (A)
(iso. AED)
AEF ADG
(AAS congruency)
D
F
2EF
1
(BF = 2EF)
(1)
E
D
F
30 (2)
60
EBF = 30
ABC = 60
(given)
EAB = DAC
EAF = DAG (A)
BF
EF
60
C
(Complementary )
sleightofmath.com
270
Ex 10.2
AB = AC
iso. ABC
ABC = ACB = 60
ABC is equilateral
14(i)
AE XY
( ABE ACD)
( with 2 equal sides)
(equal s of iso.)
( with 2 s = 60)
A
X
C
D
Y
F
E
14(ii) AE XY
XY BF
AE BF
(Proven)
(DX = XB, DY = YF,mid-pt thm)
A
X
C
D
Y
F
E
14(iii) AB DC
EF DC
AB DC ( )
( )
AE BF
BAEF is a
parallelogram
(ABCD is a )
(CDEF is a )
A
X
(proven)
( opp. sides )
C
D
Y
F
E
15
given
alt.
JH GI [= ] (given)
ED BF [= ] ( opp. sides of EBFD)
JG IH
HJGI is a
parallelogram
AD = CB
(S)
(equal opp. sides of ABCD)
ADE CBF
(SAS congruency)
DE = BF
[= ]
AED = CFB
DEF = BFE
(s in a line = 180)
DE BF
[ ] (alt. )
EBFD is a parallelogram (1 pair of equal & opp.
sides)
E
A
( opp. sides)
1)
C
F
2)
2)
E
A
sleightofmath.com
1)
G
I
B
271
Ex 10.3
Ex 10.3
1
D
B
C
3(i)
APB = ABP
= 180 ABC
= ADC
CDP = CPD
CDP is isosceles
CD = CP
C
B
P
A
( with 2 equal s)
(equal sides of iso.)
AEF + CDA
= AEF + (180 CBA)
= AEF + (ABF)
= AEF + (180 AEF)
= 180
(s in opp. segment)
C
B
D
F
A
E
3(ii)
(Proven)
(Supplementary int. s)
C
B
D
F
A
E
PB = PA
= PC
C
B
A
5(i)
ABC = ACB
= BAT
B
O
sleightofmath.com
272
ABC = BAT
CB ST
Ex 10.3
(proven)
(alt. s)
B
O
6(i)
OA = OD
OD = OC
(S)
(S)
(radius)
(radius)
B
O
AOD = OBC
= OCB
= DOC (A)
(corr. )
(iso. OCB with OC = OB)
(alt. )
C
A
D
AOD DOC
AD = CD
6(ii)
(SAS congruency)
(corr. sides of s)
B
O
C
A
D
(s in a line = 180)
( AOD DOC)
s in = 180
E
D
A
C
7(ii)
ABD = ACD
= CAD
= CBD
(s in same segment)
(iso. ADC with DA = DC)
(s in same segment)
E
D
A
C
sleightofmath.com
273
APB = 90
= PQA
Ex 10.3
(A)
( in semicircle)
(Given)
B
P
PBA = QAP
(A)
ABP ~ PAQ
8(ii)
1)
AP
AB
PQ
ABP ~ PAQ
PA
(AP)2 = AB QP
= AB QP
AP
9
B
O
10(i)
(common )
(alt. segment thm)
(AA similarity)
C
A
10(ii)
PC
AP
PA
BP
( APC ~ BPA)
BP CP = AP 2
11
= ALN
= BLP (A)
BAN ~ BPL
ABN = PBL
ABL = PBL
12(i)
(tan rad)
( in semicircle)
P
L
O
B
P
L
M
A
sleightofmath.com
274
Ex 10.3
12(ii) BPL = 90
= BMA (A)
= AMN (A)
( in semicircle)
( in semicircle)
(s in a line = 180)
B
P
L
13
14(i)
PBL = ABM
= MAN (A)
BPL ~ AMN
(AA similarity)
M
A
PQ + QR + RP
= PQ + QT + TR
+RP
= PQ + (QU) + TR +RP (Equal tangents QT = QU)
= PQ + QU + (RS) +RP (Equal tangents TR = RS)
= (PQ + QU) +(RS + RP)
= PU
+PS
= PU
+PU
(Equal tangents PS = PU)
= 2PU
BAC = CAP (A)
(common )
ABC = CAX
= ACP (A)
ABC ~ ACP
(AA similarity)
T
P
Q
14(ii)
AC
AB
AC2
AB
16(i)
(corr. sides of ~ s)
AC
= AP
PA =
15
AP
AC2
AB
PCB = PCA
= CAX
= PBC
PBC is isosceles
PB = PC
BEC = 90
= DAC
C
X
CE AB
(A) ( in semicircle)
(s in same segment)
CBA = CDA
CBE = CDA (A)
(AA similarity)
EBC ~ ADC
O
A
B
sleightofmath.com
E
D
275
Ex 10.3
= (AB)(CE)
2
EC
BC
EC =
AC
( EBC ~ ADC)
DC
BCAC
A
E
DC
area of ABC
1
= (AB)(CE)
2
1
BCAC
2
1
DC
BCAC
= (AB) (
= (AB) (
=
=
17(i)
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
5)
6)
2
2r
ABBCAC
2(2r)
ABBCAC
4r
)
)
(diameter DC = 2r)
AP BR = PQ2
PQ2 = PC PA
(AP) BR = PC (PA)
RB = PC
AB = AC
given
Tangent-secant thm
(1,2)
AQ is line of symmetry
of iso APR
[Trigonometric proof]
[geometric]
2
2
2
Pythagoras thm
AQ = AP PQ
2
2
[
]
AQ = AP PC PA tangent
secant thm
= AP[AP PC]
= AP[AC]
2
(4)
AQ = AP AB
(common side)
(90)
(AQ is line of symmetry)
[Trigonometric proof]
SAS(1,2,3)
R
rt in semicircle
common side
AQ is line of symmetry
[trigonometric proof]
RHS(1,2,3)
sleightofmath.com
276
=1
=
AC
AB
=1
Ex 10.3
AQ is line of symmetry
[trigonometric proof]
AQ is line of symmetry
[trigonometric proof]
(1,2)
AP AB = AR AC
sleightofmath.com
277
Ex 10.3
Proposition
Given
AE is tangent to diameter CD
AB = EF
Then
CD is line of symmetry
Proof
0 < < 90
cos =
tan =
AB
AD
2r
AD
AD =
AD =
AB
cos
2r
tan
Equate AD:
AB
2r
=
cos tan
(AB) tan = 2r cos
(AB) sin = 2r cos 2
(AB) sin = 2r[1 sin2 ]
(AB) sin = 2r 2r sin2
2r sin2 + (AB) sin 2r = 0
(2r)[sin ]2 + (AB)[sin ] 2r = 0
sin =
(AB)(AB)2 4(2r)(2r)
2(2r)
sin =
(AB)+(AB)2 +16r2
4r
or sin =
(AB)(AB)2 +16r2
4r
<0
sleightofmath.com
278
Ex 10.3
area of ABC
= area of ABO + BCO + CAO
1
2
1
= r(AB + BC + CA)
2
1
= r(perimeter of ABC)
2
1
= r(2s)
2
(S is semi-perimeter of ABC)
= rs
sleightofmath.com
279
Rev Ex 10
Rev Ex 10
A1(i)
H
I
HI = BC
GHI = ABC
(S)
(A)
(Given)
(alt. )
AH
= GB
AH (AG) = GB (AG)
GH
= AB
(S)
GHI ABC
A1(ii) Prove: CA GI
(Given)
G
A
C
B
(SAS congruency)
H
I
HGI = BAC
( GHI ABC)
AGI = GAC (s in a line = 180)
(alt. )
CA GI
G
A
C
B
A2(i)
A2(ii) Prove: AQ =
AQ
AP
AQ = (
=(
=
A3(i)
AB
AC
AB
AC2
2AB
(Given)
(Common )
AA similarity
AC2
2AB
AC
AB
AC
( APQ ~ ABC)
) AP
AC
)( )
2
(AP =
AC
2
A
F
(opp. )
(alt. )
(AA similarity)
E
B
sleightofmath.com
G
C
280
Rev Ex 10
(1)
DG
AF
DE
AE
(4)
(AE = AD)
=2
(2)
DG = 2AF
GD
(common )
(corr. )
(AA similarity)
BC
DC
=2
BF = 2DG
= 2(2AF)
= 4AF
A3(iii) Find: |AB|
(D is midpt of BC)
(DG = 2AF)
A
1 cm
A4(i)
AB = AF + BF
= AF + (4AF)
= 5AF
= 5cm
Prove: DPC = BQA
In PDC & QBA,
PD = QB
(S)
PDC = QBA (A)
DC = BA
(S)
BF = 4AF
4 cm
AF = 1cm
G
C
D
A
B
Q
(given)
(equal opp. s of ABCD)
(equal opp. sides
of ABCD)
(SAS congruency)
PDC QBA
DPC = BQA
A4(ii) Prove: AQCP is parallelogram
DPC = BQA
DPC = PCQ
PCA = BQA
PC QA ( )
PC = QA (= )
AQCP is a parallelogram
B
Q
(proven)
(alt. )
P
D
(corr. )
(1 pair of & eq. sides)
sleightofmath.com
281
Rev Ex 10
Prove: TU = PQ
U
V
Q
TU = TV + VU
TU SR PQ (SR PQ)
TU = TV
+VU
= ( SR) +VU
2
+ ( PQ) (RV = VR = RU =
= SR
2
2
1
= ( PW) + PQ
1 1
= ( PQ) + PQ
2 2
1
2
1
= PQ
+ PQ
4
3
= PQ
4
A5(ii) TU = 3 PQ
4
3
8 = PQ
PQ =
A6(i)
4
32
3
Prove: CE DG
C
(given)
(common side)
( in semicircle)
(s in a line = 180)
(RHS congruency)
(corr. sides of s)
D
F
A
A6(ii) Prove: AF = 1 AD
=
=
AE
AG
1
2
1
(common )
(corr. )
(AA similarity)
(corr. sides of~ s)
D
F
A
(AE = AG)
= AD
2
sleightofmath.com
282
Rev Ex 10
C
D
A
(A) (common )
PF
PO
( PDF ~ POC)
PC
PD PC = PF PO
A7(iii) Prove: PB PA = PF PO
In PBD & PCA,
BPD = CPA (A)
PDB = 180 BDC
= PAC (A)
PBD ~ PCA
PB
PD
(common )
(s in a line)
(s in opp. segments)
(AA similarity)
PC
PA
PB PA = PD PC
= PF PO
A8(i)
from (ii)
P
F
D
Q O
(tan rad)
(iso. CDF with CD = CF)
(Common )
(iso. OAF with OA = OF as radius)
(ADQ)
sleightofmath.com
283
Rev Ex 10
A8(ii) Prove: AD AF = AQ AB
[
AD
AQ
AB
AF
] or
AD
AB
B1(i)
AD
AQ
P
F
AQ
AF
(common )
(given)
( in semicircle)
(AA similarity)
Q O
AB
AF
AD AF = AQ AB
Prove: ABF = EDF
(given)
ABD
= EDB
(given)
FBD
= FDB
Subtracting angles,
ABD FBD = EDB FDB
ABF
= EDF
B1(ii) Prove: ABF EDF
F
C
(proven)
(iso. ACE with CA = CE)
(iso. DBF
with FBD = FDB)
(AAS congruency)
ABF EDF
B1(iii) Prove: F is the mid point of AE
ABF = EDF(A)
BAF = DEF(A)
BF = DF
(S)
F
C
AF = EF
( ABF EDF )
F is the mid-point of AE
B2(i)
X
Y
(corr. )
(corr. )
(AA similarity)
=
=
=
DC
YB
AB
YB
(2YB)
X
A
( YDC ~ XYB)
(DC = AB;
equal opp. sides of ABCD)
(AB = 2YB)
YB
(1)
(2)
D
=2
YC = 2XB
sleightofmath.com
284
Rev Ex 10
Prove: CE = GE
A
D
ACB = 90
= ADF
= AGE (A)
(given)
(AB CD)
(corr.)
G
B
AE = AE
(S)
CAE GAE
CE = GE
B3(ii) Prove: CF = CE
B4(i)
(Common side)
(AAS congruency)
(corr. sides of s)
A
CEA = 90 CAE
= 90 DAF
= DFA
= CFE
iso. CEF
CF = CE
Prove: SM = 2TU
( ACE)
(AE bisects BAC)
( AFD)
(opp. )
( with 2 equal s)
(equal sides of iso.)
SM QT
UT
RT
=2
SM = 2TU
B4(ii) Prove: 4TU = QT
QT = 2SM
= 2(2TU)
= 4TU
4TU = QT
D
F
G
B
common
corr.
(AA similarity)
(corr. sides of ~ s)
(2)
(1)
U
Q
(RM = 2RT)
P
(PS = SQ, PM = MT,
mid pt thm)
(SM = 2TU)
T
U
Q
area of TQR
= (QT)(height)
= (4TU)(height)
2
= 4 [ (TU)(height)]
1
2
1
QT = 4TU
U
Q
T
R
= 4(area of UTR)
= 4x
sleightofmath.com
285
Rev Ex 10
FY BX
BX YD
A
X
E
Y
B
(S)
E
Y
B
(SAS congruency)
AXB CYD
B5(iii) Prove: ABCD is a parallelogram
AB = CD (= )
CAB = ACD
AB CD( )
ABCD is a
( AXB CYD)
( AXB CYD)
(alt. )
(1 pair of equal & opp.
sides)
B6
B7
D
X
E
Y
B
F
C
D
B
R
QRP = PQC
= PBC
BC QR
D
X
(S) (given)
YXB = XYD
(alt. )
AXB = CYD (A) (s in a line = 180)
XB = YD
( opp. sides)
BXDY is a
B5(ii) Prove: AXB ~ CYD
AX = CY
C
P
B
Q
sleightofmath.com
286
Rev Ex 10
B8(i)
A
C
C
O
H
R
Prove: PC 2 = PA PB AC BC
In APQ & QPB,
APQ = QPB
PQA = PBA
APQ ~ QPB
PQ
AP
(common )
(alt. segment thm)
(AA similarity)
PB
QP
PQ2 = PA PB
PC 2 = PH 2 + HC 2
= (PQ2 QH 2 ) + HC 2
= PQ2 + (HC 2 QH 2 )
= PQ2 + (HC + QH)(HC QH)
= PQ2 + (CH + HR)(QC)
= PQ2 QC RC
= PQ2 AC BC
= PA PB AC BC
B8(ii) Prove:
PC 2
PC
= (
2 PA
1
PB
(pythagoras thm)
(pythagoras thm)
[a2 b2 = (a + b)(a b)]
QH = HR
(QC RC = AC BC)
(PQ2 = PA PB)
(tangent secant thm)
(not in syllabus)
= PA PB AC BC
= PA PB (PC PA) (PB PC)
= PA PB + (PA PC) (PB PC)
= PA PB + (PA)(PB) (PA + PB)(PC) + PC 2
= 2(PA)(PB) (PA + PB)(PC) + PC 2
=
=
2(PA)(PB)
PA+PB
PA+PB
2(PA)(PB)
1 1
1
= (
2 PA
PB
sleightofmath.com
287
Ex 11.1
4(b)
Ex 11.1
1(a)
sin 45
cos 30+sin 60
1(b)
2
2
3 3
+
2
2
2
2
2
23
6
6
1st quadrant
= 390 360
= 30
=1
+1
=2
sin cos
=
=
3
6
3
3
( )( )
2
2
3
4
5
+ cos
+
+
4(c)
2
1
tan
3
Method 1 (graphical)
=
1(d)
3
(
3
3
)(1)+( )
2
2
3
3
1 2
=1
sin =
4(d)
Method 1 (graphical)
= 100
=
4
= 2(2)
1
tan A
1
2
Method 2 (non-graphical)
= 100 260
3rd quadrant
= 180
= 260 180
= 80
3rd quadrant
= 180 100
= 80
+ tan(90 A)
= 2 tan A +
= 60
2 tan A
Method 2 (non-graphical)
= 60 300
4th quadrant
= 360
= 360 300
= 60
4th quadrant
= 60
Method 2 (non-graphical)
= 390 30
1st quadrant
=
= 30
1(c)
Method 1 (graphical)
= 390
tan A = 2
=4
2
4(a)
Method 1 (graphical)
= 250
3rd quadrant
= 250 180
= 70
Method 2 (non-graphical)
= 250
3rd quadrant
= 180
= 250 180
= 70
5(a)
= 20
= , 180 , 180 + , 360
= 20, 160, 200, 340
5(b)
= 70
= , 180 , 180 + , 360
= 70, 110, 250, 290
5(c)
= 35
= , 180 , 180 + , 360
= 35, 145, 225, 315
6(a)
= , , + , 2
2 4 5
= , , ,
3
6(b)
= , , + , 2
4 6 9
= , , ,
5
sleightofmath.com
288
7(i)
Ex 11.1
= 0.3
= , , + , 2
= 0.3, 2.84, 3.44, 5.98
R=
2(v0 )2
g
9(i)
By Pythagoras Thm,
sin cos
adj = (3) 12
R =
3 1
A
adj
10
= 3 1
= 2
sin 30 cos 30
1
3
2
cos A =
= 20 ( ) ( )
2
2
3
, tan A =
1
2
= 53
Trigonometric ratio
7(ii)
If v0 = 7, g = 9.8, = 45:
2(7)2
R =
=
sin 45 cos 45
9.8
98 2
( )
9.8 2
2
2
( )
2
=
9(ii)
= 10 ( )
4
1
2
5
A
3
3
5
By Pythagoras Thm,
52
opp =
32
= 2
10(i)
+ tan ( A)
2
4
3
= +
= +
3
= tan A +
8(ii)
sin(90 A)tan 60
= cos A
(3)
= ( )
Trigonometric ratio
=2
9(iii)
=4
sin A = , tan A =
tan A
tan A sin 45 = ( ) ( )
=5
8(i)
3
2
3
2
cos A cos 30 = ( ) ( )
A = 230
tan A
= 230 180
= 50
1
12
4 sin A
+ cos ( A)
2
= 4 sin A + sin A
= 5 sin A
10(ii)
= 5( )
=4
A = 320
= 360 320
= 40
For 0 < B < 360
B = , 180 , 180 + , 360
= 40, 140, 220, 320
sleightofmath.com
289
Ex 11.1
12
A
adj
hyp
By Pythagoras Thm,
opp = 1 k 2
adj = 1 k 2
tan 35 =
Trigonometric ratio
cos A = 1 k 2
= 1 k 2 ( )
3
1k2
11(iii)
2 cos
6
tan(90A)
3
2( )
2
1
tan A
= (3) tan A
= 3 (
= k
1k2
k
Trigonometric ratio
tan 35
+ tan 45 + tan 55
1 opp
35
k
)
2
1k2
k
+1
=1
=1
=1
=1
=1
+ tan(90 35)
1k2
k
1k2
1k2
k
k
1k2
k
1k2 +k2
k1k2
1
k1k2
1
tan 35
1
k
1k2
1k
3
1k2
sleightofmath.com
290
Ex 11.2
3(a)
Ex 11.2
Coordinates
x = 1
3
2
A
330
T
C
= 360 330 = 30
y = 3
3(b)
r = (1)2 + (3) = 2
cos 240 =
tan 240 =
sec 240 =
csc 240 =
cot 240 =
2(a)
y
r
x
r
y
x
T
C
= 360 225 = 45
(3)
=
=
(2)
(1)
(2)
1
sin 240
1
tan 240
3
2
3(c)
=
=
=
cos
3
4
1
1
2
( )
1
3
( )
2
1
(3)
= 2
=
=
2
3
1
3
9
8
5
6
3(e)
cos(150) = cos 30
3(f)
A
350
C
A
340
) = tan ( )
3
sin = 0.2
3rd or 4th quadrant
11.5
S A
T C
3
2
3
tan = 3
2nd or 4th quadrant
71.6
= 180 + , 360
191.5, 348.5
4(b)
S A
150
T C
= 180 150 = 30
=
4(a)
A
160
tan (
= 3
= 180 , 360
108.4, 288.4
>0
tan(45) = tan 45 S A
= 1
45
T C
= 45
<0
3(d)
A
230
T
tan
2(f)
= 3
T
2(e)
= sin
2
T
2(d)
T
2(c)
T
2(b)
sin
(1)
cos 240
(3)
A
225
Trigonometric ratio
sin 240 =
A
9
8
T
Daniel & Samuel
A-math tuition 9133 9982
C
sleightofmath.com
291
cos =
Ex 11.2
5(a)
=
4
S
T
tan A =
8
15
0 < < 2
= , 2
7
= ,
4
Quadrant
Coordinates
tan A =
8
15
r A
15
4(d)
cos = 0.7
2nd or 3rd quadrant
0.795
x = 15, y = 8,
r = 82 + (15)2 = 17
Trigonometric ratio
0 < < 2
= , +
2.35,3.94
4(e)
tan2 = 3
tan = 3
1st, 2nd, 3rd or 4th quadrant
= 60
5(b)
S
(17)
8
17
15
17
2
5
2
5
3 sin = 2
2
sin
sin
3
2
y = 2, r = 5,
Quadrant
sin B =
(15)
r
y
sin A = =
4(f)
cos A = =
x = (5) (2)2
= 5 4 = 1
Trigonometric ratio
cos B = =
r
0 < < 2
cot B =
= , , + , 2
= 0.955 2.19, 4.10, 5.33
sleightofmath.com
1
tan B
1
5
1
y
x
1
(2)
(1)
=
2
292
Ex 11.2
Quadrant
8(i)
cos A = > 0
Coordinates
sin 20 = k =
y
r
y = k, r = 1,
20
x
x = 1 k 2
1st quadrant
Trigonometric ratio
sin 200 = sin 20 = k
Coordinates
1
cos A = =
A
8(ii)
x = 1, r = 2,
y = 22 12 = 3
8(iii)
Trigonometric ratio
y
sin(A) = sin A = =
r
tan A = =
x
7(i)
3
1
8(iv)
5
12
9(a)
<0
12
y
x
9(b)
5
(5)2
13
sin A = =
= 13
x
12
13
, cos A = =
cos(A) = cos A =
7(iii)
7(iv)
12
y
x
cos(9070)
k
1k2
1
cos 20
1
1k2
100 + 71 sec x = 0
71 sec x
= 100
sec x
cos x
13
13
tan A
71
71
1
5
12
( )
100
= 180 , 180 +
135.2, 224.8
5 cot x + 3 = 2 + 3 cot x
2 cot x
= 1
=
1
2
cos ( A) = sin A =
100
x = 180 , 360
= 116.6, 296.6
tan(A) = tan A = (
tan ( A) =
1
sin 70
tan x
= 2
63.4
2nd or 4th quadrant
Trigonometric ratio
7(ii)
csc 70 =
cot x
y = 5, x = 12,
r=
tan(20) = tan 20 =
Coordinates
122
= 1 k 2
4th quadrant
12
44.8
2nd or 3rd quadrant
[typo in book]
tan A =
1k2
= 3
Quadrant
tan A =
cos 20 = =
) =
12
5
12
12
5
sleightofmath.com
293
Ex 11.2
10(a) 2 sin x 3 = 0
5 cos x = 3 sin 60
3
2
5 cos x = 3 ( )
5 cos x =
cos x
sin x
2
3
10
2 sin(x) = 0.3
2 sin x = 0.3
sin x
= 0.15
8.6
3rd or 4th quadrant
0 < x < 2
72.5
1st or 4th quadrant
x = ,
2
= ,
3
10(b)
cos x1
0.5cos x
=2
cos x 1 = 1 2 cos x
3 cos x = 2
cos x
S
0.841
1st or 4th quadrant
0 < x < 2
x = 180 + , 360
188.6, 351.4
9(e)
3
2
x = , 360
= 72.5, 287.5
9(d)
S
T
x = , 2
0.841,5.44
2 cos x = sec x
2 cos x =
cos 2 x =
cos x
10(c)
cos x
1
=7
4
= 7 14 tan2 x
14 tan2 x = 3
4
12 tan2 x
1
2
= 45
1st, 2nd, 3rd or 4th quadrant
tan2 x
tan x
14
3
14
0.434
1st, 2nd, 3rd or 4th quadrant
0 < x < 2
9(f)
3 sin x + 2 = cot 15
3 sin x
= cot 15 2
1
sin x
= tan 15
x = , , + , 2
0.434, 2.71, 3.58, 5.85
sin x
0.57735
35.3
1st or 2nd quadrant
11(i)
= cos x [shown]
sleightofmath.com
294
Ex 11.2
13
3( cos x) + 3 = 3 cos x
3 3 cos x
= 3 cos x
23 cos x
=3
cos x
=
3
2
3 sin B + 2 = 0
3 sin B
= 2
S
12
= <0
3
x = , 2
11
sin B
0 < x < 2
= ,
Quadrant
tan A = 2 > 0
1st or 3rd quadrant
Quadrant
tan = 7 > 0 1st or 3rd quadrant
0 < < 180 1st or 2nd quadrant
1st quadrant
r1 = 12 + 22 = 5
r1
Coordinates
y
tan = 7 =
y = 7, x = 1,
1
2
3rd quadrant:
x2 = 1
y2 = 2
1
r2
r2 = 12 + 22 = 5
3rd quadrant:
y3 = 2
r3 = 3
Coordinates of B
r = 12 + 72
sin B = =
= 50 = 25 2 = 52
x3 = 32 (2)2 = 5
Value
v=
=
770 sin 45
= 3852
y
r
52
7
770(
2
)
2
x3
7
52
385(5)(2)
7
2
= 550
x4
4th quadrant:
2 y4 = 2
r4 = 3
3 3
x4 = 32 (2)2 = 5
Values
Case 1: 3 sin A tan B
y
r1
2
x3
2
= 3 ( 1) ( 3)
= 3( ) (
) =
4
5
r1
2
x4
2
= 3 ( 1) ( 4)
=3 ( )( ) =
r2
2
x4
2
= 3 ( 2) ( 4)
=3 ( )( ) =
sleightofmath.com
295
Ex 11.2
Coordinates
y
sin 130 = k =
15(i)
1 130
k
x
y = k, r = 1,
x = 1 k 2
k
1
14(ii) Coordinates
y
sin 50 = k =
r
50
y = k, r = 1,
x = 1 k 2
y
( )
x
k
1k2
1k2
k
15(ii)
y = 1
r=
k 2
k2, x
= k,
=0
40 1
k
x
r
T C
x 180 + , 360
185.7, 354.3
Combine answers:
x = 161.6, 198.4
cos(220)
( )
Trigonometric ratio
18.4
3rd or 4th quadrant
= 1 k 2 + k 2
=1
sec(220) =
1
10
10 sin x + 1 0
k2
2
k2)
+ (1
3
10
sin x
<0
x=
10
5.7
161.6, 198.4
3rd or 4th quadrant
y
x
3+10 cos x
10 sin x+1
14(iii) Coordinates
1k2
sin x
Combine answers:
x = 161.6
Trigonometric ratio
tan 40 = cot(90 40)
tan 50
10 sin x + 1 0
18.4
2nd or 3rd quadrant 0 < x < 360
0 < x < 360
S A
S A
T
C
x 180 + , 360
T C
198.4, 341.6
x = 180 , 180 +
161.6, 198.4
tan 40 =
=0
10 sin x + 1
3 + 10 cos x = 0
= 3
10 cos x
cos x
Trigonometric ratio
3 + 10 cos x
k
1
1
cos(220)
1
=
k
1
cos(40)
16(i)
(a)
3 sin x 2 = 0
sin x
2
3
41.8
1st or 2nd quadrant
0 < x < 360
x = , 180
41.8, 138.2
sleightofmath.com
296
tan x 4 = 0
tan x
=4
76.0
1st or 3rd quadrant
0 < x < 360
x = , 180 +
76.0, 256
Ex 11.2
16(ii) 3 sin x tan x 12 sin x 2 tan x + 8 = 0
3 sin x (tan x 4) 2(tan x 4) = 0
(tan x 4)(3 sin x 2)
=0
S
tan x = 4 or sin x =
2
3
sleightofmath.com
297
Ex 11.3
1(e)
Ex 11.3
1(a)
(sin x 1)(sin x + 1) = 0
sin x = 1
or sin x = 1
0 x 360
0 x 360
1(b)
x = 90
x = 270
(3 sin x 1)(tan x + 1) = 0
1
tan x = 1
sin x =
or
3
= 45
19.5
2nd or 4th quadrant
1st or 2nd quadrant
0 x 360
0 x 360
S A
S A
T
C
T C
x = 180 , 360
x = , 180
= 135, 315
= 19.5, 160
2(a)
1 sin x
1
7 7 sin x
7
10 7 sin x 3 4
x = 0, 360
x = 180
sin x (2 cos x 3) = 0
3
sin x = 0
or
cos x =
2
0 x 360
(no solution)
For y = 7 sin x 3,
min = 10
sin x = 1
0 x 360
x = 270
x = 0, 180, 360
1(d)
1(f)
0 x 360
1(c)
(cos x 1)(cos x + 1) = 0
cos x = 1
or cos x = 1
T C
x = 0, 180, 360 x = 180 , 360
104.0, 284.0
90 180 270 360
0 x 360
0 x 360
sin2 x (tan x + 4) = 0
tan x = 4
sin2 x = 0
or
76.0
sin x = 0
2nd or 4th quadrant
0 x 360
tan x (2 cos x 1) = 0
tan x = 0
or cos x = 1
0 x 360
= 60
1st or 4th quadrant
max = 4
sin x = 1
x = 90
0 x 360
90 180 270 360
x = 0, 180, 360
T C
x = , 360
= 60, 300
sleightofmath.com
298
1
5
3
Ex 11.3
cos x
1
5 cos x
5
5 cos x + 2 7
For y = 5 cos x + 2,
min = 3
cos x = 1
0 x 360
x = 180
max = 7
cos x = 1
x = 0, 360
2(c)
1 sin x
1
3 3 sin x
3
1 4 3 sin x 7
For y = 4 3 sin x,
min = 1,
sin x = 1
0 x 360
x = 90
max = 7
sin x = 1
x = 270
sleightofmath.com
299
Ex 11.3
3(a) y = 3 cos(2x) + 2
i.e. a = 3, b = 2, c = 2
y = 3 cos(2x) + 2
5
360
b
360
= 180
180
360
Workings
Domain
0 x 360
Axis with
y=23
Amplitude
Shape
+cos
3600
Cycle
180
=2
3(b) y = 5 sin 2x
= sin 2x + 5
i.e. a = 1, b = 2, c = 5
Amplitude = |a| = |1| = 1
Period
2
b
2
2
y = 5 sin 2x
5
4
Workings
Domain
0 x 2
Axis with
y=51
Amplitude
Shape
sin
20
Cycle
3(c)
=2
y = 4 sin 8x
i.e. a = 4, b = 8, c = 0
Amplitude = |a| = |4| = 4
Period
360
b
360
8
= 45
y = 4 sin(8x)
45
-4
90
Workings
Domain
0 x 90
Axis with
y=04
Amplitude
Shape
+sin
Cycle
900
45
=2
sleightofmath.com
300
Ex 11.3
i.e. a = 6, b = , c = 4
2
b
2
1
2
Period
= 6 cos ( ) 4
10
= 4
Workings
Domain
0 x 4
Axis with
y = 4 6
Amplitude
Shape
+cos
40
Cycle
=1
3(e) y = 2 sin(3x) 1
i.e. a = 2, b = 3, c = 1
Amplitude = |a| = |2| = 2
Period
360
b
360
3
= 120
1
1
= 2 sin(3)
120 180
Workings
Domain
0 x 180
Axis with
y = 1 2
Amplitude
Shape
+sin
1800
Cycle
3(f)
120
= 1.5
360
b
360
5
= 72
72
144 180
Workings
Domain
0 x 180
Axis with
y=42
Amplitude
Shape
cos
Cycle
1800
72
= 2.5
sleightofmath.com
301
Ex 11.3
3(g) y = 1 2 sin x
y = 2 sin ( x) + 1
= 2 sin ( x) + 1
3
i.e. a = 2, b = , c = 1
360
b
360
1
3
810
-1 O
= 1080
Workings
Domain
0 x 810
Axis with
=12
Amplitude
Shape
8100
3
Cycle
=
1080
2
2
1.3
0.1
Workings
Domain
0 2
Axis with
= 1.3 1.2
Amplitude
Shape
+
20
Cycle
=2
y = p cos ( ) + q
2
i.e. a = p, b = , c = q
2
Period
2
b
2
1
2
= 4
sleightofmath.com
302
Ex 11.3
|p| =
maxmin
2
(3)(5)
=4
p = 4 or p = 4
5(iii) p < q
p = 4, q = 1
y = 4 cos ( x) 1
2
3
x
y = 4 cos ( ) 1
2
-1
Amplitude = 4
Period
= 4
-5
Workings
Domain
0 x 4
Axis with
y = 1 4
Amplitude
Shape
cos
40
Cycle
6(i)
=1
y1 = 4 sin 2x
i.e. a = 4, b = 2, c = 0
Amplitude = |a| = |4| = 4
Period
360
b
360
2
= 180
y2 = 2 cos x 1
i.e. a = 2, b = 1, c = 1
Amplitude = |a| = |2| = 2
Period
360
b
360
1
4
1
3
4
180
2 = 2 cos 1
360
1 = 4 sin 2
= 360
Workings
1 = 4 sin 2
Domain
0 < x 360
Axis with
y=04
Amplitude
Shape
+sin
Cycle
3600
180
=2
2 = 2 cos 1
Domain
0 < x 360
Axis with
y = 1 2
Amplitude
Shape
+cos
Cycle
3600
360
=1
sleightofmath.com
303
Ex 11.3
180
b
180
1
= 180
y = 5 tan
x
360
180
= 90
= 270
Workings
Domain
0 x 360
Axis with
Amplitude
Shape
+
3600
Cycle
=2
180
7(b)
y = 4 tan 3x
i.e. a = 4, b = 3, c = 0
180
180
Period =
=
= 60
b
= 4 tan 3
60
= 30
120
= 90
180
= 120
Workings
Domain
0 x 180
Axis with
Amplitude
Shape
1800
Cycle
=3
60
sleightofmath.com
304
Ex 11.3
y = 3 tan 2x
i.e. a = 3, b = 2, c = 0
Period
= 3 tan 2
2
=
3
4
3
2
5
4
7
4
Workings
Domain
0 x 2
Axis with
Amplitude
Shape
+tan
20
Cycle
=4
= 1.5 tan 4
3
8
5
8
7
8
Workings
Domain
0 x 2
Axis with
Amplitude
Shape
0
Cycle
=4
sleightofmath.com
305
Ex 11.3
10(d) A = maxmin = (3.5)(0.5) = 1.5
sin1 ( ) =
2
= 30
8(b) cos 1 ( 1) = 180
2
= 180 60
= 120
8(c)
tan1 (3) =
3
1
2
b=
c=
A = sin1 ( )
4th quadrant
c=
10(b) A =
=
=
2
(3.5)+(0.5)
2
=2
11(ii) 1 sin 4t 1
20 20 sin 4t 20
max = 20
20 sin 4t = 20
sin 4t = 1
4t =
t
0.393
11(iii) I = 20 sin 4t
i.e. a = 20, b = 4, c = 0
Amplitude
= |a| = |20| = 20
=
2
b
2
4
=
2
a = 3
360
Period
T = 90
b=
T
4
max+min
) =
=
9(i)
a = 1.5
11(i) I = 20 sin 4t
i.e. a = 20, b = 4, c = 0
Amplitude
= |a| = |20| = 20
=
8(d) sin1 (
T = 4
360
T
90
max+min
2
maxmin
= 20 sin 4
= 4
20
(5)+(1)
2
1(3)
2
=2
0
-20
= 2
T=
Workings
a=2
b=
c=
max+min
Domain
0 x 2
Axis with
= 0 20
Amplitude
Shape
+
= 2
(1)+(3)
2
= 1
Cycle
T = 180
0
1
=2
a = 3
b=
c=
360
T
180
max+min
2
=2
=
(4)+(2)
2
=1
sleightofmath.com
306
Ex 11.3
12(a) y = |6 sin 3x + 2|
i.e. a = 6, b = 3, c = 2
2
b
8
4
2
y = |6 sin 3x + 2|
Workings
Domain
0x
Axis with
=26
Amplitude
Shape
+
0
3
Cycle
2 =
2
i.e. a = 4, b = , c = 1
2
2
b
2
1
2
= 4
Workings
Domain
0x
Axis with
= 1 4
Amplitude
Shape
+
0
1
Cycle
=
4
sleightofmath.com
307
Ex 11.3
y = |2 tan 3x|
3
=
2
3
=
5
6
Workings
Domain
0x
Axis with
Amplitude
Shape
+
0
Cycle
=3
12(d) y = |5 + 3 sin x|
= |3 sin x + 5|
i.e. a = 3, b = 1, c = 5
8
Amplitude = |a| = |3| = 3
Period
2
b
2
1
= |5 + 3 sin |
= 2
Workings
Domain
0x
Axis with
=53
Amplitude
Shape
+
0
1
Cycle
=
2
sleightofmath.com
308
Ex 11.3
= |sin 2 + 1|
2
Amplitude = |a| = |1| = 1
Period
2
b
2
2
Workings
Domain
0x
Axis with
=11
Amplitude
Shape
+
0
Cycle
=1
2
4
=
2
= |1.5 cos 4 2|
3.5
2
0.5
-2
Workings
Domain
0x
Axis with
y = 2 1.5
Amplitude
Shape
+cos
0
Cycle
=2
13(i) Amplitude = 4
a=4
Period
360
b
= 120
= 120
=3
c = max amplitude
=24
= 2
sleightofmath.com
309
360
4
Ex 11.3
y
5
2
1
-2
= 3 2 cos 4
90
180
= 4 sin 3 2
-6
= 90
Workings
= 4 3 2
Domain
0 x 180
Axis with
= 2 4
Amplitude
Shape
+
1800
Cycle
= 1.5
120
y = b + c cos ax
= 3 2 cos 4x
= 2 cos 4x + 3
Domain
0 x 180
Axis with
=32
Amplitude
Shape
1800
Cycle
=2
90
sleightofmath.com
310
Ex 11.3
16(i) Vertical
component
r sin
Amplitude = 4
a=4
Period
2
1
b
( )
2b
b
14(ii) c
a=
40
= 20
2
2
= 4
b=
= 4
c = 25
= 4
=2
16(ii)
( , sin )
360
180
y
y = 20 sin
45
= min + amplitude
=1+4
=5
180
t + 25
25
5
14(iii) y = 4 sin ( x) + 5
Amplitude = 4
Period
= 4
16(iii) y
20 sin
9
5
(, 9)
sin
(5, 9)
180
180
= 40
t + 25 = 40
3
4
0.848
1
y = 4 sin ( x) + 5
2
(3, 1)
6
Workings
180
180
180
t 2
t = ,
t = 0.848,2.29
= 48.6s, 131. s
Domain
0 x 6
Axis with
=54
Amplitude
Shape
+
60
Cycle
15
3
2
y = a sin bt
Period
2
b
=4
=4
=
y = 0.55 sin t
2
sleightofmath.com
311
Ex 11.3
y1 = 2 cos 2x
i.e. a = 2, b = 2, c = 0
2
b
2
2
y2 = 1 + sin x
= sin x + 1
i.e. a = 1, b = 1, c = 1
1 = 2 cos 2
2
1
O
2 = sin + 1
x
-2
2
b
2
1
= 2
Workings
1 = 2 2
Domain
0 x 2
Axis with
=02
Amplitude
Shape
+
Cycle
20
=2
2 = + 1
[0,2]
Domain
Axis with
=11
Amplitude
Shape
+
Cycle
20
2
=1
y
= 2 cos 2
2
O
= sin + 1
x
-2
7 intersections
7 distinct values of x
sleightofmath.com
312
Ex 11.3
18(i) y1 = sin x
i.e. a = 1, b = 1, c = 0
Amplitude = |a| = |1| = 1
Period
2
b
= 2
y2 = 2 cos x
i.e. a = 2, b = 1, c = 0
Amplitude = |a| = |2| = 2
Period
2
b
2
1
y
2
1
-1 2
2 = 2 cos
x
2
1 = sin
-2
= 2
<x<
Workings
1 =
Domain
0 2
Axis with
=01
Amplitude
Shape
+
Cycle
20
2
=1
2 = 2
Domain
0 2
Axis with
=02
Amplitude
Shape
+
Cycle
20
2
=1
sleightofmath.com
313
Ex 11.3
y1 = tan 3x
i.e. a = 1, b = 3, c = 0
Period = =
b
y2 = tan 2x
2
2 tan 3x
= 5 tan 2x
tan 3x
= tan 2x
i.e. a = , b = 2, c = 0
2
2 = tan 2
Period =
1 = tan 3
5
2
y1
= y2
6 intersections
6 solutions
5
6
Workings
1 = 3
Domain
0x
Axis with
Amplitude
Shape
+
0
Cycle
=3
y2 = tan 2x
2
Domain
0x
Axis with
Amplitude
Shape
Cycle
=2
= tan ( )
3
= 3
20(b) sin[tan1 (1)] = sin()
= sin ( )
4
= sin ( )
4
= cos ( )
3
= cos
3
1
=
2
sleightofmath.com
314
Ex 11.3
= cos 1 ( cos )
= cos 1 ( )
2
2
3
21(i) y = 3 cos x + 2
i.e. a = 3, b = 1, c = 2
Amplitude = |a| = |3| = 3
Period
2
b
2
1
= 2
y
= 3 cos + 2
5
2
-1
= 2
Workings
Domain
0 x 2
Axis with
=23
Amplitude
Shape
+
Cycle
20
2
=1
sleightofmath.com
315
Ex 11.3
22(i) y1 = 2 + cos x
= cos x + 2
i.e. a = 1, b = 1, c = 2
Amplitude
= |a| = |1| = 1
Period
= 2
y
4
3
= 2 + cos
y2 = 4 sin x
2
i.e. a = 4, b = , c = 0
1
= 4 sin
2
x
2
2
b
2
1
2
= 4
Workings
1 = 2 +
Domain
0 x 2
Axis with
=21
Amplitude
Shape
+
Cycle
20
2
=1
1
2 =
2
Domain
0 x 2
Axis with
=04
Amplitude
Shape
+
Cycle
20
4
1
2
1 k cos x
= 2 sin x
2
2 + 2k cos x
= 4 sin x
y1
= y2
2 + cos x
= 4 sin x
2
k=
2
=
= 2 a
sleightofmath.com
316
Ex 11.3
y1 = 3.1 tan 2x
i.e. a = 3.1, b = 2, c = 0
Period
180
180
2
= 90
1 = 3.1 tan 2
2
y2 = 2 cos 4x
i.e. a = 2, b = 4, c = 0
Amplitude = |a| = |2| = 2
Period
360
360
4
90
2 = 2 cos 4
180
= 90
= 45
= 135
Workings
1 = 3.1 2
Domain
0 x 180
Axis with
Amplitude
Shape
1800
Cycle
90
=2
2 = 2 4
Domain
0 x 180
Axis with
= 0 2
Amplitude
Shape
+
1800
Cycle
90
=2
T = 90
45 < < 90
2 cos 4x + 3.1 tan 2x = 0
3.1 tan 2x
= 2 cos 4x
3.1 tan 2x = 2 cos 4x
y1
= y2
Period = 90
x = , + 90, + 180, + 270
24(a) Let A = cos 1 ( 1)
5
2nd quadrant
1
cos A = =
5
1
x = 1, r = 5
y = 52 (1)2 = 24
= 26
26
5
sleightofmath.com
317
Ex 11.3
4th quadrant
2
sin B = =
y = 2, r = 3,
x = 32 (2)2 = 5
2
2
5
sleightofmath.com
318
Rev Ex 11
A2(i) Quadrant
Rev Ex 11
tan A = > 0
A1(a) 2 cos x 1 = 4 cos x
2 cos x
= 1
cos x
1
2
= 60
2nd or 3rd quadrant
0 x 360
x = 180 , 180 +
= 120, 240
Coordinates of A
sin x
=
-3
r = (3)2 + (4)2 = 5
Coordinates of B
3
x2
r2
cos B = =
3
2
-3
y2
x2 = 3, r2 = 5
y2 = 52 (3)2 = 4
Trigonometric ratio
0 x 2
x = , , + , 2
2 4 5
= , , ,
3
-4
r
y = 3, x = 4,
tan A = =
A1(b) 4 sin2 x = 3
sin2 x
sin A = =
1
2
or
cos x =
(no solution)
= 30
3rd or 4th quadrant
0 x 360
S
=
=
1
2
or
x
r
( )
1
4
5
( )
x2
( )
3
A3(i) y = a cos bx + c
cot x =
tan x =
Amplitude = 3
|a|
=3
a = 3 or a = 3
(rej a is a positive integer)
3
2
2
3
T C
x = , 2
5
= ,
3
tan B
cos A
1 y2
T C
x = 180 + , 360
= 210, 330
cos x =
0 x 2
Period = 60
360
b
T C
x = , 2
= 2.55,5.70
= 60
=
360
6
=6
A3(ii) c
(a)
sleightofmath.com
= min + |a|
=4
+3
= 7
319
Rev Ex 11
A4(ii) 3 intersections
3 sol
= 3 cos 6 + 7
10
7
60
120
180
= 4( )
( )
( )
Workings
Domain
0 x 180
Axis with
y=73
Amplitude
Shape
+cos
1800
Cycle
=3
1
2
)] = cos()
= cos ( )
60
= cos
=
1
2
A4(ii) y = 5 tan 2x
i.e. a = 5, b = 2, c = 0
Period
2
= 5 tan 2
Workings
Domain
0 x 2\pi
Axis with
Amplitude
Shape
+tan
20
Cycle
=4
sleightofmath.com
320
Rev Ex 11
A6(i) y1 = cos 2x
i.e. a = 1, b = 2, c = 0
Amplitude
= |a| = |1| = 1
Period
2
b
2
2
y2 = 2 sin x
i.e. a = 2, b = 1, c = 0
Amplitude
= |a| = |2| = 2
Period
2
b
2
1
= 2
y
2
1
1 = cos 2
-1
2 = 2 sin
-2
Workings
y1 = cos 2x
Domain
0 x 2
Axis with
y=01
Amplitude
Shape
+cos
20
Cycle
=2
y2 = 2 sin x
Domain
0 x 2
Axis with
y=02
Amplitude
Shape
+sin
20
Cycle
=1
2
1
O
1 = cos 2 = 0.6
-1
A6(ii) cos 2x = 2 sin x for 0 x 2
(b)
y1 = y2
2 intersections 2 sol
2
1
O
1 = cos 2
-1
4 sol
2 = 2 sin
-2
A6(ii) cos 2x 2 sin x = 1
for 0 x 2
(c)
cos 2x
= 2 sin x + 1
y1
= 2 sin x + 1
y
3
1
O
= 2 sin + 1
1 = cos 2
-1
sleightofmath.com
321
Rev Ex 11
|sin x|
= |sin x|
= 2|sin |
= |cos 2|
4 sol
B1(a) (2 sin2 x + sin x)(tan x 3 cos 20) = 0
sin x (2 sin x + 1)(tan x 2.82)
=0
1
sin x = 0
or
sin x =
or
2
0 x 360
= 30
x = 0, 180, 360
0 x 360
S
T C
x = 180 + , 360
= 210, 330
tan x = 2.82
70.5
1st or 3rd quadrant
0 x 360
S
T C
x = , 180 +
= 70.5, 250.5
sleightofmath.com
322
Rev Ex 11
B1(b) |3 tan x 1| = 2
3 tan x 1 = 2
3 tan x
=3
tan x
=1
= 45
1st or 3rd quadrant
0 x 360
S
tan x
0 < x < 2
r = 12 + (2)2 = 5
Trigonometric ratio
1
tan A
1
2
=
2
( cos 30)
= cos A
0 < x < 2
y = 2, x = 1
B3(ii) cot A =
S A
T C
x = , +
3
5
= ,
x=
Coordinates
y
tan A = 2 =
sin(A) = sin A = = ( ) =
B3(i) Quadrant
A = tan1 (2) 4th quadrant
T C
x = 180 , 360
= 161.6, 341.6
18.4
2nd or 4th quadrant
T C
x = , 180 +
= 45, 225
B1(d)
0 x 360
B2(iv) q = 6
p = 2 8 = 6
3 tan x 1 = 2
3 tan x
= 1
=
=
=
1
5
1
5
5
5
5
5
15
10
3
)
2
3
)
2
3
)
2
=3
sec x1
sec x 1 =
sec x
cos x
2
3
5
3
3
5
0.927
1st or 4th quadrant
S
T
0 < x < 2
x = , 2
= 0.927,5.36
B2(i) A = maxmin = (2)(6) = 4
2
2
B2(ii)
T = 8
a = 4
b=
c=
T
8
max+min
2
=
=
4
2+(6)
2
= 2
B2(iii) (6 + 8, 2)
(14, 2)
Daniel & Samuel
A-math tuition 9133 9982
sleightofmath.com
323
Rev Ex 11
B4(i) y1 = |2 cos x 1|
i.e. a = 2, b = 1, c = 1
B5(ii) y = 3 tan x + 1
i.e. a = 3, b = 1, c = 1
180 180
Period =
=
= 180
b
1
2
b
2
1
= 2
3
1
1 = |2 cos 1|
2
y = 3 tan x + 1
y2 =
2x
3
+1
150
330
= 90
Workings
Domain
0 < x < 2
Axis with
y = 1 2
Amplitude
Shape
+cos
20
Cycle
=1
360
180
= 270
Workings
Domain
0 x 360
Axis with
y=1
Amplitude
Shape
+tan
3600
Cycle
=2
180
2x
3
+1
= |2 cos x 1|
B5(iii) 3 tan x + 1 0
y2
= y1
3 sol
B5(i) 3 tan x + 1 = 0
tan x
1
3
= 30
2nd or 4th quadrant
0 x 360
x = 180 , 360
= 150, 330
sleightofmath.com
324
Rev Ex 11
B6(i) y = cos 2x
i.e. a = 1, b = 2, c = 0
2
b
2
2
2
1
1
2
= cos 2
x
= 2 sin 6
y = 2 sin 6x
i.e. a = 2, b = 6, c = 0
Amplitude = |a| = |2| = 2
Period
2
b
2
6
Workings
y1 = cos 2x
Domain
0x
Axis with
y=02
Amplitude
Shape
+sin
0
Cycle
=3
y2 = 2 sin 6x
Domain
0x
Axis with
y=01
Amplitude
Shape
+cos
0
Cycle
=1
x=+( )
2
sleightofmath.com
325
Ex 12.1
2(i)
Ex 12.1
1(a)
sec x cos x =
1
cos x
1(d)
cos x
sin x
3rd quadrant:
y = 1, r = 3,
x = 32 (1)2 = 8
4th quadrant:
y2 = 1, r2 = 3,
sin x
(1cos x)(1+cos x)
sec =
sin x
1cos2 x
sin x
sin2 x
1
sin x
sin =
2(ii)
cos = 1 sin2
sec =
tan =
x
r
2
1(1)
3
1
8
= 8 =
3
3
8
3(a)
3
8
3
8
or
1
8
3
3
8
= sin sec
1
3
1
x
1
8
1
=(
cos
= ( ) (
y
1
or
1
cos x
LHS = sec x
sin
or
8
3
1sin2
1
tan =
=
cos = 1 sin2
cos
-1
cos
1
=
Method 1 (non-graphical)
-1
x2
x2 = 32 12 = 8
Values
= csc x
2(ii)
(sec x + 1)(sec x 1)
= sec 2 x 1
= (tan2 x + 1) 1
= tan2 x
2(i)
= cos x
1(c)
sin = = < 0
cos x
=1
1(b)
Method 2 (graphical)
Coordinates
sin x
) sin x
sin x
cos x
= tan x
= RHS [proven]
3(b)
sin x
cos x
= sin x
= RHS [proven]
3(c)
LHS =
=
cos2 x+sin2 x
1cos2 x
1
sin2 x
= csc 2 x
= RHS [proven]
sleightofmath.com
326
3(e)
Ex 12.1
LHS = 2 + 3 sin2 x
= 2 + 3(1 cos 2 x)
= 2 + (3 3 cos 2 x)
= 5 3 cos 2 x
= RHS [proven]
6(ii)
1
cos2 x
sin2 x
cos2 x
2
1
sin2 x
1
sin x
sin x
sin (
7(c)
1
cos2 x
LHS
= (1 +
=(
sin x
1
cos x
1
) (1 +
)
+
cos x cos x
sin x sin x
cos x+sin x1
cos x
= 4 cot [shown]
x
= 3 cos
x
cos =
= sin (
=
sin2
4 cos
sin
= 2 tan
=2
(1)
sin
1
2
(2)
=2
= RHS [proven]
2
xy
cos
sin = y cos
1cos2
xy
= tan2 x
= RHS [proven]
1cos
1+cos
2(1+cos )2(1cos )
= sin (
6(i)
7(b)
= csc x cot x
= RHS [proven]
4
xy 2
) cos x
cos x
+ (6
7(a)
= 4x 2
= tan x
= RHS [proven]
3(f)
+x 2 y 2
+(xy)2
4x 2
= 4x 2
sin = y ( )
sin =
sleightofmath.com
327
Ex 12.1
LHS
=
8(ii)
3 6 cos 2 x
sin x cos x
=
=
3(sin2 x + cos 2 x)
6 cos 2 x
=
sin x cos x
2
3 sin x + 3 cos x
6 cos x
sin x cos x
3 sin2 x 3 cos 2 x
sin x cos x
1
sin2 x
1
cos2 x
cos2 x+sin2 x
sin2 x cos2 x
1
sin2 x cos2 x
= csc 2 x sec 2 x
= RHS [proven]
8(iii)
3(sin2 x cos 2 x)
=
sin x cos x
3(sin x + cos x)(sin x cos x)
=
sin x cos x
= 3(sin x + cos x)
= RHS [deduced]
= RHS [proven]
9
7(f)
LHS
1
=
1
1
1
1
1
tan2 x
=
cot x)
1
1 (tan2 x + 1)
1
1
1 sec 2 x
LHS
= (sec x + tan x)(sec x tan x)
+(csc x + cot x)(csc x
1
1 + cot 2 x
= sec 2 x tan2 x
+ csc 2 x cot 2 x
= (tan2 x + 1) tan2 x
+(cot 2 x + 1) cot 2 x
=1
+1
=2
1
1
1
csc 2 x
1
1
=
=
= sec 2 x = RHS
2
1 sin x cos 2 x
= RHS [proven]
10
LHS
= (sin + cos )2 (sin + cos )(sin cos )
= (sin + cos )[(sin + cos ) (sin cos )]
[proven]
cos x
sin x
sin x
= RHS [proven]
cos x
cos2 x+sin2 x
sin x cos x
1
sin x cos x
= csc x sec x
= RHS [proven]
sleightofmath.com
328
Ex 12.1
sin x + sin y = a
sin y
= a sin x
13
(1)
cos x + cos y = a
cos y
= a cos x
1sin x
LHS =
1+sin x
1sin x
1+sin x
(2)
(1)2 + (2)2 :
sin2 y + cos 2 y = (a sin x)2
+(a cos x)2
2
2
1
= (a 2a sin x + sin x) +(a2 2a cos x +
cos 2 x)
1
= 2a2 2a(sin x + cos x) + sin2 + cos 2 x
1
= 2a2 2a(sin x + cos x) +1
2a(sin x + cos x) = 2a2
sin x + cos x = a
k=
1
k
=
=
=
=
=
1sin x
1sin x
(1sin x)2
12(i)
1sin2 x
(1sin x)2
=
=
cos2 x
1sin x
cos x
(1 sin x) > 0
[
]
cos x > 0
for acute x
= sec x tan x
= RHS [proven]
Different restriction results in different output of
trigo f(x)
1+sin x
cos x
13(i)
cos x
1+sin x
cos x
1+sin x
1sin x
1+sin x
1sin x
1sin x
cos x(1sin x)
1 sin x 1 sin x
1 + sin x 1 sin x
(1 sin x)2
1 sin2 x
(1 sin x)2
cos 2 x
1sin2 x
cos x(1sin x)
cos2 x
1sin x
cos x
[proven]
cos x =
cos x
2
cos x
2k
k2 +1
Put cos x =
2k2
k2 +1
2k
k2 +1
into k =
= 1 + sin x
=
=
=
sin x = 1
sin x
1 sin x
cos x
x is obtuse, (1 sin x) > 0, cos x < 0
= sec x + tan x
= tan x sec x
cos x
1+sin x
cos x
,
13(ii)
2k2
k2 +1
2k2
k2 +1
2k2
k2 +1
k2 1
k2 +1
={
k2 +1
1 sin x
1 + sin x
14
k2 +1
sleightofmath.com
329
Ex 12.2
2(b)
Ex 12.2
1(a)
5 cos x + 2 sin x = 0
2 sin x
= 5 cos x
tan x
5
2
3(b)
T C
x = 180 + , 360
= 191.5, 348.5
x = 270
2 tan2 x 3 tan x 2 = 0
(2 tan x + 1)(tan x 2) = 0
1
tan x =
or tan x = 2
2
63.4
26.6
1st or 3rd quadrant
2nd or 4th quadrant
0 x 360
S
= 45
1
1st or 3rd quadrant
90 180 270 360
T C
x = , 180
= 30, 150
41.0
2nd or 4th quadrant
11.5
3rd or 4th quadrant
2 sin2 x + sin x 1
=0
(2 sin x 1)(sin x + 1) = 0
1
sin x =
or sin x = 1
2
0 x 360
= 30
2(a)
3(a)
53.1
1st or 3rd quadrant
1(c)
tan x
68.2
2nd or 4th quadrant
1(b)
T C
x = 180 , 360
= 153.4, 333.4
0 x 360
S
T C
x = , 180 +
= 63.4, 243.4
T C
x = , 180 +
= 45, 225
sleightofmath.com
330
Ex 12.2
6 cos 2 x 5 cos x 1
=0
(6 cos x + 1)(cos x 1) = 0
1
cos x =
or cos x = 1
4(a)
0 x 2
80.4
0 x 360
2nd or 3rd quadrant
0.723
1st or 4th quadrant
0 x 2
0 x 360
S A
T C
x = 180 , 180 +
= 99.6, 260.4
3(d)
1
3
x = 0, , 2
x = 0, 360
4(b)
or sec x = 2
cos x = 3
(no solution)
3 sec 2 x 7 sec x + 2 = 0
(3 sec x 1)(sec x 2) = 0
sec x =
cos x =
= 60
1st or 4th quadrant
x = 0, , 2
0 x 360
S
T C
x = , 360
= 60, 300
3(e)
x = 0, 180, 360
4(c)
0 x 360
S
=0
=0
3 sin x = cos x
tan x =
1
3
0.322
2nd or 4th quadrant
0 x 2
S
T C
x = , 2
= 2.82,5.96
7 sin3 x + sin2 x = 0
sin2 x (7 sin x + 1) = 0
sin x = 0
or sin x = 1
7
0 x 360
8.2
T C
x = , 2
= 0.723,5.56
2 csc 2 x 7 csc x 4 = 0
(2 csc x + 1)(csc x 4) = 0
1
csc x = 4
csc x =
or
2
sin x = 2
(no solution)
sin x =
1
4
0.253
1st or 2nd quadrant
0 x 2
T C
x = 180 + , 360
188.2, 351.8
T C
x = ,
= 0.253, 2.89
sleightofmath.com
331
Ex 12.2
2 cos 2 x cos x 1 = 0
(2 cos x + 1)(cos x 1) = 0
1
cos x =
or cos x = 1
=
0 x 2
1
S A
T C
x = , +
4(e)
2 4
3
x 60 = , 180 +
= 30, 210
x
= 90, 270
x = 0, 2
5(c)
3 sin 2x + 2 = 0
sin 2x
2
3
41.8
3rd or 4th quadrant
2
3
2
sin x =
x= ,
2
5(a)
sin2 x =
1
3
0 < x
< 360
60 < x 60 < 300
0 x 2
tan(x 60) =
= 30
1st or 3rd quadrant
5(b)
0.955
1st, 2nd, 3rd or 4th quad.
0 x 2
S A
T C
x = , , + , 2
= 0.955,2.19,4.10,5.33
cos 2x = 0.5
= 60
1st or 4th quadrant
5(d)
0 < x
< 360
40 < 2x 40 < 680
2x 40 = ,
, 360 ,
360 + , 720
T
0 < x < 360
0 < 2x < 720
2x = , 360 , 360 + , 720
= 60, 300, 420, 660
x = 30, 150, 210, 330
6(a)
10 sin 2x = 3
sin 2x
3
10
0.305
1st or 2nd quadrant
0 < x < 2
0 < 2x < 4
2x = , ,
2 + , 3
= 0.305, 2.84, 6.59, 9.12
x = 0.152, 1.42, 3.29, 4.56
sleightofmath.com
332
Ex 12.2
cot 2x = 2
tan 2x =
R
= 55
64 sin 2 = 55
0.463
2nd or 4th quadrant
0 < x < 2
0 < 2x < 4
sin 2
tan ( x) =
0.983
1st or 3rd quadrant
S
0 < x < 2
0< x<
2
1
2
x
6(d)
8(b)
sin x3 cos x
5
4
4
5
2x = , + ,
2.50, 3.79
x 1.25, 1.89
2 sin x+cos x
=2
0.644
2nd or 3rd quadrant
0 < x < 2
0 < 2x < 4
8(a)
4 sec 2x + 5 = 0
cos 2x
64
2 = , 180
59.2, 120.8
29.6, 60.4
0.983
1.97
55
0 < < 90
0 < 2 < 180
x = , +
sec 2x
59.2
1st or 2nd quadrant
2x = , 2 , 3 , 4
= 2.68, 5.81,
8.96, 12.1
x = 1.34,2.91,
4.48, 6.05
6(c)
R = 64 sin 2
tan x
5
3
59.0
2nd or 4th quadrant
3 , 3 +
8.78, 10.1
4.39, 5.03
sleightofmath.com
333
2 sin x
Ex 12.2
= tan x
2 sin x
9(d)
sin x
cos x
2 sin x cos x
= sin x
sin x (2 cos x 1) = 0
sin x = 0
or cos x = 1
2
6 2 cos 2 x
6 2(1 sin2 x)
6 2 + 2 sin2 x
2 sin2 x 9 sin x + 4
(2 sin x 1)(sin x 4)
sin x =
= 60
1st or 4th quadrant
= 9 sin x
= 9 sin x
= 9 sin x
=0
=0
or sin x = 4
1
2
(no solution)
= 30
1st or 2nd quadrant
T C
x = , 360
= 60, 300
x = 180
9(b)
sec 2 x
= 4 sec x 3
2
sec x 4 sec x + 3
=0
(sec x 1)(sec x 3) = 0
sec x = 1
or sec x = 3
1
cos x = 1
cos x =
T C
x = , 180
= 30, 150
9(e)
no solution
9(c)
70.5
1st or 4th quadrant
cos x =
1
2
1
cos2 x
or
cos x = 3
T C
x = , 360
70.5, 289.5
T C
x = , 360
= 60, 300
9(f)
2 tan x
= 3 + 2 cot x
2 tan x
= 3 + 2(
1
tan x
2 tan x
= 3 tan x + 2
2
2 tan x 3 tan x 2
=0
(2 tan x + 1)(tan x 2) = 0
or cos x = 3
= 60
(no solution)
2nd or 3rd quadrant
tan x =
1
2
or tan x = 2
26.6
63.4
2nd or 4th quadrant 1st or 3rd quadrant
S A
T C
x = 180 , 180 +
= 120, 240
7 cos x 3
2
sec2 x
2
(no solution)
= 60
1st or 4th quadrant
2 sin2 x + 5 cos x + 1
=0
2
2(1 cos x) + 5 cos x + 1 = 0
2 2 cos 2 x + 5 cos x + 1 = 0
2 cos 2 x + 5 cos x + 3
=0
2
2 cos x 5 cos x 3
=0
(2 cos x + 1)(cos x 3) = 0
cos x =
7 cos x 3
7 cos x 3
= 2 cos 2 x
2
2 cos x 7 cos x + 3 = 0
(2 cos x 1)(cos x 3) = 0
T C
x = 180 , 360
153.4, 333.4
sleightofmath.com
T C
x = , 180 +
63.4, 243.4
334
Ex 12.2
10(a) 2 tan2 x 1
= 5 sec x
2
2(sec x 1) 1
= 5 sec x
(2 sec 2 x 2) 1
= 5 sec x
2
2 sec x 5 sec x 3 = 0
(2 sec x + 1)(sec x 3) = 0
sec x =
1
2
11(b)
|2 cos x + 3 sin x| = sin x
2 cos x + 3 sin x = sin x or
2 sin x
= 2 cos x
tan x
= 1
45
2nd or 4th quadrant
or sec x = 3
cos x = 2
(no solution)
cos x =
0 x 2
T C
x = 180 , 360
135
T C
x = , 2
= 1.23, 5.05
0 x 2
S
T C
x = , +
= 0.785, 3.93
0 < x
< 360
10 < 2x + 10 < 730
0
2x + 10 = 180 , 360 , 540 , 720
116.6, 296.6,
476.6, 656.6
x
T C
x = 180 , 360
= 153.4
1sin 20
= 55
1st, 2nd, 3rd or 4th quadrant
2x 20 = ,
, 360 ,
360 + , 720
cos x
26.6
2nd or 4th quadrant
0 < x
< 360
20 < 2x 20 < 700
T C
x = , 2
= 2.82, 5.96
10(b) csc 2 x
+2 cot x = 4
2
(cot x + 1) + 2 cot x = 4
cot 2 x + 2 cot x 3 = 0
(cot x + 3)(cot x 1) = 0
cot x = 3
or
cot x = 1
1
tan x = 1
tan x =
3
=
0.322
tan x
1.23
1st or 4th quadrant
53.3, 143.3,
233.3, 323.3
sleightofmath.com
335
Ex 12.2
14.5
1st or 2nd quadrant
0 < x
< 360
60 < 2x + 60 < 780
<x
<
0.833 <
2x + 60
= , 180 , 360 + , 540 , 720 + , 900
3x
2
0 < x
< 360
60 < 2x 60 < 660
2x 60
= , 180 , 360 ,
+
+
6
5
6
< 3 +
5
6
< 10.258
= , , 2 + , 3 ,
4 + ,
13.0
sin(2x 3)
0.216
3rd or 4th quadrant
14
3
3
14
0 <x
< 2
3 < 2x 3 < 4 3
3 < 2x 3 < 9.57
495, 675
2x 3
= 2 , + , ,
3 + , 4 ,
277.5
+ , 2 ,
= 6.50
2.93, 0.216, 3.36, 6.06,
9.64, 12.4
1
3
0.22
1st or 3rd quadrant
0 <x
< 2
0.5 < 3x + 0.5 < 6 + 0.5
0.5 < 3x + 0.5 < 19.3
3x + 0.5
= , + ,
2 + , 3 + ,
6 +
x 0.988,
6.22
2
3x
< 2
5
csc(2x 3)
540 , 720 ,
= 45, 135,315,
0.322,3.46,
19.2
3x
13(c) 3 csc(2x 3) + 15 = 1
tan(3x + 0.5) =
0.448
1st or 2nd quadrant
4 + , 5 + ,
6.60, 9.75,
12.88, 16.03,
2.04, 3.08,
4.13, 5.17
sleightofmath.com
0 < x
< 180
70 < 3x + 70 < 610
3x + 70 = , 180 ,
= 11.5, 168.5,
x
= 32.8,
360 + , 540
371.5, 528.5
100.5, 152.8
336
Ex 12.2
1
sin 2x
)(
cos 2x
sin 2x
=3
)
=3
8 cos 2x
8 cos 2x
8 cos 2x
3 cos 2 2x + 8 cos 2x 3
(3 cos 2x 1)(cos 2x + 3)
cos 2x =
1
3
16
= 3 sin2 2x
= 3(1 cos 2 2x)
= 3 3 cos 2 2x
=0
=0
1
cos
or cos 2x = 3
2
3
=4
cos
2
2
cos =
1
4
is obtuse
2nd quadrant
(rej cos
< 0 in 2nd quadrant)
is obtuse
2nd quadrant
3
-2
T C
2x = , 360
= 70.5, 289.5
x = 35.3, 144.7
x = 2, r = 3,
y = (3)2 (2)2
= 5
y
tan = =
x
cos =
(no solution)
70.5
1st or 4th quadrant
15(i)
2 tan2
= 5 sec + 10
2
2(sec 1)
= 5 sec + 10
2 sec 2 2
= 5 sec + 10
2
2 sec 5 sec 12 = 0
(2 sec + 3)(sec 4) = 0
3
sec = 4
sec =
or
5
2
5
2
sin 2x =
=
sin 2x =
=1
=1
=1
=0
4(4)2 4(3)(2)
2(3)
4210
6
2+10
3
1.72
(no solution)
440
6
4410
6
210
3
sin 2x =
210
3
0.387
22.8
3rd or 4th quadrant
0 < x < 360
0 < 2x < 720
T C
x = 360 + , 180 ,
, 180
T C
2x = 180 + , 360 ,
540 + , 720
= 330, 210,
30, 150
202.8, 337.2,
562.8, 697.2
x
sleightofmath.com
101.4, 168.6,
281.4, 348.6
337
1
cos x
Ex 12.2
= 2 csc x
) (tan x 2)
sin x
cos x
= 2(
(tan x 2)
=
=
sin x
2
cos
sin x
)
cos x
tan x
223
2
212
2
243
2
(
tan x = 1 + 3
69.9
1st or 3rd quadrant
0 < x < 360
T C
x = 180 , 360
= 143.8, 323.8
3x = ,
2
2,
x
3
2
+ 2
6 2
= ,
(2)
2010 sin A 2
F
) +(
(3)
10 cos A 2
=1
100 cos2 A
=1
F2
T C
x = , 180 +
= 69.9, 249.9
2010 sin A
F2
= F2
= F2
F2
(NA)
18(ii)
tan =
sin
cos
2010 sin A
)
F
10 cos A
(
)
F
2010 sin A
10 cos A
2sin A
cos A
[shown]
18(iii) Put A = 30 in F = 500 400 sin A,
0x
0 3x 3
(1)
sin2 + cos 2 = 1
sub (1) & (2) into (3):
= 1 3
tan x = 1 3
36.2
2nd or 4th quadrant
0 < x < 360
10
cos A
sin
tan x 2 tan x
=2
2
tan x 2 tan x 2 = 0
2(1)
10 sin A + F sin = 20
F sin
= 20 10 sin A
2(2)2 4(1)(2)
= cos
cos A
tan x =
10 cos A = F cos
10
(tan x 2)
tan x 2
18(i)
T C
3x = , 2 ,
3
2sin 30
cos 30
1
2
3
2
2sin A
cos A
3
2
3
2
= 3
= 60
= 2.21, 5.36,
8.50
x
= 0.738, 1.79,
2.83
sleightofmath.com
338
Rev Ex 12
A2(a) 5 sin2 x 8 sin x cos x = 0
sin x (5 sin x 8 cos x) = 0
sin x = 0
or
5 sin x = 8 cos x
Rev Ex 12
A1(a) x = a sin (1)
(i)
a2 x 2
(2)
sub (1) into (2):
= a2 (a sin )2
= a2 a2 sin2
= a2 (1 sin2 )
= a2 cos 2
tan x =
0 x 360
x = 0, 180, 360
= (1
A2(b) 5 cot 2 x
5(
3
sin2 )2
=
= cos 3
A1(b) Coordinates of
(i)
2 cos = sin
y
tan
= 2 =
x
1
1
( )
3
cos2 x
sin2 x
2
-1
+7
= 11 csc x
) +7
11
sin x
= 3
T C
x = , 180
= 30, 150
Trigonometric ratio
tan() = tan = (2) = 2
x
r
0 x 360
r = (2) + (1)2 = 3
5 cos x +7 sin2 x
= 11 sin x
2
2
5(1 sin x) +7 sin x= 11 sin x
5 5 sin2 x +7 sin2 x = 11 sin x
2 sin2 x 11 sin x + 5 = 0
(2 sin x 1)(sin x 5) = 0
1
sin x = 5
sin x =
or
2
(no solution)
= 30
1st or 2nd quadrant
3
(cos 2 )2
A1(b) sec = 1 =
cos
(ii)
0 x 360
T C
x = , 180 +
58.0, 238.0
(a sin )2 2
a2
58.0
1st or 3rd quadrant
3
A1(a)
x2 2
(1 2 )
(3)
(ii)
a
sub (1) into (3):
= (1
cos ( x + 75)
2
1
1
A1(b) csc(90 ) =
=
= 3
sin(90)
cos
(iii)
1
2
= 60
2nd or 3rd quadrant
0 x
360
A
C
75 x + 75 615
2
3
2
sleightofmath.com
480, 600
270, 350
339
Rev Ex 12
A3(a) 10 cos 3x + 8 = 0
cos 3x
A4(b) Prove:
LHS =
A5(i)
C
=
=
=
3x2
4
3x2
4
< 14.5
1
cos
1
1
1
sin cos
1
sin
1
sin
sin
1cot x
1+cot x
= + , 2 , 3 + , 4 ,
5 +
3.87, 5.55,
16.4
16.4
sin
cos )
1cos2
cos
sin2
cos
sin
cos
= tan
10.2, 11.8,
2x = , 180 + ,
= 45, 225,
360 + , 540 +
405, 585
LHS =
1csc x
cot x
1csc x
cot x
= RHS
cos
< 20
= RHS [proven]
0.730
3rd or 4th quadrant
x
tan x+1
tan x
1
tan x tan x
tan x
1
+
tan x tan x
tan x1
1+cot x
T
x
< 800
2x 70 < 1530
sin (
1cot x
[proven]
3x = , + , 3 , 3 + , 5 , 5 +
, 7
= 2.50, 3.79, 8.78, 10.1, 15.1, 16.4,
21.3
x 7.12
4
3x2
tan x+1
0.644
2nd or 3rd quadrant
x >6
3x > 18
tan x1
= tan x sec x
1
sin x
cos x
sin x
sin x1
sin x
cos x
sin x
sin x1
cos x
= tan x
sleightofmath.com
340
Rev Ex 12
1st curve
y = 4 cos 3x
Point P
y|x=0 = 4 cos[3(0)]
P(0,4)
=4
Intersection point
At intersection point,
y = 4 cos 3x cuts x axis (y = 0)
4 cos 3x = 0
cos 3x = 0
3x =
( , 0)
2nd curve
y = 2 sin x + k
At ( , 0),
6
2 sin ( ) + k = 0
6
2( ) + k = 0
2
= 1
y = 2 sin x 1
Point Q
At max, x =
y|
x=
2
= 2 sin 1
2
= 2(1) 1
=1
Q ( , 1)
2
sleightofmath.com
341
Rev Ex 12
A6(ii) y1 = 4 cos 3x
i.e. a = 4, b = 3, c = 0
360
b
360
3
= 120
y2 = 2 sin x 1
i.e. a = 2, b = 1, c = 1
4
1
180
= 2 sin 1
= cos 3
3
4
360
b
360
1
= 360
Workings
1 = 4 cos 3
Domain
0 180
Axis with
=04
Amplitude
Shape
+
1800
Cycle
= 1.5
120
2 = 2 sin 1
Domain
0 180
Axis with
= 1 2
Amplitude
Shape
+
1800
1
Cycle
=
360
sleightofmath.com
342
P = 105 20 cos (
Rev Ex 12
16t
4 sin x cos x
= 100
105 20 cos (
20 cos (
cos (
16t
7
16t
7
16t
7
) = 100
= 5
16t
7
16t
7
16t
7
> 10
>
160
7
sin x = 0
0 x 2
x = 0, ,2
B1(a) sec 2x = 2
1
cos 2x =
2
=
3
1st or 4th quadrant
A
3 3
5
= ,
6
,
,
2 + , 4
7 11
3
3
7 11
6
1
2
2 4 5
= ,
3
tan x = 2
0.983
1.11
1st or 3rd quadrant 2nd or 4th quadrant
0 x 2
S
= ,
S A
T C
x = , , + , 2
tan x =
1
cos x
1
0 x 2
= , 2 , 22 + , 24
2x = , 2 ,
1.32,4.97, 70.4,74.1
10.3
) =0
cos x
> 71.8
0 x 2
0 2x 4
cos x
cos 2 x =
sin x
cos x
1
4 cos x =
sin x (4 cos x
1.318
1st or 4th quadrant
t
= tan x
T C
x = , +
= 0.983,4.12
sleightofmath.com
0 x 2
S
T C
x = , 2
= 2.03,5.18
343
Rev Ex 12
B3(b) Prove:
LHS =
y
= 2x
4 cos 3 sin = 2(4 sin + 3 cos )
4 cos 3 sin = 8 sin + 6 cos
11 sin
= 2 cos
tan
2
11
10.3
2nd or 4th quadrant
obtuse
90 < < 180
cos x
1sin x
= 180 , 360
= 169.7, 349.7
B2(ii) x 2 + y 2
= (4 sin + 3 cos )2 + (4 cos 3 sin )2
cos x
1sin x
1
cos x
= tan x
1
cos x
cos 2 x
(1 sin x)
(1 sin x) cos x
cos 2 x
1 + sin x
(1 sin x) cos x
(1 sin2 x) 1 + sin x
(1 sin x) cos x
sin x sin2 x
(1 sin x) cos x
sin x (1 sin x)
(1 sin x) cos x
sin x
cos x
= tan x
= RHS [proven]
1 tan x
1 + tan2 x
1 (sec 2 x 1)
sec 2 x
2 sec 2 x
sec 2 x
2
=
1
sec 2 x
2
=
1
1
cos 2 x
=
0.540
1st or 3rd quadrant
x
5x
2
5x
2
>4
> 10
= , 2 + , 3 , 4 +
0.540,2.60, 6.82, 8.88,
5.24
13.11
= 2 cos 2 x 1
= RHS [proven]
sleightofmath.com
344
Rev Ex 12
B4(b) csc 2x = 6
sin 2x =
1
6
0.167
1st or 2nd quadrant
x <5
2x < 10
2x
63.4
18.4
= 26.6
2nd or 4th quad. 2nd or 4th quad. 1st or 3rd quad.
cos ( )
4
3
3
2x
> 666.67
3
2x
A
C
, 900 +
138.6,221.4,
858.6, 941.4
x 1287.9
3
T C
= 180 ,
360
= 161.6
or tan =
T C
= , 180 +
= 26.6
1
cos 2x
cos 2x 1 + sin 2x
or tan = 3
B6(i) f(x)
> 1000
T C
= 180 ,
360
= 116.6
41.4
2nd or 3rd quadrant
x
tan = 2
sec ( )
3
2x
=2
= 4
= 2 cot
2x = , , 2 + , 3 , 4 +
= 0.167,2.974, 6.451,9.257 12.734
x 4.63
3
2x
B5(ii)
6 tan2 + 11 tan 3
900
=
sin2 2x + sin 2x
cos 2x (1 + sin 2x)
sin 2x (sin 2x + 1)
cos 2x (1 + sin 2x)
sin 2x
cos 2x
498.6,581.4
B5(i) 6x + 11x 3x 2
=0
2
(x + 2)(6x + + )
(x + 2)(6x 2 + 1)
(x + 2)(6x 2 x 1)
=0
(x + 2)(3x + 1)(2x 1) = 0
1
= tan 2x [shown]
x = 2 or x = or x =
sleightofmath.com
345
Rev Ex 12
B6(ii) y = f(x)
= tan 2x
i.e. a = 1, b = 2, c = 0
Period
180
b
B7(i)
t
2
i.e. a = 1.6, b = , c = 0
v = 1.6 sin
T=
180
= 90
B7(ii) v
= ()
90
180 270
t
2
Workings
= 4s
t
2
t
2
= 1.3
=
13
16
0.948
1st or 2nd quadrant
x = 45 x = 135 x = 225
= 1.3
1.6 sin
sin
= ,
0.948,2.193
0.604, 1.40
Domain
0 x 270
Axis with
y=0
Amplitude
Shape
+tan
Cycle
2700
90
=3
sleightofmath.com
346
Ex 13.1
Ex 13.1
1(a)
1(b)
1(c)
LHS = sin(90 + )
= sin 90 cos + cos 90 sin
= (1) cos +(0) sin
= cos
= RHS [proven]
LHS = cos(90 + )
= cos 90 cos sin 90 sin
= (0)
cos (1) sin
= sin
= RHS [proven]
LHS = sin (
3
2
3
3(a)
3(b)
=
2
3(c)
=
)
3
= sin ( )
3(d)
3(e)
2(c)
2(d)
2
2
tan 35+tan 10
1tan 35 tan 10
1+tan 2 tan
(0)tan
1+(0) tan
tan 3tan 4
1+tan 3 tan 4
= tan(3 4)
= tan()
= tan
= RHS [proven]
= tan(35 + 10)
= tan 45
=1
tan 2tan
3(f)
= tan
= RHS [proven]
2(b)
3
2
LHS = tan(2 )
=
2(a)
tan 30tan 75
1+tan 30 tan 75
= tan(30 75)
= tan(45)
= tan 45
= 1
4(a)
= ( )( )
=
4(b)
2
2
= ( )( )
=
5(a)
( )( )
2
2
( )( )
2
LHS
= sin(A + B)
+ sin(A B)
= sin A cos B + cos A sin B + sin A cos B
cos A sin B
= 2 sin A cos B
= RHS [proven]
sleightofmath.com
347
Ex 13.1
5(b)
LHS
= cos(A + B)
cos(A B)
= cos A cos B sin A sin B (cos A cos B + sin A sin B)
= cos A cos B sin A sin B cos A cos B sin A sin B
= 2 sin A sin B
= RHS [proven]
6(d)
LHS
6(a)
LHS
1
cos( )
1
1
cos cos
=
=
cos cos + sin sin cos cos + sin sin
cos cos
sec sec
1 + tan tan
= RHS [proven]
sin(A + B) sin(A B)
cos(A + B) cos(A B)
7(a)
=
=
= cot A
7(b)
sin(A + B)
=
cos(A B)
tan A(1)
1+tan A(1)
tan2 A1
1tan2 A
7(c)
LHS
= RHS [proven]
= cot(x + y)
sin A
cos A
sin A
cos B
= RHS [proven]
6(c)
LHS
1
tan(x + y)
1
= tan x + tan y
1 tan x tany
sin(A + B)
=
sin(A B)
sin A cos B + cos A sin B
sin A cos B + cos A sin B
cos A cos B
=
=
sin A cos B cos A sin B sin A cos B cos A sin B
cos A cos B
tan A + tan B
=
tan A tan B
tan Atan 45
1+tan A tan 45
= RHS [proven]
LHS
= RHS [proven]
tan A+(1)
1tan A(1)
= 1
= RHS [proven]
6(b)
tan A+tan 45
1tan A tan 45
1 tan x tan y
1 tan x tan y
cot x cot y 1
tan x tan y
=
= tan x + tan y =
tan x + tan y
cot y + cot x
tan x tan y
=
cot x cot y 1
cot x + cot y
= RHS [proven]
sleightofmath.com
348
Ex 13.1
7(d)
LHS
9(i)
cos A sin B =
10
cos A sin B
9(ii)
= RHS [proven]
2
2
2
= 2 [sin A ( ) + cos A ( )] [cos A ( )
2
2
2
2
sin A ( )]
2
2
2
= 2 ( ) (cos A + sin A) (cos A sin A)
2
2
2
2
sin A cos B =
10
1
5
=
5
10
sin A cos B =
=
9(iii)
tan A
tan B
=
=
=
=
= cos A (1 cos A)
= 2 cos 2 A 1
= RHS [proven]
9
10
7
10
, cos A sin B =
1
5
sin A
cos A
sin B
cos B
sin A
cos A
cos B
sin B
sin A cos B
sin B cos A
7
10
1
5
sin A cos B =
7
10
, cos A sin B =
1
5
=
2
10
LHS
= cos(A + B + C)
= cos[(A + B) + C]
sin(A+B)
sin A cos B+cos A sin B
sin A cos B
= 5
cos A sin B
= 5
tan A cot B
tan(A B)
tan Atan B
1+tan A tan B
3
tan B
4
3
1+ tan B
4
=
=
=
25
24
25
24
25
tan A =
24
18 24 tan B = 25 +
4
= 5 cos A sin B
sin A cos B
171
3
11
LHS = cos 3A
= cos A cos A cos A sin A sin A cos A
sin A cos A sin A cos A sin A sin A
sin(AB)
2
1
= 2 ( ) (cos A sin A)
8(ii)
2
1
=( )+( )
7(e)
LHS = 2 sin(A + 45)
cos(A + 45)
= 2[sin A cos 45 + cos A sin 45] [cos A cos 45
sin A sin 45]
8(i)
cos A sin B
4
2
sin(A B)
tan B
tan B
75
4
3
4
tan B
= 7
=
28
171
sleightofmath.com
349
Ex 13.1
Quadrant
13(i)
tan A = > 0
Coordinates of A
cos A = for 90 < A < 180
5
3
5
-4
sin B =
12
13
13
B 12
x = 132 122 = 5
y = 12, r = 13,
Coordinates of B
sin B = in 3rd quadrant
Coordinates of B
r = (4)2 + (3)2 = 5
sin A = = , cos A = =
sin A = = , tan A = =
-3
y = 4, x = 3,
-4
y = 52 (4)2 = 3
Coordinates of A
3
-3
13
cos B = =
12
tan B = =
Trigonometric ratio
sin(A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B
y = 3, r = 5,
x = (5)2 (3)2 = 4
12
33
13
13
65
= ( )( ) + ( )( ) =
x
cos B = = , tan B = =
tan A+tan 45
1tan A tan 45
13(ii)
4
( )+(1)
3
4
1( )(1)
3
tan(A + B) =
= ( )( ) +( )( )
=
5
24
25
tan A+tan B
1tan A tan B
= 7
Trigonometric ratio
tan(A + 45) =
x = 4, r = 5,
3
12
)+( )
4
5
3
12
1( )( )
4
5
33
56
1
cos(AB)
1
cos A cos B+sin A sin B
1
4
5
3 12
)( )+( )( )
5
13
5 13
65
16
= ( )( )
=
7
25
( )( )
sleightofmath.com
350
Ex 13.1
(24)2
sin =
7
25
72
, cos =
24 hyp
= 625 = 25
24
25
, tan =
= cos(x 50)
24
15(c)
cos(x + 10)
24
= ( )( )
=
25
2
7+243
50
= tan x
sin 10+sin 50
3
2
+( )( )
25
tan x
= ( )( )
=
25
2
2473
50
3
2
tan +tan 60
1tan tan 60
7
24
( )+(3)
7
1( )(3)
24
7+243
2473
+ cos x ( )
2
= 2 cos x
= 20
1st or 3rd quadrant
= 3
= 5 sec(x 20)
1
2
cos x( )sin x(
=
=
3
)
2
5
cos(x20)
5
cos x cos 20+sin x sin 20
5
cos x cos 20+sin x sin 20
5
5
2
x = , 180 +
= 60, 240
tan x
=5
2
2
2
2
2
= 3 sin x
= 3 sin x
tan x
7.1
1st or 3rd quadrant
2 [cos x ( ) sin x ( )]
= 3 sin x
2 cos x 2 sin x
2 cos x
= 3 sin x
= (3 + 2) sin x
tan x
17.8
1st or 3rd quadrant
= ( ) cos x
1050
= tan 20
cos(x+60)
10+50
1050
) sin(
)
2
2
10+50
1050
2 sin(
) cos(
)
2
2
2 sin(
tan x
15(d)
2 sec(x + 60)
tan x
= 60
1st or 3rd quadrant
sin 10+sin 50
= tan (
( )( )
25
cos 10cos 50
2
3+2
5
2 cos 20
2
3+2 sin 20
0.124
S
x = , 180 +
= 17.8, 197.8
Daniel & Samuel
A-math tuition 9133 9982
sleightofmath.com
351
tan x+tan 15
1tan x tan 15
Ex 13.1
17(a) sin x cos 1 cos x sin 1 = 0.2
sin(x 1)
= 0.2
0.201
S A
1st or 2nd quadrant
T
C
0 <x
< 2
1 < x 1 < 2 1
=2
tan(x + 15) = 2
63.4
1st or 3rd quadrant
0 < x
< 360
15 < x + 15 < 375
x 1 = ,
= 0.201,2.94
x
= 1.20, 3.94
x + 15 = , 180 +
63.4, 243.4
x
48.4, 228.4
17(b)
tan xtan 45
1+tan x tan 45
tan x(1)
1+tan x(1)
3 tan x3
1+tan x
2 tan x
T C
x = , 180 +
= 26.6, 206.6
tan(2x 1) =
)= 0
1
2
1
2
0.464
1st or 3rd quadrant
=0
=0
=
33 tan x
0 <x
< 2
1 < 2x 1 < 4 1
1+tan x
2 tan x + 2 tan2 x
= 3 3 tan x
2 tan2 x + 5 tan x 3
=0
(2 tan x 1)(tan x + 3) = 0
1
tan x = 3
tan x =
2
71.6
26.6
2nd or 4th quadrant
1st or 3rd quadrant
0 < x < 360
tan 2xtan 1
1+tan 2x tan 1
2x 1 = , + ,
= 0.464, 3.61,
x
= 0.732,2.30,
T C
x = 180 , 360
= 108.4, 288.4
16(c) tan 5x
sin 5x
cos 5x
sin 5x cos 2x
sin 5x cos 2x sin 2x cos 5x
sin(5x 2x)
sin 3x
2 + , 3 +
6.75, 9.89
3.87, 5.44
sin 2x
cos 2x
cos 0.4
tan x
tan x
0.339
1st or 3rd quadrant
0.353
0 < x < 2
x = , +
0.339, 3.48
= tan 2x
=
3sin 0.4
= sin 2x cos 5x
=0
=0
=0
1
3x = 0,180, 360,540
720,900,
1080
x = 60,
120, 180, 240, 300
sleightofmath.com
352
Ex 13.1
= 4 sin(x 2)
= 4(sin x cos 2 cos x sin 2)
= 4 sin x cos 2 4 cos x sin 2
= 4 sin x cos 2
= 4 sin x cos 2
=
cos(A + B) =
cos(A + B) =
5
A
2
<0
5
13
Recall
12
13
10
y = 3, r = 10,
x = (10) 32 = 1
1+tan B tan A
13
13
, cos(A + B) =
( )
13
56
65
13
( )
19(ii) Coordinates of C
acute C 1st quadrant
sin C =
12
13
13
C 12
= ,
r
x = 132 122 = 5
x
13
cos C = =
=3
tan Btan A
12
y = 12, r = 13,
Trigonometric ratio
tan(B A) =
-5
cos A = ,
12
and B is acute
A+B
sin A = ,
=( )
13
sin B = sin[(A + B) A]
= sin(A + B) cos A cos(A + B) sin A
18(ii) Coordinates
tan B = =
Q2 or Q3
sin(A + B) =
tan A = = [shown]
18(iii)
13
Q1 or Q2
Q2
Trigonometric ratio
sin(A + B) = =
y = (13)2 (5)2 = 12
y = (5) 22 = 1
Coordinates of ( + )
A and B are acute
and A is acute
10
x = 5, r = 13,
x = 2, r = 5,
sin B =
A
3
y = 52 32 = 4
4 cos 2
18(i) Coordinates
2
sin A = = ,
3+4 sin 2
tan x
3.99
1.33
S A
2nd or 4th quadrant
T C
0 < x < 2
x = , 2
1.82, 4.96
cos A =
19(i) Coordinates of A
3
1
1
2
3 1
1+( )( )
1 2
( )( )
=1
Recall
sin C =
12
13
cos C =
sin(A + B) =
B A = 45
5
13
12
13
13
, cos(A + B) =
sin(A + B + C)
= sin[(A + B) + C]
= sin(A + B) cos C + cos(A + B) sin C
=
12
13
( )
13
12
13
13
+( )
=0
19(iii) sin(A + B + C) = 0
0 < A + B + C < 270
A + B + C = 180
Yes, A, B and C are angles of triangle
Daniel & Samuel
A-math tuition 9133 9982
sleightofmath.com
353
Ex 13.1
tan( + )
tan +tan
5
x
( )+tan
5+x tan
x5 tan
tan (x +
tan (
=
=
2
4
1
1 2
( )
2
1
4
10
x
10
x
10
tan =
5
x
10
x
= 10
50
x
tan
50
x
) = 10 5
x2 +50
x
) =5
tan
5x
x2 +50
2x = , 180 ,
4x = 0,180,
= 0,180,
360,540,
720 x = 0, 45,
x = 0, 45,
90, 135, 180
2
2
5
1( ) tan
x
=( )
1tan tan
5 + x tan
20(i) sin2 3x
= sin2 x
sin2 3x sin2 x
=0
sin(3x + x) sin(3x x) = 0
sin 4x sin 2x
=0
sin 4x = 0
sin 2x = 0
0 x 180
0 x 180
0 2x 360
0 4x 720
21(i) tan = 5
360 +
360
180
tan +tan(+)
1tan tan(+)
5
x
10
x
5 10
1( )( )
x
x
( )+( )
10
tan = , tan( + ) =
=
=
15
x
x2 50
x2
15x
x2 50
0 < 2 + < 90
tan(2 + ) > 0
15x
x2 50
>0
x
>0
(x+50)(x50)
x
>0
(x+52)(x52)
= RHS [shown]
52
+
0
+
52
sleightofmath.com
354
=
=
Ex 13.1
tan 2+tan
0 < 2 + < 90
tan(2 + )
1tan 2 tan
2 tan
(
)+tan
1tan2
2 tan
1(
) tan
1tan2
5x
x2 +50
tan = , tan =
>0
15x[x2 +25]
>0
x2 25x2 +25
25+(25)2 4(1)(25)
25(25)2 4(1)(25)
[x
][x
]
2(1)
2(1)
tan(2 + )
>0
25+525
25525
[x
][x
]
2
2
5
2( )
x ] + ( 5x )
[
x 2 + 50
5 2
1( )
x
=
5
2( )
x ] ( 5x )
1[
5 2 x 2 + 50
1( )
x
+
0
25525
2
22
A+B+C
tan(A + B + C)
10
5x
)
[ 2 x
]+( 2
x 25
x + 50
x2
=
10
5x
)
1[ 2 x
]( 2
x 25 x + 50
x2
tan(A+B)+tan C
1tan(A+B) tan C
tan(A + B) + tan C
tan A+tan B
1tan A tan B
25525 25+525
2
0<x<
>0
+ tan C
or x >
25+525
2
= 180
= tan(180)
=0
=0
=0
10x
5x
[ 2
]+( 2
)
x
25
x
+ 50
=
10x
5x
](
)
1[ 2
x 25 x 2 + 50
10x
5x
(x 2 25)(x 2 + 50)
2 25] + (x 2 + 50)
x
=
2
10x
5x
(x 25)(x 2 + 50)
](
)
1[ 2
x 25 x 2 + 50
[
15x 3 + 375x
x 4 25x 2 + 25
15x[x 2 + 25]
= 2
x 25x 2 + 25
sleightofmath.com
355
Ex 13.2
2(b)
Ex 13.2
1(a)
Coordinates
1
2
2
cos =
1
2
-1
y = (2)2 (1)2 = 3
1(b)
2 sin cos
= sin ( )
=
1(c)
2 cos 2
12
2
2
3
,
2
cos =
1
2
Trigonometric ratio
sin 2A = 2 sin A cos A
1 = cos ( )
6
3
2
=
1(d)
sin =
3
2
= 2( )( )
3
2
1 2
3
2
1
2
tan 2A =
2 tan A
1tan2 A
2(
3
)
1
1(
3
)
1
23
13
= 3
=
2
1(e)
3(i)
sin2 67.5 =
=
=
=
1(f)
2 tan 15
1tan2 15
1cos(135)
3(
2
1( cos 45)
1(
1
3
3(ii)
sin 2x
=
9
3(iii)
5
cos 8x = cos[2(4)]
= 2 cos 2 4x 1
1 2
= 2( )
x = 52 32 = 4
= ,
5
tan =
3
4
4(a)
Trigonometric ratio
3
24
25
LHS =
=
3 2
25
4(b)
LHS =
=
2 tan A
1tan2 A
3
4
3 2
1( )
4
2( )
24
7
9
79
81
cos 2A
cos A+sin A
cos2 Asin2 A
cos A+sin A
4 2
tan 2A =
2 2
cos =
=1
cos 4x = cos[2(2)]
= 1 2 sin2 2x
=1
= 1 2( )
Coordinates
sin 2x
2
)
2
2
2+2
sin 2x
= tan 30
=
2(a)
3 sin x cos x = 1
4(c)
LHS =
1cos 2A
sin 2A
sin A
cos A
1(12 sin2 A)
2 sin A cos A
2 sin2 A
2 sin A cos A
1cos 2A
1+cos 2A
2
1(12 sin2 A)
1+(2 cos2 A1)
2 sin2 A
2 cos2 A
sleightofmath.com
356
Ex 13.2
6(i)
(cos 2 A sin2 A)
= 4 ( sin 2)
2
sin A =
= 2 sin 2 cos 2
= sin 4A
= RHS [proven]
5(a)
1
cos A
)(
LHS =
=
1
sin A
)=
1
sin A cos A
=1
2
1
sin 2A
sin 2A
5(c)
LHS =
Trigonometric ratio
cos 2A = cos 2 A sin2 A
6(ii)
=
2
cos 4A = 2 cos 2A 1
1 2
= 2 ( ) 1
2
)(
cos A
sin A
)=
1
sin A cos A
=1
2
1
sin 2A
A
sec 2
2
1
cos2
A
2
1
1+cos A
2
2
1+cos A
6(iii)
sin 4A = 1
1 2
6(iv)
cos A
cos
21
2
= 2 cos
2
2 tan A
)
1tan2 A
A =
1+cos A
1cos A
1
2
1
1[12 sin2 ( A)]
2
1
cot 2 ( A)
2
3
2
A1
1+cos A
1tan2 A
tan A
2
1
2
1+cos A
cos A =
tan 2A
cos 2 4
= 1 ( )
LHS = 2 cot 2A =
LHS =
1
2
1+( )
2
3
2
RHS [proven]
5(d)
1 2
1
)
cos2 A
sin A
(
)
cos A
= ( ) ( )
tan A
2
sin 2A
cos2 A
cos A = = , tan A = = 3
sec2 A
=(
2 A
3
2
3
2
x = (2)2 (3) = 1
Coordinates
obtuse A 2
1+cos A
or cos A =
1
2
1
2 sin2 ( A)
2
2 cos2 ( A)
1
2
= RHS [proven]
=
2
sleightofmath.com
357
Ex 13.2
Coordinates
2
tan A =
3
3
<A<
3
-3
-2
8(i)
Coordinates
1
1
cot = k tan = =
= 1, = ,
r = 12 + k 2 = 1 + 2
r=
(2)2
sin =
(3)2
2
13
= 13
, cos =
sin =
1
1+ 2
, cos =
1+ 2
13
Trigonometric ratio
Trigonometric ratio
tan 2A =
7(ii)
7(iii)
tan 3A =
2 tan A
1tan2 A
2
2( )
3
2 2
1( )
3
tan 2A+tan A
1tan 2A tan A
tan A
1
2
1
1tan2 A
2
12
5
2
3
12 2
1( )( )
5
3
6 tan A
tan A =
2
1
313
8(ii)
=
46
9
1tan tan 45
tan +tan 45
8(iii)
sec 2 =
=
1
2 tan2 A
2
0
=
or tan A =
8(iv)
313
2
7(iv)
Recall sin =
csc 2A =
=
1
sin 2A
1
12
13
2
13
=
13
12
2
1
, cos =
1
2 sin A cos A
1
k
1( )(1)
1
k
( )+(1)
cos 2
2k
1+k2
1
cos2 sin2
1+k2
k2 1
k
1
(
) (
)
2
1 + k
1 + k 2
1
1+k
k2 1
1+k2
tan +tan 45
1tan tan 45
k1
k2
1 + k2
1
1 + k2
tan 2+tan
1tan 2 tan
2 tan
)+tan
1tan2
2 tan
1(
) tan
1tan2
3
13
1
2
3
2(
)(
)
13 13
=
9(a)
3 tan tan3
3 1
k k3
3
1 2
k
LHS =
1
2
1
cos A
2
9(b)
9(c)
sleightofmath.com
3k2 1
k3 3k
sin A
1+cos A
1 3
k
1 2
13( )
k
1
k
3( )( )
3k2 1
k(k2 3)
1
2
1
2
2 sin A cos A
1
2
1
2
1
2
2 sin A cos A
1
2
2 cos2 A
LHS =
=
13 tan2
sin A
) =
2
1
k
1+k2
tan 3 = tan(2 + )
=
3+13
tan(+45)
cot( + 45) =
2(1)
)(
=2
2
1
21
2 tan A + 6 tan A 2 =
2
2
1
21
tan A + 3 tan A 1 =
2
2
1
3(3)2 4(1)(1)
tan A =
( )+( )
2 tan A
12
1
1+k2
1+tan2 A
1tan2 A
cos2 A+sin2 A
cos2 Asin2 A
sin2 A
cos2 A
sin2 A
1 2
cos A
1+
1
cos 2A
cos2 A+sin2 A
cos2 A
cos2 Asin2 A
cos2 A
9(e)
LHS = cos 4A
= cos(2 2)
= 1 2 sin2 2A
= 1 2 (sin 2A)2
= 1 2(2 sin A cos A)2
= 1 2(4 sin2 A cos 2 A)
= 1 8 sin2 A cos 2 A
= 1 8 sin2 A (1 sin2 A)
= 1 8 sin2 A + 8 sin4 A
= 8 sin4 A 8 sin2 A + 1
= RHS [proven]
Ex 13.2
10(a) 4 sin 2x
4(2 sin x cos x)
8 sin x cos x
sin x (8 cos x 1)
=
=
=
82.8
1st or 4th quadrant
T C
x = , 360
= 82.8, 277.2
x = 180
1cos 2A 2
2
12 cos 2A+cos2 2A
4
4
24 cos 2A+1+cos 4A
2 sin 2x
=1
sin 2x
= cot A
=1
1
2
1cos 2A+sin 2A
= 30
1st or 2nd quadrant
LHS =
sin 2x
1+cos 4A
12 cos 2A+(
)
2
9(f)
or cos x = 8
sin x = 0
= sin x
= sin x
= sin x
=0
2x = , 180 ,
= 30, 150,
x = 15, 75,
360 + , 540
390, 510
195, 255
= RHS [proven]
2x = 270,
x = 135,
sleightofmath.com
270 + 360
315
359
Ex 13.2
T C
x = , 360
= 60, 300
x = 0,
x = 0, 2
cos x [5 (
sin 2
2
0 x 2
0.927
3rd or 4th quadrant
2
90 180 270 360
(no solution)
x= ,
2
2 tan x
1tan2 x
2
11(c) cos 2x
1 2 sin2 x
2 sin2 x sin x 1
(2 sin x + 1)(sin x 1)
=3
) tan x = 3
=3
= 3 3 tan2 x
=3
tan2 x
sin x =
=
3
5
37.8
1st, 2nd, 3rd or 4th quadrant
or
= sin x
= sin x
=0
=0
sin x = 1
7 11
6
3 + , 4
10.4, 11.6
5.18, 5.82
T C
x = + , 2
=
sleightofmath.com
0 x 2
2x = + , 2 ,
4.07,5.36,
x 2.03, 2.68,
2 tan x
5 tan2 x
tan x
0 x 2
0 2x 4
x = 180
1tan2 x
2 tan2 x
=0
or sin 2x = 5
cos x = 0
=0
=0
=0
+ 2]
cos x ( sin 2x + 2)
tan 2x tan x
sin x =
or
10(f)
= 3 sin x
= 3 sin x
= 3 sin x
= 2 sin2 + 3 sin
=0
=0
11(b)
5 sin x cos 2 x + 2 cos x
cos x (5 sin x cos x + 2)
10(e) cos 2x 1
(1 2 sin2 x) 1
2 sin2 x
0
2 sin2 x + 3 sin x
sin x (2 sin x + 3)
sin x = 0
11(a) 2 sin x
= sin 2x
2 sin x
= 2 sin x cos x
sin x
= sin x cos x
sin x (cos x 1) = 0
sin x = 0
or cos x = 1
0 x 2
0 x 2
x =
2
360
Ex 13.2
11(d) 2 cos 2x
= 11 cos x + 1
2
2(2 cos x 1)
= 11 cos x + 1
4 cos 2 x 2
= 11 cos x + 1
2
4 cos x 11 cos x 3 = 0
(4 cos x + 1)(cos x 3) = 0
1
cos x = 3
cos x =
4
(no solution)
1.32
2nd or 3rd quadrant
12(i)
At x-axis,
y
=0
2
3 sin 2x + 2 cos x
=0
3(2 sin x cos x) + 2 cos 2 x = 0
6 sin x cos x + 2 cos 2 x
=0
2
3 sin x cos x + cos x
=0
cos x (3 sin x + cos x)
=0
cos x = 0
3 sin x = cos x
0 x 2
S A
T C
x = , +
= 1.82, 4.46
11(e) tan 2x
2 tan x
= 3 tan x 3 tan3 x
3 tan3 x tan x
=0
2
tan x (3 tan x 1) = 0
tan x = 0
or tan2 x = 1
tan x =
3
1
0 x 2
x = 0, , 2
0 x 2
S
12(ii) y
=2
2
3 sin 2x + 2 cos x
=2
2
3(2 sin x cos x) + 2(1 sin x) = 2
6 sin x cos x + (2 2 sin2 x) = 2
6 sin x cos x 2 sin2 x
=0
2
3 sin x cos x sin x
=0
sin x (3 cos x sin x)
=0
sin x = 0
3 cos x = sin x
tan x = 3
1
71.6
5 7 11
6
18.4
2nd or 4th quadrant
x = 180 , 360
= 161.6, 341.6
x = , , +
, 2
= ,
T C
x = , 360
= 90, 270 0 < x < 360
= 3 tan x
1tan2 x
tan x
= 3 tan x
2 tan x
y = 3 sin 2x + 2 cos 2 x
x = 180
sleightofmath.com
T C
x = , 180 +
= 71.6, 251.6
361
Ex 13.2
14(ii) 8 cos 3 x
8 cos 3 x 6 cos x
2(4 cos 3 x 3 cos x)
2 cos 3x
a = cos x + sin x
b = cos x sin x
a + b = 2 cos x
a+b
cos x =
a b = 2 sin x
sin x =
cos 3x
a+b 2
2
a2 +2ab+b2
4
= 60
2nd or 3rd quadrant
ab
2
= 6 cos x 1
= 1
= 1
= 1
ab 2
1
2
A
C
2
a2 2ab+b2
3x = 180 , 180 + ,
= 120, 240,
x = 40, 80,
4ab
4
= ab
=
540
480
160
ab
2
)(
a+b
2
) = 2(
a2 b2
4
) =
a2 b2
2
13(ii) a2
+b2
= (cos x + sin x)2
+(cos x
sin x)2
= (cos 2 x + 2 sin x cos x + sin2 x) +(cos 2 x
2 sin x cos x + sin2 x)
= 2 cos 2 + 2 sin2
= 2(cos 2 + sin2 )
= 2 [proven]
14
14(i)
LHS = cos 3x
= cos(2x + x)
= cos 2x cos x
= (2 cos 2 x 1) cos x
= 2 cos 3 x cos x
= 2 cos 3 x cos x
= 2 cos 3 x cos x
= 4 cos 3 x 3 cos x
= RHS [shown]
sin 2x sin x
(2 sin x cos x) sin x
2 cos x (sin2 x)
2 cos x (1 cos 2 x)
2 cos x + 2 cos 3 x
8 cos 3 10
6 cos 10
3
= 2(4 cos 10 3 cos 10)
= 2 cos 30
3
2
= 2( )
= 3
sleightofmath.com
362
Ex 13.2
16
Prove: cos 6 + sin6 =
1tan2 x
1tan2 x
tan x
= (sin cos )2 + (
tan x
= cot x 2 cot 2x
2 cot 2x = cot x tan x
=
LHS
= cos 6 + sin6
= (cos 2 )3 + (sin2 )3
= [cos 2 + sin2 ] [(cos 2 )2 (cos 2 )(sin2 ) +
(sin2 )2 ]
[(cos 2 )2 sin2 cos 2 +
=1
(sin2 )2 ]
= sin2 cos 2 +(cos 2 )2
+(sin2 )2
cot 2x
5+3 cos 4
= ( sin 2)
cot xtan x
= sin 2
1 1cos 4
= (
=
LHS = 2 tan 20
+4 tan 40
+8 tan 80
= 2(cot 20 2 cot 40) +4(cot 40
2 cot 80) +8(cot 80 2 cot 160)
=
=
=
4
2
cos 41
8
cos 41
8
cos 41
8
5+3 cos 4
+
+
+
+
1+cos 2 2
2
+(
+
1cos 2 2
12 cos 2+cos2 2
4
4
2+2(
1+cos 4
)
2
4
2+1+cos 4
4
3+cos 4
4
6+2 cos 4
8
= RHS [proven]
= 2 cot 20 4 cot 40
+4 cot 40 8 cot 80
+8 cot 80 16 cot 160
= 2 cot 20 16 cot 160
= 2 cot 20
= 2 cot 20
16
tan 160
16
tan 20
cot 10tan 10
2
cot 2x =
cot xtan x
2
sleightofmath.com
363
Ex 13.2
3 +4 cos 2 x
= 3 +4 (
1+cos 2x
2
= 3 +2 + 2 cos 2x
= 2 cos 2x + 5
17(ii) y = 3 + 4 cos 2 x
= 2 cos 2x + 5
7
5.5
5
4
3
2.5
i.e. = 2, = 2, = 5
Amplitude = || = |2| = 2
Period
2
2
= 3 + 4 cos 2
= 4 3 sin cos
= 4 3 ( sin 2x)
2
= sin 2x + 4
2
i.e. = , = 2, = 4
2
Amplitude = || = | | =
Period
2
2
17(iv) 4 cos + 3 1 = 0
4 2
= 1 3
2
3 + 4
= 4 3
4 intersections 4 sol
Workings
1 = 2 cos 2 + 5
Domain
0 x 2
Axis with
y=52
Amplitude
Shape
+cos
20
Cycle
=2
2 = 4 3 sin cos
Domain
0 x 2
3
Axis with
y=4
2
Amplitude
Shape
sin
20
Cycle
=2
sleightofmath.com
364
R=
1 2
v sin cos
4.9
R|v=16
1
4.9
(16)2
19
x
Show: 2 + 2 + 2 cos x = 2 sin
LHS = 2 + 2 + 2 cos x
= 25
sin cos = 25
sin cos
1
Ex 13.2
sin 2
sin 2
=
=
=
= 2 + 2 + 2 [2 cos 2 ( x) 1]
245
512
245
512
490
= 2 + 2 + 4 cos 2 ( x) 2
2
512
73.1
1st or 2nd quadrant
0 < < 90
0 < 2 < 180
= 2 + 4 cos 2 ( x)
2
= 2 + 2cos 2 ( x)
2
2 = , 180
73.1,106.9
36.6, 53.4
= 2 + 2 [ cos ( x)]
2
= 2 2 cos ( x)
2
= 2 2 [1 2 sin2 ( x)]
4
= 2 2 + 4 sin2 ( x)
4
= 4 sin2 ( x)
4
= 2sin2 ( x)
4
= 2 sin
x
4
1
sleightofmath.com
365
Ex 13.3
4(a)
Ex 13.3
1(a)
R = 32 + 42 = 5
4
= tan1 ( ) 53.1
3
y = 5 sin( 53.1)
cos + sin
R = 12 + 12 = 2
1
= tan1 ( ) = 45
1
max = 5
sin( 53.1) = 1
0 <
< 360
53.1 < 53.1 < 306.9
53.1 = 90
143.1
3 cos sin
2
R = (3) + 12 = 3 + 1 = 2
= tan1 ( ) = 30
R = 32 + 42 = 5
(4)
= tan1 [(3)] 53.1
4(b)
R = 12 + (2) = 1 + 2 = 3
=
2
tan1 ( )
1
3(i)
1.18
I = 15 sin(120t) 8 cos(120t)
Min = 10
+ 71.6 180
108.4
R = 152 + 82 = 17
8
= tan1 ( ) 0.489 96
15
R = 12 + 32 = 10
3
= tan1 ( ) 71.6
Max = 10
cos( + 71.6) = 1
0 <
< 360
71.6 < + 71.6 < 431.6
+ 71.6 0, 360
288.4
R = 52 + 122 = 13
12
tan1 ( )
5
= 54.7
y = 10 cos( + 71.6)
= sin
y = cos 3 sin
sin 2 cos
min = 5
sin( 53.1) = 1
53.1 = 270
323.1
3 sin + 4 cos
y = 3 sin 4 cos
A = 17
sleightofmath.com
366
Ex 13.3
y = 6 cos + 5 sin
62
5(a)
3 cos x 4 sin x = 1
R = 32 + 42 = 5
4
= tan1 ( ) 53.1
3
5 cos(x + 53.1)= 1
52
R=
+
= 61
1 (5)
= tan
39.8
6
y = 61 cos( 39.8)
cos(x + 53.1)
max = 61
cos( 39.8) = 1
0
<
< 360
39.8 < 39.8 < 320.1
39.8 0
39.8
x + 53.1 , 360
78.5,281.5
x
25.3, 228.4
5(b)
3 sin x cos x = 1
2
R = (3) + 12 = 3 + 1 = 2
= tan1 ( ) = 30
2 sin( 30) = 1
sin( 30)
y = 35 sin( + 63.4)
min = 35
sin( + 63.4) = 1
x + 63.4 270
x
206.6
0 < x
< 360
53.1 < x + 53.1 < 413.1
R = 32 + 62 = 45 = 9 5 = 35
6
= tan1 ( ) 63.4
max = 35
sin( + 63.4) = 1
0 <
< 360
63.4 < + 63.4 < 423.4
x + 63.4 90
x
26.6
y = 3 sin + 6 cos
78.5
1st or 4th quadrant
min = 61
cos( 39.8) = 1
39.8 180
219.8
4(d)
1
2
= 30
1st or 2nd quadrant
= sin
90 180 270 360
0 < x
< 360
30 < x 30 < 330
x 30 = , 180
= 30,150
x
= 60, 180
5(c)
R = 62 + 22 = 40 = 4 10 = 210
2
= tan1 ( ) 18.4
6
3.5
210
56.4
1st or 4th quadrant
0 < x
< 360
18.4 < x + 18.4 < 378.4
S
T
x + 18.4 , 360
56.4,303.6
x
38.0, 285.2
sleightofmath.com
367
Ex 13.3
6(i)
sin x + 2 cos x = 2
12
R=
+
= 5
1 (2)
= tan
63.4
1
R = 82 + 62 = 10
6
= tan1 ( ) 0.643 50
8
5 sin(x + 63.4) = 2
sin(x + 63.4)
22
6(ii)
39.2
1st or 2nd quadrant
0 < x
< 360
63.4 < x + 63.4 < 423.4
t
>0
4t 0.643 50 > 0.643 50
5(e)
4t 0.643 50 =
t
0.946
R = (2.1)2 + (1)2 =
1
= tan1 ( )
2.1
1
10
541
25.5
7(i)
cos(x + 25.5)
16
541
46.5
1st or 4th quadrant
0 < x
< 360
25.5 < x + 25.5 < 385.5
= 5(1 + 0)
= 5 coulombs
7(ii)
16
R = 12 + ( ) =
= tan1 ( 4 ) 0.245
17
4
R=
+ 17.26
1 ( e )
= tan
40.9
17
q=
e2
cos(x 40.9)
1 2
cos x + e sin x = 2
2
x + 25.5 , 360
46.5,313.5
x
21.1, 288.0
5(f)
1
q = 5e10t (cos 60t + sin 60t)
4
1
10(0) (cos
q|t=0 = 5e
0 + sin 0)
17
5e10t [ cos(60t
4
517 10t
A =
4
517
4
0.245)]
cos(60t 0.245)
B = 0.245
2
7(iii)
17.26
61.2
1st or 4th quadrant
0
<x
< 360
40.9 < x 40.9 < 319.1
S
T
10t
e
0
q
0
x 40.9 , 360
61.2,298.8
x
102.1, 339.6
sleightofmath.com
368
Ex 13.3
y = 4 sin + 3 cos 2
8(c)
R=
+
=5
1 (3)
= tan
36.9
4
y = 5 sin( + 36.9) 2
42
32
1 sin( + 36.9)
5 5 sin( + 36.9)
7 5 sin( + 36.9) 2
1
5
3
max = 3
sin( + 36.9) = 1
0 <
< 360
36.9 < + 36.9 < 399.9
+ 36.9 90
53.1
R = 12 + (2) = 3
= tan1 ( )
2
1
54.7
1 sin( 54.7)
1
3 3 sin( 54.7) 3
33 3 sin( 54.7) 53
max = 53
sin( 54.7) = 1
0
<
< 360
54.7 < 54.7 < 305.3
54.7 90
144.7
= sin
= sin
min = 33
sin( 54.7) = 1
54.7 270
324.7
y = 3 7 cos + 24 sin
= 3 + (24 sin 7 cos )
R = 242 + 72 = 25
7
= tan1 ( ) 16.3
24
y = 3 + 25 sin( 16.3)
8(d)
y = 7 + 15 cos 2 + 8 sin 2
= 7 + (15 cos 2 + 8 sin 2)
max = 24
cos(2 28.1) = 1
= sin
90 180 270 360
1 cos(2 28.1)
1
17 17 cos(2 28.1)
17
10 17 cos(2 28.1) + 7 24
max = 28
sin( 16.3) = 1
0
<
< 360
16.3 < 16.3 < 343.7
16.3 90
106.3
1
R = 152 + 82 = 17
8
= tan1 ( ) 28.1
15
y = 7 + 17 cos(2 28.1)
1 sin( 16.3)
1
25 25 sin( 16.3)
25
22 3 + 25 sin( 16.3) 28
min = 22
sin( 16.3) = 1
16.3 270
286.3
y = 3 sin( 54.7) + 43
min = 7
sin( + 36.9) = 1
+ 36.9 270
233.1
8(b)
y = sin 2 cos + 43
= (sin 2 cos ) + 43
0
<
< 360
28.1 < 2 28.1 < 691.9
2 28.1 = 0, 360
= 14.0, 194.0
min = 10
cos(2 28.1) = 1
2 28.1 180, 180 + 360
104.0, 284.0
sleightofmath.com
369
Ex 13.3
10(a)
sin (
x
6
1.3 sin (
x
6
x
6
1.18)
1.18)
1.3
sin (
x
6
x
6
4
13
0.313
1st or 2nd quadrant
0
<x
< 24
x
1.18 < 1.18 < 11.39
5 cos(2x 26.6) = 2
=
2
5
26.6
2nd or 3rd quadrant
1.18
, ,
2 + , 3
0.313,2.83,
6.60,9.11
x 2.84h, 7.64h,
14.8h, 19.6h
2h 51 min, 7h 39 min
14h 51min, 19h 39min
02: 51, 07: 39,
14: 51, 19: 39
R = 22 + 12 = 5
1
= tan1 ( ) 26.6
cos(2x 26.6)
x 56.3 , 180
56.3,123.7
x
112.6, 180
1.18) = 2
1.18)
3
13
0
<x
< 360
56.3 < x 56.3 < 303.7
=2
56.3
1st or 2nd quadrant
sin(x 56.3)
max. = 2.9
min. = 0.3
9(ii)
R = 22 + 32 = 13
3
= tan1 ( ) 56.3
13 sin(x 56.3) = 3
1.18)
=2
sin x+cos x
4 sin xcos x3
sleightofmath.com
0
<x
< 360
26.6 < 2x 26.6 < 693.4
2x 26.6
180 , 180 + ,
153.4,206.6,
x 90, 116.6,
A
C
540 , 540 +
513.4, 566.6
270, 296.6
370
Ex 13.3
1
2
sin x
+2 cos x = 1
4(
1 2
17
R = ( ) + 22 =
= tan1 ( 1 ) 76.0
17
2
17
sin(x
2
+ 76.0) = 1
sin(x + 76.0)
17
x + 76.0 , 180 ,
29.0,151.0
x
75.0,
cos x
sin x
= 3 + 2(
1
sin x
x 45,
11(i)
1
5
360 + , 540 ,
720 +
386.6, 513.4,
746.6
161.6, 225,
341.6
V = 70 sin t + 85 cos t
= tan1 ( ) 0.881 87
70
V = 110.11 sin(t + 0.881 87)
13 cos(x + 56.3) = 2
=
2x + 63.4
, 180 ,
26.6, 153.4,
R = 22 + 32 = 13
3
= tan1 ( ) 56.3
cos(x + 56.3)
R = 12 + 22 = 5
2
= tan1 ( ) 63.4
0 < x
< 360
63.4 < 2x + 63.4 < 783.4
360 + , 540
389.0, 511.0
313.1
2 cos x
= 3 sin x + 2
2 cos x 3 sin x = 2
=1
=1
26.6
1st or 2nd quadrant
= 3 + 2 csc x
)
2 2 cos 2x sin 2x
sin 2x + 2 cos 2x
sin(2x + 63.4)
0 < x
< 360
76.0 < x + 76.0 < 436.0
2(
=1
5 sin(2x + 63.4) = 1
29.0
1st or 2nd quadrant
10(d) 2 cot x
) sin 2x
1cos 2x
2
13
56.3
1st or 4th quadrant
0 < x
< 360
56.3 < x + 56.3 < 416.3
S
T
11(ii) 1
sin t
1
110.11 110.11 sin(t + 0.881 87) 110.11
max = 110.11
110.11 sin(t + 0.881 87) = 110.11
sin(t + 0.881 87)
=1
t
0
t + 0.881 87 0.881 87
= sin
90 180 270 360
t + 0.881 87
t
sleightofmath.com
0.689 ms 1
371
Ex 13.3
11(iii) V
= 50
110.11 sin(t + 0.881 87) = 50
sin(t + 0.881 87)
0.471
1st or 2nd quadrant
t
0
t + 0.881 87 0.881 87
13(i)
In QRS, cos =
110.11
SR
8
R = 22 + 82 = 68 = 4 17 = 217
8
= tan1 ( ) 76.0
2
< 90
76.0 < + 76.0 < 166.0
+ 76.0 = 90
14.0
10
13(ii) OR
=6
217 sin( + 76.0) = 6
max. = 149
sin( + 76.0)
x
= 149
149 cos(8t 0.611) = 149
cos(8t 0.611)
=1
t
0
8t 0.611 0.611
3
17
46.7
1st or 2nd quadrant
0 <
< 90
76.0 < + 76.0< 166.0
+ 76.0 , 180
46.7,133.3
57.4
8t 0.611 0
t
0.0763
12(iii) x
=9
149 cos(8t 0.611) = 9
=
14(i)
9
0
<t
<1
0.611 < 8t 0.611 < 7.39
8t 0.611 , 2 ,
0.741, 5.54,
t
0.169, 0.769,
3 sin + 4 cos(60 )
=2
[
]
3 sin + 4 cos 60 cos + sin 60 sin = 2
1
149
0.742
1st or 4th quadrant
OR = OS +SR
= PT +SR
= (2 sin +8 cos ) cm [shown]
R = 102 + 72 = 149
7
= tan1 ( ) 0.611
cos(8t 0.611)
SR = 8 cos
x = 10 cos 8t + 7 sin 8t
PT
PT = 2 sin
50
t + 0.881 87 ,
0.471,2.67
t
1.79 ms
12(i)
In PQT, sin =
=2
=2
=2
S
T
3
2
2 +
7.02
0.954
sleightofmath.com
372
Ex 13.3
15(ii) OM
=4
29 cos( 68.2) = 4
R = (3 + 23) + 22
cos( 68.2)
= (9 + 123 + 12) + 4
= tan1 (
2
3+23
15
17.2
1st or 2nd quadrant
tan =
AC
16(i)
360 +
377.2
360
= 2 cot
sin
sin
(5,2)
2
5
OM
OA
OM
5+2 cot
cos
sin
18
16
tan x
= tan x
=
9
8
48.4
1st or 3rd quadrant
R = 22 + 52 = 29
5
= tan1 ( ) 68.2
0 < x < 90
x = , 180
48.4, 131.6
OM = 29 cos( 68.2)
max = 29
cos( 68.2) = 1
0
<
< 90
68.2 < 68.2 < 28.8
68.2 = 0
= 68.2
16
area of COD = 2(area of AOB)
(ii)(b) 18 cos x
= 2(8 sin x)
18 cos x
= 16 sin x
Max = 297
sin(x + 66.0) = 1
0 <
< 90
66.0 < + 66.0 < 156.0
x + 66.0 = 90
x
24.0
= 5 sin +2 cos
= 2 cos +5 sin [shown]
= 8 sin x
sin (5 + 2 cot ) = OM
OM
= sin (5 + 2 cot )
15(i)
+ (6)(6) sin(90 x)
= sin (5 + 2
= (4)(4) sin x
16
For 8 sin x + 18 cos x,
(ii)(a) R = 82 + 182 = 297
18
= tan1 ( ) 66.0
OA = OC +CA
=5
+2 cot [shown]
68.2 ,
, 360
42.0
42.0, 318.0
26.2
25+123
AC
sin( + 17.2)
+ 17.2 , 180 ,
17.2,162.8,
0, 146,
0
<
< 90
68.2 < 68.2 < 28.8
) 17.2
0
360
17.2 + 17.2 377.2
29
42.0
1st or 4th quadrant
= 25 + 123
17(i)
p = A sin(t)
+B sin(t + c)
= A sin(t)
+B[sin(t) cos(c) + cos(t) sin(c)]
= A sin(t)
+B cos(c) sin(t) + B sin(c) cos(t)
= [A + B cos(c)] sin(t) +B sin(c) cos(t)
= B sin (c) cos(t) +[A + B cos (c)] sin(t)
sleightofmath.com
373
Ex 13.3
17(ii) Why?
R2 = [Bsin (c)]2
18(v) In ABC,
+[A + B cos(c)]2
= B 2 sin2 (c)
In OBN,
cos =
ON
AM = AC
= AC
= 2 cos
= 6 sin
2 cm
sin =
+CM
+BN
+6 sin
+2 cos
AM = R sin( + )
18(vi) OAM area = 1 (base)
2
1
(height)
= OM
AM
2
1
ON = 6 cos
In ABC,
BN
2 cm
sin =
BN = 6 sin
18(i)
AC
AC = 2 cos
= B 2 [1]
cos =
= R cos( + ) R sin( + )
BC
2
1
= R2 ( ) [2 sin( + ) cos( + )]
2
1
BC = 2 sin
= R sin 2( + )
4
1
2
(40) sin 2( + )
4
= 10 sin 2( + ) [shown]
OM = ON
MN
= ON
BC
= 6 cos 2 sin [shown]
18(ii)
R = 62 + 22 = 40 = 4 10 = 210
2
= tan1 ( ) 18.4
18(vii) 1 sin 2( + )
1
10 10 sin 2( + ) 10
max
10 sin 2( + )
sin 2( + )
18(iii) OM
=5
210 cos( + 18.4) = 5
cos( + 18.4)
0 <
< 90
36.9 < 2( + 18.43) < 216.9
5
210
37.8
1st or 4th quadrant
0 <
< 90
18.4 < + 18.4 < 108.4
= 10
= 10
=1
S
T
2( + 18.43) = 90
26.6
+ 18.4 , 360
37.8, 322.2
19.3
18(iv) OA = R cm [pythagoras thm]
AOB =
sleightofmath.com
374
Ex 13.3
P = (k 1) sin 4t + (2 + k) cos 4t
R = (k 1)2 + (2 + k)2
= (k 2 2k + 1) + (4 + 4k + k 2 )
= 2k 2 + 2k + 5
max = 2k 2 + 2k + 5
= 2(k 2 + 1) + 5
1 2
1 2
= 2 [(k + ) ( ) ] + 5
1 2
= 2 (k + ) + 5
1 2
= 2 (k + ) +
1 2
(k + ) 0
2
3
2
3
2
2
3
sleightofmath.com
375
Rev Ex 13
A1(b) y = 2 cos (3 2x) + 3
Rev Ex 13
2
( )
2
2
13
2
( )(
)
2
2
26
=( )
=
=
sin 60 sin 45
3
2
( )
2
2
= 2( sin 2) + 3
= 2 sin 2 + 3
i.e. = 2, = 2, = 3
( )
Amplitude
= || = |2| = 2
Period
5
3
2
3
2x)
+ sin ( ) sin(2x)
= cos ( ) cos(2x)
+ [ sin ( )] sin 2x
= (0) cos 2
= sin 2x
= RHS [shown]
+(1) sin 2
2
2
= 2 sin 2 + 3
Workings
Domain
0x
Axis with
y=32
Amplitude
Shape
sin
Cycle
3
3
= cos ( ) cos(2x)
2
sleightofmath.com
=1
376
Rev Ex 13
Coordinates of
90 < < 180 2nd quad.
4
cos = =
= 4,
y=
52
5
13
= 5,
-4
(4)2
=3
sin x =
Coordinates of
180 < < 270 3rd quad.
sin =
=5
13
= 13
tan tan 45
tan( 45) =
1+tan tan 45
24
25
3
)(1)
4
3
1+( )(1)
4
cos 2 = 1 2 sin2 = 1 2 (
cos 2 =
1
2 cos 2 ( )
2
1+cos
7(
5 2
119
13
169
) =
1
2
sin 2x
2
sin 2x
1+cos
2
T C
x = , 180
= 30, 150
=2
=
4
7
34.8
1st or 2nd quadrant
cos
= 2( )( ) =
T C
x = 180 + , 360
194.5, 345.5
7
A2(ii) sin 2 = 2 sin cos
A2(iv) cos
sin x =
-5
x = 132 (5)2 = 12
Trigonometric ratio
A2(iii)
or
14.5
= 30
3rd or 4th quadrant 1st or 2nd quadrant
=3
=3
=3
=0
=0
cos < 0
2
1
12
)
13
1+(
2
1
= 13
2
=
=
26
1
26
2x , 180 ,
34.8,145.2,
17.4, 72.6,
360 + , 540
394.9, 505.2
197.4, 252.6
A3(c) sin 2x
= sin2 x
2 sin x cos x
= sin2 x
sin x (2 cos x sin x) = 0
sin x = 0 or
2 cos x = sin x
tan x = 2
1
63.4
T C
x = , 180 +
= 63.4, 243.4
sleightofmath.com
377
Rev Ex 13
= 1 + cot x
= 25 cos(x 73.7) 12
= 1 + cot x
tan 2x
1
=1+
2 tan x
1tan2 x
1tan2 x
2 tan x
1 cos(x 73.7)
1
25 25 cos(x 73.7)
25
37 25 cos(x 73.7) 12 13
1
tan x
tan x+1
tan x
1 tan2 x
= 2 tan x + 2
2
tan x + 2 tan x + 1 = 0
(tan x + 1)2
=0
tan x
= 1
= 45
S A
2nd or 4th quadrant
T
C
0 < x < 360
max = 13
cos(x 73.7) = 1
x 73.7 0
x
73.7
sin A
cos A
sin A
cos A
cos(x 73.7)
(2 cos 2 A 1)
2
5
x
> 0
x 73.7 > 73.7
sec 2 2A
= cos(2 2A)
66.4
1st or 4th quadrant
A5(ii) 7 cos x
= 10 24 sin x
7 cos x + 24 sin x = 10
25 cos(x 73.7) = 10
tan A
= 2 sin A cos A
min = 37
cos(x 73.7) = 1
x 73.7 180
x
253.7
x = 180 , 360
= 135, 315
A4(a) LHS = sin 2A
x 73.7 360 + , ,
293.6, 66.4,
x
7.3
cos2 2A
1
cos2 2A
= 1 tan 2A
= RHS [proven]
, 360
66.4,293.6
A4(c) LHS =
sin(A+B)
sin A cos B
=1+
= tan1 ( ) 73.7
7
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
= tan
= RHS [proven]
sleightofmath.com
378
Rev Ex 13
A6(ii) 1 + sin
= 2 cos
sin 2 cos = 1
B1(i)
cos(A+B)
cos A cos B+sin A sin B
R = 12 + 22 = 5
2
= tan1 ( ) 1.11
7
5
7
5
5 sin( 1.11) = 1
sin( 1.11)
cos(AB)
1
5
0.464
3rd or 4th quadrant
0
<
<
1.11 < 1.11 < 2.03
2 cos A cos B
= 12 sin A sin B
cos A cos B
= 6 sin A sin B
[proven]
tan A tan B
B1(ii) tan( + )
1.11 , ,
2.68, 0.464,
0.644
+ , 2
3.61,5.82
= tan(45)
tan +tan
=1
1tan tan
tan +tan
1
(1)
=1
1
6
tan + tan =
6
A7(i)
2.5
1 A
m
1.5
cos 2 A =
= 1,
y=
4
1
68.2 360 + , ,
303.9, 56.1,
12.1
3
2
3
2
= ( )( ) ( ) ( )
7.25
0
<
< 90
68.2 < 68.2 < 21.8
-1
3
2
1.5
56.1
1st or 4th quadrant
2 A
(1)2 = 3
Trigonometric ratio
cos(A + 60) = cos A cos 60 sin A sin 60
=2
22
sin =
R = 12 + 2.52 = 7.25
2.5
= tan1 ( ) 68.2
cos( 68.2)
cos A = = =
A +B
= 1.5
1 cos +2.5 sin = 1.5
cos + 2.5 sin = 1.5 [shown]
A7(ii)
B2(i) Coordinates
A is obtuse 2nd quadrant
= 1
S
T
, 360
56.1, 303.9
B2(ii) Recap
sin =
3
, cos
2
2
1
3
2( )( )
2
2
3
2
4
4
= (
=
3
2
+ ( ) ( )
2
=0
sleightofmath.com
379
Rev Ex 13
1
4
cos x =
14.5
3rd or 4th quadrant
0 < x < 180
0 < 2x < 360
0x
S A
T C
x = , +
=
= 2 cos x
= 2 cos x
=0
=0
sin x = 1
0 < x < 360
3(
x = 90, 270
x = 90
1
cos 2x
= 8 sin 2x
) = 8 sin 2x
= 8 sin 2x cos 2x
= 8(
= 4(sin 4x)
sin 4x
0
<x
< 360
63.4 < 2x 63.4 < 656.6
2 + , 3
7.13, 8.58
1.78, 2.14
B4(a) sin(x y)
=p
(i)
sin x cos y cos x sin y = p
q cos x sin y = p
qp
= cos x sin y
cos x sin y
=
(1)
26.6
1st or 2nd quadrant
sin cos
360 + , 540
386.6, 513.4
225, 288.4
(2)
tan x
tan y
=
=
=
4x = , ,
0.848,2.29,
x 0.212, 0.573,
5 sin(2x 63.4) = 1
2x 63.4 , 180 ,
26.6,108.4,
x
45, 108.4,
sin 4
0x
0 4x 4
R = 12 + 22 = 5
2
= tan1 ( ) 63.4
=
0.848
1st or 2nd quadrant
B3(c) sin 2x
= 2 cos 2x + 1
sin 2x 2 cos 2x = 1
sin(2x 63.4)
2 4
B3(e) 3 sec 2x
or
2x = 180 + , 360
194.5, 355.5
x 97.2, 172.8
B3(b) sin 2x
2 sin x cos x
sin x cos x cos x
cos x (sin x 1)
cos x = 0
or
0 < x < 360
=1
=1
=0
=0
cos x = 2
(no solution)
sleightofmath.com
sin x
cos x
sin y
cos y
sin x cos y
cos x sin y
q
qp
380
Rev Ex 13
B5(b) cos 2 x = 1+cos 2x
y = 4 cos 2 x
= 4(
B4(b)
A + B + C = 90
C
= 90 (A + B)
1+cos 2x
2
= 2 cos 2 + 1
180
-1
= 2 + 2 cos 2x 1
= 2 cos 2x + 1
i.e. = 2, = 2, = 1
Period
90
] tan A
(A + B)
= tan A tan B + tan B cot(A + B) + cot(A + B) tan A
= tan A tan B + cot(A + B) [tan B + tan A]
+ tan [
= tan A tan B +
= tan A tan B +
1
tan(A+B)
1
= tan A tan B + (
tan A+tan B
360
2
= 180
Workings
Domain
0 x 180
Axis with
y=12
Amplitude
Shape
+cos
(tan A + tan B)
1tan A tan B
360
max. = 1 + (2) = 3
min. = 1 + (2) = 1
(tan A + tan B)
tan A+tan B
1tan A tan B
) (tan A + tan B)
1800
Cycle
180
=1
= tan1 ( ) 56.3
2
cos 2 (x + 56.3) 1
0 < x
< 360
56.3 < x + 56.3 < 416.3
x + 56.3 , 180 ,
360 + , 540
= 0,180,
483.7
x
= 123.7,
sin(xy)
= (sin
Trigonometric equation
(2 cos x 3 sin x)2 = 13
13 cos 2 (x + 56.3) = 13
cos(x + 56.3)
= 1
+cos(xy)
sin(x+y)
2 cos x cos y
2 cos x sin y
= cot y
= RHS [proven]
B6(b) LHS
1+sec 2
tan 2
=
180 + , 360 ,
1
cos 2
sin 2
cos 2
1+
(2 cos2 1)+1
2 sin cos
cos
sin
cos 2+1
cos 2
sin 2
cos 2
cos 2+1
sin 2
2 cos2
2 sin cos
360,
303.7
sleightofmath.com
381
Rev Ex 13
cos2
sin2
sin2
cos2
4
cos sin4
>0
17 sin( 28.1) > 0
sin2 cos2
(cos2 +sin2 )(cos2 sin2 )
(sin cos )2
= sin 2 [
(1) cos 2
2
1
2
AB
AB = 17 sin( 28.1)
118.1
O 28.1
( sin 2)
cos 2
= sin2 2 (1
4
sin2 2
= 4 cos 2
= RHS [proven]
B7(i) AB = OB OA
= 15 sin 8 cos
R = 152 + 82
= 17
= tan1 ( ) 28.1
15
AB = 17 sin( 28.1)
B7(ii) AB
=5
17 sin( 28.1) = 5
sin( 28.1)
= 90
5
17
17.1
1st or 2nd quadrant
225
2
161
2
sin cos
sin cos
2
161
4
( sin 2)
2
sin 2
sin 2
161
4
161
4
max =
161
4
32 sin cos
161 1
B7(v) 1
0
<
< 90 [by inspection]
28.1 < 28.1 < 61.9
S A
28.1 , 180
17.1,162.9
T C
45.2
area of OAQ
sin2 =
sin 2
sin 2
161
4
161
4
161
=1
0 < < 90
0 < 2 < 180
2 = , 180
= 90
= 45
sleightofmath.com
382
Ex 14.1
3(a)
Ex 14.1
1(a)
d
dx
(3x 7 ) = 3
(x 7 )
dx
55
5 d
( x 2 ) =
dx 2
=
d
dx
(3x 2
d
d
dx
x3
3(c)
= 4
dx
d
dx
=
=
=
2(d)
d
dx
=
=
=
2(e)
d
dx
dx
(1)
d
dx
(x 2 )
= 4(3x 2 ) +5(2x)
= 12x 2
+10x
2(c)
(x)
dx
+5
2 x 2
3
2 d
2x4
5
(x 2 )
3(d)
3 dx
2
(2x)
3
22
3
20
3 d
dx
(12)
x9
11
8
(x )
100
x
2 d
(9x 2
d
dx
x2
dx 2
4(a)
dx
(x 2 )
dx x3
d
x3
+ 3)
x
dx
(x 3 )
4 )
d
dx
x4
2 )
d
dx
(3)
+0
x2
(3x + 2x 3)
d
dx
(x)
+2
(x 2 )
dx
1
1
+2 ( x 2 )
2
1
d
dx
(3)
(8x 2 + 3x x)
d
dx
(x 2 ) +3
d
dx
(x)
+3(1)
= 16x
+3
(x 1 )
(x
18
2x2 +4x
x
d
dx
(x 2 )
dx
1
1
( x 2 )
2
1
2x
(2x + 4)
d
dx
(x)
= 2(1)
=2
(x 3 )
2 dx
b
0
(3x 2 )
2
3b
x2
2
(x 2 )
= 8(2x)
b d
d
dx
=2
( )
= 18x
dx
d
x2
3(2x 3 )
=8
(x 9 )
11 dx
(9x 8 )
11
9
x 8
11
( x3 ) =
100
= 9(2x)
dx
d
(x 1 )
(x 2 ) 3
=3
3(f)
dx
= 3(1)
(x 2 ) +100
= 200x
=3
(x 4 )
5 dx
2
(4x 3 )
5
8 3
(3a) +b
+100(x 2 )
dx
= 100(2x)
=
3(e)
(3a + bx 2 )
dx
d
dx
2
x2
20 dx
3
(8x 7 )
20
6 7
x
5
(100x 2 +
= 6(3x
=0
+b(2x)
= 2bx
2(f)
=6
3x8
(x 1 )
=9
+4(1)
+4
(x 3 )
d
dx
=4
= 100
(x 5 )
(4x 3 + 5x 2 12)
d
(x) +2
+2(x 2 )
dx
+ 4x 1)
= 3(2x)
= 6x
dx
(x 2 ) +4
dx
= 4(1)
dx
=3
2(b)
( x 2 )
2 dx
5 2 3
( x 5)
2 5
1
2(a)
3(b)
2 dx
5 d
(4x + )
=4
= 3(7x 8 )
= 21x 8
1(b)
d
dx
d
dx
(4)
+0
dx 2
sleightofmath.com
383
d
dx
=
=
Ex 14.1
x2 6x+4
6(b)
dx
d
dx
(x 6 + )
(x)
x
d
=1
dx
(6)
+4
d
dx
d
dx
(x 1 )
= 1.5 t
x2
6(c)
dx
=2
(x 2 )
dx
= 2(2x)
d
dt
( )
dx
=
=
( )
dx 2
2x2
( +
5(a)
d
dx
2
x2
6(d)
dx 2
dx
dx
6(e)
)
(3x1.5
d
dx
(x1.5 )
= x
2
dx
2x
d
dx
=3
(3x
d
dx
(x)
= 3(1)
=3
6(a)
d
dt
1
2
(x )
dx
1
1
+ ( x 2 )
2
1
6x2 x+2
x 2 )
+ x1.5
= 3(1.5x 0.5 )
dx
1
2
(x )
3
1
( x 2 )
2
1
2x
x 2
2
1 d
4(2.5t1.5 )
= 24t
10t 2
2xx
(x )
d
dx
6(f)
(x 1 )
1
x2
= 2(2t)
= 4t
+1
+1
+t
d
d
dt
d
dt
(9)
+0
d
dt
(t)
d
dt
(3)
2t 1 )
2
d
dt
(t 1 )
2(t 2 )
+
2
t2
y = 4x 2 6x + 1
dx
1)
(t)
+12(1)
+12
=2
dy
d
= (2t 2
dt
d
= 2 (t 2 )
(2t
= 2(1)
7(a)
(t + 1)(2t 1)
d
dt
=2
dt
d (2t + 1)(t 2)
[
]
dt
t
d 2t 2 3t 2
= (
)
dt
t
=
+(x 2 )
4xx
d
(2t + 3)2
dt
d
= (4t 2 + 12t + 9)
dt
d
d
= 4 (t 2 ) +12 (t)
= 4(2t)
= 8t
+ x 1 )
2 dx
3
1
1
( x 2 )
2
2
1
dt
dt
= 12(2t)
dt
dt
[4t 2 (3 t)]
=3
5(b)
(x 2 )
3x2 +x1
(1)
dt
+2(2x 3 )
4
dt
d
(12t 2 4t 2.5 )
dt
d
d
= 12 (t 2 ) 4 (t 2.5 )
( ) +2
x3
dt
d
dx 2
d 1
(1 + t)(1 t)
= 1
=0
=0
x2 +4
2x2
d 1
2(1)
dt
dt
d
(t)
d
(1 t)
dt
d
d
= (1) (t)
dx 2x
3 d
(x 1 )
2 dx
3
(x 2 )
2
3
= 4x
4(d)
0.5
d
dt
dx 2
d 5
= t
2
d
5 3
= (2x 2 )
dx
2 2x
d
d 5
2
= (2x ) ( )
2t)
4x3 5x3
2x
t(t 2)
d
= (t1.5
dt
d
= (t1.5 )
dt
+4(x 2 )
=1
4(c)
dt
= 8x 6
Gradient at (2,5):
(1)
dy
dx x=2
= 8(2) 6
= 10
sleightofmath.com
384
Ex 14.1
8(b)
y = x(2 x)
= 2x xx
= 2x
dy
dx
1
2
y = 2x 2 + 3x
dy
= 4x + 3
dx
3
2
1
1
2 ( x 2 )
2
1
Curve at y = 2:
2x 2 + 3x
=2
2
2x + 3x 2 = 0
(2x 1)(x + 2) = 0
3 1
x2
2
3
x
2
x=
dy
dx x=9
=
=
9
2
9
1
Gradients at x = , 2:
2
dy
dx x=1
(3)
or x = 2
Gradient at x = 9:
25
6
= 4( ) + 3 = 5
2
dy
= 4(2) + 3 = 5
dx x=2
7(c)
y=
=
(x+1)(2x3)
x
2x2 x3
8(c)
= 2x 1
= x + 4x 1
= 2 0 3(x
=2
dx x=1
=1
Curve at y = 5:
=2+
x2 +4
3
(1)2
dx
=5
x
2
x +4
= 5x
2
x 5x + 4 = 0
(x 1)(x 4) = 0
x = 1 or x = 4
y = x 2 2x
dy
4
x2
x2
=5
8(a)
= x + 4(x 2 )
dx
2 )
Gradient at x = 1:
dy
dy
dx
=x+
= 2x 1 3x 1
dy
x2 +4
y=
= 2x 2
Gradients at x = 1,4:
Curve at y = 1:
x 2 2x
= 1
2
x 2x + 1 = 0
(x 1)2
=0
x=1
dy
dx
Gradient at x = 1:
|
dx x=1
= 2(1) 2
= 1 (4)2 =
3
4
= 4x 5
=0
y = 2x 2 5x + 1
dy
dy
= 1 (1)2 = 3
dx x=4
9(a)
dx x=1
dy
dx x=0
sleightofmath.com
= 4(0) 5 = 5
385
y=
Ex 14.1
x4
10(a) y = 3x 2 + 6x + 2
dy
=1
dx
= 1 4x 1
dy
Gradient is 3:
dy
= 0 4(x 2 )
dx
6x + 6 = 3
x2
dx x=4
y=
= (4)2
1 2
1
4
10(b) y = ax 2 + b
= ax 2 +bx 1
x+2
dy
dx
=1 +
( , )
=0
Gradient at x = 4:
9(c)
y|x=1 = 3 ( ) + 6 ( ) + 2
=4
dy
=3
dx
= 6x + 6
= a(2x) +b(x 2 )
= 2ax
x2
= 1 +2x 1
Gradient is 2 at x = 1:
dy
dy
= 0 +2(x 2 )
dx
=2
2a b
b
x2
Curve crosses y = x:
x
dx x=1
=2
= 2a 2
(1)
Gradient is 1 at x = 4:
x+2
dy
dx x=4
b
x
=x+2
2
x x2
=0
(x + 1)(x 2) = 0
x = 1 or x = 2
8a
16
= 1
= 1
(2)
2a2
16
1a
= 1
Gradient at x = 1,2
8a +
dy
64a + 1 a
63a
= 8
= 9
dx x=1
dy
dx x=2
2
(1)2
2
(2)2
= 2
1
=
2
= 1
(3)
16
b = 2 ( ) 2 =
sleightofmath.com
386
Ex 14.1
Line:
4y 3x = 7
4y
= 3x + 7
y
= x+
13
y=
x+
4
3 2
x
8
2
4
3
8
9
=9
(2)
x2
Tangent x axis:
dy
=0
dx
= x2 +
x
1
= 9 +(x 2 )
dx
= 9x +x
(1)
dy
= x2 +
= 9x +
Curve:
3x 2 8y = 5
8y
= 3x 2 5
y
9x2 +1
=0
x2
=9
x2
2
=0
3x 6x 9 = 0
x 2 2x 3 = 0
(x + 1)(x 3) = 0
x = 1 or x = 3
=
1
1
9
(x + ) (x ) = 0
3
x=
or
x=
dy
y|x=1 = 6
= x
4
14
3
y=
= (3) =
dx x=3
12
2
1
x
1
dy
dy
= x 2 +3x 2
= (1) =
dx x=1
( ,6 )
Gradient at x = 1, 3:
dy
( , 6)
dx
y|x=1 = 6
3
Curve gradient:
= ( x 2 ) +3 ( x 2 )
dx
2 2
4x
3
2xx
y = x(x 2)
3
2
= x(x 4x + 4) 3
= x 3 4x 2 + 4x 3
dy
dx
Gradient at x = 1:
dy
dx x=1
= 3x 2 8x + 4
15(i)
Gradient is 7:
dx
=7
dx
3x 2 8x + 4 = 7
3x 2 8x 3 = 0
(3x + 1)(x 3) = 0
1
x=
or
y|x=1 = 4
3
22
27
22
27
( , 4
4(1) 2(1)(1)
3
4
y = x 3 + px + q
dy
dy
= 3x 2 + p
Curve at (3,16):
(16) = (3)3 + p(3) + q
16 = 27 + 3p + q
q
= 3p + 11
x=3
y|x=3 = 0
(3,0)
dy
dx x=3
2
= 20
3(3) + p = 20
27 + p
= 20
p
= 7
q|p=7 = 10
Daniel & Samuel
A-math tuition 9133 9982
sleightofmath.com
387
Ex 14.1
19(i)
f(0) = 0
x=0
= 3x 2 7
Gradient is 20:
dy
= 20
dx
3x 2 7
= 20
2
3x 27
=0
2
x 9
=0
(x + 3)(x 3) = 0
x=3
or x = 3
(taken)
y|x=3 = (3)3 7(3) + 10
=4
(3,4)
16
f(x) = x
f(x + x) = x + x
= lim
x0
= lim
x0
2<k<6
f(x+x)f(x)
f (x) = lim
x+xx x+x+x
x
x+x+x
x+xx
x0 x(x+x+x)
x
= lim
x0 x(x+x+x)
1
Sum of roots
= lim
=
=
17
x0 (x+x+x)
1
Product of roots =
= (
= (x 3 + 1)(x 2 + 1)(x + 1)
= (x 5 + x 3 + x 2 + 1)(x + 1)
+x 4
+x
+x 3
+x 3
+x
+x
+1
= x 6 + x 5 + x 4 + 2x 3 + x 2 + x + 1
dy
dx
b
a
=
=
2k
3
2k3
3
( )2 = ( + )2 4
= x6
x + x x as x 0
x+x
1
2x
=+ =
4k2
4 (
2k3
3
8k12
9
4k2 24k+36
9
4
9
4
(k 2
6k + 6)
= (k 3)2
9
2 distinct roots
( )2 0
= 6x 5 + 5x 4 + 4x 3 + 6x 2 + 2x + 1
18
f(x) = (x 1)(x + 1) (x 2 + 1) (x 4 + 1)
= (x 2 1) (x 2 + 1) (x 4 + 1)
(x 4 + 1)
= (x 4 1)
= (x 8 1)
= (x1024 1)
= x 2048 1
2k 2
4
9
(x1024 + 1)
(x1024 + 1)
(x1024 + 1)
(x1024 + 1)
(k 3)2
0
3
(x1024 + 1)
sleightofmath.com
388
( )2
4
9
(k 3)
(k 3)
k 2 6k + 9
k 2 6k + 8
(k 2)(k 4)
+
Ex 14.1
20
3
4
dy
dx
9
4
= 5x
5
y = x2
y=
1
1
0
0
21
+
4
2k4
2
5 2
x
2
Step 1:
Step 2:
Step 3:
Step 4:
+1
x + x + + x = x2
1 + 1 + + 1 = 2x
x = 2x
[wrong]
1=2
Combine inequalities,
2 k 4 and k 3 and 2 < k < 6 and k
and k
k=4
sleightofmath.com
389
Ex 14.2
2(b)
Ex 14.2
1(a)
d
dx
) =2
dx
(x + 2)
=
2(c)
d
3
[
]=
dx (34x)3
d
dx
(2x 1)
= 4(2x 1) 2
= 8(2x 1)3
1
( x + 2)
d
dx
=
2(d)
dx 4
= 5 ( x + 2)
4
= 5 ( x + 2)
4
d
6
[
]
dx (2x)2
[(3 4x)3 ]
( x + 2)
dx 4
1
4
= ( x + 2)
1(d)
d
dx
12
(2x)3
12
(2x)3
dx
(1 4x)10
= 10(1 4x)
d
dx
(2x 3) =
d
dx
=
3(b)
(2 3x 2 )4
= 4(2 3x 2 )3
d
dx
d
dx
d
dx
1
[(2x 3)2 ]
1
(2 3x 2 )
2x3
d
dx
1
dx
(x + x
2 )3
= 3(x + x 2 )2
d
dx
3(c)
(x + x 2 )
) =4
dx 2x+7
d
dx
53x2
4
(2x+7)2
8
(2x+7)2
=
d
dx
(2x + 7)
3(d)
x2 +2x+2
(6x)
d
dx
(x 2 + 2x + 2)
d
(x 2 x + 1)
dx
1
d
= [(x 2 x + 1)2 ]
dx
1
1
2
=
=
sleightofmath.com
(5 3x 2 )
(2x + 2)
2x2 +2x+2
x+1
= (x 2 x + 1)2
d
dx
1
d
[(x 2 + 2x + 2)2 ]
dx
= (x 2 + 2x + 2)2
[(2x + 7)1 ]
(x 2 + 2x + 2)
= 4[(2x + 7)2 ]
=
d
dx
= 3(x + x 2 )2 (1 + 2x)
= 3(x + x 2 )2 (2x 1)
2(a)
253x2
3x
=
d
[(5 3x 2 )2 ]
(2x 3)
= (5 3x 2 )2
= 4(2 3x 2 )3 (6x)
= 24x(2 3x 2 )3
1(f)
d
dx
22x3
1
(5 3x 2 ) =
(2 x)
(1)
= 10(1 4x)9
(4)
9
= 40(1 4x)
1(e)
d
dx
= (2x 3)2
(1 4x)
(3 4x)
[(2 x)2 ]
4 4
3(a)
d
dx
(4)
= 6[2(2 x)3 ]
5 1
d
dx
(6x 2 + 5)
9
(34x)4
36
(34x)4
=6
d
dx
12x
+5)2
24x
(6x2 2
+5)
= 3[3(3 4x)4 ]
= 4(2x 1)
[(6x 2 + 5)1 ]
= (6x2
(2x 1)4
3
1(c)
d
dx
= 5(x + 2)4 1
= 5(x + 2)4
d
(x + 2)5
= 5(x + 2)
dx
= 2[(6x 2 + 5)2 ]
4
1(b)
dx 6x2 +5
1
2x2 x+1
2x1
2x2 x+1
d
dx
(x 2 x + 1)
(2x 1)
390
Ex 14.2
y = (3x 1)4
dy
4(d)
= 4(3x 1)
dx
d
dx
y = (4x5)3
= (4x 5)3
(3x 1)
= 4(3x 1)3 3
= 12(3x 1)3
dy
= 3(4x 5)4
dx
= (4x5)4
12
Curve at y =
y = 5 2x
= (5 2x)
dy
1
2
= (5 2x)2
dx
= 12(2)3 = 96
dx x=1
4(b)
(4x 5)
= (4x5)4
Gradient at x = 1:
dy
d
dx
252x
1
52x
d
dx
(5 2x)
(2)
27
1
1
(4x5)3
(4x 5)3
(4x 5)3
4x 5
x
= 27
= 33
=3
=2
27
Gradient at x = 2:
dy
12
= (4(2)5)4 =
dx x=2
Gradient at x = :
27
dy
dx x=1
4(c)
1
1
52( )
2
1
51
1
2
5(a)
2x3
dx
d
(2 x)
dx
= 6(2 x) [0
= (2x 3)2
dx
= 6(2 x) [
= (2x 3)1
dy
[(2 x) ]
= 6(2 x)
y=
d
dx
= (2x3)2
d
dx
= 6(2 x) (
(2x 3)
(2)
(x 2 )]
dx
1 1
x 2]
2
1
2x
3
x
(2 x)
= (2x3)2
5(b)
Curve at y = 1:
1
2x3
2x 3
x
dx [(11)3 ]
x
d
1 3
= [(1 ) ]
dx
x
=1
=1
=2
1 4
= 3 (1 )
x
Gradient at x = 2:
dy
dx x=2
= (2(2)3)2 = (1)2 = 2
=
=
=
sleightofmath.com
3
1 4
(1 )
x
3
1 4
(1 )
x
3
1 4
(1 )
x
d
dx
d
(1 )
dx
(1)
d
dx
(x 1 )]
[0 (x 2 )]
1
x2
3
1 4
x2 (1 )
x
391
Ex 14.2
6(a)
2]
y = (x + 2)2 x + 2
1
dx 2(32)
= (x + 2)2 (x + 2)2
2
1 d 3
[( 2) ]
2 dx x
1
= (x + 2)2
= [2 ( 2) ]
=
=
dy
dx x
d
dx
[3
3
3
( 2)
x
1
3
x
( 2)
dx
(x 1 )
[3(x 2 ) 0]
( 2 )
d
dx
2
5
(2)]
3
x
=
5(d)
d
dx
3
3
x
x2 ( 2)
=
=
6(b)
d
dx
dy
1
2
1
(23x2 )2
(2x + 2)
dx
[2
22x+2
1
1
2
(x ) +
dx
d
dx
= 1.52 3x 2
(2)]
[2 ( x ) +0]
2
22x+2
1
22x+2
1
d
dx
(2 3x 2 )
(6x)
= 9x2 3x 2
7(i)
x
1+x
(1+x)1
1+x
1
=1
[shown]
1+x
7(ii)
dx 1+x
d
1 3
[(x ) ]
x
1 2
dx
(x )
dx
(x)
d
dx
(x 1 )]
1 2
x2
8(i)
[(x + 2x) ]
= 4(x + 2x)
3
3
d
dx
d
1
2
(x ) +2
dx
1
3
1
2x) [ x 2
2
3
1
2x
(1)
dx
)
[(1 + x)1 ]
[(1 + x)2
[(1 + x)
1
(1+x)2
d
dx
(1 + x)]
1]
d
dx
2x1
(x1)2
x1
+ (x1)2
Cover-up rule:
(x + 2x)
= 4(x + 2x) (
1+x
d
= 4(x + 2x)
dx
(1
=0
= 3 (x ) [1 (x 2 )]
= 3 (x ) (1 +
dx
d
=0
1 2
= 4(x +
= 1.5(2 3x 2 )0.5
dx
1 2
(23x2 )
[(2x + 2) ]
= 3 (x ) [
dx
23x2
= 3 (x )
5(f)
= (2 3x 2 )2
1
2
2x(2x+2)
5(e)
(23x2 )
y=
=
= (2x + 2)
2
= (x + 2)2
(x + 2)
3
2
2
5
( 2)
d
dx
= (x + 2) 1
( 2)
= (x + 2)2
x = 1:
(x)]
+2(1)]
1
( )2
Substitution:
+ 2)
x = 0:
= A + B
=2
A
2x1
(x1)2 =
B=1
=B
sleightofmath.com
2
x1
+ (x1)2
392
Ex 14.2
8(ii)
10
y = (1 x)4
d 2x1
dy
dx (x1)2
dx
d
dx
[(x 1)1 ]
= 2[(x 1)
2 ]
+
d
dx
d
dx
[(x 1)2 ]
(x 1) +2[2(x 1)
= 2[(x 1)2 ] 1
3 ]
(1 x)
Gradient is 4:
d
dx
dy
(x 1)
= 4
dx
3
4(1 x) = 4
1x
=1
x
=0
y|x=0 = 1
(0,1)
+2[2(x 1)3 ] 1
2
= (x1)2
d
dx
+ (x1)2 ]
dx x1
=2
= 4(1 x)3
(x1)3
= (x1)3 (x)
11
y = x 2 2x + 5
2x
= (x1)3
9(a)
= (x 2 2x + 5)3
y = (x 2 2x 4)3
dy
dy
= 3(x 2 2x 4)2
dx
d
dx
At
y=
1
1
= (1 + x)2
dx
=
=
d
dx
(1 + x)
12
2(1+x)2
1
dy
3
2(1+x)2
dx x=3
2(4)2
= (a x)2
dx
=0
= (a x)2
2
3
d
dx
(a x)
1
2
= (a x) (1)
2
Gradient at x = 3:
dy
= 0:
dx
2x2
y = (a x)3
dy
x
=1
3
y|x=1 = 1 2 + 5
3
= 4
3
(1, 4)
1+x
= (1 + x)2
dy
2x2
3(x2 2x+5)3
= 12
9(b)
(x 2 2x + 5)
3(x2 2x+5)3
= (12)(1 + 2 4)2
d
dx
(2x 2)
2
3(x2 2x+5)3
Gradient at x = 1:
dx x=1
(x 2 2x 4)
dy
= (x 2 2x + 5)3
dx
1
16
= a x
2
Gradient of
dy
dx x=2
3
at x = 2:
1
3
1
a 2 =
2
3
sleightofmath.com
a 2
a2
2
9
4
81
166
81
393
Ex 14.2
13
y = [(x 2 1)2 + 4]5
16(i)
y = (x 2 + 1)n
dy
dy
dx
d
dx
[(x 2 1)2
d
dx
+4]
[(x 2 1)2 ]
dx
d
dx
d
dx
(4)]
(x 2 1) +0]
16(ii)
d2 y
dx2
d
dx
(x 2 + 1)]
14
y=
(416x2 )
dy
+2n(x 2 + 1)n1
dx
3
= 2(4 16 x 2 )
=
=
=
=
15
(2nx) (x 2 + 1)n1
= (4 16 x 2 )
d
dx
2
(416x2 )
d
dx
d
(4 16 x 2 )
dx
(4)
d
dx
[0 (16 x 2 )2
[0 (16 x 2 )2 (2x)]
dx
16x2 (416x2 )
dy
(1)
dx x=1
n)
n(2
1
3
= (x 2 + 3)2
2
dx2 x=1
x2 +3
d2 y
16x2
= 2n(2n1 )
= n(2n )
d
dx
(x 2 + 3)
17
2x
3
2(x2 +3)2
dx
]]
= 2n(1)[(1)2 + 1]n1
dx x=1
= (x 2 + 3)2
dy
1
2
(16 x 2 )]
(416x2 )
2x
2)
2
(416x2 )
2
dy
[(16 x
(416x2 )
y=
d2 y
dx2 x=1
2 (2n )
:n
: n [shown]
f(x) = 1 + x
= (1 + x)
1
2
x
3
(x2 +3)2
x
1
(2)
x2 +3 x2 +3
dx
(x 2 + 3)
(x 2 + 3)
dy
dx
dy
dx
f (x) = (1 + x)
x
x2 +3
=
y
=
= xy
+ xy = 0 [shown]
sleightofmath.com
1
21+x
1
21+x
1
21+x
1
4x+xx
1
2
d
dx
d
(1 + x)
dx
(1) +
1
d
dx
(x 2 )]
[0 + x 2 ]
2
1
2x
[shown]
394
Ex 14.2
x2 + y2 = 1
y2
= 1 x2
19
1
y=
1
1
1
+
+
x2 +1 x2 +2 x2 +3
= 1 x 2
=(
dy
dx
=
=
1
21x2
1
21x
d
dx
1
x2 +1
x2 +2
x2 +3
(1 x 2 )
dy
(2x)
2
dx
= (
x
1x2
1
x2 +1
1
x2 +2
( 2 + 2 + 2 )
x +1 x +2 x +3
Gradient at x = :
x2 +3
dx x=1
2
1
( )
2
2
1(1)
2
1
2
3
1
3
1
2
3
4
1
1
( 2 + 2 + 2 )
x +1 x +2 x +3
dx
d
dy
1
2
1
1
1
( 2 + 2 + 2 )
x +1 x +2 x +3
2x
2
1
1
1
( 2 + 2 + 2 )
x +1 x +2 x +3
x2 +3
(x 2 + 2)1
2
1
[+ dx (x + 3) ]
[ (x2
2x
+1)2
2x
(2x) [(x2
[(x2
] + [ (x2
+ [ (x2
( 2 + 2 + 2 )
x +1 x +2 x +3
x2 +2
2x
(x 2 + 1)1
dx
d
2
1
1
1
( 2 + 2 + 2 )
x +1 x +2 x +3
dx x2 +1
x2 +2
x2 +3
1
1
1
dx x2 +1
dy
1
+1)2
1
+1)2
+2)2
]
}
+ (x2
+ (x2
+3)2
+2)2
1
+2)2
+ (x2
+ (x2
1
+3)2
1
+3)2
dx x=1
=
=
=
=
2(1)
2
1
1
1
( 2 + 2 + 2 )
(1) +1 (1) +2 (1) +3
2
1 1 1 2
( + + )
2 3 4
2
13 2
( )
12
[((1)2
+1)2
+ ((1)2
+2)2
+ ((1)2
+3)2
16
( + +
122
169
sleightofmath.com
395
Ex 14.3
2(a)
Ex 14.3
1(a)
d
dx
d
dx
d
dx
[(2x 1)3 ]
= x 3(2x 1)2 2
= 6x(2x 1)
d
dx
+1 (2x 1)3
+(2x 1)
= 2x(1 x)
dx
=
[(x 1)(x + 2)2 ]
= (x 1)
d
dx
[(x + 2)2 ] +
d
dx
2(b)
(x + 2)2
= (x 1) 2(x + 2) 1
+1
= 2(x 1)(x + 2)
+(x + 2)2
= (x + 2) [2(x 1)
(x 1) (x + 2)2
= (x + 2) (2x 2
dx
+x + 2)
= 3x(x + 2)
=
=
= (1 2x)
d
dx
4]
[(3x + 2)
=
4]
d
dx
2x
1x
2x
1x
(1 2x) (3x + 2)
2(c)
= (x 2 + 1)
d
dx
[(1 + x)2 ]
d
dx
(x 2 + 1) (1 + x)2
(1 + x)2
= (x 2 + 1) 2(1 + x) 1
+2x
= 2(x 2 + 1)(1 + x)
+2x(1 + x)2
= 2(1 + x) [(x 2 + 1)
+x(1 + x)]
= 2(1 + x) (x 2 + 1
+x + x 2 )
[x
1
1+3x
1+2x
+1
1 + 2x
+(1 + 2x)]
(1 + 3x)
1+2x
(x 2 1 2x 2 )
+1 + 2x
1+2x
3x 2)
(1 + 2x) + (x) 1 + 2x
dx
= x2
dx
1+2x
(3x + 2)]
1(d)
+(1 x)]
2x
[4x
21+2x
= x2
= 2(3x + 2) (4 15x)
(1x)2
dx
2(3x + 2)4
(1 x)2
(x1 + 2x)
= 2(3x + 2) (6 12x
1
2x
+(1 x)2 ]
2x
(x) (1 x)2
[4x(1 x)
(1x)(15x)
dx
d
dx
(1 5x)
2x
=x
= (x + 2) 3x
[(1 2x)(3x + 2)
=x
1(c)
d
d
dx
+(x + 2)]
+
+
[(1 x)2 ]
dx
= x 2(1 x) (1)
= x
[x(2x 1)3 ]
=x
[x(1 x)2 ]
d
dx
(1 2x 2 )
1
212x2
(4x)
2x3
1
2x
12x2
2x
12x2
d
dx
+2x
(x 2 ) 1 2x 2
1 2x 2
+2x1 2x 2
12x2
12x2
[2x 3
+2x(1 2x 2 )]
[x 2
+(1 2x 2 )]
(1 3x 2 )
2x(13x2 )
12x2
= 2(1 + x) (2x 2 + x + 1)
sleightofmath.com
396
Ex 14.3
2(d)
d
dx
3(a)
1)3x 2
[(4x
= (4x 1)
dx
=
=
=
=
=
23x2 +1
6x
1
3x2 +1
1
3x2 +1
dx
= (x + 2)2 (3 +
1
2x+1
d
dx
3
dx
3
2
(x + 1) x + 1
+ x
3
x2 +1
1
2
x + 1
[x 2 + 1
+3x(x + 1)]
(xx + 1
+3xx + 3x)
(4xx + 3x + 1)
2x+1
4xx+3x+1
2x+1
=
=
= (2x + 3)
= (2x + 3)
=
=
=
=
d
dx
1
2
14x
14x
1
x14x
1
x14x
16x8x
x14x
d
dx
(2x + 3)
(4) + [2 (
2(2x+3)
14xx
(1 4x) +
214x
x2
+
+
1
2x
) + 0]
1
x
1 4x
1 4x
1 4x
d
dx
(x + 2)]
x2
+(3x 2 2x) 5 + 6x
25+6x
x
5+6x
x
5+6x
x
5+6x
x
5+6x
+x(3x 2)5 + 6x
[3x 2 (x 1)
[3x(x 1)
(3x 2 3x
(3x 2 3x
+18x 2 + 3x 10)
(21x 2 10)
x(21x2 10)
5+6x
dx
+(3x 2 2x)5 + 6x
5+6x
1
(x 3 x 2 ) 5 + 6x
3x2 (x1)
5+6x
(5 + 6x)
5+6x
y = x3 + x 2
[typo in question]
14x
dy
dx
=x
=x
+1 4x)
=
=
(1 6x 8x)
(x + 2)3
3(x3 x2 )
1
x2
) (x + 2)3
[(x 3 x 2 )5 + 6x]
= (x 3 x 2 )
d
dx
= (x 3 x 2 )
2x+1
1
x2
x2
[x 2 (x 1)5 + 6x]
+ xx + 1
2
2x+1
2x+1
3(b)
(x + 1)
dx
(1 + ) (x + 2)3
= (x + 2)2 (3 +
d
dx
+ (0
(24x 2 3x + 4)
[(x 2 + 1) x + 1]
[(x + 2)3 ]
= (x + 2)2 [3 (1 + )
= (2x + 3)
dx
2(f)
dx
+12x 2 + 4)
= (x + 1)
= (1 + )
(12x 2 3x
3
2
= 3 (1 + ) (x + 2)2
= (x + 1)
[(1 + ) (x + 2)3 ]
+4(3x 2 + 1)]
3
2
3x 2 + 1
d
dx
[3x(4x 1)
3x2 +1
d
= (1 + ) 3(x + 2)2 1
24x2 3x+4
2(e)
(4x 1) 3x 2 + 1
+43x 2 + 1
3x2 +1
3x2 +1
d
dx
+4
3x(4x1)
1
[ (x + 1)(x + 2)3 ]
dx x
3x 2 + 1
1
= (4x 1)
+ 1]
sleightofmath.com
d
dx
(3 + x 2 ) +
1
23+x2
2x
x2
3+x2
1
3+x2
1
3+x2
3+2x2
3+x2
d
dx
(x) 3 + x 2
+1 3 + x 2
+3 + x 2
[x 2
+(3 + x 2 )]
(2x 2 + 3)
397
Ex 14.3
7
y = xx 1
dy
=x
dx
=x
=
=
=
=
=
(x 1) +
dx
1
2x1
2x1
1
2x1
1
2x1
dy
(x) x 1
+1
[(x 4)4 ]
= x 4(x 4)3 1
= 4x(x 4)3
= x
dx
x 1
+x 1
2x1
1
d
dx
y = x(x 4)4
[x
+2(x 1)]
(x
+2x 2)
(3x 2)
3x2
2x1
dx
1
2x
(x4)3
2x
(x4)3
2x
d
dx
(x) (x 4)4
1
2x
(x 4)4
(x4)4
2x
[8x(x 4)3
+(x 4)4 ]
[8x
+(x 4)]
(9x 4)
(x4)3 (9x4)
2x
Gradient at (5,10):
dy
dx x=5
3(5)2
251
13
2(2)
13
4
dy
At
dx
1
2x
= 0:
(x 4)3 (9x 4) = 0
4
x = 4 or x =
y = (x + 1)3 (x 1)
dy
dx
3
= (x + 1)
d
dx
(x 1)
d
dx
[(x + 1)
3]
8
(x 1)
y=
x2 1
x2 +1
(x2 +1)2
= (x + 1)3 1
+3(x + 1)2 1 (x 1)
= (x + 1)3
+3(x + 1)2 (x 1)
=1
= (x + 1)2 [(x + 1)
+3(x 1)]
= 1 2(x 2 + 1)1
= (x + 1)2 (x + 1
+3x 3)
dy
= (x + 1)2 (4x 2)
dx
= (x2
at
dy
dx
4x
(x 2 + 1)
2x
2x
+1)2
=0
=0
(0)2 1
y|x=0 = (0)2
sleightofmath.com
d
dx
= 0:
(x2 +1)2
=8
+1)2
4x
Gradient at x = 1,1:
dy
|
=0
|
= 2[(x 2 + 1)2 ]
= (x2
dx x=1
2
x2 +1
= 2(x 2 + 1)2
dx x=1
dy
x2 +1
+1
= 1
398
Ex 14.3
11
y = x4 x 2
dy
=x
dx
dx
(4 x 2 )
1
=x
=
=
=
=
=
24x
x2
4x2
1
(2x)
2
d
dx
y = (x a)x b
(x) 4 x 2
dy
4 x 2
+1
+4
= (x a)
dx
= (x a)
x2
[x 2 +(4 x 2 )]
4x2
1
(4 2x 2 )
4x2
1
4x2
2(2x2 )
2(2 x 2 )
x4 x 2
=x
x(4 x 2 1)
=0
or 4 x 2 = 1
4 x2 = 1
3 x2 = 0
x2
=3
x = 3 or
x=0
dx x=3
dy
2(2)
dx x=3
10
dx
d
dx
(x a) x b
+1
x b
+x b
2xb
xa +(2x2b)
2xb
3xa2b
2xb
dx x=b+1
=
=
x = 3
4
2(23)
=2
43
43
2(b+1)b
(3b+3)a2b
21
b+3a
2
b+3(b+1)
2
a=b+1
2
2
= 1 [shown]
= = 2
2(23)
3(b+1)a2b
2
1
= 2
(1)
2xb
xa +2(xb)
=
dx x=0
dy
1
2xb
xa
Gradient at x = 0, 3, 3:
|
(x b) +
4x2
Curve cross y = x:
y
=x
dy
d
dx
= 6x 7
mtan = 6x 7
Line & its gradient
5x y = 0
y
= 5x
mline = 5
Tangent Line:
mtan = mline
6x 7 = 5
x
=2
y|x=2 = 3(2)2 7(2) + 2
=0
(2,0)
12
d
dx
[f(x)g(x)h(x)]
d
dx
f(x)[g(x)h(x)]
= f(x)
d
dx
[g(x)h(x)]
d
dx
f(x)[g(x)h(x)]
+f (x)
+f (x)g(x)h(x)
13(i)
[g(x)h(x)]
f(a) = 0
By factor theorem, (x a) is a factor
sleightofmath.com
399
Ex 14.4
1(d)
Ex 14.4
1(a)
5x
d
3x 2
(
)
dx 1 4x
dx 2x+1
6x 24x 2
+ 12x 2
(1 4x)2
5
=
(2x + 1)2
6x 12x 2
(1 4x)2
1x
dx 12x
(1 4x) 6x
3x 2 (4)
=
(1 4x)2
1(e)
1
(1 2x)2
=
(
x2
d 2
d
(x ) x 2 (x + 3)
dx
dx
=
(x + 3)2
(x + 3) 2x
x2 1
=
(x + 3)2
2x 2 + 6x
x2
=
(x + 3)2
=
x(x + 6)
(x + 3)2
2x1
2(x 2 x 1)
(2x 1)2
dx x+3
(x + 3)
x2 +1
(2x 1)
d 2
d
(x + 1)
(x 2 + 1) (2x 1)
dx
dx
=
(2x 1)2
(2x 1) 2x
(x 2 + 1) 2
=
(2x 1)2
2
4x 2x
2x 2 2
=
(2x 1)2
2x 2 2x 2
=
(2x 1)2
d
d
(1 x) (1 x) (1 2x)
dx
dx
=
(1 2x)2
(1 2x) (1)
(1 x) (2)
=
(1 2x)2
2x 1
+ 2 2x
=
2
(1 2x)
=
d
dx
(1 2x)
1(c)
d
d
(3x 2 ) 3x 2 (1 4x)
dx
dx
(1 4x)2
d
d
(5x) 5x (2x + 1)
dx
dx
=
(2x + 1)2
(2x + 1) 5
5x 2
=
(2x + 1)2
10x + 5
10x
=
(2x + 1)2
(2x + 1)
1(b)
(1 4x)
1(f)
d 2x 3
(
)
dx 1 x
=
(1 x)
d
d
(2x 3 ) 2x 3 (1 x)
dx
dx
(1 x)2
(1 x) 6x 2
2x 3 (1)
(1 x)2
6x 2 6x 3
(1 x)2
6x 2 4x 3
(1 x)2
+ 2x 3
2x 2 (3 2x)
=
(1 x)2
sleightofmath.com
400
Ex 14.4
1
2x
(1 + x)2
1
(1 + x
2x
=
(1 + x)2
(1 x)
1 x 1
1x
+
1 x
1
21 x
1
21 x
1
(1)
21 x
x
21 x
1x
[2(1 x) + x]
+ x)
2x + 1
x+1
dx 14x
2x]
2x)
d
1 4x dx (x + 1)
(x + 1)
2
d
4x
dx 1
(1 4x)
1 4x (1)
(x + 1)
=
1 4x
=
1 4x
1
[(1 4x)
4x
= 1
1 4x
1
(1 4x
4x
1
=
1 4x
1
(3 2x)
4x
1
=
1 4x
3 2x
=
(1 4x)1 4x
sleightofmath.com
1
(4)
21 4x
1 4x
2(x + 1)
+
1 4x
1x
1
(2 x)
21 x
=
1x
2x
=
21 x(1 x)
2x
2x
+1
2(d)
1x
(2 2x
1
(2)
22x + 1
2x
1
[2(2x + 1)
2x
+1
=
2x + 1
1
(4x + 2
2x + 1
=
2x + 1
1
(2x + 2)
2x + 1
=
2x + 1
2x + 2
=
(2x + 1)2x + 1
d
(1 x)
dx
d
2x + 1
dx
2x + 1
2x(1 + x)2
2x
22x + 1
2x)
d
x
(
)
dx 1 x
d
1 x dx (x)
=
d
2x + 1 dx 2x
1x
2x + 1 2
x 1
2(b)
2x
(2x + 1)
1
(1 x)
2x
=
(1 + x)2
=
dx 2x+1
d
d
(1 + x) (x)
x (1 + x)
dx
dx
=
(1 + x)2
(1 + x)
2(c)
d
x
(
)
dx 1 + x
+ 2(x + 1)]
+ 2x + 2)
401
Ex 14.4
2(e)
d
3x 2
(
)
dx 2x 2 3
2x 2 3
y=
dy
d
(3x 2 )
dx
(3x 2 )
2
d
2x 2 3
dx
dx
(2x 2 3)
=
6x2x 2 3
=
1
3x 2 [
(4x)]
22x 2 3
2x 2 3
2x 2 3 (6x)
6x 3
2x 2 3
dy
6x
6x 3 ]
dy
x2]
(3x2 )
d
(14x2 )
dx
(14x2 )2
(14x2 )(6x)
3x2 (8x)
(14x2 )2
6x24x3
+24x3
2
2
(14x )
6x
(14x2 )2
= (14)2 =
2
3
1x
=
=
(1x)
d
(x2)
dx
(x2)
d
(1x)
dx
(1x)2
(x2)(1)
(1x)2
+x2
(1x)2
(1x)1
1x
1
= (1x)2
(x 2 3)
Curve cross x axis:
y =0
x2
1x
2(f)
d
5x
(
)
dx 1 x 2
1 x 2
=0
=2
Gradient at x = 2:
d
5x
dx
(5x)
(1 x 2 )
dy
d
1 x 2
dx
dx x=2
= (12)2
= 1
1
5x [
(2x)]
21 x 2
1 x2
1 x 2 (5)
=
51 x 2
=
d
(3x2 )
dx
x2
dx
2x 2 3(2x 2 3)
y=
(14x2 )
dx x=1
2x 2 3
1
[6x(2x 2 3)
23
2x
=
2x 2 3
6x
[(2x 2 3)
23
2x
=
2x 2 3
6x
(x 2 3)
23
2x
=
2x 2 3
3x2
14x2
5x 2
1 x 2
1 x2
1
[5(1 x 2 )
2
1
x
=
1 x2
5
[(1 x 2 )
2
1
x
=
1 x2
5
(1)
2
1
x
=
1 x2
5
=
(1 x 2 )1 x 2
+ 5x 2 ]
+ x2 ]
sleightofmath.com
402
y=
Ex 14.4
x+2
3x+1
dy
dx
y=(
5x+3 4
10x6
dy
dx
d
3x + 1 dx (x + 2)
=
3x + 1 1
=
3x + 1
=
d
(x + 2)
3x + 1
dx
3x + 1
1
(x + 2)
(3)
23x + 1
3x + 1
3(x + 2)
23x + 1
3x + 1
1
[2(3x + 1)
23x + 1
=
3x + 1
1
(6x + 2
23x + 1
=
3x + 1
1
(3x 4)
2 3x + 1
=
3x + 1
3x 4
=
23x + 1(3x + 1)
= 4(
= 4(
= 4(
= 4(
= 4(
3(x + 2)]
=
3x 6)
5x+3 3
10x6
dx 10x6
5x+3 3
(10x6)
)
)
5x+3
10x6
5x+3 3
d
d
(5x+3) (5x+3) (10x6)
dx
dx
(10x6)2
(10x6)5
10x6
5x+3 3
(5x+3)10
(10x6)2
50x30
50x30
(10x6)2
10x6
5x+3 3
60
) (10x6)2
10x6
240(5x+3)3
(10x6)5
Curve at y = 16:
y
= 16
(
5x+3 4
) = 16
10x6
5x+3
10x6
=2
5x+3
or
10x6
= 2
5x + 3 = 20x 12
15x
= 15
5x + 3 = 20x + 12
25x
=9
=1
9
25
Gradient at x = 1:
dy
dx x=1
34
24(4)
1
2(2)4
1
16
Gradient at x = 1,
dy
dx x=1
dy
dx x= 9
25
sleightofmath.com
=
=
25
240(5(1)+3)3
(10(1)6)5
9
25
240(5( )+3)
9
25
(10( )6)
= 120
3
1000
3
403
y=
Ex 14.4
8
1x
x2 +3
y=
dy
dy
dx
1x
2 2
x +3
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
At
dy
1
1x
x2 +3
x2 +3
21x
x2 +3
21x
x2 +3
21x
x2 +3
21x
1
21x
1x
dx x2 +3
(x2 +3)
d
(1x)
dx
(1x)
d 2
(x +3)
dx
(x2 +3)2
dx
(x2 +3)(1)
(1x)2x
(x2 +3)2
x2 3
xa
bx
1
xa
2
bx
xa
xa
dx bx
(bx)
d
(xa)
dx
(xa)
d
(bx)
dx
(bx)2
bx
bx
2xa
bx
2xa
(bx)(1)
(xa)(1)
(bx)2
2x+2x2
(x2 +3)2
x2 2x3
bx
+xa
(bx)2
(x2 +3)2
(x1)(x3)
(x2 +3)2
(x1)(x3)
ba
bx
2xa (bx)2
ba
3
2xa(bx)2
3
(x2 +3)2
(x3)(x+1)
3
21x(x2 +3)2
Gradient at x =
dy
= 0:
dx x=a+b
dx
(x3)(x+1)
3
21x(x2 +3)2
2(
=0
2
=
=
3
a+b
a+b 2
)a(b(
))
2
2
3
a+b 2a 2b a+b 2
(
)
2
2 2
2
ba
3
ba ba 2
2
(
)
2
2
ba
2(
ba
x = 1 or x = 3
ba
a+b
ba 2
)
2
ba
(ba)2
2
22
ba
(ba)2
2
= (b a) (ba)2
=
sleightofmath.com
2
ba
[shown]
404
Ex 14.4
1
3
x+h
y=
dy
dx
xk
1 x+h
= (
3 xk
=
=
x+h 3
( )
xk
2
2
x+h 3
3(
)
xk
1
1 2
x+h 3
3[(
) ]
xk
1
1 2
x+h 3
3[(
) ]
xk
(1)
(
x+h
dx xk
(xk)
d
(x+h)
dx
(x+h)
d
(xk)
dx
dy
(xk)2
(xk)1
dx
mtan =
(x+h)1
xk
9(ii)
dy
dx
2x
xh
y=
(xk)2
25
4
mtan = 0
(xk)2
(2)
Using intersection,
kx x =
25
(1)
Using gradients,
1
3y2
(k+h)
(xk)2
k
2x
k
1= 0
=1
2x
3y 2 (x k)2
1)
2x
k
(xk)2
dx
k
x
= kx x
y = x(
kh
1 2
x+h 3
3[(
) ]
xk
= (k + h) [shown]
= 2x
(2)
Tangent to y axis:
dy
(2x)x x =
2(x) x
dx
1
1 2
x+h 3
3[(
) ]
xk
kh
(xk)2
k|x=25 = 2
4
25
4
25
4
25
4
25
4
5
= 2( ) = 5
2
5
2x
As x ,
dy
dx
5
2x
gradient of l is 1
l passes through O and gradient is 1
y = x
sleightofmath.com
405
Ex 14.4
1 + x + x 2 + + x n1 + x n
xn+1 1
x1
Diff wrt x,
0 + 1 + 2x + + (n 1)x n2 + nx n1
1 + 2x + 3x 2 + + (n 1)x n2 + nx n1
=
=
=
(x1)
d
(xn+1 1)
dx
(xn+1 1)
d
(x1)
dx
(x1)2
(x1)[(n+1)xn ]
(xn+1 1)(1)
(x1)2
(x1)(n+1)xn
xn+1 +1
(x1)2
11(ii) x = 3, n = 10:
1 + 2(3) + 3(3)2 + + (10 1)(3)102 + 10(3)101 =
1 + 2(3) + 3(3)2 + + 9(3)8 + 10(3)9
(31)(10+1)310
310+1 +1
(31)2
2(11)310
311 +1
4
= 280483
12
y=
u2
v3
=
=
=
v3
d
(u2 )
dx
u2
d
(v3 )
dx
(v3 )2
v3 (2uu )
2uu v3
u2 (3v2 v )
v6
3u2 v2 v
v6
sleightofmath.com
406
Rev Ex 14
A3
Rev Ex 14
A1(a)
d
dx
(1 3x 2 )
= (1 3x 2 )
2
A1(b)
d
dx
1
213x2
3x
dx
[(1 3x 2 )2 ]
dx
1
13x2
d
dx
=x
dx
[(1 + 2x)
4]
d
dx
(x) (1 + 2x)
+1 (1 + 2x)
= 8x(1 + 2x)3
+(1 + 2x)4
1+2x
x
)=
=
= x
2
=
A2
+ 2x)
dx x
1
d
(x 2 )
dx
1 3
2
+2
(x 2 )
dx
1
1
+2 ( x 2 )
2
1
2xx
A4
y = (2x5)2
= 9(2x 5)2
dy
y = (2x + 3)5x 9
= 9[2(2x 5)3 ]
dx
= 9[2(2x 5)
dy
dx
= (2x + 3)
= (2x + 3)
=
=
=
=
=
d
dx
(5x 9) +
1
25x9
5(2x+3)
1
1
25x9
1
25x9
3 ]
d
dx
(2x 5)
36
(2x5)3
(2x + 3) 5x 9
+2
Gradient at x = 1:
5x 9
dy
dx x=1
36
= (2(1)5)3 =
36
343
+25x 9
25x9
25x9
d
dx
+ (x + 1)]
n=0
1
(2)
21 2x
1 2x
1
[(1 2x)
2x
1
=
1 2x
1
(2 x)
2x
1
=
1 2x
2x
=
(1 2x)3
d
2x
dx 1
1 2x
x+1
+
1 2x
1 2x
= x 4(1 + 2x) 2
dx
(x + 1)
1 2x 1
(x + 1)
1 2x
(6x)
A1(c)
d
1 2x dx (x + 1)
(1 3x 2 )
[x(1 + 2x)4 ]
d
x+1
12x
dy
1
y=
[5(2x + 3)
+4(5x 9)]
(10x + 15
+20x 36)
(30x 21)
30x21
25x9
k = 30
sleightofmath.com
407
y=
Rev Ex 14
x2 1
B1(b)
x2 +1
dx
dy
dx
=
(x 2 + 1)
d 2
d
(x + 1) (x 2 1) (x 2 1)
dx
dx
(x 2 + 1)2
(x 2 + 1) 2x
=
=
2x 3 + 2x
(x 2 + 1)2
(x 2
4x
+ 1)2
B2
4x
y|x=0 = (0)2
dx 9(87)2
5
33
5
(4x 1)
8
5
[4
8
5
(4x 1)
66
5x
(4x 1)
d
dx
[4 (
8
5
(x) (1)]
dx
1
2x
)0]
2
x
1
2
Curve
+1
y = 4x +
= 1
dx
2
3
8
( 7)
x
( 7)
4x +
dx x
d
dx
(x 1 )
d
dx
(7)]
16
3
9x2 ( 7)
x2
2
1
= x+ c
x
8
= c
= 14x +
32
x
(1)
Equate gradients:
1
8
x
x+
( 2 )
=4
2
8
9( 7)
8
x
[8
[8(x 2 ) 0]
3
8
9( 7)
x
8
x2
8
7
1
= 4 +8(x 2 )
mtan = 4
= [2 ( 7) ]
= [
=4
2
1 d 8
[( 7) ]
9 dx x
1
= 4x +8x 1
33
dy
(4x 1)
= x+ c
(0, 1)
33
mtan =
=0
(0)2 1
=0
(x2 +1)2
Tangent
4y = 2x + c
y
=0
dx
(x 2 + 1)2
dy
3
d
[(4x 1) 5 ]
dx
= 11 [ (4x 1) 5 ] (4x 1)
5
dx
(x 2 1) 2x
2x 3 + 2x
[11(4x 1) 5 ]
= 11
tangent x axis:
B1(a)
x2
x2
8
x2
7
2
2
7
16
(2)
c|
x=
16
7
= 167
sleightofmath.com
408
Rev Ex 14
Curve
y = x 3 3x 2 9x + k
dy
dx
B5(i)
y=
dy
= 3x 6x 9
ax2
xb
(xb)
dx
mtan = 3x 2 6x 9
Using intersection:
x 3 3x 2 9x + k = 0
k
= x 3 + 3x 2 + 9x
ax2
d
(xb)
dx
(xb)2
ax2 1
(xb)2ax
Tangent
x axis y = 0
mtan = 0
d
(ax2 )
dx
(xb)2
2ax2 2abx
(xb)2
ax2 2abx
(xb)2
ax(x2b)
(xb)2
ax2
Curve at ( , 6):
3
Using gradients:
3x 2 6x 9 = 0
x 2 2x 3
=0
(x 3)(x + 1) = 0
x=3
or x = 1
k|x=3 = 27
k|x=1 = 5
2 6b =
a
1 2
3
a( )
1
b
3
a
9
= 18 54b
1
tangent at ( , 6) is horizontal:
3
B4
dy
y = xa 3x 2
dy
=x
dx
=x
=
=
=
=
d
dx
(a 3x 2 )
1
2a3x
3x2
a3x2
1
a3x2
1
a3x2
a6x2
d
dx
+a 3x 2
[3x
+(a 3x
2 )]
a|b=1 = 18 54 ( ) = 9
(a 6x 2 )
a3x2
y=
dy
dx
9x2
x
1
6
1
3
1 2
(x )
6
9x(x )
Tangent at (1, b) to y = 2x + 1:
mtan
= mline
a3
b = a 3
or b =
(rej a 0)
dx x=1
a6
=0
a=0
dy
=0
3
1 1
a( )( 2b)
3 3
2
1
( b)
3
a 3x 2
(6x) +1
2
dx x=1
(x) a 3x 2
dy
dx
1
9x(x )
3
1 2
(x )
6
=2
=2
=0
=0
x = 0 or x =
a6
= 2a 3
2
a 12a + 36 = 4(a 3)
a2 12a + 36 = 4a 12
a2 16a + 48 = 0
(a 12)(a 4) = 0
a = 12 or a = 4 (rej)
1
3
(taken)
y|x=0 = 0
(0,0)
b|a=12 = 112 3 = 3
sleightofmath.com
409
Ex 15.1
2(a)
Ex 15.1
1(a)
y = x 3 5x + 8
dy
dx
y = x 3 + 3x 2
dy
dx
= 3x 2 + 6x
Tangent
Point:
= 3x 2 5
Normal
Point:
y|x=1 = 13 5(1) + 8
=4
(1,2)
dy
Gradient:
(1,4)
2
= 3(1) + 6(1)
dx x=1
Gradient:
dy
|
dx x=1
= 3
Tangent: y y1 =
dy
dx x=1
Normal:
(x x1 )
y y1
y=x +
Gradient:
=2
= 1
dy
dx x=1
= 10
8
= 10
2x 2 + 8
= 10x
x2 + 4
= 5x
2
x 5x + 4 = 0
(x 4)(x 1) = 0
x = 4 or x = 1 (rej x > 1)
(4,10)
= 1 (1)2
Tangent: y y1 =
x2
(1,3)
|
x
8
Normal
Point:
x2
dx x=1
[x (1)]
y = 2x +
dy
dy
= x+
2x +
Tangent
Point:
(x x1 )
= 1 +2(x 2 )
=1
dx
dx
y4 = x
= x +2x
dy
= dy
y (4) =
2(b)
x
1
1
3(1)2 5
dx x=1
(x x1 )
Gradient:
Normal:
1
dy
|
dx x=4
y y1
1
2
8
(4)2
= dy
2
3
(x x1 )
dx x=4
sleightofmath.com
y 10
y 10
= x+
= x+
3
2
(x 4)
8
3
2
3
38
410
y=
dy
dx
Ex 15.1
x2 +5
3(b)
x+1
=
=
=
=
(x+1)
d
(x2 +5)
dx
(x2 +5)
y = 1 2x
dy
d
(x+1)
dx
dx
(x+1)2
(x2 +5)1
(x+1)2x
(x+1)2
2x2 +2x
212x
1
x2 5
212x dx
1
(1 2x)
(2)
212x
(x+1)2
x2 +2x5
(x+1)2
y|x=3 =
32 +5
3+1
7
2
(3, )
2
Gradient:
dy
dx x=3
Tangent: y y1
32 +2(3)5
(4)2
dy
dx x=3
5
Gradient:
(x x1 )
8
5
8
13
= x
y
Normal:
15
= x+
y y1
= dy
dy
1
12(4)
3
1
3
5
y y1
= dy
( )
y
y
y
7
2
7
2
5
8
8
5
8
[x (3)]
y (3) =
(x 3)
y3
y3
y
= x+
24
5
8
5
83
10
= x+
(x x1 )
dx x=4
dx x=3
y( ) =
= x+
y
Normal:
[x (4)]
y3 = x
(x x1 )
dx x=4
1
3
(x x1 )
y 3 = ( )
dx x=4
Tangent: y y1 =
y ( ) = ( ) [x (3)]
7
dy
1
3
[x (4)]
(x + 4)
=3
= 3x + 12
= 3x + 15
4(i)
dy
dx
2x
4xx2 +1
Tangent
Point:
Gradient:
P(1,2)
dy
dx x=1
Tangent: y y1
2(1)
41+1
dy
dx x=1
1
1
2
(x x1 )
y (2) = ( ) [x (1)]
2
4(ii)
Normal:
2
1
2
3
y2
= x
= x+
y y1
= dy
1
|
(x x1 )
dx x=1
y (2) =
y2
y
Daniel & Samuel
A-math tuition 9133 9982
sleightofmath.com
1
1
2
[x (1)]
= 2x + 2
= 2x + 4
411
y=
dy
dx
Ex 15.1
3x+1
1x
=
=
=
(1x)
d
(3x+1)
dx
(1x)3
33x
(3x+1)
dy
d
(1x)
dx
dx
(1x)2
(3x+1)(1)
(1x)2
+3x+1
(1x)2
= 6x 2
= (1x)2
Normal
Point:
mline =
At x-axis,
y
=0
3x+1
1x
1
3
( , 0)
Normal:
y y1
4
4 2
( )
3
= dy
1
4(9)
16
1
|
dx x=1
3
y (0) =
y
mtan ( )
= 1
mtan
=4
dy
|
dx x=1
3
Gradient:
Tangent
Gradient: Tangent line
m1 m2
= 1
mtan mline
= 1
=0
=
= x+
4
9
4
9
4
Point:
(x x1 )
1
[x ( )]
3
6x 2
=4
6x
=6
x
=1
2
y|x=1 = 3(1) 2(1) + 5
=6
(1,6)
(x + )
= x
9
4
27
Tangent: y y1
y (6)
y6
y
= mtan (x x1 )
= (4)[x (1)]
= 4x 4
= 4x + 2
= 3x 2 + 4x 4
y = x 3 + 3x 2 x 1
3
dy
dx
= 2x 2 + 6x 1
tangents are :
m1
= m2
2
3x + 4x 4 = 2x 2 + 6x 1
x 2 2x 3 = 0
(x 3)(x + 1) = 0
x = 3 or x = 1
sleightofmath.com
412
Ex 15.1
y = ax 5
dy
= 5ax
dx
9(b)
4
3
2
5a
b|a= 3 =
10
dy
2
3
dx
10
3
10
Tangent
Point:
Gradient:
x + = x 2 2x + 3
=0
=
dy
= 2x 2 3x + 6
Origin (0,0)
Tangent: y y1
Using gradients,
|
dx x=0
(x x1 )
= x2 x + 3
2x2
Using intersection,
dx x=0
mnorm =
dy
= 2x 2
8(ii)
2
1
Curve
y = x 2 2x + 3
2
3
= x+
mnorm =
at (1, b):
dx x=1
Normal
2y + x = l
2y
= x + l
1
2
2x 2
2x
x
1
2x2
=2
=4
=2
Curve
y = 2x 2 5x + 3
dy
dx
y
B(0,8)
2
= 4x 5
mtan = 4x 5
y = px 3
dy
Using intersection,
3x + k = 2x 2 5x + 3
k
= 2x 2 8x + 3
dx
= 3px 2
Gradient at A
mtan =
Using gradients,
4x 5 = 3
4x
=8
x
=2
dy
dx x=2
= 3p(2)2 = 12p
10(ii) Point A
At A, y = px 3 has coordinate of x = 2
y|x=2 = p(2)3 = 8p
A(2,8p)
Gradient of AB
A(2,8p) B(0,8)
mAB =
sleightofmath.com
8p8
20
= 4p 4
413
Ex 15.1
p
11(i)
y = 2x 2 kx + 3
dy
dx
Tangent at a = 5:
y = (1 + 2(5))x (5)2
= 4x k
mtan =
dy
dx x=1
=4k
Tangent at a = 1:
y = (1 + 2(1))x (1)2
11(ii) Point A
y|x=1 = 2(1)2 k(1) + 3
=5k
A(1,5 k)
13(i)
Gradient of AB
A(1,5 k) B(5,1)
(5k)(1)
(1)(5)
y=
dy
dx
4k
dx
4k
Gradient:
8
x3
y|x=a =
(a,
a2
4
a2
Gradient: mtan =
+1
+ 1)
dy
dx x=a
a3
Tangent: y y1
= mtan (x x1 )
+ 1) = ( 3 ) [x (a)]
y(
a2
a2 y 4 a2 =
= 1 + 2x
Tangent
Point:
+1
= 4(2x 3 ) +0
Point:
Tangent
4k 16 = 4 k
5k = 20
k =4
12(i)
+1
x2
Equate gradients:
mtan
= mAB
4k
= x
= 4x
mAB =
25
= 11x
Gradient at A
8
a
8
(x a)
a2 y 4 a2 = x + 8
2
y|x=a = a + a
(a, a + a2 )
dy
dx x=a
a
8
a y
= x + a2 + 12
a
8
a3
x+1+
12
a2
= 1 + 2a
Tangent: y y1
dy
dx x=a
(x x1 )
y (a + a2 ) = (1 + 2a)[x (a)]
y (a + a2 ) = (1 + 2a)x a 2a2
y
= (1 + 2a)x a2
sleightofmath.com
414
Ex 15.1
13(ii) Gradient of PQ
P(b, 0),Q(0, b)
mPQ =
0b
b0
14(ii) Normal
Point:
A(1,6) or C
Gradient: AC BD
= 1
mAC =
Equate gradients:
mtan = mPQ
a3
8
Normal:
a3
a
5
1
0b
y 6 = (x + 1)
b0
5
1
5
29
= x+
Point C
29
29
x+
1
At C, normal (y = x +
12
= (2)3 x + 1 + (2)2
= x + 1 + 3
= x + 4
14(i)
5
1
y6 = x
=8
=2
y y1 = mAC (x x1 )
1
Tangent with a = 2:
y
y 6 = [x (1)]
= 1
a3
1
mBD
=0
=
29
5
x
= 29
C (29,0)
14(iii) Area ABC = 1 (BC)(AF)
2
1
y = x + 7x + 12
= [29 (2.2)][6]
dy
= 3(31.2) = 93.6
dx
= 2x + 7
mtan = 2x + 7
(11)(0)
mBD = (0)(2.2) = 5
Equate gradients:
mtan = mBD
2x + 7 = 5
2x
= 2
x
= 1
y|x=1 = (1)2 + 7(1) + 12 = 6
A(1,6)
sleightofmath.com
415
Ex 15.1
2x
or
= x2
2
Point:
2x
x
=1
y|x=1 = 2 + 1
=3
(1,3)
y3
16
dy
(x 1)
2
1
2
1
2
5
y3
= x
= x+
16
5x3
2
x
1
5x3
2
x
1
5x3
2
x
at (1,2):
5x3
(1,2) lie in y =
(5x3 )
x(3x2 )
d
(x)
dx
(5x3 )1
x2
3x3
5+x3
x2
x3
5
x2
(2x
5
x2
5(1)3
2 (1)
[2(1) (1)2 ]
(2 5)
24
d
dx
(y 2 ) +
dy
dx
dy
dx
dy
d
dx
+1
+y 2
(x) y 2
=0
y2
=0
=0
= 3x 2 y 2
dx
dx
5(1)3
2 = 2 [inconsistent]
y =
d
(5x3 )
dx
dy
3x2 y2
2xy
At (1,2),
dy
5x3
2xy
(2) =
2 = 2 [consistent]
5x3
(x)2
3x 2 +x 2y
at (1,2):
5(1)3
(1)
3x 2 +x
or y =
(2) =
3x 2 +2xy
5x3
d
dx
x 3 +xy 2
=5
Differentiating with respect to x:
y=
5x
2
5x3
Method 1 (Subjecting y)
xy 2 = 5 x 3
2
5x
2
dx x=1
= mtan (x x1 )
Tangent: y y1
Tangent
Gradient: tangent line,
mtan = mline
mtan
1
5x3
2
x
mline =
2x
dx
dy
dx
3(1)2 (2)2
2(1)(2)
7
=
4
5x3
x
sleightofmath.com
416
Ex 15.1
= 3x 2
Tangent
Point:
Gradient:
y|x=1 = 6
(1,6)
dy
dx x=1
Tangent: y y1
=3
=
dy
dx x=1
(x x1 )
17(ii) Point
At point where curve meets tangent,
x3 + 5
= 3x + 3
3
x 3x + 2
=0
(x 1)(
)
(x 1)(x 2
)
2
(x 1)(x
2)
2
(x 1)(x + x 2) = 0
(x 1)(x + 2)(x 1) = 0
x=1
or x = 2
(taken)
y|x=2 = 3(2) + 3
= 3
(2, 3)
sleightofmath.com
417
Ex 15.2
1(a)
Ex 15.2
y = 4x 1
y=
dy
dx
dy
dx
2x
x+1
=4
>0
y is increasing
=
=
1(b)
y = x 2 + 2x
dy
dx
1(c)
y=
dy
dx
= 2 1
(x+1)2
2x(1)
(x+1)2
2x+2
2x
(x+1)2
2
(x+1)2
2
(x
(x+1)(2)
= x
2
(x2 +1)
x2 +1
2x2
(x2 +1)2
1x2
+1)2
+ +
1 1
f (x) = 3x 2
< 0 for > 0
f(x) is decreasing
y = x 2 + 2x 4
dy
(x)
= 6x 5
< 0 for x < 0 x 5 < 0
f(x) is decreasing
f
dx
y = x 3 + 3x
dy
dx
3(ii)
dy
dx
= 2x + 2
3(i)
<0
1 x2
< 0 (x 2 + 1)2 > 0
x2 1
>0
(x + 1)(x 1) > 0
f(x) = (x 3 + 1)
f(x) = x 6 5x
<0
dx
1x2
(x2 +1)2
(x)
= 1
<0
f(x) is decreasing
2(c)
x2x
(x2 +1)2
dy
2(b)
d
d
(x) x (x2 +1)
dx
dx
(x2 +1)2
(x2 +1)1
= (x2
f(x) = 9 x
f
d
(x+1)
dx
x2 +1
=
dx
(2x)
+ 1) > 0
for all x values except x 1
y is increasing for all real values of x [shown]
y = x 3 1
dy
d
(2x)
dx
>0
= 2x + 2
(x+1)
>0
2x + 2 > 0
x
> 1
= 3x 2 + 3
> 0 for all x values x 2 0
sleightofmath.com
418
y = 2x 3 3x 2 + 6
dy
dx
Ex 15.2
9(i)
dy
2x3 +2x
(x2 +1)2
4x
+1)2
y = 3x 2 + 4x 3
= 6x + 4
4x
(x2 +1)2
>0
4x
x
9(ii)
10
T = 5x 2 + 90x + 65
<0
dx
2x3 +2x
= (x2
x < 1 or x > 1
dy
(x2 1)2x
(x2 +1)2
+ +
1 1
d
d
(x2 1) (x2 1) (x2 +1)
dx
dx
(x2 +1)2
(x2 +1)2x
6x 2 6
>0
x2 1
>0
(x + 1)(x 1) > 0
dx
(x2 +1)
f (x) =
>0
dx
dy
x2 +1
= 6x 2 6x
7(a)
x2 1
f(x) =
6x + 4 < 0
2
<
x
7(b)
dT
dx
y = 2x 9x + 12x 3
dy
dx
= 6x 2 18x + 12
For cooling:
dT
10x + 90 < 0
10x
> 90
x
>9
11(a)
1<x<2
f(x) = (x + 1)4
f (x) = 4(x + 1)3 (1)
= 4(x + 1)3
For increasing function:
f (x)
>0
3
4(x + 1) > 0
x+1
>0
x
> 1
8(ii)
<0
dx
8(i)
= 10x + 90
11(b)
= ( + 1)3
11(i)
y = f(x)
(a) y = x 3
= 3
(b) y
= (x + 1)3
sleightofmath.com
Interval Nature
Sign of
x>0
x<0
x > 1
x < 1
+
+
+
+
Increasing
Increasing
Increasing
Increasing
dy
dx
419
Ex 15.2
11(ii) No.
By Definition, if
dy
dx
(non-strictly) increasing.
If function is increasing,
necessarily
dx
for x >
2x1
=
=
=
=
d
2x1dx(3x+4)
could be 0, not
<
7
3
dy
(3+4)]
dx
21
(63
34)
=
=
=
>0
3
>0
21
(37)
3
(2x1)2
dx
3x7
(2x1)2
3x 7 > 0
xa
xa
3x+4
2x1
21
3x7
dy
13(i) y = x2 2ax2,
2x1
[3(21)
and x >
<x<
1
(2)
(3x+4)
22x1
32x1
= 21
Combining inequalities:
d
(3x+4) 2x1
dx
2
<0
2x1
x>
<
2x13
1
21
<0
3x 7
x
(2x1)
= 21
dx
<0
dx
3x7
3
(2x1)2
>0
dx
3x+4
12(i) y =
dy
dy
dy
dy
(xa)
d
(x2 2ax2)
dx
(x2 2ax2)
d
(xa)
dx
(xa)2
(x2 2ax2)1
(xa)(2x2a)
(xa)2
2x2 4ax+2a2
x2 +2ax+2
2
(xa)
(x2 2ax)
+2a2 +2
(xa)2
[(xa)2 a2 ]
+2a2 +2
(xa)2
(xa)2
+a2 +2
(xa)2
a2 +2
= 1 + (xa)2
dy
>0
dx
a2 +2
Combine inequalities:
>
7
3
x>
and x >
1
2
7
3
1 + (xa)2 > 0
2+a2
(xa)2
> 1
all values of a
a2 + 2 > 0 and (x a)2 > 0 for x a
sleightofmath.com
420
Ex 15.3
4(i)
Ex 15.3
1(i)
h(t) =
=
t(10t)
r =3+
5
4
= t t2
4(ii)
dr
= 0 +2 [(1+t)2 ] (1)
dt
5
2
5
4
5
= (1+t)2
h (t) = (2t)
= t
dr
2
3
42
1
h (2) = (2)
= cm s 1
= km s
2
1(ii)
dt t=3
5
1+(0)
= 5 cm
4
2
r|t=0 = 3 +
4
10tt2
5
2
1+t
5(i)
h (6) = (6)
2
f(t) =
10 000 000
(6t 2 + 5)2
= km s 1
11am: t = 60
2(i)
l =
dl
t3
3
4t + 10
= t2 4
dt
dl
5(ii)
6(i)
s= +
8
ds
ds
v
40
1
= +
8
60
40
=1 h
8
= 2t
6(ii)
|
dt t=2
= 2(2)
7(i)(a)
= 4cm s 1
3(ii)
80
r =t +2
dr
v2
= +
dv
dt
10 000 000
dv v=60
dr
144(60)3 +120(60)
= 3.11
3 people per min
t 4 = 4
t2
=0
t
=0
3(i)
[2(6t 2 + 5)][12t]
10 000 000
f (60) =
= 4
dt
2
(6(60)2 + 5)2
10 000 000
144t3 +120t
f (t) =
=5
t 4
=5
2
t 9
=0
(t + 3)(t 3) = 0
t = 3 (rej t 0) or t = 3
2(ii)
10 000 000
46
f(60) =
C(x) =
19 200
x
r r = t2 + 2
2
sleightofmath.com
19 200
3
= $6400
421
Ex 15.3
7(ii)
19 200
= $2400
C(8)C(3)
8
24006400
83
C (x) =
C
sleightofmath.com
(5)
19200
x2
19200
52
422
Ex 15.4
1(c)
Ex 15.4
1(a)
dx
dt
dx
dt
= 2,
dy
dt x=1
=?
= 2,
dy
dx
dy
dt
x
1
dy
x2
dt
dy
dx
= (4x
x2
2
= 8x
dx
dt
) 2
dt x=1
dx
dt
dy
= 2,
dt x=2
dy
dx
dx
dt
At y = 10, x 3 + 2 = 10
x3
=8
x
=2
= 8(1)
2
12
1
= 6 units s
1(b)
= 3x 2 2
= 6x 2
x2
dy
At x = 1,
=?
= 3x 2
dx
= 4x
=
dt y=10
y = x3 + 2
dy
y = 2x 2 +
dy
dy
=?
= 6(2)2
dt x=2
= 24 units s 1
1(d)
dx
dt
= 2,
dy
dt y=2
=?
y = (2x3)3
y=
= 3(2x 3)3
dy
dy
dx
=
dy
dt
dx
= 3[3(2x 3)4 ] 2
=
=
=
18
(2x3)4
dy
18
(2x3)4
36
(2x3)4
At x = 2,
dx
dy
dt x=2
x
x+1
(x+1)(1) x(1)
=
(x+1)2
x+1
x
(x+1)2
1
(x+1)2
dx
dy
dt
dt
dy
dx
dx
dt
= (x+1)2 2
2
= (x+1)2
36
= [2(2)3]4
At y = 2,
= 36 units s 1
x
x
dy
dt x=2
x
x+1
sleightofmath.com
=2
= 2x + 2
= 2
2
= (2+1)2 = 2 units s 1
423
dy
dt
= 4,
dx
dt x=3
Ex 15.4
2(c)
=?
dt
y = x 3 2x 2
dy
= 4,
dy
= 3x 4x
=
dt
dy
dx
dt
dt
dx
dy
dt
dx
dt x=3
dt
= 4,
y=
dy
dx
=
=
4 =
dx
dt
dt x=2
15
2x+7
dx
dt
dx
dt
= 42x + 7
dt
At y = 3, 2x + 7 = 3
2x + 7 = 9
x
=1
=?
1+x
dt
dx
3x2
dy
dx
4
3(3)2 4(3)
dy
4 =
3x2 4x
At x = 3, |
dy
=?
2x+7
dt
dx
2(b)
22x+7
1
dx
4 = (3x 2 4x)
dx
dt y=3
dx
dy
dx
y = 2x + 7
dx
dy
dx
(1+x)
d
(3x2 )
dx
3x2
d
(1+x)
dx
dt x=1
= 42(1) + 7 = 12 unit s 1
(1+x)2
2(d)
3x2 1
(1+x)6x
dt
(1+x)2
6x+6x2
dy
dx
dt y=5
=?
3x2
(1+x)2
y = x(x 4)
= x 2 4x
6x+3x2
(1+x)2
dy
dx
6x+3x2
(1+x)2
dx
dy
dt
dx
dx
dt
dy
4(1+x)2
dt
6x+3x2
dx
At x = 2, |
= 4,
dt x=2
4(1+2)2
6(2)+3(2)2
3
2
unit s 1
dy
dx
= (2x 4)
dx
= 2x 4
dt
dx
dt
dx
dt
4
2x4
2
x2
At y = 5, x 2 4x
=5
2
x 4x 5 = 0
(x 5)(x + 1) = 0
x = 5 or x = 1 (rej)
dx
dt x=5
sleightofmath.com
2
52
2
3
units s 1
424
y=
dy
2x1
=
=
=
3(ii)
4(ii)
x+1
dx
Ex 15.4
dt
dy
(x+1)
d
(2x1)
dx
(2x1)
dx
dy
d
(x+1)
dx
(x+1)2
(x+1)2
(2x1)1
(x+1)2
2x+2
2x+1
(x+1)2
3
(x+1)2
y|x=0 =
1
1
dy
dx x=0
=3
dt
dt
dx
dt
=3
=3
= 1
5(a)
3
dx
dx
(x + 1)2
=4
2
x + 2x + 1
=4
2
x + 2x 3
=0
(x + 3)(x 1) = 0
x = 3 or x = 1
A(0, 1)
Gradient:
=3
dx
12
(x+1)2
Tangent
Point:
dy
((0)+1)
=3
Tangent: y y1
dy
dx x=0
dA
(x x1 )
dr
y (1) = 3 [x (0)]
y = 3x 1
3(iii)
dx
dt
= 0.03,
dy
dt
dA
dt
dt
=
=
dy
dx
3
(x+1)2
0.09
(x+1)2
dr
y=
dy
dx
dr
dr
dt
dr
dt
1
r
dt
At r = 6,
0.03
5(b)
dr
dt r=6
1
6
cm s 1
0.09
dt x=0
4(i)
dA
dx
At A(0, 1),
dy
2 = 2r
at A(0, 1) = ?
dt
dy
= 2r
A = r 2 [area of circle]
dA
2x10
dr
x+1
=
=
=
(x+1)
d
(2x10)
dx
(x+1)2
2x+2
(2x10)
dA
d
(x+1)
dx
dt
(x+1)2
(2x10)1
(x+1)2
2x+10
(x+1)2
= 2r
=
dA
dr
10 = 2r
dr
dt
12
dt
dr
dt
5
r
At r = 2,
= (x+1)2
dr
dr
dt r=2
= = 2.5 m s 1
2
sleightofmath.com
425
Ex 15.4
dV
dx
= 3, = ?
dt
dt
7(b)
dt
V = x + 3x [given]
dV
dx
dV
dx
= 2x + 3
dx
3 = (2x + 3)
dx
dt
6(ii)
dx
3
2x+3
dt x=3
dt x=6
A=x
dA
dx
dA
dt
1
3
cm s 1
1
5
dx
cm s 1
dV
3 A 2
( )
2 6
dV
dA
dA
dt
20
A
6
A
At x = 1, 1 =
dV
dt
dx
dt A=6
8(i)
At A = 4, x 2 = 4 x = 2
dt x=2
(2)
= 0.2
dx
dt
dV
[area of square]
dA
A 2
( )
6
= 2x
=
x=
A
6
2(6)+3
= 2x
= x2
V = ( ) =
dx
dx
dt
2(3)+3
10
dt
(1)
dt
dx
=?
A = 6x 2
dt
7(a)
dt x=1
dx
dA
dx
dV
V = x3
dV
= 0.2,
1
20
1=
A
6
A=6
= 0.05 cm3 s 1
6
= = 2.5 cm s 1
2
dy
dt
dy
dx
dx
dt
= (2) (4)
= 8 cm/s
sleightofmath.com
426
Ex 15.4
= 4,
dA
10(ii)
dt
=?
dt x=8
dx
= 2,
da
dt x=4
=?
a = x(x + 1)
A = xy
(1)
y = 2x
(2)
sub (2) into (1):
A = x(2x) = 2x 2
=
da
dx
da
dA
dt
dA
dx
dt
dx
At x = 8,
dA
11(i)
dp
dA
dt p=3
dt
dt
=( + p
=
2)
dp
dt
dA
dx
dA
dt p=3
10(i)
dt
3
dt
=?
(1)
1
2
= 8x + 1
=
dA
dx
dx
dt
= (8x + 1) 1.2
= 9.6x + 1.2
= + (3)2 = 7 units 2 s 1
= x (x + 1)
dA
0.5
1 3 2
+ p
4 4
= 1.2,
At p = 3,
dA
= 2(4) + 1 = 9 cm2 s 1
Q(2x, y) lies on y = 2x + 1:
y = 2(2x) + 1
= 4x + 1
(2)
=?
dA
dp
1
dt
A = xy
= + p2
dA
dx
= p + p3
= 0.5,
dx
dt x=4
(1 + p2 )
2
da
da
= (p)
1
At x = 4, |
2
1
= 2x + 1
dt x=8
2
1
dA
= (x + )
dt
dt
= 4x 4
= 16x
dp
= (2x) +
= 4x
dx
9(ii)
+ x
=x+
dA
9(i)
2
1 2
x
2
At x = 1.5,
dA
dt x=1.5
= 9.6(1.5) + 1.2
= 15.6 units/s
x+1
150
A 2x B
= x (x + 1) [shown]
2
sleightofmath.com
427
Ex 15.4
13
dx
dt
By distance formula,
= 0.6,
(1)
dy
dx
=
sub (2) into (1):
= 4x 2 + (4x + 1)2
dy
dt
= 4x 2 + (16x 2 + 8x + 1)
= 20x 2 + 8x + 1
dz
dx
=
=
dz
dt
=
=
=
1
220x2 +8x+1
20x+4
dz
20x2 +8x+1
24x+4.8
dt
dy
1.2
dt x=1.5
14
dP
dt
dt
z
dz
dI
dx
dP
dx
x
dx
dt
0.6
36x2
0.6x
36x2
= 50,
0.6(3.6)
363.62
= 0.45
dz
dt x=144
=?
270
= x 2 + 72900
=
dz
dt
=
=
=
dy
1
2x2 +72900
x
2x
x2 +72900
dI
dt
= 800I 2
= 2400I
At I = 3,
(2x)
36x2
=
dP
236x2
x
By Pythagoras Theorem,
z 2 = x 2 + 2702
= 800I
=
P = I2 R
= 400I 2 R = 400
dI
dI
dP
= 2, |
=?
dt
dt I=3
dP
dt x=3.6
20x2 +8x+1
dz
dx
20x+4
=?
At y = 4.8, x 2 + 4.82 = 62
x2
= 12.96
x
= 3.6
20x2 +8x+1
At x = 1.5, |
12
(40x + 8)
dx
dt y=4.8
= 36 x 2
Q(2x, y) lies on y = 2x + 1,
y1 = 2(2x) + 1
= 4x + 1
(2)
dy
By Pythagoras Theorem,
x 2 + y 2 = 62
y2
= 36 x 2
z = (0 2x)2 + (0 y)2
= 4x 2 + y 2
dt I=3
= 2400(2)
= 4800 W s 1
dz
dx
x2 +72900
50x
dt
(50)
x2 +72900
At x = 144,
sleightofmath.com
dx
dz
dt x=144
= 23
9
17
m s 1
428
Ex 15.4
11.1 kmh1
y
17(a)
d
dr
= x
(r 2 ) = 2r
dy
dt
dy
dx
dy
dt
5
3
dx
dt
16(i)
h after B reaches P
dt t=1
dx
t = ( ) + =
xy
2x = 7x 7y
7y = 5x
15(ii)
16(ii)
5 dx
= ,
3 dt
LHS
=?
dx
5
7
7
= ms
dx
dt
dx
dt
1
= lim
r0
= 2r
= RHS
B (0,30) at t = 0
17(b)
P A (0,0) at t = 0
1
29225t2 +3600t+900
9225t+1800
( r 3 ) = 4r 2
dr 3
=
=
(18450t + 3600)
9225t2 +3600t+900
( r 3 )
dr 3
d
dr
dt
9225t+1800
V
r0 r
= lim
= lim
9225t2 +3600t+900
87.2 kmh
(4r2 )r
r
V
(Surface Area) (breadth)
(r)
(4r 2 )
V = (4r 2 )r
dx
|
87.2 kmh1
dt t=1
= lim 4r 2
r0
4 2
(V)
r0
dx
LHS
= lim 2r
dt
A (length) (breadth)
(2r) (r)
A = (2r)r
A(75t, 0)
B(0,30 + 60t)
= 5625t 2
(2r)r
r0
dx
7
dy
(r 2 )
d
(A)
dr
A
= lim
r0 r
d
dr
= RHS
sleightofmath.com
429
Rev Ex 15
A2(ii) For tangents:
m1 m2
Rev Ex 15
A1(i)
10
y=
dy
( |
dx
dy
10
x2
dx x=3
1
10
3
3=
(3, )
3
1
dy
|
dx x=3
=1
10
2 1
3
A3(i)
19
dy
y y1
= dy
(x x1 )
3
1
9
19
9
19
9
19
(x 3)
x
x
Gradient:
27
19
62
57
x2
1 =
10
x2
2
7
2
7
dy
10
2
dx
y|x=2 =
10
2
=3
(2,3)
8y = x 2 kx + 17
1
17
= x 2 kx +
y
dy
= 9(1)2 5 = 4
dx x=1
dy
dx x=1
(x x1 )
dy
dx x=1
9x 2 5
=4
2
x 1
=0
(x 1)(x + 1) = 0
x=1
or
x = 1
(taken)
y|x=1 = 3(1)3 5(1) + 4
=6
(1,6)
x=2
= 3
(2, 3)
A2(i)
dy
x
=4
x = 2
or
y|x=2 =
A(1,2)
= 64
= 64
=0
=0
=2
Tangent: y y1
10
= 9x 2 5
Tangent
Point:
dx x=3
dx
= 1
y = 3x 3 5x + 4
dx
dy
(k + 6)(k 10)
k 2 4k 60
k 2 4k + 4
(k 2)2
k
Normal:
dx x=5
1
y|x=3 =
Gradient:
) ( |
Normal
Point:
= 1
dy
= x k
dx
Tangent gradient at x = 3, x = 5:
dy
= (3) k
dx x=3
8
1
8
1
= (6 + k)
8
dy
dx x=5
4
5
8
1
= (5) k
=
4
1
k
8
= (10 k)
8
sleightofmath.com
430
Rev Ex 15
Curve
A5
y = ax +
dy
dx
=a
dy
x2
dx
mnorm = dy
dx x=2
1
b
a 2
2
1
b
a
4
4
4ab
V=
dp
b
(2)
A6(ii)
dp
b = 14 4a
(1)
dV
= 3,
dV
dp
60
=1
p2
dV
dt p=20
=?
dp
dt
dp
dt
At p = 20,
dV
= 2x +
6
x
60
202
= 0.45 units 3 s 1
A7(i)
for a = 2, b = 6
2x + 11
dt p=20
A4(ii) Point Q
At Q, normal (y = 2x + 11) meets y = 2x +
4x + 11
p2
= 2
2
= 4a b (2)
(1)
sub
into (2):
2
= 4a (14 4a)
2
= 4a 14 + 4a
2
= 8a 14
16
= 8a
a
=2
b|a=2 = 14 4(2)
=6
60
Equate gradients,
dt
4ab
60
dt p=20
= 7 2a
4ab
2
2x2 4x
(x1)2
2x(x2)
(x1)2
Curve at P(2,7):
(x1)2
4x2 4x 2x2
(x1)2
dV
(7) = a(2) +
=
=
Normal
y + 2x = 11
y
= 2x + 11
mnorm = 2
x1
2x2
y=
dA
dt
(t)
r 2 = (4)(16)
= 64
64
r2
64
=0
4x 2 11x + 6 = 0
(x 2)(4x 3) = 0
x = 2 (taken) or x =
3
4
3
3
4
y|x=3 = 2 ( ) +
4
19
2
3 19
Q( , )
4
sleightofmath.com
431
dA
dt
dr
= 4, |
dt t=16
Rev Ex 15
B1(i)
=?
y=
dy
A = r 2
dA
dr
dx
x
x2
d
dt
dA
dr
4 = 2r
dr
dt
dr
dt
dr
dt
2
r
=
64
At t = 16, r = ,
dr
dt t=16
A8(i)
d
dt
ds
= ,
2 dt
=
64
2
(
=?
2
8
ds
(x2)
x2
x2
dt
d
(x2)
dx
[2(x2)
x]
x2
1
2x2
1
2x2
(2x4
x)
x2
(x4)
x2
x4
2(x2)
[proven]
Point:
y|x=4 =
(4)
(4)2
4
2
= 22
(4,22)
Gradient: dy
x
2x2
B1(ii) Normal
=8
ds
1
1
2x2
x2
1
2x2
1
|
dx x=4
ds
x21
cm s 1
s = r [arc length]
= 8 r = 8
= 2r
=
dA
x2dx(x)
Normal:
(4)4
2((4)2)
x=4
dt
= (8) ( )
2
= 4 cm s 1
A8(ii)
d
dt
dA
= ,
2 dt
=?
A = r 2 [sector area]
2
1
= (8)2
r=8
= 32
dA
d
dA
dt
= 32
=
dA
d
d
dt
= (32) ( )
2
= 16 cm2 s 1
sleightofmath.com
432
Rev Ex 15
B2(b) Tangent
y = 2x 16
mtan = 2
= 2ax + b
Curve
y = ax 3 + bx
dy
= 2a + b
dy
Gradient of tangent at x = 2
mtan =
mtan =
dx x=1
dx
= a(1)2 + b(1) + 2
= 3ax 2 + b
dy
dx x=2
= 3a(2)2 + b = 12a + b
a= b
At point of contact,
y|x=2 = 2(2) 16
= 12
(2, 12)
2nd curve
y = x 2 + 6x + 4
dy
dx
= 2x + 6
(2, 12) lies on curve:
12
= a(2)3 + b(2)
12
= 8a + 2b
12 8a = 2b
b
= 6 4a
1
|
dx x=2
1
2(2)+6
1
2
at (2, 4):
mtan
= mnorm
2a + b
2 ( b) + b
3 2b + b
3 b
=
5
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
b
3
Using gradients,
12a + b
=2
12a + (6 4a) = 2
8a 6
=2
8a
=8
a
=1
b|a=1 = 6 4(1) = 10
2
5
2
a|b=5 = ( ) = 1
2
sleightofmath.com
433
Rev Ex 15
Curve
y = (x + 1)2
dy
B4
Curve
y=
= 2(x + 1)
dy
mtan = 2(x + 1)
dx
dx
= x+
mline =
P(a, b)
dy
dx x=a
=
=
ab
a2
dy
b
a
(x x1 )
dx x=a
b
y (b) = ( ) [x (a)]
a
Tangent line,
mtan mline = 1
1
mtan ( )
= 1
mtan
= 4
Tangent:
x2
Tangent: y y1
Point:
ab
Gradient:
Tangent
Gradient:
Tangent
Point:
Line
4y = x + 3
y
ab
dy
dx x=3
(x a)
yb
yb
= x+b
= x + 2b
a
b
a
b
a
Point Q
At Q, tangent meets x-axis (y = 0)
y
=0
2(x + 1)
= 4
x+1
= 2
x
= 3
(3
y|x=3 =
+ 1)2
=4
(3,4)
y y1 =
x + 2b = 0
a
b
= 2b
x
= 2a
Q(2a, 0)
(x x1 )
[x (3)]
y (4)= (4)
(x + 3)
y 4 = 4
y 4 = 4x 12
y
= 4x 8
Point R
At R, tangent meets y-axis (x = 0)
b
y|x=0 = (0) + 2b
a
= 2b
R(0,2b)
Distance PQ & RP
P(a, b) Q(2a, 0)
R(0,2b)
PQ = (a 2a)2 + (b 0)2
= a2 + b 2
RP = (0 a)2 + (2b b)2
= a2 + b 2
PQ = RP [shown]
B5(i)
v2
60
s= +
ds
ds
30
= +
dv
dv v=45
sleightofmath.com
(45)
30
= +
7
4
km2 h1
434
Rev Ex 15
dp
dt
dA
dp
22
y=
dy
22
2 x
x
22
2 x
x
(
(
22
x2
1)
x2
1
x
) =
= 2,
dt
dy
dt
=
=
dy
dt x=2
22x2
22
2x2 x
x
22x2
dt p=5
=?
1
= (2p) + (3p2 )
2
22x2
22x2
2x2
x
2
3 2
+ p
2
dA
dp
3
(p + p2 )
2
9
3p + p2
2
2x2 22x2
2x2 22x2
dx
dA
dt
22x2
22x2
dA
= 3,
=p
x
1
dx
B6(ii)
B7(ii)
dA
At p = 5,
dt p=5
B8(i)
dx
22x2
3
2x2 22x2
dt
= 3(5) + (5)2
2
= 127.5
=?
dy
dp
dx
dt
dx
dt
dy
= 2,
dt
1.5
=?
y
By similar triangles,
22x2
x2 22x2
1.5
x+y
5
3
2
3
5y = x + y
At x = 2,
dy
dt x=2
7
2222
3
22 2222
26
2218
13
36
13
6
cm s 1
y = x
2
3
= x
7
B7(i)
dy
y = x2
y|x=p = p2
dx
dy
dt
A = (RP)(PQ)
2
1
= [p
2
1
=
=
2
1 2
p
2
dy
dx
3
dx
dt
= ms 1
7
= (p + 1)p2
= (p2 + p3 )
= ( ) (2)
(1)](p2 )
2
1
+ p3
2
dz
dt
d
dt
dx
dt
(x + y)
+
=2 +
=
sleightofmath.com
20
7
dy
dt
6
7
1
ms
435
Ex 16.1
3(i)
Ex 16.1
1(a)
y = x 2 5x + 1
dy
dx
At stationary point,
=0
dx
2x 5 = 0
x
5 2
= 5
(x 2 4) 2
(2x 5) 2
(x 2
4)2
2x 2 8
4x 2 + 10x
(x 2 4)2
2(x 2 5x + 4)
(x 2 4)2
2(x 4)(x 1)
(x 2 4)2
y = 5 6x + x 2
dx
d
d
(2x 5) (2x 5) (x 2 4)
dx
dx
(x 2 4)2
2x 2 + 10x 8
=
(x 2 4)2
(2 , 5 )
dy
(x 2 4)
y|x=5 = ( ) 5 ( ) + 1
1(b)
x2 4
dy
dx
= 2x 5
dy
2x5
y=
= 6 + 2x
At stationary point,
dy
3(ii)
=0
dx
dy
6 + 2x = 0
x
=3
y|x=3
= 6 + 2(3)
= 4
(3,
4)
2(i)
y=
At stationary point,
dx
2(x4)(x1)
(x2 4)2
dx
4(i)
y = 2x 3 9x 2 + 12x 4
2x+1
dy
x1
=
=
=
(x1)
d
(2x+1)
dx
(2x+1)
(x1)2
(2x+1)(1)
(x1)2
2x1
(x1)2
(x1)(2)
2x2
4(ii)
At stationary point,
dy
=0
dx
= 6x 2 18x + 12
= 6(x 2 3x + 2)
= 6(x 1)(x 2) [shown]
d
(x1)
dx
6(x 1)(x 2) = 0
x = 1 or x = 2
y|x=1 = 1
y|x=2 = 0
(1,1)
(2,0)
= (x1)2
2(ii)
=0
x = 4 or x = 1
dx
dy
=0
d2 y
dx2
d2 y
= 12x 18
|
=6 >0
dx2 x=1
d2 y
dx2 x=2
sleightofmath.com
min pt (2,0)
436
Ex 16.1
6(b)
y = (x 5)7 + x
y = x 4 8x 2 + 2
dy
dy
= (x 5)
dx
dx
=
=
=
=
5(ii)
7 + x + dx (x 5) 7 + x
1
= (x 5)
dx
27+x
(1) +(1)
At stationary point,
7 + x
dy
dx
3x+9
27+x
+7 + x
27+x
x5
4x 3 16x
=0
x 3 4x
=0
2
x(x 4)
=0
x(x + 2)(x 2) = 0
x=0
or x = 2
or x = 2
y|x=0 = 2
y|x=2 = 14
y|x=2 = 14
(0,2)
(2, 14)
(2, 24)
+2(7+x)
27+x
x5
+14+2x
27+x
3x+9
27+x
d2 y
=0
=0
d2 y
= 3
dy
3+
sign
dx
= 3x 2 24x + 36
dy
=0
2
3x 24x + 36 = 0
x 2 8x + 12
=0
(x 2)(x 6) = 0
x=2
or x = 6
y|x=2 = 32 y|x=6 = 0
(2,32)
(6,0)
At stationary point,
=0
2
3x 12
=0
2
x 4
=0
(x + 2)(x 2) = 0
x = 2
or x = 2
y|x=2 = 16
y|x=2 = 16
(2,16) (2, 16)
d2 y
dx2
d2 y
dx2
d2 y
= 6x
2|
dx x=2
d2 y
dx2 x=2
= 6x 24
|
= 12 < 0
max. pt (2,32)
= 12 > 0
min. pt (6,0)
dx2 x=2
d2 y
d2 y
= 32 > 0
dx
dx
At stationary point,
= 3x 2 12
dy
max pt (0,2)
= x(x 6)2
= x(x 2 12x + 36)
= x 3 12x 2 + 36x
dy
y = x 3 12x
dx
= 32 > 0
dx
dy
dx2 x=2
min pt
6(a)
= 16 < 0
dx2 x=2
d2 y
6(c)
3
dx2 x=0
d2 y
Sign Test:
x
= 12x 2 16
dx2
=0
dx
x5
At stationary point,
dy
= 4x 3 16x
= 12 < 0
= 12 > 0
max pt (2,16)
dx2 x=6
sleightofmath.com
437
y = 2x +
Ex 16.1
18
7(b)
y = x2 +
= 2x + 18x 1
dy
dy
= 2x + 16(x 2 )
dx
= 2 18x 2
=2
= x 2 + 16x 1
= 2 + 18(x 2 )
dx
16
= 2x 16x 2
18
= 2x
x2
16
x2
At turning point,
At stationary point,
dy
dy
=0
dx
18
=0
x2
=0
dx
2x
18
16
=0
x2
2x
x2
16
x2
x
=9
x2 9
=0
(x + 3)(x 3) = 0
x = 3
or
x=3
y|x=3 = 12
y|x=3 = 12
(3, 12) (3,12)
2x
= 16
x3 8
=0
2
(x 2)(x + 2x + 4) = 0
x=2
y|x=2 = 12
(2,12)
d2 y
d2 y
dx2
= 18(2x 3 )
=
d2 y
dx2
d2 y
|
|
dx2
36
=2+
x3
x=3
dx2 x=3
= 2 16(2x 3 )
36
27
36
26
<0
>0
d2 y
dx2 x=2
32
x3
min pt (3,12)
sleightofmath.com
438
Ex 16.1
4x2 +9
y=
7(d)
= 4x +
dy
dx
= 4x + 9x 1
x2
y=
x+1
=
=
dy
= 4 + 9(x 2 )
dx
= 4 9x 2
=4
dx
9
4x 2
or
x=
y|x=3 = 12
d2 y
dx2
( , 12) ( , 12)
dx2
= 9(2x
=
d2 y
dx2 x=3
2
=0
(x+1)2
d
(x2 +2x)
dx
(x2 +2x)
d
(x+1)2
dx
(x+1)4
(x+1)2 (2x+2)
(x2 +2x)2(x+1)
(x+1)4
(x2 +2x)(2)
(x+1)(2x+2)
(x+1)3
2x2 +4x+2
2x2 4x
(x+1)3
d2 y
3 )
x3
=
=
18
dx2 x=3
=0
y|x=3 = 12
=0
x=0
or x = 2
y|x=0 = 0
y|x=2 = 4
(0,0)
(2, 4)
(x + ) (x ) = 0
d2 y
x2
(x+1)2
dx
x2 +2x
(x+1)2
x(x+2)
(x+1)2
=0
4
3
(x+1)2
2x2 +2x
dy
=9
9
x=
(x+1)2
(x+1)(2x) x2 (1)
At stationary point,
=0
x2
d
(x+1)
dx
x2 +2x
=0
x2
x2
dy
d
(x2 )
dx
= (x+1)2
At stationary point,
(x+1)
16
3
16
3
<0
>0
= (x+1)3
max pt ( , 12)
2
d2 y
min pt ( , 12)
2
dx2 x=0
d2 y
=2 >0
dx2 x=2
sleightofmath.com
= 2 < 0
min pt (0,0)
max pt (2, 4)
439
Ex 16.1
x
1
2
x +1 x
+0x +0
(x 2 +x)
x
+0
(x 1)
1
8(i)
y = 8x +
= 8x + x
2
dy
= 8 + (2x 3 )
dx
= 8 x 3
x2
y=
=8
x+1
= (x 1) +
At stationary point,
dy
=0
dx
dx
= 1 (x + 1)2
x3
= 1 (x+1)2
At stationary point,
dy
=0
x3
1
x3
1
8
1
2
y|x=1 = 6
=0
dx
1
x3
1
x+1
= (x 1) + (x + 1)1
dy
1
2x2
1 2
( , 6)
1 (x+1)2 = 0
1
= (x + 1)2
1
= x 2 + 2x + 1
0
= x 2 + 2x
x(x + 2) = 0
x=0
or x = 2
y|x=0 = 0
y|x=2 = 4
(0,0) (2, 4)
8(ii)
d2 y
= (3x 4 )
dx2
=
d2 y
3
x4
dx2 x=1
= 48 > 0
d2 y
dx2
min pt ( , 6)
2
= (x+1)3
y = x 3 6x 2 + 3
dy
dx
d2 y
dx2 x=0
d2 y
2|
=2 >0
dx x=2
= 2 < 0
min pt (0,0)
9(ii)
= 3x 2 12x
At stationary point,
dy
max pt (2, 4)
=0
dx
2
3x 12x = 0
x 2 4x = 0
x(x 4) = 0
x = 0 or x = 4
9(iii)
dy
<0
dx
3x 2 12x < 0
x(x 4) < 0
+
+
4
sleightofmath.com
440
y=
Ex 16.1
2x1
11(ii) At k = 12,
x2 +2
x =
dy
dx
(x 2 + 2)(2)
(x 2
(2x 1)(2x)
+ 2)2
2x 2 + 4
dy
4x 2 + 2x
dx2
d2 y
(x 2 + 2)2
= 36 > 0
min pt (1, 9)
12
y = ax +
b
x2
= ax + bx 2
2(x 2)(x + 1)
(x 2 + 2)2
dy
= a + b(2x 3 )
dx
=a
2b
x3
Curve at (3,5):
= 36x 2
dx2 x=1
2(x 2 x 2)
(x 2 + 2)2
dy
= 1
= 12x 3 + 12
dx
d2 y
2x 2 + 2x + 4
=
(x 2 + 2)2
=
12
y = 3x 4 + 12x
y|x=1 = 9
stationary pt (1, 9)
d
d
(x 2 + 2) (2x 1) (2x 1) (x 2 + 2)
dx
dx
=
(x 2 + 2)2
=
12
5 = 3a +
=0
b
9
=0
= 5 3a
b = 45 27a
(1)
x = 2 or x = 1
10(iii)
At stationary pt (3,5):
dy
dx
2(x2)(x+1)
(x2 +2)2
(x2)(x+1)
(x2 +2)2
>0
dy
>0
<0
(x 2)(x + 1) < 0
a
(x 2 + 2)2 > 0
+ +
1 2
27
=0
=0
=0
(2)
dx x=3
2b
a (3)3
2b
2(4527a)
27
2(9)(53a)
27
=0
=0
y = 3x 4 + kx
a (5 3a) = 0
dy
3a 10 + 6a = 0
9a
= 10
dx
= 12x + k
At stationary pt:
dy
10
9
b|a=10 = 15
=0
dx
=
9
12x + k = 0
x3
x
=
3
k
12
k
12
only 1 stationary pt
sleightofmath.com
441
Ex 16.1
14(ii) At a = 9,
dy
= 4x 4
dy
d2 y
=0
dx
15(i)
dy
= a 2b(2x 1)2
2b
= a (2x1)2
(2,7) lies on curve,
(7) = a(2) +
7
At turning pt (1,3):
dy
= 21 6a
2b
=0
(2)
2(216a)
9
2(72a)
3
=0
=0
3a 14 + 4a = 0
7a
= 14
a
=2
=0
6(3) + 2a(3) = 0
54 6a
=0
a
=9
b|a=9 = 8
=0
2b
At stationary pt (3,19):
|
(1)
a (2(2)1)2 = 0
= 6x 2 + 2ax
dx x=3
2
b
3
= 7 2a
dx x=2
Curve at (3,19):
(19) = 2(3)3 + a(3)2 + b
19 = 54 + 9a + b
b
= 73 9a
dy
b
2(2)1
At stationary pt (2,7):
y = 2x 3 + ax 2 + b
dx
= 2a +
b
3
b
=0
3 + 2a + 1 = 0
2a
= 4
a
= 2
b|a=2 = 3
dy
dx
= 3x + 2ax + 1
b
2x1
= ax + b(2x 1)1
14(i)
y = ax +
dx x=1
= 18 < 0
max pt (3,19)
dy
dx2 x=3
4x 4 = 0
x
=1
y|x=1 = 3
turning pt (1,3)
dx
= 12x + 18
dx2
At turning point,
dy
= 6x 2 + 18x
dx
d2 y
sleightofmath.com
442
Ex 16.1
16(ii) Curve at (1,1):
1
= 12 (1 k)2
1
= 1 2k + k 2
0
= k 2 2k
k 2 2k = 0
k(k 2) = 0
k=0
or k = 2
(rej k 0)
15(ii) At a = 2 & b = 9,
y = 2x +
dy
dx
9
2x1
18
= 2 (2x1)2
At stationary point,
dy
=0
dx
18
2 (2x1)2
=0
= (2x1)2
18
y = x 2 (x 2)2
dy
(2x 1)2
=9
2
4x 4x + 1 = 9
4x 2 4x 8 = 0
x2 x 2
=0
(x 2)(x + 1) = 0
x=2
or x = 1
(taken)
y|x=1 = 5
(1, 5)
dx
At stationary point,
dy
dx
=0
dx
2x(x 2)(2x 2) = 0
2x(x 1)(x 2) = 0
x=0
or x = 1
or
y|x=0 = 0
y|x=1 = 1
(0,0)
(1,1)
dy
= 2x(x 2)(2x 2)
dx
= 2x(2x 2 6x + 4)
= 4x 3 12x 2 + 8x
2nd derivative
dx2
= 18[2(2x 1)3 ]
= 18[2(2x 1)
=
d2 y
d
dx
(2x 1)
3 ]
. (2)
2nd derivative
d2 y
72
(2x1)3
dx2
dx2 x=2
d2 y
= >0
3
y=x
dy
dx
2 (x
k)
=x
d
dx
d2 y
[(x k)
d2 y
2]
d
dx
= x 2(x k)
+2x
= 2x(x k)(2x k)
(x 2 )
=8 >0
=8 >0
(x k)
dx2 x=2
(x k)2
min pt (0,0)
dx2 x=1
= 12x 2 24x + 8
dx2 x=0
(2,7) is min pt
16(i)
x=2
y|x=2 = 0
(2,0)
18
= 2 (2x1)2
= 2 18(2x 1)
d2 y
= 2x(x 2)(2x 2)
min pt (2,0)
16(iv)
= 2 ( 2)2
(1,1)
(0,0)
sleightofmath.com
(2,0)
443
y=
dy
dx
1
20
Ex 16.1
x 5 x 3 + 3x 2
6
1 4
x
4
7 2
x
2
dy
dx
+ 6x
At stationary point,
At stationary point,
dy
dx
1 4
x
4
4
dy
+ 6x
3x 2 12x + 9 = 0
x 2 4x + 3 = 0
(x 1)(x 3) = 0
x=1
or
x=3
y|x=1 = 0
y|x=3 = 4
(1,0)
(3, 4)
=0
x 14x + 24x = 0
x(x 3 14x + 24) = 0
x(x
18(i)
Curve
y = x 3 + ax 2 + bx + c
2nd derivative
d2 y
dx2
=0
dx
=0
7 2
x
2
2
= 3x 2 12x + 9
d2 y
= 6x 12
|
= 6 < 0
max pt (1,0)
=6 >0
min pt (3, 4)
dx2 x=1
d2 y
dx2 x=3
18(iii) Tangent
Recall
y = x 3 6x 2 + 9x 4
dy
dx
Point:
Gradient:
Tangent:
&
= 3x 12x + 9
y|x=0 = 4
(0,4)
dy
dx x=0
y y1
=9
=
dy
dx x=0
(x x1 )
(x 0)
y (4) = 9
y
= 9x 4
sleightofmath.com
444
Ex 16.2
1(d)
Ex 16.2
1(a)
dy
dx
12x
dy
=0
dx
13x
=4>0
=0
1
min
Sign test
x
= x 2 + (2x 1)2
= x 2 + (4x 2 4x + 1)
= 5x 2 4x + 1
dy
dx
dx
At stationary value,
dy
y=
dy
=0
dx
dx
10x 4 = 0
dx2
=
5
(x2 +1)
d
d
(x) x (x2 +1)
dx
dx
(x2 +1)2
(x2 +1)1
x2x
(x2 +1)2
x2 +1
2x2
(x2 +1)2
dy
= 4(x 2) (1)
4(x 2)3 = 0
x
=2
Sign test
x
dy
= 4[3(x 2)
= 12(x 2)
|
dx2 x=2
2]
=0
1x
=0
(x + 1)(x 1) = 0
x = 1 or x = 1
=0
dx
=0
dx
1x2
(x2 +1)2
2
dy
+1)2
At stationary value,
At stationary value,
d2 y
1x2
= 4(x 2)3
dx2
= (x2
= 10 > 0
y = (x 2) + 3
d2 y
dx
1+
x2 +1
min
dy
sign +
max
= 10x 4
1(e)
d2 y
1 2x
12x
d2 y
dy
(x) 1 2x
+ 1 2x
12x
13x
At stationary value,
d
dx
(2) + 1
4x 8 = 0
x
=2
dx2
1(c)
212x
x
=0
dx
1(b)
At stationary value,
1 2x
dx
=x
= 4x 8
dy
=x
dx
y = 2x 2 8x + 3
dy
y = x1 2x
dx
(1)
sign
1+
min at x = 1
dy
=0
dx
not max/min
1+
sign
max at x = 1
sleightofmath.com
445
Ex 16.2
2x + y = 10
y
= 10 2x
4(iii)
dA
= 8 + 800(x 2 )
dx
= 8 800x 2
=8
At stationary value,
dA
dA
dx
= 10 4x
At stationary value,
dA
800
dx
dx
d2 A
d2 A
Fence = 36
2x + y = 36
y
= 36 2x [shown]
3(ii)
A = xy
= x(36 2x)
= 36x 2x 2 [shown]
3(iii)
dA
5(i)
dx2
By Pythagoras Theorem,
Height = (5x)2 [
=0
4(ii)
= 25x 2 9x 2
= 4x
Area of trapezium
= 4 < 0
A = (height)(sum of bases)
2
1
= (4x)[(6x + y) + y]
2
(6x+y)y 2
= (5x)2 (3x)2
max
4(i)
= 1.6 > 0
Wire length
= 104
y + 5x + 5x + (6x + y) = 104
16x + 2y
= 104
2y
= 104 16x
y
= 52 8x
36 4x = 0
x
=9
d2 A
x3
min
At stationary value,
dx
1600
dx2 x=10
= 36 4x
dA
= 800(2x 3 )
=
<0
max
dx
x2
x
= 100
x = 10 or x = 10 (rej x > 0)
dx2
2 = 4
800
10 4x = 0
x
= 2.5
A|x=2.5 = 12.5
d2 A
=0
x2
=0
x2
=0
dx
3(i)
800
A = xy
= x(10 2x)
= 10x 2x 2
50
x
= 2x(6x + 2y)
y = 52 8x,
A = 2x[6x + 2(52 8x)]
= 2x(104 10x)
= 208x 20x 2 [shown]
A = 8x + 2xh + 2(8)h
50
50
= 8x + 2x ( ) + 2(8) ( )
= 8x +
800
x
+ 10 [shown]
= 8x + 800x 1 + 10
sleightofmath.com
446
dA
dx
= 208 40x
Ex 16.2
7
y = 2x 3 12x 2 + x + 9
dy
dx
= 6x 2 24x + 1
At stationary value,
dA
=0
dx
= dy
208 40x = 0
x
=
=
y|x=5.2
d2 A
dx2
dx
208
40
52
10
= 5.2
= 10.4
dn
dx
= 40 < 0
(12x 24)
24x+1)2
12x24
= (6x2
24x+1)2
x 4 y = 32
y
32
At stationary value,
x4
12x24
(6x2 24x+1)2
= x2 +
32
x4
[shown]
= x + 32x 4
dz
= 2x + 32(4x 5 )
dx
8(i)
= 2x 128x 5
= 2x
128
dx
2x
128
x5
128
x5
d2 z
400
r2
=0
=0
= 2r 2 + 2r (
= 2x
= 2r 2 +
800
r
400
r2
[shown]
= 2r 2 + 800r 1
= 2 128(5x 6 )
=2+
d2 z
Area
A = 2r 2 + 2rh
2x 6
= 128
6
x
= 64
x = 2 or
x=2
(rej x > 0)
dx2
Volume
V
= 400
2
r h = 400
h
x5
At stationary value,
dz
=0
12x 24
=0
x
=2
y|x=2 = 21
P(2, 21)
z = x2 + y
6(ii)
max A
6(i)
1
6x2 24x+1
2
dx2 x=2
640
x6
= 12 > 0
min z
sleightofmath.com
447
Ex 16.2
1st derivative
dA
dr
9(ii)
= 4r + 800(r
1st derivative
dA
2 )
dx
= 4r 800r 2
800
= 4r 2
r
= 4x 108x 2
4r
800
dA
4x
800
4x
r2
4r
r 3
= 200
3
=0
dx
=0
r2
x2
At stationary value,
=0
dr
108
= 4x
At stationary value,
dA
= 4x + 108(x 2 )
108
x2
=0
=
108
x2
x
= 27
x
=3
h|x=3 = 2
200
3.99cm
2nd derivative
d2 A
2nd derivative
d2 A
dr2
dx2
= 4 800(2r 3 )
= 4 +
=4+
1600
r3
d2 A
Volume
x(2x)h = 36
h
=
=
2x2
18
By Pythagoras Theorem,
25x2
16
= x
4
Perimeter PQRST = 30
2x + 2y +2RS = 30
x+y
+ RS
= 15
5
x + y + ( x) = 15
4
= 2x + 6x ( 2 )
= 12 > 0
3x 2
18
108
x3
RS = x 2 + ( ) =
x2
216
min
10
36
dx2 x=3
Area
A = 2[x(2x) + xh + 2xh]
= 2(2x 2 + 3xh)
= 2x 2 + 6xh
= 2x 2 +
= 4 108(2x 3 )
= 15 x
4
[shown]
A = triangle STR
= 2x 2 + 108x 1
3x
2
3 2
x
4
3 2
x
4
3 2
x
4
= (2x) ( )
+2xy
+2xy
=
=
= 30x
sleightofmath.com
+ rectangle PQRT
+2x (15 x)
+30x
15x2
4
4
9 2
x
2
[shown]
448
Ex 16.2
1st derivative
dA
dx
= 30
15
=0
dx
48x
At stationary value,
dA
48x
=0
dx
30
15
2
15
2
<0
Area
A = xy
= x(40 x)
= 40x x 2
3
2
SN|x=4 = 9
By Pythagoras Theorem,
6x 2
AA = (5x)2 ( ) = 4x
2
A
5x
Volume
= 4500
( area) h = 4500
1
x2
+ (15 x)
= 15 x
11(i)
6000
Perimeter
2x + 2y = 80
y
= 40 x
10(ii) SN = 3x +y
=
12(a) Function
x length
y breadth
max
4
3x
=0
x
= 125
x
=5
A|x=5 = 1800 cm2
x= 0
2nd derivative
dx2
x2
x
=4
A|x=4 = 60 cm2
d2 A
6000
5x
A
6x
dA
x2
=0
dx
40 2x = 0
x
= 20
A|x=20 = 400 m2
11(ii) A = 2(triangle)
= 40 2x
dA
= 4500
375
dx
At stationary value,
(6x)(4x)h = 4500
12x 2 h
1st derivative
+sides
2nd derivative
2
2
d2 A
6000
x
dx2
max
375
x2
= 2 < 0
[shown]
= 24x 2 + 6000x 1
11(iii)
dA
dx
= 48x + 6000(x 2 )
= 48x
6000
x2
sleightofmath.com
449
Ex 16.2
13
Function
E2 R
W (r+R)2
E2 R
(r+R)2
R
kE 2 [(r+R)2 ]
W=k
Area
xy = 16
y
16
1st derivative
dW
Perimeter
P = 2x + 2y
dR
16
= kE [
= 2x + 2 ( )
x
= 2x +
32
x
r + R 2R
]
= kE 2 [
(r + R)3
1st derivative
= 2x + 32(x 2 )
dx
rR
]
= kE 2 [
(r + R)3
= 2 32x 2
=2
32
x2
At stationary value,
At stationary value,
dP
dW
32
x2
32
rR
kE 2 [(r+R)3 ] = 0
=0
=r
=2
x2
=0
dR
=0
dx
d
d
R R (r + R)2
dR
dx
]
(r + R)4
(r + R)2 (1)
R 2(r + R)
]
= kE 2 [
(r + R)4
= 2x + 32x 1
dP
(r + R)2
x2
= 16
x = 4 or x = 4
(rej x > 0)
Sign Test
R
P|x=4 = 16 cm
dW
dR
r
sign +
r
0
r+
2nd derivative
d2 P
dx2
= 32(2x 3 )
=
64
x3
>0 x>0
min P
sleightofmath.com
450
Ex 16.2
Perimeter
15
1
x + 2y + ( ) x = 6
x + 2y +
2
x
=6
2y
=6
x
2
= 6 x ( + 1)
= 3 x ( + 1)
Area
A = rectangle
+semicircle
Rectangle area,
A = xy
2y
x length
y breadth
A area of rectangle
(1)
x 2
2
1
2
2
= xy
+ ( )
= xy
+ x
(1)
By Pythagoras Theorem,
x 2 + y 2 = (2a)2
y 2 = 4a2 x 2
y = 4a2 x 2 or y = 4a2 x 2
(rej y > 0)
(2)
(2)
2
1
8
1
A = x4a2 x 2
A = x [3 x ( + 1)] + x
= 3x ( + 1) x
2 2
= 3x ( + ) x
4
1
+ x
dx
= 3x + ( ) x
4
1
= 3x + ( ) x 2
= 3x (
8
+4
8
) x2
1st derivative
dA
=3(
dx
=3(
+4
8
+4
4
dA
3(
(
)x
= 3(
+4
=
=
dx2
4a2 x 2
(2x) +(1)
+4a2 x 2
x2
+(4a2 x2 )
4a2 x2
4a2 2x2
4a2 x2
=0
=0
x = 2a or x = 2a (rej x > 0)
12
+4
12
)(
+4
36
+4
18
+4
12
) (
+4
= 2 (
+4
8
2 +4
144
8(+4)
Sign Test
[shown]
x
dy
2nd derivative
d2 A
(x) 4a2 x 2
=3
A|x= 12
d
dx
4a 2x 2 = 0
2x 2 = 4a2
x 2 = 2a2
)x = 0
+4
1
24a2 x2
x2
4a2 x2
2
+4
4
(4a2 x 2 )+
4a2 x2
dx
4a2 2x2
)x
=0
dx
d
dx
At stationary value,
) 2x
At stationary value,
dA
=x
=x
+ x 2
dA
8
1
dx
)<0
2a
2a
A is max when x = 2a
i.e. when rectangle is a square
max
sign
2a
sleightofmath.com
451
Ex 16.2
y = 12 x 2
17
A = 2xy
= 2x(12 x 2 )
= 24x 2x 3
dA
dx
= 24 6x
y 2 = 8x
y = 8x or y = 8x
At stationary value,
dy
dA
dx
=0
dx
24 6x 2 = 0
x2 4
=0
x = 2 or x = 2 (NA)
A|x=2 = 32 units 2
d2 A
dx2
d2 A
= 24 < 0
= 22 (
1
2x
)=
2
x
Normal
Point:
(4,2)
Gradient:
m = dy
= 2
dx
x
2
y y1 = m (x x1 )
Normal:
= 12x
dx2 x=2
2 = 8
(4,2)
y 2=
max
y=
x
2
x
2
[x 4]
(x 4) + 2
x
2
(x 4) + 2] meet.
x
2
(x 4) +2
sleightofmath.com
452
Ex 16.2
18
b2
b2
P ( , b)
8
b2
= (
= (
=
b2
8
1
64
64
dD
db
4) + (b 2)2
b 4 b 2 + 16) + (b 2 4b + 4)
b 4 4b + 20
1
1
2 b4 4b+20
64
1
2 b4 4b+20
64
1
64
1
16
(4b3 ) 4]
b3 4)
At min point:
dD
db
1 3
b
16
1 3
b
16
3
b
b
a=
=0
4 =0
=4
= 64
=4
42
8
=2
(2,4)
sleightofmath.com
453
Rev Ex 16
A3
Rev Ex 16
A1
y = (x 2)5 x
dy
= (x 2)
dx
= (x 2)
=
=
=
=
2x
d
dx
5 x
1
25x
Function
p2 q = 9
(1)
d
dx
(x 2) 5 x
+(1)
2x
9
p2
z = 16p + 3q
9
= 16p + 3 ( 2 )
5 x
= 16p +
+5 x
25x
27
p2
= 16p + 27p2
+2(5x)
25x
2x
1st derivative
+102x
dz
25x
dp
123x
= 16 + 27(2p3 )
= 16 54p3
25x
= 16
54
p3
At stationary value,
dy
dx
123x
25x
=0
At stationary value,
=0
dp
=4
16
dz
y = 4x +
= 4x + 27x
= 16
d2 z
27
dp2
x2
At turning point,
162
p4
>0p>0
min z
=0
dx
8x
27
x2
8x
8x
3 2
2
( )
= 54(3p4 )
=
dy
=4
2nd derivative
= 8x 27x 2
= 8x
8
3
2
q|p=3 =
= 8x + 27(x 2 )
dx
27
p3
dy
=0
p3
p3
27
54
54
=2
A2(i)
=0
=0
=
A4(i)
27
x2
= 27
3
2
y|x=3 = 27
Wire length
= 2400
4(length + breadth + height) = 2400
4(3x + x + h)
= 2400
4(4x + h)
= 2400
4x + h
= 600
h
= 600 4x
( , 27)
2
A2(ii)
d2 y
dx2
= 8 27(2x 3 )
=8+
d2 y
dx2 x=3
54
x3
= 24 > 0
A4(ii) Volume
V = 3x(x)h
= 3x 2 h
= 3x 2 (600 4x)
= 12x 2 (150 x)
= 1800x 2 12x 3
min pt ( , 27)
2
sleightofmath.com
454
Rev Ex 16
A6(i)
= 3600x 36x
Volume = 100
2x(x)h = 100
h
50
2x
x2
At turning value,
dV
=0
dx
3600x 36x 2 = 0
x 2 100x
=0
x(x 100)
=0
x = 0 or x = 100
(rej x > 0)
2nd derivative
d2 V
= 3600 72x
dx2
A6(ii)
= 4x
= 4x
dS
dx
d2 V
dx2
x=100
50
= 4x 2
+6x ( 2 )
x
300
x
[shown]
+300x 1
= 8x + 300(x 2 )
= 8x 300x 2
= 3600 < 0
= 8x
max V
300
x2
At stationary value,
A5(i)
dS
=0
dx
8x
dx
3 75
2
x=
2
75
d2 S
134
= 8 300(2x 3 )
=8+
>0
min
= 2x 50 + 2x
= 4x 50
x2
75
3
dx2
= 2x +2(25 x)(1)
300
A6(iii)
=0
=
x2
8x
S|
A5(ii) Total area
A = x2 + y2
= x 2 + (25 x)2 [shown]
300
600
x3
x>0
At stationary value:
dA
=0
dx
4x 50 = 0
x
50
4
= 12.5
2nd derivative
d2 A
dx2
=4>0
min
sleightofmath.com
455
Rev Ex 16
Perimeter
B1(i)
y = x2 +
x + x + (2r) = 80
= 80
= 80 r
dy
dx
= 40 r
= 2x
Area
A = semicircle + triangle
1
2
1
2
1
dy
+ (40 r)
2
1
1 1 2
2
r2
2 2
2x
A7(ii)
dA
=0
x3
16
x3
x
= 16
x=2
or
y|x=2 = 8
(2,8)
= r + [2(80 r)] ()
dr
32
x3
=0
dx
= r 2 + ( ) (80 r)2
=
32
At stationary point,
= r 2 + x 2
= r
= 2x + 16(2x 3 )
= 2x 32x 3
x2
= 2x + 16x 2
2x + r
2x
16
x = 2
y|x=2 = 8
(2,8)
= r (80 r)
4
= r 20 +
= ( +
2
4
2
4
B1(ii)
dx2
( +
d2 y
=0
(1 + ) r
= 20
4+
4
)r
= 20
80
+4
11.2
A7(iii)
d2 A
dr2
=+
2
4
>0
min
dx2 x=2
d2 y
) r 20 = 0
(1 + ) r 20
= 2x 32(3x 4 )
=2+
) r 20
At stationary value,
2
d2 y
96
x4
=8>0
dx2 x=2
= 4 < 0
min pt (2,8)
max pt (2,8)
B2(i)
y=
4
2x
= 4(2 x)1
9
x3
+9(x 3)1
dy
dx
= 4 [(2 x)2
d
dx
d
dx
(x 3)]
(x3)2
= (2x)2
d2 y
dx2
= 4 [2(2 x)3
d
dx
(2 x)]
9 [2(x 3)3
= (2x)3
sleightofmath.com
d
dx
(x 3)]
+ (x3)3
456
Rev Ex 16
B4(i)
AR =
=0
dx
4
(2x)2
4
(x2)2
(x3)2
=0
=
4(x 3)2
4(x 2 6x + 9)
4x 2 24x + 36
5x 2 12x
x(5x 12)
x=0
By Pythagoras Theorem,
9
(x3)2
y|x=0 = 1
AS
[ (10)]
S Q 13cm
h
13cm P
C
R
10cm
PQ
BC
x
10
6
12 h = x
5
12
12
12
AR
12h
By similar triangles,
y|x=12 = 25
(0, 1)
(13)2
BR2
= 12
= 9(x 2)2
= 9(x 2 4x + 4)
= 9x 2 36x + 36
=0
=0
or x =
AB 2
= 12 x
5
= (10 x)
, 25)
dx2 x=0
d2 y
dx2
B3
12
x=
5
625
3
min pt (0, 1)
= >0
<0
max pt (
12
5
A = xh
2
1
Function
x length
y breadth
dx
dA
dx
d2 A
1st derivative
dx2
= l 2x
dA
B5(i)
BC
4x
l 2x= 0
2x
= l
= l
4
y|x=1l = l = x
= <0
5
=
=
A
3
AB
y
Y
B
3
3
= (4 x)
4
5
C
= x ( ) (4 x)
4
= x(4 x) [shown]
4
= 2 < 0
= 3x x 2
4
max A
Daniel & Samuel
A-math tuition 9133 9982
XP
B5(ii) Area
A = xy
square
2nd derivative
dx2
=6
2
1
=0
By similar triangles,
XC
=0
dx
1
max A
At maximum value,
6x
x
=5
2nd derivative
d2 A
6x
= x ( l x)
= lx x
=0
6x
1
=6
Area
A = xy
1
3x2
At maximum value,
= lx
dx
(10 x) [shown]
dA
2
5
3x
= 6x
Perimeter
2x + 2y = l
2y
= l 2x
y
= x [ (10 x)]
, 25)
sleightofmath.com
457
Rev Ex 16
B6(ii)
dx
= (8 x)
=3 x
At stationary value,
dA
= (8 x)
=0
dx
dA
= (8 x)
3 x=0
2
3
2
=2
1
228x28
28 +(1)
14
28x 28
28x 28
28x28
28x28
14042x
28x 28 + dx (8 x) 28x 28
11214x28x+28
=3
d
dx
28x28
= 3 cm2
2nd derivative
At stationary value:
d2 A
dx
dx2
dA
= <0
14042x
28x28
max A
B6(i)
P
(6 + )
=0
(6 + )
Q
R
(16 2)
By Pythagoras Thm
10
3
x
dy
sign
dx
max
(P Q)2
= (6 + x)2
Sign Test
PP = PQ2
=0
[ (16 2x)]
10
10+
Volume
V
= 250
r 2 h = 250
= 28x 28
= (6 +
x)2
B7(i)
10
(8 x)2
250
r2
Area
A = 2r 2 + 2rh
Area of triangle
1
A = (QR)(PP )
= 2r 2 + 2r (
2
1
= (16 2x)28x 28
= 2r +
= (8 x)28(x 1) [shown]
500
r
250
r
2 )
[shown]
= 2r + 500r 1
= (8 x)28x 28
sleightofmath.com
458
Rev Ex 16
B7(ii) Cost
500
(b)
(0.05)
C = 2r 2 (0.03) +
= 4r 500r 2
= 4r
500
r2
= 0.06r 2
+25r 1
At stationary value,
1st derivative
dA
dC
=0
dr
4r
500
r2
dr
r3
r
= 125
=5
52
r2
dC
= 10
= 4 +
d2 A
dr2 r=5
r2
=0
dr
25
0.12r
0.12r
= 4 500(2r 3 )
dr2
25
At stationary value,
2nd derivative
d2 A
= 0.06r 2 + 25r 2
= 0.12r
500
250
= 0.12r 25r 2
=0
4r
h|r=5 =
r
25
= 0.06r 2
= 25
3
625
h|
5.93
7.11
r3
min
=0
1000
= 4 + 8 > 0
r2
3 625
3
r=
2nd derivative
d2 C
dr2
= 0.12 25(2r 3 )
= 0.12 +
d2 C
dr2 r= 3625
50
r3
1.13 > 0
min
sleightofmath.com
459
Ex 17.1
2(d)
d 1 2 sin x
(
)
dx
cos x
d
cos x (1 2 sin x)
dx
=
Ex 17.1
1(a)
d
dx
(4 sin x 3)
=4
d
dx
(sin x)
d
dx
(3)
= 4 cos x
1(b)
d
dx
1(c)
(x 2 5 cos x)
d
dx
d
dx
= 2x
+5 sin x
(x 2 ) +3
d
dx
(tan x)
2 cos 2 x
+ sin x 2 sin2 x
cos 2 x
3(a)
d
dx
= 8x
+3 sec 2 x
d
dx
(sin x) +3
(cos x)
dx
3(b)
+3( sin x)
= 2 cos x
3 sin x
= 2(2 + 3 sin x)
d
dx
(tan x) +
d
dx
(x) tan x
= x sec x
+1
= x sec 2 x
+ tan x
(x 2
2
=x
d
dx
(cos x)
tan x
d
dx
(x 2 )
cos x
+2x
cos x
3(d)
x sin x
dx
(sin x)
= (x + 1)2 cos x
d
dx
=
=
d
dx
(2 tan x)
1
22tan x dx
1
22tan x
= (x + 1)2
d
dx
cos x)
= 2x cos x
d
3(c)
= x 2 ( sin x)
dx
(2 + 3 sin x)
= 6 cos x (2 + 3 sin x)
dx
d
dx
=x
(1 cos x)
= 2 cos x
dx
dx
dx
(2 sin x + 3 cos x)
=2
2(c)
cos x (2 cos x)
+3 sec x
cos 2 x
(1 2 sin x) ( sin x)
2
cos x
(4x 2 + 3 tan x)
dx
d
(cos x)
dx
= 4(2x)
dx
2(b)
(cos x)
5( sin x)
=4
2(a)
(x 2 )5
= 2x
dx
1(d)
(1 2 sin x)
(2 tan x)
( sec 2 x)
sec2 x
22tan x
(sin x + 2 cos x)
1
2sin x+2 cos x
1
2sin x+2 cos x
cos x2 sin x
2sin x+2 cos x
dx
(sin x + 2 cos x)
(cos x
2 sin x)
+2(x + 1) sin x
4(a)
d
dx
(3 tan 2x) = 3
d
dx
(tan 2x)
= 3 sec 2 2x
d
dx
(2x)
= 3 sec 2 2x (2)
= 6 sec 2 2x
Daniel & Samuel
A-math tuition 9133 9982
sleightofmath.com
460
d
dx
Ex 17.1
dx
[4 sin ( x)] = 4
5(d)
d cos(x + )
[
]
dx
sin 3x
[sin ( x)]
2
2
1
dx 2
1
= 4 cos ( x)
( x)
= 4 cos ( x) ( )
2
1
d
d
cos(x + ) cos(x + ) sin 3x
dx
dx
=
sin2 3x
(sin 3x) [ sin(x + )] cos(x + ) (3 cos 3x)
=
sin2 3x
sin(3x) sin(x + )
3 cos(x + ) cos(3x)
=
2
sin 3x
sin(3x) sin(x + )
+ 3 cos(x + ) cos(3x)
=
sin2 3x
(sin 3x)
= 2 cos ( x)
2
4(c)
d
dx
[cos (2x )]
3
= sin (2x )
3
(2x )
dx
= 2 sin (2x )
3
4(d)
d
dx
sin 3x
= cos(3x)
d
dx
d
dx
cos(4x 5)
+[ sin(4x 5)]
(3x)
5)
= cos(3x) (3)
= 3 cos 3x
d
dx
y = sin 2x
dy
(4x
d
dx
d
dx
+
d
dx
d
dx
+ cos x cos 3x
3 sin x sin 3x
d
dx
tan 5x
d
dx
y = sin x + 2 cos x
dy
d
dx
= (1 + x 2 ) sec 2 5x 5
= 5(1 + x 2 ) sec 2 5x
5(c)
(5x)
+2x
dy
=0
dx
cos x 2 sin x = 0
2 sin x
= cos x
tan 5x
+2x tan 5x
+2x tan 5x
tan x
1
2
0.464
1st or 3rd quadrant
d
x
(
)
dx cos 2x
d
d
(x) x (cos 2x)
dx
dx
=
cos 2 2x
(cos 2x) (1)
x (2 sin 2x)
=
2
cos 2x
cos 2x
+ 2x sin 2x
=
2
cos 2x
1
+ 2x tan x
=
cos 2x
= cos x 2 sin x
At stationary point,
(1 + x 2 )
tan 5x
= (1 + x 2 ) sec 2 5x
=1
= (1 + x 2 )
dx
dx
(2x)
= 2( )
(sin x) cos 3x
= 2 cos
(cos 3x)
dx x=
= sin x
d
dx
5(a)
= (cos 2x)
dx
0 x 2
x = , +
0.464, 3.61
(cos 2x)
8(a)
d
dx
(2 sin3 x) = 2
d
dx
(sin x)3
= 2 3(sin x)2
d
dx
(sin x)
= 2 3 sin x cos x
= 6 sin2 x cos x
= sec 2x (1 + 2x tan x)
sleightofmath.com
461
d
dx
(cos 2 3x) =
Ex 17.1
9(a)
(cos 3x)2
dx
= 2(cos 3x)
dt
d
dx
d
dx
dy
dx
dx
dy
[(tan 5x)2 ]
d
= 4 2 tan 5x
dx
dx
dt
(3)
d
dx
=?
dt x=
6
= 1 sin x
dy
dx
dx
dt
= (1 sin x) 0.2
= 0.2 0.2 sin x
(tan 5x) + 0
dy
y = x + cos x
[4 tan2 (5x) + 3]
=4
= 0.2,
cos 3x
dx
dy
dt x=
At x = ,
(x) +3
1
= 0.2 0.2 ( )
2
= 0.1 unit s 1
[(sin 2x)5 ]
dx
+3 5(sin 2x)4
=1
d
dx
(sin 2x)
9(b)
dx
dt
=1
=1
[x + 3 sin5 (2x)]
dx
dy
=?
30 dt x=
3
y = 1 + sin x
8(e)
d
dx
dy
= (1 + x)
d
dx
(cos 7 2x)
= (1 + x) 7 cos 6 2x
d
dx
+
(cos 2x)
d
dx
dx
(1 + x) cos 7 2x
=
dy
dt
= 2(
= 2(
= 2(
=
d cos 2x 2
(
)
dx 1 x
= 2(
cos 2x
1x
cos 2x
1x
cos 2x
1x
cos 2x
1x
)
)
d
dx
cos 2x
1x
(1x)
d
dx
(1 + sin x)
21+sin x
dy
dx
cos x
21+sin x
dx
dt
30
cos x
601+sin x
dy
dt x=
At x = ,
0.0192 unit s 1
10(a) y = x 2 sin x
d
(cos 2x)
dx
(cos 2x)
dy
d
(1x)
dx
dx
= 1 2 cos x
(1x)2
At stationary value,
2(x1) sin 2x
+cos 2x
(1x)2
dx
1
4(x 1) ( sin 4x)
2
=
(1 x)3
=
=
=
d cos 2 2x
[
]
dx (1 x)2
=
cos 2x
7
1
21+sin x
cos x
+1
(1x)3
=0
1 2 cos x = 0
2 cos x = 1
+ 2 cos 2 2x
cos x
=
+ 2 cos 2 2x
+2 cos2 (2x)
(2x2) sin 4x
dy
0 x :
x = , 2
= ,
3
sleightofmath.com
462
Ex 17.1
10(b) y = x tan x
dy
dx
y = x + 4 tan2 2x
12
= 1 sec 2 x
dy
dx
= 1 + 16 tan 2x sec 2 2x
At stationary point,
dy
=0
dx
1 sec 2 x
sec 2 x
tan2 x + 1
tan x
=0
=1
=0
=0
dy
dx
(0,0)
(, )
(1)
sin 3x
2 cos 3x
y=
dy
dx
(2 cos 3x)
3
2
= 0.983
1st or 3rd quadrant
S
13
2 sin x + 3 cos x = 0
2 sin x
= 3 cos x
=
=0
0 x :
x = , +
= 0.983
cos
3
= 1 + 643
At stationary point,
tan x
= 1 + 16(3)
= 2 sin x + 3 cos x
dx
dy
y = 2 cos x + 3 sin x
dy
= 1 + 16 tan ( ) (
= 1 + 16 tan ( ) sec 2 ( )
0x
x = 0,
dx x=
6 cos 3x 3 cos 2 3x
3 sin2 3x
(2 cos 3x)2
3(sin2 3x + cos 2 3x)
(2 cos 3x)2
6 cos 3x
d
d
(sin 3x) (sin 3x) (2 cos 3x)
dx
dx
(2 cos 3x)2
6 cos 3x
3
(2
cos 3x)2
Tangent to x axis,
11(ii)
d2 y
dx2
d2 y
dy
= 2 cos x 3 sin x
|
dx2 x=0.983
dx
6 cos 3x3
(2cos 3x)2
3.61 < 0
max pt
=0
=0
6 cos 3x 3
6 cos 3x
=0
=3
cos 3x
1
2
0<x<
0 < 3x < 3
3x = , 2 ,
x
Daniel & Samuel
A-math tuition 9133 9982
2 + , 4
3 3
5
3
7
= , ,
= ,
9
sleightofmath.com
463
Ex 17.1
14(ii) Normal:
y = 2x + 1 +
3
= sin x
y|x= = 1 + cos ( )
( ,1 +
6
dy
3
2
=
3
)=
2
dy
dx
( ) [x ( )]
2
= x + + 2 + 3
2
1
12
= x+
1
2
= dy
12
1
|
dx x=
6
y (1 +
3
)
2
y (1 +
3
)
2
= 2x
3
4
1
2
+ 2 + 3
+1+
3
2
3
2
= + 2 + 3
3
2
2x
= 1
(x x1 )
=0
3
2
3
4
Area
1
= (base)
2
1
= 2x + 1 +
(height)
2 6
1 5
= [( + 2 + 3) (
=0
[x ( )]
3
2
= 1
3
2
5
4
5
= (1 +
4
sleightofmath.com
= ( + 3)
2 2
4
= (1 +
3
2
( )
+1+
2x + 1 +
y y1
+1+
Normal at x-axis,
y
=0
2y
x+
(x x1 )
x=
6
2y 2 3 = x +
Normal:
y y1
y (1 +
= sin =
dx x=
12
Tangent at x axis,
y
=0
3
)
2
Tangent:
2
3
)
2
=1+
Gradient:
y= x+
( ,1 +
Tangent:
3
2
3
)
2
3
)
2
3
)]
4
(1 +
(1 +
(1 +
3
)
2
3
)
2
3
)
2
[shown]
464
Ex 17.1
y = 2 sin 2x 1
i.e. a = 2, b = 2, c = 1
=
2
1st or 2nd quadrant
2
b
1
1
3
= 2 sin 2 1
0 < x < 2
0 < 2x < 4
2x = , ,
= ,
Workings
Domain
Axis with
amplitude
Shape
Cycle
0 < x < 2
1 2
+ 2, 3
+ 2
2
5
(taken),
(
16(i)
+sin
20
5
4
, 1)
=2
At turning points,
f (x)
=0
cos x sin x = 0
sin x
= cos x
tan x
=1
=
4
0 x 2
x = , +
= 2(cos 2x)(2)
= 4 cos 2x
= ,
Tangent
Point:
y|x= = 2 sin 1
f ( ) = sin + cos
= 2(1) 1
=1
dy
2
+
2
dx x=
= 4 cos
( , 2)
4
=0
f ( ) = sin
Tangent: y y1 = m(x x1 )
y 1 = (0) [x ( )]
2
2
= 2
( , 1)
Gradient:
=1
4
2
+ cos
5
4
2
2
= 2
(
sleightofmath.com
5
4
, 2)
465
Ex 17.1
0x<
dS
d
or
5
4
At stationary value,
dS
64 cos 2 64 sin
=0
cos 2 sin
=0
2
1 2 sin sin
=0
2 sin2 + sin 1
=0
(2 sin 1)(sin + 1) = 0
< x 2
17(i)
<x<
5
4
cos =
AF
8
BF
8
AF = 8 sin
BF = 8 cos
2nd derivative
d2 S
d
A
8 cm
8 cm
C
B
F
d2 S
d2 =
35.8 < 0
max
+area of rectangle
+(BE)(BC)
= (2 BF)(AF)
+(BE)(2 BF)
2
1
= (BC)(AF)
2
1
= ,
Area
S = area of triangle
0<<
By trigonometry
sin =
sin =
= cos
2
= sin
=0
= cos
2
= sin
y = a tanm (x n )
= a[tan(x n )]m
18
dy
= a m[tan(x n )]m1
+64 cos
= a m[tan(x n )]m1
sec 2 (x n )
= 64 ( sin 2)
+64 cos
= 32 sin 2
+64 cos
= a m[tan(x n )]m1
= amn tanm1 (x n )
sec 2 (x n ) nx n1
sec 2 (x n ) (x n1 )
dx
= 64 sin cos
1
2
dx
[tan(x n )]
d
dx
(x n )
19(i)
y = (k + x) cos x
dy
dx
= (k + x)
d
dx
cos x
= (k + x) ( sin x)
= cos x
d2 y
dx2
= sin x[(k + x)
sleightofmath.com
(k + x) cos x
+1
cos x
(k + x) sin x
d
dx
(sin x) +
d
dx
d
dx
(k + x) sin x]
+1
sin x
sin x]
466
d2 y
dx2
Ex 17.1
22(i)
+y
d
dx
(sec x)=
dx cos x
cos x
cos x(0)
d
cos x
dx
( sin x)
= LHS [shown]
sin x
cos2 x
=(
1
cos x
)(
sin x
cos x
cos2 x
22(ii)
d
dx
3 tan xtan3 x
13 tan2 x
)=
dy
dx x=3
20(iii)
dx
dt
= 2,
=
dt
13 tan2 x
)]|
x=
dy
=3
=?
dy
dx
3
12
y = x + cos x
dx
dy
dt
dx
= 1 sin x
At stationary point,
dy
3.21
sin x cos x (
1sin2 x
2
cos2 x
1 sin x = 0
sin x
=1
1+sin x
1sin x
(1sin x)+(1+sin x)
= sin x cos x (
[sin x cos x (
d
dx
=
1
1+sin x
2 x
x = 2 + , , ,
= 2 tan x
k=2
dx
=0
dx
cos2
dy
(3x)
1.61
= sin x cos x (
21(ii)
3 tan xtan3 x
21(i)
dx
d
dx
= 3 sec 2
23(i)
dy
= 1 2 sec 6 tan 6
dt x=3
(tan 3x)
= sec 2 3x 3
= 3 sec 2 3x
20(ii) y = x sec 2x
dx
d
dx
= sec 2 3x
= sec x tan x
dy
= tan 3x
2 tan x
tan x +
tan x + tan 2x
1 tan2 x
=
=
1 tan x tan 2x 1 tan x ( 2 tan x )
1 tan2 x
cos2 x
13 tan2 x
RHS
d
(1)
dx
3 tan xtan3 x
Show:
1
1sin x
3
2
)]
2 tan x
= 2 sec 2 x
sleightofmath.com
467
Ex 17.1
23(ii) Coordinates
= sin x (1 + cos x)
= sin x + sin x cos x
1
= sin x + sin 2x
2
y|x= = + cos ( )
2
=
2
( , )
1st derivative
2 2
dy
y|x=3 =
2
=
(
3
2
3
2
3
+ cos (
dx
at stationary pt:
2
3
2
dy
cos x + cos 2x
=0
3x
2 cos ( ) cos ( ) = 0
= cos x
dx2
=0
dx
2nd derivative
d2 y
= cos x + cos 2x
3x
cos ( ) = 0
d2 y
dx2 x=
0 x 2:
= cos ( ) = 0
2
cos ( ) = 0
or
3x
2
0 x 2:
x
3:
0 < :
2
d2 y
dx2 x=3
= cos ( )
=0
3
2
3
2
3x
2
3x
23(iv)
= + cos
= , 2 , 2 + , 4
3
= ,
2 2
3
2
3
2
3
2
3
2 2
x
2
x=
2
5
x = , ,
( , )
1 3
( )
2 2
= 3
4
24
d
dx
(sin x) =
=
=
25(i)
25(ii)
d
dx
[sin (
180
180
180
cos (
( , 3)
3 4
x)]
180
x)
=0
(, 0)
cos(x)
3
( , 3)
3 4
= |sin (1 + cos )|
(, 0)
, 3)
4
10
3
2
+ (
2
3
)
2
3
= 3
4
5
3
( , 3)
3
4
= sin (1 + cos )
(
sleightofmath.com
468
Ex 17.1
2nd derivative
d2 y
dx2
d2 y
0600 1800
2.60 < 0
max at ( , 3)
3 4
=0
not max/min (, 0)
2.60 > 0
min at (
dx2 x=
d2 y
y = sin x
= sin x 2 sin 2x
dx2 x=
d2 y
26
dx2 x=5
3
5
3
, 3)
4
sleightofmath.com
1200
0000
469
Ex 17.2
3(b)
Ex 17.2
1(a)
d
dx
(ex + 1) =
dx
dx
1(b)
dx
(4ex 6) = 4
dx
d
=4
dx
x
dy
dx
(ex )
d
dx
3(c)
(6)
d
dx
(xex ) = x
dx
d
(x) ex
3(d)
dx
x
d
dx
ex
( )=
=
d
dx
d x
(e )
dx
ex
xex
= e2x
d
(x)
dx
dy
dx
x2
ex (x1)
4(a)
x2
(e2x ) = e2x
d
dx
(2x)
= e2x (2)
= 2e2x
2(b)
d
dx
dy
dx
d
(e35x )
dx
d
5e35x (3
dx
35x
(5)
(e3x + 7) =
(e3x ) +
dx
3x
=e
d
dx
d
dx
d
dx
(ex + ex ) =
d
dx
x
4(b)
(7)
=e
= ex
= ex
dx
d
(ex )
dx
d
+ex (x)
dx
x (1)
4(c)
+e
ex
=
=
=
dx
= 4e4x1
du
dx
dy
du
du
dx
y = 1 + ex
Let u = 1 + ex
y = u
dx
y = e3x . ex1
= e4x1
dy
= 5u4
(1 + ex )
= 5(x + ex )4 (1 + ex )
= 5(1 + ex )(x + ex )4
dy
3(a)
dy
du
y = (x + ex )5
Let u = x + ex
y = u5
dy
(3x) + 0
(ex ) +
5x)
= e3x 3
= 3e3x
2(d)
= 2u
(ex )
= 2(1 ex ) (ex )
= 2ex (ex 1)
= 5e
= 25e35x
dx
3 3
= e2x
y = (1 ex )2
Let u = 1 ex
y = u2
(5e35x ) = 5
=
2(c)
y = e3x
1
x2
ex 1
2(a)
= 2e22x
= (e3x )2
= xe
+1 e
= ex (x + 1)
1(d)
= ex+3
y = (e1x )2
= e22x
dy
(ex ) +
dx
x
(ex ) 0
= 4e
1(c)
ex
x+3
(1)
= ex + 0
= ex
d
e2x+3
=e
(ex ) +
y=
sleightofmath.com
dy
du
1
2u
1
21+ex
ex
21+ex
du
dx
(ex )
(ex )
470
Ex 17.2
6(a)
y = x + ex
Let u = x + ex
y = u
y=
dy
dx
=
=
=
=
5(a)
dy
du
1
du
dx
6(b)
2x+ex
= (x + 1)
d
dx
(e2x )
= (x + 1) e2x
d
dx
(2x) +
= (x + 1) e2x 2
= e2x [2(x + 1)
= e2x (2x + 3)
5(b)
dx
d
dx
(x + 1) e2x
dx
=e
2x
+1 e2x
+1]
d
dx
(sin x)
(e2x )
dx
2x
+e
d
dx
dy
dx
6(c)
sin x
2x
(ex
3 +2x
dx
x3 +2x
=xe
= x ex
= ex
3 +2x
d
dx
d
dx
(x 3 + 2x) +1
(3x 2 + 2)
+ex
3 +2x
[x(3x 2 + 2)
3
= ex +2x (3x 3 + 2x + 1)
sin x
=
(x) ex
ex
3 +2x
3 +2x
dx
1x
=e
d
dx
d x
(e )
dx
ex
d
(1+e2x )
dx
(1+e2x )2
(1+e2x )ex
ex 2e2x
(1+e2x )2
ex (1+e2x
2e2x )
(1+e2x )2
ex (1e2x )
(1+e2x )2
(cos 2x)
6(d)
+1]
cos x
cos x
d 3x
d
e
e3x cos x
dx
dx
cos 2 x
cos x 3e3x
e3x ( sin x)
cos 2 x
e3x (3 cos x
+ sin x)
2
cos x
y=
x+e2x
ex
dy
dx
+
d
dx
(e1x )
cos 2x
= e1x (2 sin 2x)
+(e1x ) cos 2x
= e1x (2 sin 2x + cos 2x)
e3x
3 +2x
y = e1x cos 2x
dy
1+e2x
dx
=
d
ex
(1+e2x )
y=
3 +2x
=x
dy
(2x) sin x
=e
cos x
+e
(2)
2x
= e (cos x 2 sin x)
5(d)
=
=
2x
y = xex
1+ex
+xex
(1+ex )2
= e2x cos x
5(c)
(x + 1) e2x
y = e2x sin x
dy
x(ex )
(1+ex )2
dx
y = (x + 1)e
dx
dy
2x
dy
y=
d
x
dx
(1+ex )1
(1 + ex )
2x+ex
1+ex
d
(1+ex )
dx
x
2
(1+e )
(1+ex )
(1 + ex )
2u
1
1+ex
dx
dy
sleightofmath.com
d
d
(x + e2x ) (x + e2x ) ex
dx
dx
=
e2x
x (1
2x )
e + 2e
(x + e2x ) ex
=
e2x
2x
(1 + 2e )
(x + e2x )
=
ex
2x
1x+e
=
ex
ex
471
Ex 17.2
y = 2ex + 1
9(ii)
dx
= p,
dt x=1
dy
dx
dy
= 2ex
dx x=1
dx2
d2 y
8(i)
= 2ex
|
dx2 x=1
dt
= 2e
d2 y
dy
dy
y = 3e2x
1
e2x
3
dx
10
1
3e2
p
3e2
dx
dt
dx
dt
= p,
dt x=1
at y = 3:
3e2x = 3
e2x = 1
2x = ln 1
=0
x =0
=?
dx
= (
dt x=1
dt x=1
dy
At x = 1,
= 2e
dy
) (p)
Q = ECeRC
t
dQ
= EC (eRC )
dt
d
dt
= EC (eRC ) (
E
t
RC
1
RC
= eRC
R
8(ii)
dy
dQ
= 3(2e2x )
dx
dt x=3
= 6e2x
11(a)
dy
8(iii)
11(b)
6e2x = 3
1
e2x
2x
= ln ( )
2
1
2
1
2
d2 y
2x )(2)
= 6(e
dx2
(e2x1 + x)3
d
dx
(e2x1 + x)
d 2 + e1x
dx tan 2x
d
d
tan 2x (2 + e1x ) (2 + e1x ) (tan 2x)
dx
dx
=
tan2 2x
= ln ( )
=3
dx
= eRC
= 3(e2x1 + x)2
Gradient is 3,
dy
d
dx
= 6e2
dx x=1
= 12e2x
tan 2x (e1x )
e1x tan 2x
(2 + e1x ) 2 sec 2 2x
tan2 2x
2 sec 2 2x (2 + e1x )
tan2 2x
d2 y
1
2
1
2
2[ ln( )]
= 12e
= 12eln2
1
= 12 ( )
2
= 6
9(i)
y=
dy
dx
e2x
6
1
= (2e2x )
6
= e2x
3
sleightofmath.com
472
Ex 17.2
11(c)
d x cos x
dx e1x2
=
dx
2 d
(x cos x)
dx
x cos x
2
e1x (x
d
cos x
dx
Gradient:
2 2
dy
dx x=2
= 2e41 = 2e3
(e1x )
2
= 2e2x1
2 d
d
xcos x) x cos xe1x (1x2 )
dx
dx
2
1x2
2
d
(e1x )
dx
e1x
(e
y = e2x1
dy
e1x
13(i)
Tangent:
2 2
(e1x )
+2x2 cos x
(cos xx sin x)
2
e1x
12(i)
e1x
y=
x
k (e2k
+e
Normal:
x
2k )
y = (e
2
(x x1 )
y (e3 )
y e3
y e3
y
= 2e x (2)]
= e3 (2x 4)
= 2e3 x 4e3
= 2e3 x 3e3
y y1
= dy
dx x=2
3[
(x x1 )
dx x=2
At k = :
2
dy
y y1
x
1
2( )
2
1
2( )
+e
1
2e3
x+
1
e3
+ e3
= (ex + ex )
=
12(ii)
dy
dx
2
(ex +ex )
2
1
= (ex ex )
=
d2 y
dx2
[verified]
2
ex ex
2
= [ex (ex )]
2
1
= (ex +ex )
2
ex +ex
2
sleightofmath.com
473
Ex 17.2
13(ii)
= 21
(2, 3 )
dy
= 2e2x3
dx
2 + 2e6
dy
Normal:
1
= 3+
Tangent:
= 2 3 3 3
1
3
= 2e2(2)3
= 2e
+ 3
Point B
At B, tangent (y = 2e3 x 3e3 ) crosses x axis
(y = 0).
y
=0
3 (2x
e
3) = 0
x
dx x=2
2nd curve
y = e3x
dy
= e3x
dx
dy
dx x=2
= e3(2)
= e
B ( , 0)
2
15(i)
Point C
y = 5xex
dy
At C, normal (y =
1
2e3
x+
1
e3
= 5x
dx
3)
+e
=0
1
2e3
1
2e3
x+
1
e3
+ e3 = 0
d2 y
dx2
e3
+e
C(2 + 2e6 , 0)
Area of ABC
1
= (base)
(height)
2
1
dy
dx
= [4 + 4e6 3]
=
14(i)
4
e3 (1+4e6 )
4
= 5ex
d
dx
ex
(1 x) +
d
dx
(5ex ) (1 x)
+(5ex ) (1 x)
(1 x)]
1 + x)
=0
x (1
5e
x) = 0
x
=1
x coordinate of S is 1
e3
(5x) ex
d
dx
= 5ex (1)
= 5ex [1
= 5ex (1
= 5ex (x 2)
= 2 + 2e6
(ex ) +
= 5x (ex ) +5
= ex (5x +5)
= 5ex (1 x)
d
dx
15(iii)
d2 y
dx2
d2 y
at S,
|
dx2 x=1
= 5e1 (1 2)
5
=
e
16(i)
y = ex 2x 1
dy
dx
= ex 2
At stationary point,
dy
dx
x
=0
e 2 =0
ex = 2
x = ln 2
Daniel & Samuel
A-math tuition 9133 9982
sleightofmath.com
474
Ex 17.2
16(ii) y|x=ln 2
= e(ln 2) 2(ln 2) 1
=2
2 ln 2 1
=1
2 ln 2
0.386
d2 y
= ex
dx2
d2 y
18(iii) P|t=25
= 995 000
m(25)
650 000e
= 995 000
dx2 x=ln 2
= eln 2
18(iv)
=2
>0
min at x = ln 2
>0
dx
x
y = ex
dy
dx
25m
= ln (
= ex
2 +2x
= ex
2 +2x
d
dx
( m =
2 +2x
18(vi)
2 +2x
ln 199ln 130
(9)
25
1
sign +
1
0
dP
> 18 000
mP
> 18 000
>
mt
25
650 000e
>
18 000
m
18 000
m
9
>
mt
> ln (
>
t
( m =
325m
1
m
325m
9
ln (
325m
> 28.5
ln 199ln 130
25
t = 29
19(i)
m = aekt
Initial of 100g
m|t=0 = 100
ae0
= 100
a
= 100
2006 t = 0
P|t=0 = 650 000
dt
(30)
ln 199ln 130
mt
=0
=1
= e1+2
= e [shown]
Max
dP
[shown]
13 000
(x 2 + 2x)
=0
2(x 1)ex
x
y|x=1
18(ii)
25
ln 199ln 130
(8)
25
]
(2x + 2)
dx
18(i)
2 +2x
dy
dx
ln (
25
130
ln 199ln 130
650 000 [e
dy
ln 199ln 130
dt
199
130
199
25
P|t=30 = 650 000e
1 083 000
= 650 000 [e
= 2(x 1)ex
17(ii)
130
P|t=9 P|t=8
e 2 >0
ex
>2
x
> ln 2
17(i)
18(v) 2014 t = 8
2015 t = 9
199
e25m
= 650 000memt
= m(650 000emt )
= mP
dP
dt
P [shown]
sleightofmath.com
475
Ex 17.2
19(ii) m = 100ekt
21(iv)
= 20 0.1
th
=
(
m = 100e
ln
40
9
10
21
= ab(ebx )
>0
a > 0, b > 0, ebx > 0
increasing for all x
= m|t=0
100e
[
e 40
[
1
40
ln
2
1
1
9
ln ]t
40 10
= (100)
9
10
ln ]t
9
10
]t
2
1
22
y = ae2x + be4x
dy
= ln
f: x a(1 ebx )
Decay to half:
[
dx
= 2ae2x +4be4x
2
d2 y
dx2
1
9
( ln )t
40 10
m = 100e
dm
dt
=(
1
40
ln
10
= ln
20(i)
= a(2e2x ) +b(4e4x )
263h
t
19(iv)
f(x) = a aebx
1
9
ln )t
40 10
9
10
= 4ae2x
(
) 100e
1
9
ln ]t
40 10
= 2a(2e2x ) +4b(4e4x )
1
9
ln )t
40 10
Show:
d2 y
dx2
+16be4x
=6
dy
dx
8y
RHS
n = 20e0.1t
n|t=5 = 20e0.5
33
20(ii) n
> 200
0.1t
20e
> 200
0.1t
e
> 10
0.1t > ln 10
t
> 10 ln 10
t
> 23.026
least t = 24
20(iii)
dn
= 20(e0.1t )(0.1)
dt
= 2e0.1t
dn
dt t=15
= 2e0.1(15)
9 snails /week
sleightofmath.com
476
Ex 17.2
y = (2 + 3x)ex
24
dy
ex x = 0
ex = x
dx
d
= (2 + 3x)
dx
(ex ) +
= (2 + 3x) (ex ) +3
= ex [(2 + 3x) +3]
= ex (2 3x +3)
= ex (1 3x)
d
dx
(2 + 3x) ex
ex
y1 = ex
y1 = ex > 0
y1 > y2
y2 = x
y2 = x
<0
x = 0:
y1 = e0 = 1
y1 > y2
y2 = 0
x > 0:
y1 = ex
y2 = x
dy1
dy2
x < 0:
dx2
d
d
(ex ) (1
dx
x ) (1
(1 3x) +
dx
d2 y
= ex
= e (3)
+(e
x
= e [3
(1 3x)]
x
= e (3
1 + 3x)
= ex (3x 4)
3x)
3x)
dx
At stationary point,
dy
dx
x (1
=0
3x) = 0
dy
dx
=e
dy1
dx
>
dx
dx
y1 > y2 at x = 0
&
dx
>
dy2
dx
for x >
0,
y1 > y2 for x > 0
1+
sign +
dy1
=1
dy2
stationary pt exist
Sign Test:
x
max
1
2nd derivative at x = :
3
d2 y
1
3
( )
dx2 x=1
=e
[3 ( ) 4]
3
1
e3
=
<0
max at x =
Curve at x = :
3
y|
1
x=
3
1
1
1
1
( )
( )
= [2 + 3 ( )] e 3 = 3e 3
3
1
( , 3e3 )
3
1
3
1
3
( )
(3e ) = 3e
[consistent]
( , 3e ) lies on y = 3ex
3
sleightofmath.com
477
Ex 17.2
Curve Eqn: y1 = ex
Curve Grad:
dy1
dx
25
y = ekx
= ex
dy
dx
= kekx
Line Eqn: y2 = x
Line Grad:
dy2
dx
d2 y
=1
dx2
= k(kekx )
= k 2 ekx
x 0:
y1 > 0
y2 0
y1 > y2
dn y
dxn
26
x > 0:
y1 > 0
y2 > 0
cannot confirm y1 and y2 don t intersect
dy1
x > 0:
dx
increasing function]
dy2
dx
=1
dy1
dx
>
dy2
dx
y1 > y2
x :
y1
> y2
y1 y2 > 0
ex x > 0
ex x 0
sleightofmath.com
478
Ex 17.3
2(d)
Ex 17.3
1(a)
d
dx
=
=
1(b)
d
dx
d
dx
1
(ln x) +2
=1
(
d
dx
1
(ln x)
dx
3(a)
) =
(1+ln x)
d
(x)
dx
d
(1+ln x)
dx
2
(1+ln x)
1
x
(1+ln x)2
1+ln x
1
(1+ln x)2
ln x
(1+ln x)2
d
dx
ln(5x + 1) =
5
5x+1
[ln(4x 3)2 ] =
=2
d
dx
=
d
dx
ln(8 x 3 ) =
=
=
8
4x3
1
8x3
1
8x3
3x2
x3 8
dy
dx x=3
3(b)
(0
(2)
ln(5 2x)
+ ln(5 2x)
+ ln(5 2x)
1
2x5
2
(2)
2x5
2
2(3)5
y = ln(3 2x)
dy
dx
=
dy
dx x=1
1
32x
2
(2)
2x3
2
2(1)3
= 2
(5 2x) +1
4x3
dx
d
dx
=2
[ln(4x 3)]
=2(
d
dx
y = ln(2x 5)
[2 ln(4x 3)]
dx
2x5
dx
52x
1
52x
2x
dy
d sin x
(
)
dx ln x
d
d
ln x (sin x) sin x (ln x)
dx
dx
=
(ln x)2
1
ln x cos x
sin x
x
=
(ln x)2
sin x
cos x ln x
x
=
(ln x)2
dx
[ln(5 2x)]
ln x
(1+ln x)1
dx
1
(x 1) ln x
+ ln x
2(c)
+1
2(b)
=x
2(a)
(x)
dx 1+ln x
1(d)
dx
=x
[(x 1) ln x]
= (x 1)
+2
x ln(5 2x)
=x
(ln x + 2x)
= (x 1)
1(c)
d
dx
(8 x 3 )
3x 2 )
sleightofmath.com
479
y = 3 ln(x 3)
Ex 17.3
4(ii)
At stationary point,
dy
dy
= 3(
dx
=0
dx
ln x1
=
(ln x)2
ln x = 1
x
=e
y|x=e =
e
=e
ln e
(e, e)
Sign Test
x
3
) (1)
x3
dy
x3
dx
sign
e+
min
dy
dx x=4
3
43
=3
3(d)
y = ln(3x 2)2
= 2 ln(3x 2)
dy
dx
= 2(
dx
y=
dy
dx
d
[ln(x+1)]
dx
ln(x+1)
d
(x+1)
dx
(x+1)2
1
(x+1)
x+1
ln(x+1)1
(x+1)2
ln(x+1)
(x+1)2
>0
dx
1ln(x+1)
(x+1)2
>0
1 ln(x + 1)
ln(x + 1)
x+1
x
) (3)
6
32
>0
x > 1
<1
<e
<e1
Combine inequalities,
1 < x < e 1
=6
4(i)
(x+1)
dy
3x2
3x2
dx x=1
for x > 1
x+1
=
dy
ln(x+1)
y=
x
ln x
=
=
=
d
d
ln x (x) x (ln x)
dx
dx
(ln x)2
ln x1
dC
dt
1
x
x( )
) (1)
t+1
1
t+1
> 0 for 0 t 10
increasing function
= 0.1 + (
= 0.1 +
(ln x)2
ln x
1
(ln x)2
sleightofmath.com
480
Ex 17.3
7(a)
d
dx
(3x ln x 2
d
dx
2x 3)
[ x ln(x 2 2x 3)]
dx 2
3
dx
= x
[ln(x 2x 3)]
= x
2
x2 2x3 dx
x2 2x3
= x
=
7(d)
( x) ln(x 2x 3)
dx 2
(x 2 2x 3)
3
2
=
ln(x 2 2x 3)
=
+ ln(x 2 2x 3)
(2x 2)
3x(x1)
+ ln(x 2x 3)
x2 2x3
7(b)
Method 1
d
dx
d
1
ln ( sin 2x)
dx
2
d
1
= (ln + ln sin 2x)
=
2
1
dx
(ln ) +
dx
=0
=0
1
sin 2x
1
sin 2x
7(e)
d
dx
(sin 2x)
(2 cos 2x)
dx
= 2 cot 2x
dx
d
= (ln sin x + ln cos x)
dx
d
d
= (ln sin x)
+ (ln cos x)
=
=
dx
1
sin x
1
sin x
d
dx
(sin x)
cos x
+
+
dx
1
cos x
1
cos x
d
dx
(cos x)
( sin x)
tan x
= cot x
d
dx
[ln (3 + e
d
dx
=
=
1
x
2
)]
1
d
x
2 )
=
1 dx (3 + e
x
2
3+e
=
=
=
x
3+e 2
1
1
x
3+e 2
d
dx
(3) +
[0 +e
1
x
3+e 2
d
dx
d
1
x2 +1x
1
2
(e
dx
[0 +e2x ( )]
x
e 2
1
x
2(3+e 2 )
2x2 +1 dx
(
(
1
2x2 +1
d
dx
(x)]
(x 2 + 1) 1]
2x
1)
1)
x2 +1
x x 2 + 1
(
)
x 2 + 1 x
x 2 + 1
1
x2 +1
ln [
d
dx
d
dx
d
dx
e2 (3x2)
4x
[ln e2 + ln(3x 2)
ln(4 x)]
[2 + ln(3x 2)
ln(4 x)]
(2) +
+
d
dx
1
3x2
[ln(3x 2)]
d
dx
(3x 2)
(3)
3x2
3x2
dx
d
dx
sin x
d
dx
[ln(4 x)]
1
4x
1
4x
1
4x
d
dx
(4 x)
(1)
[3 ln(x + 2)
+ ln(cos 3x)
ln(sin x)]
[3 ln(x + 2)]
d
dx
[ln(x + 2)]
1
x+2 dx
1
x+2
(x + 2) +
(1)
d
dx
[ln(cos 3x)]
1
cos 3x
1
cos 3x
d
dx
(cos 3x)
( sin 3x)
8(a)
1
cos 3x
d
dx
[ln(sin x)]
1
sin x
d
dx
dx
(sin x)
(3x)
1
sin x
cos x
3 tan 3x
x+2
cot x
y = ln(2x 1)
dy
ln(sin x)]
)]
( x)]
(x 2 + 1)
dx
+ ln(cos 3x)
=3
d
(x 2 + 1 x)
(x+2)3 cos 3x
1
x2 +1x
d
dx
[ln(x + 2)3
=3
dx
1
x
2
ln [
=3
1
x2 +1x
7(f)
=
7(c)
1
x2 +1x
=0
Method 2
d
1
x2 +1x
dx
d
[ln(x 2 + 1 x)]
dx
2
2x1
no stationary pts
sleightofmath.com
481
Ex 17.3
y = ln(3x k)
dy
dx
=
=
3x5
1
dx
10
(3x k)
y = ln(2 + ex )
3x5
3
dx
dy
= 3, |
=?
dt
dt x=1
dy
3x5
dx
(2,0)
Gradient:
dy
dx x=2
Normal:
dt
1
3
(
)
3(2)5
y y1 = dy
1
|
y (0)=
[x (2)]
3
1
11(i)
y = ln(x 2 4)
dy
=
9(ii)
dx
=(
dx
dt x=3
dy
dt
dy
dt x=3
dy
= 2x
dx
dt x=3
x2 4
dx
32 4
3
2e+1
d
dx
(ln x) +
d
dx
(2x) ln x
+2
ln x
=?
11(ii) At stationary point,
dy
dx
=0
dx
dt
dx
2 + 2 ln x = 0
ln x
= 1
dt
dt x=3
2(3)
+2 ln x
x
|
dt x=1
=2
dx
2x
2ex +1
dy
dt
2ex +1
3
= 2x
dy
At x = 3,
) (2x)
= p,
dx
y = 2x ln x
x2 4
2x
x2 4
1
+1
2ex
At x = 1,
dy
9(i)
2+ex
(x x1 )
= x+
(ex )
(ex )
dx
dx x=2
d
dx
dy
2+ex
ex
dy
Normal
Point:
1
2+ex
1
= p,
p
11(iii)
d2 y
dx2
2
x
d2 y
dx2 x=1
= p
2
1
e
( )
= 2e
12(i)
y=
dy
dx
ln x
x2
=
=
=
=
sleightofmath.com
x2
d
d
(ln x) ln x (x2 )
dx
dx
x4
x2
1
x
ln x2x
x4
2x ln x
x4
2 ln x
x3
482
Ex 17.3
13
=0
dx
12 ln x
= x 2 (ln 1 ln x)
= x 2 (0 ln x)
= x 2 ln x
1st derivative
=0
x3
V = x 2 ln ( )
1 2 ln x = 0
2 ln x
= 1
dV
ln x
= e
dx
= x 2
dx
1
(ln x) +
= x 2 ( )
12(iii) d2 y
dx 2
(x 2 ) ln x
dx
+ (2x) ln x
= x
2x ln x
= x(1 + 2 ln x)
d
d
(1 2 ln x) (1 2 ln x) (x 3 )
dx
dx
=
x6
2
x 3 ( )
(1 2 ln x) 3x 2
x
=
x6
x3
2x 2
dV
x(1 + 2 ln x) = 0
x=0
or
ln x =
Sign Test
1
x
dy
x4
dx
6 ln x 5
x4
=0
dx
(1 2 ln x) 3x 2
x6
(1 2 ln x) 3
4
x
3 + 6 ln x
At turning point,
sign
1+
1
e
max
2nd derivative
d2 V
d2 y
|
2
dx x=e
=
=
dx2
6 ln e5
(e)
35
= x
e2
d
dx
(1 + 2 ln x) +
(x) (1 + 2 ln x)
(1 + 2 ln x)
= x ( )
+()
= 2
(1 + 2 ln x)
d
dx
= (2 + 1 + 2 ln x)
= (3 + 2 ln x)
d2 V
dx2 x= 1
= (3 + 2 ( ))
2
= 2
<0 >0
max
14
y
= 2x
ln y = ln 2x
ln y
= x ln 2
diff wrt x:
1 dy
( ) = ln 2
y dx
dy
dx
sleightofmath.com
483
Ex 17.3
15
y = (2 + x 2 )3 (1 x 3 )4
(1)
ln y = ln[(2 + x 2 )3 (1 x 3 )4 ]
= ln(2 + x 2 )3
+ ln(1 x 3 )4
= 3 ln(2 + x 2 ) +4 ln(1 x 3 )
differentiating wrt x,
1 dy
y
dx
=3
=3
=
dy
dx
1
2+x2
1
2+x2
d
dx
(2 + x 2 )
2x
+4
6x
2+x2
6x
=(
2+x2
+4
12x2
1x3
)y
1
1x3
1
1x3
12x2
d
dx
(1 x 3 )
(3x 2 )
1x3
(2)
=(
6x
2+x2
= 6x (
2+x2
12x2
1x3
(2 + x 2 )3 (1 x 3 )4
2x
1x3
(2 + x 2 )(1 x 3 )4
(2 + x 2 )(1 x 3 )3
= 6x(1 4x 3x 3 )
(2 + x2 )2 (1 x3 )3
sleightofmath.com
484
y=
Ex 17.3
1 5
x
10x ln x
(x+ ) (5+x)ex
1 5
x
10x ln x
(x+ ) (5+x)ex
ln y = ln [
1 5
= ln (x + )
x
= 5 ln (x + )
+ ln(5 + x) +x x ln 10
ln(ln x)
Diff wrt x,
1 dy
( ) = 5(
y dx
1 dy
( ) =
y dx
dy
dx
) (1
1
x
1
5(1 2 )
x
1
(x+ )
x
x+
) +
+
= y[
1
x2
5(1 2 )
x
1
x
(x+ )
1
5+x
1
5+x
1
5+x
ln 10
1
x ln x
+1 ln 10
+1 ln 10
( )
ln x x
1
x ln x
e
(cos5 x)(x2 +5)(ln x)
ex+1
]
+ ln(x 2 + 5) + ln(ln x)
= 5 ln cos x
diff wrt x,
1 dy
y dx
cos x
( ) = 5(
) ( sin x) + (
= 5 tan x
dy
dx
= y (5 tan x +
+
2x
x2 +5
) (2x) + (
x2 +5
2x
x2 +5
1
x ln x
1
ln x
1
)( )
x ln x
(x + 1)
1
1
1)
sleightofmath.com
485
Ex 17.3
y = ax x ln x
18(ii) y = x ln x
dy
dy
dx
= a [x
= a (x
d
dx
1
(ln x) +
d
dx
=x
d
dx
1
(ln x) +
d
dx
(x) ln x
+1 ln x
=1
+ ln x
At stationary point,
dy
=0
dx
1 + ln x = 0
(x) ln x]
+1 ln x)
=x
dx
1
e
e
1
y|x=1 = ln
e
= a (1 + ln x)
= a 1 ln x
1 1
M( , )
e e
At stationary point,
dy
=0
dx
d2 y
a 1 ln x = 0
ln x
=a1
x
= ea1
dx2
d2 y
1
x
dx2 x=1
=
|
1
1
e
( )
=e
>0
min without reflection
max at M
19
x x is (variable)variable
x n is (variable)constant Tom is wrong
ax is (constant)variable Doris is wrong
x=ea1
1
ea1
<0
ea1 > 0
max.
18(i)
= | ln |
1 dy
= x ( )+1(ln x)
( )
=1
y dx
dy
dx
d
dx
sleightofmath.com
( )
y dx
1 dy
(x x )
+ ln x
= y(1 + ln x)
= x x (1 + ln x)
486
Clearly,
Ex 17.3
ln 3x
= ln 3 + ln x
ln x
The derivative might be the same because
the derivative of the constant is ln 3 is 0.
21
No.
d
d
ln|ax| = a ln|x|
dx
dx
For a = 1,
LHS =
d
dx
(ln 3x)
=
=
d
dx
d
dx
(ln 3 + ln x)
(ln 3) +
=0
=
d
dx
(ln x)
d
dx
1
d
dx
ln|x|
RHS = 1
(ln x)
d
dx
d
dx
ln|x| =
ln|x|
1
x
1
x
LHS RHS
1
x
1
x
sleightofmath.com
487
Rev Ex 17
A2(b)
Rev Ex 17
A1(a)
d
dx
d
dx
(x) 2
= 3(1)
d
dx
(cos x)
A2(c)
d
dx
(tan 3x)
= 2x (3 sec 2 3x)
d
dx
d
dx
A2(d)
A2(e)
=3
d
d
dx
tan 3x
A3(i)
d
dx
d
dx
(3x 2 ) ln x
+6x
ln x
+6x ln x
ex [(2x + 1)
(2x + 1)2
ex (2x1)
(2x+1)2
ln (
=
d
(sin 8x)
d
dx
) =
d
dx
dx
2
2x1
1
x+1
(cot x) = csc 2 x
sin2 x + cos 2 x
sin2 x
1
= 2
sin x
(x 2 + 2)
= csc 2 x [shown]
[(x + 1)ex ]
dx
1+x
2]
d cos x
(
)
dx sin x
d
d
sin x (cos x) cos x (sin x)
dx
dx
=
sin2 x
sin x ( sin x) cos x (cos x)
=
sin2 x
= (x + 1)
12x
Show:
(sin 8x)4
dx
d x
d
(e ) ex (2x + 1)
dx
dx
(2x + 1)2
(2x + 1) ex
ex 2
(2x + 1)2
LHS
= cos(x 2 + 2) 2x
= 2x cos(x 2 + 2)
A2(a)
(ln x)
(2x + 1)
(sin4 8x)
= 96 sin3 8x cos 8x
d
ex
dx
+2 tan 3x
= 3 4(sin 8x)3
A1(e)
+(2e2x ) sin x
+2 sin x)
dx
(3 sin 8x)
dx
=3
(e2x ) sin x
dx 2x+1
(2x) tan 3x
+2
= 6x sec 2 3x
A1(d)
d
dx
1
d
dx
= 2x
(sin x) +
= 3x
d
d
(sin 2x) sin 2x (x)
dx
dx
=
x2
x (2 cos 2x) sin 2x 1
=
x2
2x cos 2x
sin 2x
=
2
x
dx
(3x 2 ln x) = 3x 2
= 3x 2
A1(c)
d
dx
+2 sin x
sin 2x
d
dx
= e2x cos x
= e2x (cos x
2( sin x)
=3
dx
(3x 2 cos x)
=3
A1(b)
d
dx
(ex )
= (x + 1) (ex )
= ex [(x + 1)
+1]
= ex (x 1
+1)
d
dx
+1
(x + 1) ex
ex
= xex
sleightofmath.com
488
Rev Ex 17
dy
A3(ii) t = 20 cot
dt
= 20 csc
d
d
dt
= 2(2 cos x)
dx
20
At turning points,
sin
dy
=0
dx
dt
=
4
=
=
=
=
A4(i)
1
20
1
sin2 ( )
4
2
20 2
1 2
sin x = 0
( )
40
rad s
or
0 < x < 2:
( )
20 4
1
y = 1 2 cos 2 x + cos x
x = 0,
Curve meets x axis,
y
=0
1 2 cos 2 x + cos x
=0
2
2 cos x cos x 1
=0
(2 cos x + 1)(cos x 1) = 0
cos x =
=
1
2
or
Sign Test
x
dy
sign
cos x = 1
1
4
1.32
1st or 4th quad.
0 < x < 2:
S A
T C
x = , 2
1.32,4.97
cos x =
+
+
1.32
0
1.32+
4.97
0
4.97+
dx
0 < x < 2:
min at x =
x = , 2
T C
= 0,2 (no
x = , +
solution)
2 4
= ,
3
(cos x) sin x
20 csc2
1
2
=
d
d
dx
x
dy
dx
1.32
sign +
max at x = 1.32
x
dy
dx
4.97
sign +
max at x = 4.97
A5(i)
y = xex3
A5(ii)
dy
=x
dx
(ex3 ) +
dx
x3
d
dx
(x) ex3
=xe
+1
x3
= (x + 1)e
dy
dx x=3
ex3
= 4e0
=4
sleightofmath.com
489
Rev Ex 17
A8(ii) n = 40:
18e0.2t = 40
= ln
20
9
20
t = 5 ln ( )
A6(ii) x 2 ex
ln(x 2 ex )
ln x 2 + ln ex
2 ln x + x
2 ln x
= 12
= ln 12
= ln 12
= ln 12
= x + ln 12
ln x
a=
0.2t = ln ( )
1
1
= + ln 12
20
e0.2t =
4
B1(a)
d
dx
(sin 4x)
dx
= cos 4x
d
dx
= x + ln 12
= cos 4x 4
= ax +b
= 4 cos 4x
d
dx
(cos 2x)
d
dx
(2x)
3( sin 2x) 2
+6 sin 2x
b = ln 12
2
B1(b)
1.24
dx 1+cos 4x
Draw
1
dx
= (1 + cos 4x)2
y = x + ln 12
A7(i)
cos (
= (1+cos
1+sin
1sin
(1sin )+(1+sin )
= cos [
= cos (
=
1sin2
2
cos2
B1(c)
d
dx
2
cos
(x cos 2 3x)
d
=x
= 2 sec [shown]
4x)2
dx
(cos 2 3x)
= x 2 cos 3x
d
dx
[cos (
d
dx
=2
1
1+sin
1
1sin
)]
(2 sec )
d
dx cos
=2
=2
=2
= 2(
B1(d)
d
cos (1)
dx
d
1 (cos )
dx
cos2
1( sin )
cos2
sin
cos2
1
sin
cos
cos
)(
B1(e)
+1
(x) cos 2 3x
cos 2 3x
(x 2 3 tan2 4x)
d
dx
(x 2 )3
d
dx
(tan2 4x)
d
(tan 4x)
3 2 tan 4x
= 2x
= 2x
dx
[2 cos(1 x 2 )]
=2
n = 18e0.2t
d
dx
[cos(1 x 2 )]
= 2[ sin(1 x 2 )]
d
dx
(1 x 2 )
= 2[ sin(1 x 2 )] (2x)
n|t=10 = 18e2
133
Daniel & Samuel
A-math tuition 9133 9982
(cos 3x)
d
dx
= 2x
dx
= 2 sec tan
A8(i)
d
dx
cos 0
d
dx
k=2
A7(ii)
(1 + cos 4x)
(4 sin 4x)
4x)2
4 sin 4x
= (1+cos
d
dx
= 4x sin(1 x 2 )
sleightofmath.com
490
x2
dx ln 2x
Rev Ex 17
B3(i)
d 2
d
(x ) x 2 (ln 2x)
dx
dx
=
(ln 2x)2
d
ln 2x 2x
x 2 (ln 2 + ln x)
dx
=
(ln 2x)2
1
ln 2x 2x
x2
x
=
(ln 2x)2
ln 2x
2x ln 2x
(ln 2x)2
y = sin 3x + cos 3 x
dy
dy
dx
2(x2 1)
3
2
= 3(0) 3 ( ) ( )
3 3
= ( )
8
d
dx
[ln(2x + 1)] +
dx
2
=e
=
=
=
d
dx
dt
= 0.3,
dx
4
dt
= 0.3,
=?
dt x=
=?
dy
dx
dx
dt
At x = ,
6
dy
dt x=
6
+ ln(5 4x)]
dy
dx
1 1
+ ( e2x )
2
1
54x
4
dt x=
ln(2x + 1)
dx
[ln(5 4x)] +
dy
dt
4x5
dx
dy
= e2x [
B3(ii)
[e ln(5 4x)]
1
x
2
ln(2x + 1)
1
x
2
(x 2 1)
+2x
2x+1
= e2x
dx
d
dx
+2x ln(2x + 1)
2x+1
B2(e)
= (x 2 1)
B2(d)
B2(c)
dx x=
(cos x)
2 4
9
= (x 2 1)
d
dx
+3 cos 2 x ( sin x)
3 sin x cos 2 x
= 3 cos 3x
= 3 cos 3x
B2(b)
d
+3 cos 2 x
= 3 cos 3x
dx
= ( ) (0.3)
8
0.338
[ln(x + x 2 + 1)]
1
x+x2 +1
1
x+x2 +1
1
x+x2 +1
1
x+x2 +1
1
x+x2 +1
1
x2 +1
(x +x 2 + 1)
dx
[1
(1
(1
1
2x2 +1
1
2x2 +1
x
x2 +1
x2 +1
x2 +1
d
dx
(x 2 + 1)]
2x)
+x
[x 3 ln(cos 2 x)]
d
dx
= 2x 3
= 2x 3
= 2x 3
[ln(cos x )]
dx
1
cos x
1
(cos x)
( sin x)
cos x
3 sin x
= 2x (
d
dx
cos x
= 2x 3 tan x
d
dx
(2x 3 ) ln(cos x)
+2(3x 2 ) ln(cos x)
+6x 2 ln(cos x)
+6x 2 ln(cos x)
+6x 2 ln(cos x)
sleightofmath.com
491
Rev Ex 17
y = sin x cos 3 x
Sign Test
x
dy
dx
= sin x
d
dx
(cos 3 x)
d
= sin x 3 cos x
dx
d
dx
dy
(sin x) cos 3 x
(cos x) + cos x
+ cos 4 x
+ cos 4 x
= 3 cos 2 x + 3 cos 4 x
+ cos 4 x
sign
cos x
x
dy
( ,
6
dy
dx
5
=0
4 cos 4 x 3 cos 2 x
=0
2 (4
2
cos x cos x 3) = 0
16
5+
) is max
5
x
dy
sign +
dx
33
= 4 cos 4 x 3 cos 2 x
At turning point,
dx
+ cos 4 x
= 3 sin2 x cos 2 x
dx
sign +
33
16
) is min
cos x = 0 or cos x =
2
0 < x < :
=
6
1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th quadrant
1
0 < x < :
90 180 270 360
x = , , + , 2
1
5
x= ,
6 6
x=
2
(0)3
= (1)
=0
( , 0)
2
1 3
2 2
1 33
= ( )
= (
=
2
3
16
33
( ,
6
16
y|x=5 = sin
= (
2
=
(
5
6
16
33
16
(cos
3
)
2
5 3
6
sleightofmath.com
492
Rev Ex 17
4x )
dx
B5(b) y = x ln x 2x
dy
= 2(4e
+ 8(4e
= 8e4x
32e4x
dx
4x )
=0
dx
4x
4x
8e 32e
e4x 4e4x
e4x
e8x
8x
= ln 22
8
2
= ln 2
8
1
B6
= ln 2
4
1
4
4( ln 2)
+ 8e
= 2e
=1
= ln x 1
+ ln x
=0
Curve
y = (2x + c) ln x
dy
ln 2
dx
ln 2
+ 8e
= 2(2)
+8eln2
=4
+8 ( )
= (2x + c)
= (2x + c)
=2+
d
dx
1
(ln x) +
( ln 2 , 8)
dx x=1
2nd derivative
dx2
= 8(4e4x ) 32(4e4x )
Line
2y = 5 3x
= 32e4x
+128e4x
1
4
4( ln 2)
1
x= ln 2
4
ln x
+2 ln x
mnorm = dy
d2 y
(2x + c) ln x
dx2
+2
d
dx
=8
d2 y
(x) ln x 2
ln x 1 = 0
ln x
=1
x
=e
y|x=e = (e) ln(e) 2(e)
= e 2e
= e
(e, e)
8
1
1
4
d
dx
+(1) ln x
dx
4( ln 2)
=x( )
dy
= ln 4
y|x=1 ln 2 = 2e
(ln x)
At stationary point,
=0
=0
= 4e4x
=4
= ln 4
d
dx
1
x
At turning point,
dy
=x
= 32e
+128 e
= x+
2
mline =
1
4
4( ln 2)
1
c
2+ +2 ln 1
1
+128 ( )
>0
1
min at ( ln 2 , 8)
4
B7(i)
1
2+c
1
2+c
= 32(2)
+128eln2
1
2+c+0
= 32eln 2
3
2
2+c
3
4
3
m = 24e8
7
m|t=7 = 24e8
10.0g
sleightofmath.com
493
B7(ii) m
= m|t=0
t
2
1
24e8 = (24)
Rev Ex 17
B8(ii) x|t=0 = 26 30e0
= 4
= 12
= ln
1
2
= 8 ln
1
2
5.55h
B7(iii)
dm
0.2t
= ln
= 5 ln
= 24 ( e )
dt
= 3e
|
dt t=8
B8(iv)
dx
1
30
= 6e0.2t
dx
dt t=5
= 6e1
2.21 per minute
x = 26 30e0.2t
0.2t
e
0
x
26
x|t=9 = 26 30e1.8
21.0
1
30
= 30(0.2e0.2t )
= 3e1
= g h1
B8(i)
30
17.0
dt
dm
e0.2t
sleightofmath.com
494
Ex 18.1
4(a)
Ex 18.1
(6x + 3) dx
x2
= 6 ( ) +3(x) +c
1(i)
d
dx
1(ii)
(x 2 + 5x) = 2x + 5
(2x + 5) dx= x 2 + 5 + c
= 3x 2
4(b)
+3x +c
(3 x) dx
1
2(i)
dx 1+2x
)=
= (3 x 2 ) dx
d
d
(1+2x) x x (1+2x)
dx
dx
(1+2x)2
(1+2x)1
x2
= 3x ( 3 ) +c
x2
(1+2x)2
1+2x
2x
(1+2x)2
= 3x xx +c
3
4(c)
= (1+2x)2 [shown]
2(ii)
x3
= 2(
1+2x
2x
=
3(a)
= (3x 2 + 6x) dx
3
4(d)
x4
3(b)
3(c)
(x 1)(x + 2) dx
= 2 ( ) +c
=
+c
4(e)
(5) dx = 5x + c
x3
3
= x +c
3(d)
( x2 ) dx= x 2 dx
= (
=
3(e)
1 x2
2
=
3(f)
2
x
2
1
dx = 2 x
+2xx +c
(2x x) dx
= (4x 2 4x 2 + x) dx
5
x3
x2
x2
= 4 ( ) 4 ( 5 ) + ( ) +c
3
) +c
= x3
3
+c
5(a)
dx
2x2 +3
x2
x2
x 2 x +
+c
dx = (2 + 3x 2 ) dx
= 2x
= 2 ( ) +c
= 2x
1
x2
1
2
= 4x
x2
= (4x 2 4xx + x) dx
) +c
dx
4x2
1
4(f)
+c
2x3 dx = 2 x
= (
x1
x2
= ( ) +3 ( 3 ) +c
3
2
x2
+c
2x +c
x(x + 3) dx
3
3
2
x2
= (x + 3x 2 ) dx
x dx = x dx
=
= (x + 3x) dx
1
2
x2
+3x 2 +c
= (x 2 + x 2) dx
2x 3 dx = 2 x 3 dx
4
1 4
x
2
= x3
) +c
+c
1+2x
x2
= 3 ( ) +6 ( ) +c
(1+2x)2 dx = 2 (1+2x)2 dx
x
3x(x + 2) dx
+3 (
3
x
x1
1
) +c
+c
+c
sleightofmath.com
495
x2 +1
2x2
dx = (
Ex 18.1
2
1 x1
2
1
2 1
1
2x
= x + (
= x
5(c)
x+1
x
8(a)
+ x 2 ) dx
+c
x2
y = 2 ( ) +3 (
2
= x2
2
3
x2
x2
2
3
2
=
=
6(b)
(3x+1)5
(3)(5)
(3x+1)5
15
+c
+c
8(b)
dy
(1x)4
) +c
(1 x)3 dx = (1)(4) +c
=
y = x2 + 1
+c
dx
(1x)4
x1
Curve at (1,5):
5 = (1)2 + 3 + c
c=1
+c
+2x
(3x + 1)4 dx
3
x2
= 2x + 3x 2
) +c
dx = (x + x 2 ) dx
= x
= 2x +
dx
= ( 3 ) + ( 1 ) +c
6(a)
dy
(x 2 1)
dy
dx
= k(x 2 1)
= kx 2 k
+c
x3
6(c)
(2x + 5)3 dx =
(2x+5)2
=
dy
dx
+c
(2)(2)
1 (2x+5)2
= [
y = k ( ) kx +c
2
1
4(2x+5)2
= kx 3
3
] +c
dy
+c
dx
dy
x3
3
=x
=9
k(2) k = 9
3k
=9
k
=3
c|k=3 = 1
x2
y = 3( ) ( ) + c
3
= 9 when x = 2,
dx x=2
2
= 3x 2 x
2
1 2
x
2
kx +c
+c
y = 3 when x = 2,
y|x=2
=3
Curve at (2,4),
1
3
2
4 =82+c
c = 2
k(2)3 k(2) + c = 3
k+c
=3
2
=3 k
3
y = x2 x2 2
2
y = (3)x 3 3x +1
3
= x 3 3x + 1
y|x=3 = (3)3 3(3) + 1
= 19
sleightofmath.com
496
dV
dt
Ex 18.1
12(i)
= 6(2t 1)2 + 1
V = 6 [ (2)(3) ] + t + c
=x
= (2t 1)3 + t + c
V|t=1
(2 1)3 + 1 + c
1+1+c
c
=4
=4
=4
=2
(given)
=
=
=
V = (2t 1) + t + 2
dx
dt
(xx + 1)
=x
(2t1)3
10(a)
d
dx
d
dx
x + 1 + dx (x) x + 1
1
2x+1
+1
x + 1
+x + 1
2x+1
x
+2(x+1)
2x+1
+2x+2
2x+1
3x+2
[shown]
2x+2
= 3t 2 + 2
x+1
= 2xx + 1 + c
t3
x = 3 ( ) + 2t + c
13(a) 6x 1 dx
=t
+ 2t + c
1
2
= (6x 1) dx
Initial radius is 1:
x|t=0
=1
03 + 0 + c = 1
c
=1
=
=
x = t 3 + 2t + 1
10(b)
dA
dt
t2
6x + 5
1
+c
=
= 11
= 11
= 11
= 3
(2x7)1
(2)(1)
(2x7)1
2
+c
+c
= (2x 7)1 +c
13(c)
1
2x7
1
32x
+c
1
dx = (3 2x)2 dx
1
(32x)2
1
2
(2)( )
+c
= 3 2x +c
A = 2t 3 t 2 + t 3
dx
=2
+t +c
Area is 11 when t = 2:
A|t=2
2(2)3 (2)2 + (2) + c
16 4 + 2 + c
c
11(i)
(6x1)6x1
=2
t2
+c
= 2 (2x 7)2 dx
A= 6( ) 2( ) + t + c
= 2t 3
3
2
(6)( )
13(b) 2 dx
(2x7)2
= 6t 2 2t + 1
t3
(6x1)2
d
(6x + 5)
26x + 5 dx
1
=
6
=
26x+5
3
6x+5
11(ii) 1 dx = 1 3 dx
3 6x+5
6x+5
1
= 6x + 5 + c
3
Daniel & Samuel
A-math tuition 9133 9982
sleightofmath.com
497
dy
Ex 18.1
15
= x 2 (x k)
dx
dx
= x 3 kx 2
x4
dy
x(2x 2 3)
dy
dx
= kx(2x 2 3)
= 2kx 3 3kx
x3
y = ( ) k( ) +c
=
4
1 4
x
4
3
k 3
x
3
= kx
k
3
8
x2
2
3k 2
x
2
x4
y = 2k ( ) 3k ( ) + c
+c
=4
3 = k(1)4
= k6
k
3
+c
(1)
3k
2
1
(1)2 +c
3= k
+c
+c
c =k+3
(1)
3
64
= 64
9 = k(2)4
= 62
3
64
3
+c
+c
= 62
= 56
56
3
3
56
3
3k
(2)2 + c
9 = 8k 6k + c
9 = 2k + c
(2)
(2)
+ ( k 6)
3
k= 56
c|k=2 = (2) + 3 = 5
=3
y = (2)x 4 (2)x 2 + 5
c|k=3 = (3) 6 = 2
= x 3x + 5
y=
1 4
x
4
x +2
16
dy
dx
= x(2 3x)
= 2x 3x 2
x2
x3
y = 2( ) 3( ) + c
2
= x2
x3
+c
Curve at (1,2),
(2) = (1)2 (1)3 + c
c=2
y = x2 x3 + 2
Curve at (2, p),
p = (2)2 (2)3 + 2 = 14
sleightofmath.com
498
d2 y
dx2
dy
dx
Ex 18.1
18(ii) With c1 = 1 & c2 = 5,
= 6x 16
d2 y
x2
= 6 ( ) 16x + a
dx2
dy
= 3x 16x + a
dx
2
2
= 6x 4
= 3x 2 4x + 1
y = x 3 2x 2 + x + 6
x3
x2
y = 3 ( ) 16 ( ) + ax + b
At max value,
= x 3 8x 2 + ax + b
dy
=0
dx
3x 2 4x + 1 = 0
(3x 1)(x 1) = 0
x=
1
3
or x = 1(min)
y|x=1 = 5
d2 y
dx2 x=1
4
27
= 2 < 0
max at x =
y = x 3 8x 2 6x + 3
19(i)
18(i)
d2 y
dx2
dy
dx
2x
dx x+1
= 6x 4
)=
=
x2
= 6 ( ) 4x + c1
2
2
= 3x 4x + c1
x3
x2
y = 3 ( ) 4 ( ) + c1 x + c2
=
= x 3 2x 2 + c1 x + c2
dy
dx x=1
2
x+1(2)
2x
1
2x+1
x+1
2x+1
x
x+1
x+1
2(x+1)
x
(x+1)x+1
2x+2
3
(x+1)2
x+2
At min (1,5),
x+1dx2x 2xdxx+1
x+1
[shown]
(x+1)2
=0
3(1) 4(1) + c1 = 0
c1
=1
(1,5) lies on curve,
(5) = (1)3 2(1)2 + c1 (1) + c2
5 = 1 + c1 + c2
5 = 1 + (1) + c2
c1 = 1
c2 = 5
19(ii)
x+2
3
4(x+1)2
x+2
(x+1)2
2x
dx =
4
= (
=
dx
) +c
4 x+1
x
2x+1
+c
20(a) x2 +2x dx
x2 +2x+1
=
y = x 3 2x 2 + x + 5
(x2 +2x+1) 1
x2 +2x+1
= (1
dx
) dx
x2 +2x+1
1
= (1 (x+1)2 ) dx
= [1 (x + 1)2 ] dx
(x+1)1
= x (1)(1) +c
= x+
sleightofmath.com
1
x+1
+c
499
Ex 18.1
20(b) 3x2 4x dx
9x2 12x+4
=
22
1
(9x2 12x+4)
3
9x2 12x+4
= [
= [
dx
dx
y=
] dx
(3x2)2
= [ (3x 2)2 ] dx
=
=
(3x1)1
(3)(1)
3
1
dy
+c
4
x3
4
3
) +c
2 3
4
3
= a2 (2x
3 4
x4
12
+ c1 x + c2
= 1
+ c1 = 1
=
2
5
12
4 =
4 =
4 =
c2 =
4
3
+ x ) +c
4
( ) + c1 x + c2
5
3
= 3a2 ( x 2 + x ) +c
3
2
+ c1
1 x4
2
x2
c1
+ c1
3
1 3
x
3
= 3a2 (x 2 + x 3 ) dx
= 3a2 (
x2
dx x=1
13
x3
tangent at (1,4) is y = 5 x,
+c
9(3x1)
3
x2
3
2
=x
] dx
4
3
= 1 x2
=x
9x2 12x+4
dx2
dy
4
3
4
3
d2 y
y=
12
5
12
21
+ c1 (1) + c2
+ c1 + c2
5
+ ( ) + c2
3
c1 =
5
3
4
x2
2
x4
12
21
21(i)
5
d 1
(2t + 1)2 ]
dt 5
3
2
1 5
= (2t + 1)
5 2
d
dt
3 2
d
dt
(2t + 1)
1 3
= (2t + 1)2 2
(2t + 1)2 2
5 2
= (2t + 1)
1 3
1 5
[ (2t + 1)2
3 2
3
2
(2t + 1)2
= (2t + 1)2t + 1
2t + 1
= 2t + 1[(2t + 1)
1]
= 2t2t + 1
21(ii) t(2t + 1) dt
1
= 2t2t + 1 dt
2
5
1 1
= [ (2t + 1)2
=
2 5
1
10
(2t + 1)
5
2
3
1
(2t + 1)2 ] +c
(2t + 1)2
6
+c
sleightofmath.com
500
dy
dx
Ex 18.1
24(i)
= kx + c
d2 y
dx2
x2
dy
dx
y = k ( ) + cx + a
x2
= ( ) 18x + a
= x 2 + cx + a
At stationary pt (2, 3):
|
2k + c
c
18x + a
x3
x2
y = ( ) 18 ( ) + ax + b
2 3
= x3
6
=0
dx x=2
2
2
x
2
dy
= x 18
=0
= 2k
(1)
9x + ax + b
0=b
3
3
3
= 2k
+ 2c + a
= 2k
2(2k) + a
= 2k + a
16 = 9 + a + b
(2)
16 = 9 + a
b=0
25 = + a
(1)
=1
Gradient at (1,16) is 9,
dy
=9
18 + a
=9
dx x=1
= 27
(2)
25 = + (27 )
6
25 = 27
3
y =
2 2
x
2
2
+ (4)x + 1
= x 4x + 1
dx
a = 27 = 24
= 2x 4
Tangent
Point:
Gradient:
Tangent:
= 6
23(ii) With k = 2, c = 4:
dy
=2
y == x 3 9x 2 + 24x
(0,1)
dy
= 4
y y1
dx x=0
dy
dx x=0
(x x1 )
y (1)= 4(x 0)
y
= 4x + 1
sleightofmath.com
501
Ex 18.1
24(iii) At a = 24, b = 0, = 6,
y = x 3 9x 2 + 24x
dy
= 3x 2 18x + 24
dx
d2 y
dx2
f(x)g(x) dx = (1)(2) dx
= 2x + c
= 6x 18
At turning pts,
dy
=0
dx
3x 2 18x + 24 = 0
x 2 6x + 8
=0
(x 2)(x 4) = 0
x=2
or x = 4
y|x=2 = 20
y|x=4 = 16
(2,20)
(4,16)
26 (b) f(x) dx = 1 dx
g(x)
2
1
= x+c
2
f(x) dx
d2 y
dx2
d2 y
|
|
x=2
dx2 x=4
= 6 < 0
max at (2,20)
=6>0
min at (4,16)
=
=
=
=
x2
2
2
2
x+a
2x+b
2
f(x)
g(x)
dx
f(x) dx
g(x) dx
+ c1
x2 +2x+1
x2
2 dx
(1)(2)
1 dx
= +d
+x+c
(x+1)2
+ c1
1
+ x + + c1
2
1
c = + c1
2
sleightofmath.com
502
Ex 18.2
1(e)
Ex 18.2
1(a)
9 1
2 3x dx = 3 3 x dx
x2
=[1]
2
x2
dx = 4 x 2 dx
= 3[ ]
1 9
2 3
= 2 [x 2 ]
= [x 2 ]53
= 2[x]4
3 2
(5 32 )
2
= 24
1(b)
9 1
1 x 2 dx
= 2[9
4]
= 2(3
2)
=2
x2
=[3]
2
1(f)
3 9
4 3
1 xx dx = 1 x 2 dx
= [x 2 ]
3
x2
=[5]
2
9
= [xx]1
3
2
= (99 11)
3
2
= [9(3) 1]
3
2
5
2
2(a)
1 x3
= [2]
3
2(b)
1(3x 2 2x + 5) dx
0
x3
+5) dx
x2
= [3 ( )2 ( ) +5x]01
+5x]01
= [x
1 1 3
1 1
= (
3 3
3 x 2
(4 + 4)
= 1(3x 2 2x
[x 1 ]32
3
18
4x]11
= 8
= [ ]
= (4 4)
3 1 2
dx = 2 x 2 dx
3x2
3
= [
= [4x 2
13 )
2
3
= [(23 )3 1]
4
3
= (22
1)
4
1
=2
1 x1
x2
= [8 ( ) 4x]
1(8x 4) dx
3 1
5
2
= (83
62
= 12
3 2 8
= [x 3 ]
4
1
1(d)
1)
12 ]
= (25
8 1 1
1 2 x 3 dx
1
5
2
= [4
= 17
1(c)
=7
)
2
sleightofmath.com
503
Ex 18.2
4(a)
1 (6x 3x) dx
1
= 1 (6x
3x 2 ) dx
4
x2
x2
2
3
2
= (1 + x 2 ) dx
= [3x 2
2x ]
= [3x 2
2xx]1
1
4
= [x
= 32
=3
4(b)
x4
= [ x4 x2 ]
= [(
1
(2)2
2
t2
2
2
t2]
(2)2 ]
[ (1) (1)2 ]
+2
2
1
2
4(c)
= 1 (x 2 x 2) dx
2t) dt
= 2
2t) dt
2 ( )]
= 4
1 (x + 1)(x 2) dx
=[
t
1
[ (2)
1
=0
(2)3
t1
= [
x2
dt
=0
=[
(1)]
4
3
t2
2 1
1 (t2
2
(t 2
x3
x 1
1
] [(1)
(4)
2 12t3
1
=
x2
2 ( )]
1 1
1 4
0 x(x 2 2) dx
=[
=3
= 0 (x 3 2x) dx
3(b)
= [(4)
x1
= [x
= 31
3(a)
x +1
dx
x2
1
4
1
= (1 + 2 ) dx
x
1
4
= [6 ( ) 3 ( 3 )]
2
4 2
2x]
x
1
2(2)] [
2x 1
(1)3
3
(1)2
2
2(1)]
x2
x2
= [2 ( 3 )
13
6
dx
= 1 (2x 2 x 2 )
= (3 )
= 1
=[ x
3
3
2
= [ xx
3
4
dx
4
( 1 )]
2
1
2
1
4
2x ]
2x]
= [ (4)(4) 2(4)]
3
20
3
[ (1)(1) 2(1)]
3
2
3
=7
3
sleightofmath.com
504
1
32x2
x2
x1
1
= [
1.5 )
dx
x 2
1
2x
= [ (9) +
)]
1
4 9
4
(9)
[ (1) +
4
(1)
6(a)
2 1 1
1 1 2
x ]
2
1
1 2
2x
2x 1
1
2(2)
2(1)
] [2(1)4 2(1)
4
1
1
2
1 x(x a)(x + a) dx
0
= x(x 2 a2 ) dx
= (x 3
3
2
1
2
=[
=[
1
2
x4
x4
(0)4
1
4
=0
a2
4x ]
2
3
[ (1)(1) 4(1)]
3
10
6(b)
0
a2 x2
=[
x2
a2 ( )]
= [ (4)(4) 4(4)]
a2 x) dx
= [ xx 4x]
3
a2 (0)2
2
] [
(1)4
4
a2
a2 (1)2
2
0 x(a x) dx
5(b)
)]
= 2
1 x1
x4
3
2
) dx
= 28
4
2
1 (x ) dx
x
4
1
1
= (x 2 2x 2 ) dx
1
3
1 4
x2
x2
2x2
1 2
2
= [2x 4
x 1
=[ x
+ x
2x
=0
=[
= [2x 4
= 27
=1
5(a)
) dx
= [2(2)4 2(2)
1 9
+ 4x 2 ]
+
2
1 (8x 3
= [8 ( ) 2x + (
) 2(
[3x 1
1 (8x 3
=
dx
9
1 (3x 2
= [3 (
=
5(c)
3 2x
dx
x2
=
=
Ex 18.2
= (ax x) dx
1 (x 2 x2 ) dx
= (x 2
4x 2 ) dx
x3
=[
3
x3
=[
3
x2
= [a ( 3 )
4(
x 1
)]
1 1
+ 4x 1 ]
1
[ (1)3 + (1)]
=4
3
1
=
3
x2
2
x2
0
4
2 0
x2
2 0
(4)2
= [ a(4)(4)
= [ (2)3 + (2)]
3
2
= [ axx
3
1
4
= [ x3 + ]
3
x1
4
= [ ax 2
= 0 (ax 2 x) dx
sleightofmath.com
16
3
16
3
a8
(0)2
] [ a(0)(0)
a8
505
2 2t2 +a
Ex 18.2
8
dt
t2
2
= (2 + at 2 ) dt
= [2t
t1
)]
1 1
1 ]2
at 1
a2
a
=[
x2
3x
2)
1
12
1
12
x2
x3
[2x 2 ]1a
= [3x 2
2(1)
= [3(1)
2a2 2
=2
2a2 2
= 2
2a
9(i)
x 3 ]12
2
(1)3 ]
(2x 3)3
(2(1) 3)3 +
=0
=0
dy
2
[3(2)
(2)3 ]
dx
+2
=x
d
dx
=x[
=
=
=
1
12
4(2x3) 0
7
4(2(1)3)
(2(0) 3)3 +
4(2(0)3)
5
6
y = x1 + 2x 2
=0
1
7 (2x3)1
[
]]
2 (2)(1)
0
=1
dx
= [6 ( ) 3 ( )]
7(b)
1
2 (6x
[4 ( )]
2(a)
= 1
a
1 4x dx
= +2
7(a)
1 1
2 + a
dx
1 (2x3)3
[ [ (2)(3) ]
2
=[
= [2t ]
t 1
a
2(2x3)2
= [2t + a (
1 (2x3)4 7
1 + 2x 2
1
21+2x2
(4x)]
2x2
d
dx
+1
(x) 1 + 2x 2
1 + 2x 2
+1 + 2x 2
1+2x2
2x2
+(1+2x2 )
1+2x2
1+4x2
1+2x2
[shown]
2 3(2 + x)2 dx
= 64
k
3 2(2
= 64
= [x1 + 2x 2 ]0
= 64
+ x)2 dx
3 2(x 2 + 4x
[
[
[
x3
3
(k)3
3
[
1
3
1
3
x2
+ 4 ( ) + 4x]
3
x3
+ 4) dx
+ 2x
+ 4x]
+ 2(k)2 + 4(k)]
(2)3
3
+ 2(2) + 4(2)]
k 3 + 2k 2 + 4k +
k 3 + 2k 2 + 4k
56
3
3
k 3 + 6k 2 + 12k 56
(k 2)(
+
+ )
2
(k 2)(k +
+ )
2
(k 2)(k +
+ 28)
2
(k 2)(k + 8k + 28)
k=2
Daniel & Samuel
A-math tuition 9133 9982
9(ii)
2 1+4x2
1+2x2
dx
2
=6
64
3
=6
64
3
10(i)
64
3
64
3
=0
=0
=0
sleightofmath.com
506
Ex 18.2
10(ii) 3 x3 64 dx
1 x4
=
3 (x4)(x2 +4x+16)
dx
1
x4
3
= 1(x 2 + 4x
=[
=[
=[
x3
$316 000
+ 16) dx
x2
+ 4 ( ) + 16x]
3
x3
+ 2x 2
3
(3)3
3
+ 16x]
$384 000
13
dV
dt
= 20 000 (t 6)
+ 2(3) + 16(3)]
[
= 75
(1)3
3
+14
+ 2(1)2 + 16(1)]
1
3
= 89
3
11(i)
2
0 x dx
x2
t2
=[ ]
= $320 000
2 0
= [x 2 ]20
2
1
= (22 02 )
14(i)
2
1
= (4)
2
11(ii)
|x| dx
2
2
= 2|x| dx
+ 0 |x| dx
= [ ]
2
] [
(2)2
2
= [x]83
=83
= 29
] +2
=2
=4
+2
C = 8000 (30 +
+2(12)
+24
14(iii) 8 2f(x) dx
3
=
12(i)
+12
+2
2 2
=[
= 12
= 24
= 3 1 dx +2 3 f(x) dx
+ 0 x dx
(0)2
= 2(x) dx
x2
=2
x 1
3 0 t 4 dt)
8
2 3 f(x) dx
= 2(12)
= 25
x 1
+1
+1
+1
t4
= 24 000 [10 + [ 5 ] ]
4
0
5
4
= 24 000 [10 + [t ] ]
5
4 5
= 24 000 [10 + x 4 ]
5
= $259 200
sleightofmath.com
507
Ex 18.2
3 [f(x) mx] dx
8
3 f(x) dx m 3 x dx
x2
=0
m [ ]
12
=0
2 3
m 2 8
[x ]3
2
1
2
12
=0
2
1
12
m(55)
=0
12
=0
55
2
2
55
2
= 2 0 x 2 dx
Given:
= 2m
16(ii) 1(x 2 ) dx = 1 x 2 dx
0
0
(c)
= m
= 12
m
15(i)
= 2 1 x 2 dx
m[(8) (3)2 ] = 0
12
1
16(ii) 1 x 2 dx = 0 x 2 dx
+ 0 x 2 dx
1
1
(b)
0
0
= 1 x 2 dx
+ 1 x 2 dx
(equal area under curve)
=0
=
4
3 f(x) dx
4
1 f(x) dx
24
55
17
a f(x) dx 0
Not True
=a
In theory
=b
For example
= 2 3 f(x) dx
= ()
= 2(a b)
= 2b 2a
16(i)
Algebraic area = P Q
Geometric area = P + Q
Clearly
f(x) can be negative between a and b
16(ii) 1 x 2 dx = 0 x 2 dx (equal area under curve)
0
1
(a)
1
0 x 2 dx
=
=
0
1 x 2 dx
1
0 x 2 dx
18
symmetry in y axis
In order to compute
b
f(x) dx
a
= m
1
dx cannot be computed
2
1 x
sleightofmath.com
508
Ex 18.3
2(e)
Ex 18.3
1(a)
1(b)
1(c)
2(a)
06 (3 cos x 2) dx
(sin x + 2) dx
= ( cos x) + 2x + c
= cos x + 2x + c
= [3(sin x) 2x]06
(1 3 cos x) dx
= x 3(sin x) + c
= x 3 sin x + c
2x]06
= [3 sin x
= [3 ( )
(5 sec x + 3) dx
= 5 tan x + 3x + c
3(a)
cos 2x dx = 2 sin 2x +c
3(b)
sin 3x dx = 3 cos 3x +c
3(c)
2 cos 4x dx = 2 cos 4x dx
2
1
= 2 ( sin 4x) +c
= sin 4x +c
2
3(d)
= tan ( ) tan(0)
3 sin 2 x dx = 3 sin 2 x dx
=1
= 1
= 3 ( 1 cos x) +c
= 6 cos x
2
2(c)
0)
= sin ( ) sin(0)
2(b)
(0
+c
3(e)
4 sec 2 5x dx = 4 sec 2 5x dx
1
= 4 ( tan 5x) +c
= [cos x]02
= tan 5x +c
5
= [cos ( ) cos(0)]
2
= (0
1)
4(a)
=1
2 cos (2 + 1) dx
x
= 2 cos ( + 1) dx
2
2(d)
02 (1 2 sin x) dx
= [x
= [x +
2( cos x)]02
2 cos x]02
=(
=
(0
+c
= 4 sin ( + 1)
2
4(b)
+ 0)
= 2 [ 1 sin ( + 1)] +c
+ 2)
3 sin(2 x) dx
= 3 sin(2 x) dx
= 3 [
1
1
cos(2 x)] +c
+c
= 3 cos(2 x)
4(c)
4 sec 2 (8x 4 ) dx
= 4 sec 2 (8x ) dx
4
= 4 [ tan (8x )] +c
8
= tan (8x )
Daniel & Samuel
A-math tuition 9133 9982
sleightofmath.com
+c
509
Ex 18.3
(sec 2 x 4 sin x) dx
= tan x
4( cos x) +c
= tan x + 4 cos x +c
9(a)
12
cos (2x + 3 ) dx
1
= [ sin (2x + )]
5(b)
5(c)
(3 cos x 2 sin x) dx
= 3 sin x 2( cos x)
= 3 sin x + 2 cos x
(4 cos x
= 4 sin x
+c
+c
12
= [sin (2x + )]
12
12
= [sin (2 ( ) + ) sin (2 ( ) + )]
+ 3 sec 2 x) dx
+ 3 tan x +c
= (sin
sin )
= [0
0 (1 + tan2 x) dx = 0 sec 2 x dx
=
2
= tan tan 0
4
9(b)
2 sin( x) dx
2
= 1 0
= 2 sin( x) dx
2
=1
= 2 [
04 [sec 2 x + 1] dx
= [tan x +
=1
= 2[cos(0)
cos ( )]
= 2(1
0)
=2
[ sin(2x + 1)] dx
9(c)
= sin(2x + 1) dx
=[
= [ cos(2x + 1)] +c
+c
= cos(2x + 1)
2
=[
=[
0 [x cos ( 3 6 x)] dx
x2
8(c)
x)]
2
= + 1 [shown]
8(b)
cos( x)]
= 2[cos(
x]04
= [tan + ] [tan 0 + 0]
8(a)
1)
= [tan x]04
x2
0
1
+ sin ( x)]
2
(1)2
2
+ sin ( (1))]
[
6 sin(3x + 2) dx
= 6 sin(3x + 2) dx
=[
= 6 [ cos(3x + 2)] +c
=[
= 2 cos(3x + 2)
sin ( x)]
+c
1
1
6 1
+ ( )]
=(
+ sin ( )]
+ )
(0)2
2
+ sin ( (0))]
[0
+ sin ( )]
[0
+ ( )]
6 3
2
33
= + (3 33)
sleightofmath.com
510
Ex 18.3
dx
= [ cos 5t]
5
12(a)
0 sin 5t dt
sin(x 2 + 2x)
= cos(x 2 + 2x)
d
dx
(x 2 + 2x)
1
= [cos 5t]0
5
= (cos 5 cos 0)
5
= (1
1)
= sin(x 2 + 2x) + c
10(i)
d
dx
(x cos x)
=x
d
dx
(cos x) +
d
dx
(x) cos x
= x ( sin x) +1 cos x
= cos x
x sin x
13
Both are correct
The arbitrary constant can factor in the differences in
constant value
sin x cos x dx
1
10(ii) d
(x cos x) = cos x x sin x
dx
d
x sin x
= cos x x cos x
dx
x cos x +c
=x
( cos 2x)
=x
+ cos 2x
=x
+ (1 2 sin2 x) +c1
=x
+ sin2 x
+c1
=x
sin2 x
+ + c1
=x
sin2 x
+c
1
2
1
2
1
2
= sin 2x dx
2
cos 2x
= (
+ a)
4
1
= cos 2x + a
1
4
cos2 x
= [1 2 sin2 x] + a or = [2 cos 2 x 1] + a
=
=
4
sin2 x
2
sin2 x
2
+ a
+ c1
2
cos2 x
2
+ + a
+ c2
+c1
+c1
1
2
sleightofmath.com
511
Ex 18.4
2(c)
Ex 18.4
1(a)
1(b)
2x
dx =
3x
2e
1 2x
e
2
1(c)
dx
1
2 ( e3x )
3
2 3x
e
+c
3
= 2[e
= 2(
2(d)
1)
1 e1x dx = [1 e1x ]
2
1
x
2
= 2 (2e ) +c
1
= 4e2x
= [e1 e0 ]
4e2x+1 dx = 4 e2x+1 dx
1
4 ( e2x+1 )
2
2x+1
= [
+c
1x )
1
e
2(e)
+c
ln 5
5
(ex + 1) dx = [ex + x]ln
0
= 3(e1x ) +c
= 3e1x +c
2
2(f)
0 ex dx = [ex ]20
1]
=1
+c
3e1x dx = 3 e1x dx
1
[e1x ]12
= [e1(2) e1(1) ]
+c
= 2e
= e e
= e2 1
2(b)
2e dx = 2 e dx
= 2 ( 1 e2x ) +c
2(a)
(0)
= 2(1 )
1
x
2
= 3(
e2
= 2(e1 1)
1(f)
1
(2)
2
1 2
[2e2x ]
0
1(e)
1
x
2
x
1e 2 ]
= 2 [e2x ]
+c
= e2x +c
1(d)
dx= 2 e
=[
+c
3x
2 1x
0 e 2 dx
ln 2
ln 2 3x
5e3x dx = 5 0
ln 2
= 5 [ e3x ]
1
1
1
0 e2x dx = [2 e2x ]
0
dx
5 3x ln 2
[e ]0
3
5
1 2x 1
[e ]0
2
1
= [e2 e0 ]
= [e3(ln 2) e3(0) ]
= [e2 1]
= [8
3
5
= [eln 2
3
2
1
1]
1]
= 11
3
sleightofmath.com
512
dy
Ex 18.4
5(c)
= e2x
dx
y=
1 2x
e
2
1 2
2x
dx = 2
= 2[
+c
ln|2 x|]
1 2x
e
2
= 2 ln 2
5(d)
+2
1 2
e
2
3
2+3x
dx = 3 0
1
2+3x
dx
1
= 3 [ ln|2 + 3x|]
3
4(a)
= 2(0 ln 2)
e2
=2
y=
= 2(ln 1 ln 2)
+c =2
dx
= 2[ln|2 x|]10
y = 2 when x = 1,
y|x=1 = 2
1 2
e
2
1
2x
x dx = 2 x dx
= [ln|2 +
= 2 ln|x| + c
= ln 5 ln 2
5
= ln
4(b)
x+1 dx = ln|x + 1| + c
4(c)
2x1 dx = 2 ln |2x 1| + c
4(d)
2x+1 dx = 3 2x+1 dx
3x|]10
6(a)
dy
dx
1
2x+1
y = ln|2x + 1| + c
2
= 3 ln|2x + 1| +c
2
= ln|2x + 1|
2
4(e)
12x dx = 2 12x dx
=2
1
2
+c
+c
= ln|4 3x| +c
5(a)
1
2
1
y = ln|2x + 1| +
6(b)
dy
dx
44
1 x dx
ln|1| + c = 0.5
ln|1 2x| +c
= ln|1 2x|
4(f)
y = 0 when x = 0,
y|x=0 = 0.5
+c
1
32x
1
y = ln|3 2x| + c
2
41
4 1 dx
x
= 4[ln|x|]14
y = 2 when x = 1,
y|x=1
=2
= 4(ln 4 ln 1)
ln|1| + c = 2
= 4 ln 22
1
2
= 8 ln 2
=2
1
y = 2 ln|3 2x|
5(b)
1 2
0 2x+1 dx
1 1
2 0
dx
2x+1
1
= 2 [ ln|2x + 1|]
2
= [ln|2x +
1|]10
= ln 3 ln 1
= ln 3
sleightofmath.com
513
Ex 18.4
9(i)
x
x
0 (e3 + e 3 ) dx
1
= (e3x + 2 + e3x ) dx
4
1
3
3 4
4
(0)
3
[ e
4
3 4
= ( e3
3
7(b)
ex
B
32x
A=1
=B
9(ii)
3 4(0)
e 3 ]
4
B = 2
1
1x
2
32x
(1x)(32x) dx
= (
3 4
e 3)
4
3
1
1x
2
32x
) dx
= ln |
10
1 ex +e2x
(1x)(32x) =
= (e e ) + 2
4
=A
1
1
( )(
2
+0
4
3
+ 2(0)
+2
4
(1)
3
+ 2(1) e
A
1x
=[ e
4
1
( )(1)
x= :
e3x ]
4
(1)
3
e3x ]
= [ e3x + 2x
x = 1:
Cover-up rule:
= [ 4 e3x + 2x +
1
(1x)(32x)
dy
dx
32x
1x
|+c
= (x1)(x2)
A
x1
B
x2
dx
Cover-up rule:
= (e2x + e3x ) dx
0
1
= [ e2x
+ e3x ]
2
1
1 3
e )
3
1 0
e )
3
x = 1:
1
( )(1)
x = 2:
1
(1)( )
=A
=B
A = 1
B=1
8(i)
1
( e2
2
dx
1
x1
1
x2
= e2 + e3
y = ln|x 1| + ln|x 2| + c
2x1
(x+1)(x+2)
y = 2 at x = 3,
y|x=3
=2
ln 2 + ln 1 + c = 2
c
= 2 + ln 2
A
x+1
B
x+2
Cover-up rule:
x = 1:
x = 2:
3
=A
( )(1)
5
=B
(1)( )
2x1
(x+1)(x+2) =
8(ii)
dy
3
x+1
A = 3
y = ln|x 1| + ln|x 2| + 2 + ln 2
B=5
= ln |
+
5
x+2
2x4
x1
|+2
2x1
dx
(x+1)(x+2)
2
3
5
) dx
+
x+1 x+2
1
= [3 ln|x + 1| + 5 ln|x + 2|]12
= [3 ln 3 + 5 ln 4]
[3 ln 2 + 5 ln 3]
2
= 3 ln 3 + 5 ln 2
+3 ln 2 5 ln 3
= 13 ln 2 8 ln 3
= (
sleightofmath.com
514
1
(x2)(x1)2
x2
Ex 18.4
B
1
12(ii) 5
dx
3 (x+3)(x2)2
x1
+ (x1)2
5 1
= 3
Cover-up rule:
1
( )(1)2
x = 2:
=A
25 x+3
1 5 1
[
25 3 x+3
x2
1
x2
+ (x2)2 ] dx
+ 5(x 2)2 ] dx
A=1
=
1
(1)( )2
x = 1:
=C
C = 1
Substitution:
1
(2)(1)2
x = 0:
+ (1)2
= 1
1
(x2)(x1)2
=
=
11(ii)
1
x2
1
x2
x1
1
x1
1
(x1)2
1
(x1)2
5
1
3 (x2)(x1)2 dx
13(i)
1
1
1
] dx
= [
x 1 (x 1)2
3 x2
=
5 1
3 [x2
1
x1
(x 2)
2 ]
= [ln|x 2| ln|x 1| [
1
(x+3)(x2)2
(x1)1
x+3
x2
1
25
1
25
1
( )(5)2
x = 2:
1
(5)( )2
10
[ln ln 6 +
4
10
[ln ( ) +
10
10
[2 ln +
y = ecos x
= ecos x
d
dx
(cos x)
= sin x ecos x dx
C
(x2)2
=A
1
25
x+3
1
= (ecos x )
+( cos x) +c
= ecos x
cos x
2 e3x
ex1
2 ex
dx = 0
ex1
1
25
x2
C
4
+
1
x2
+c
dx
C=
25 x+3
+ sin x dx
= 0 e dx
A=
=C
2 2
[ln ( ) +
14(b)
25
(e3
1
1
3
x1
B=
3 cos 2x) dx
1
2
= 3e3x1 sin 2x
2
= 2e
(x+3)(x2)2 =
Substitution:
3(4)
x2 3
= e[x]20
x = 3:
x2
Cover-up rule:
x = 0:
x+3
]]
]]
14(a)
B
1
25
[ln |
1
25
dx
= ln +
12(i)
1
25
[ln|x + 3| + ln|x 2| + 5 [
(x2)1
= ecos x ( sin x)
= sin x ecos x
= [ln | | + ] [ln | | + ]
4
1
25
dx
x2
1
|+
]
= [ln |
x1
x1 3
25
dy
+c
25
1
5
(x2)2
5
+ (x2)2 ]
sleightofmath.com
515
dy
dx
Ex 18.4
16(ii) sec x dx = ln(sec x + tan x) + c
2x2 +1
e2x
x
3
17
= 2x 2 +x 2 e4x
5
x2
x2
2
1
2
x
1
x
4
1
4
1
x
4
y = 2( 5 ) + ( 1 ) (
4 5
= x2
5
+2x
+c
4
5
4e0 + c
c
y=
4 2
x x
5
=2
= 2
+ 2x + 4e
1
4
x2 +a
x+a
18
x2
2
+a
a2 )
a + a2
a+a2
x+a
) dx
ax +(a + a2 ) ln|x + a| + c
+a
dx
= (x a +
=2
+a
a
+0x
+ax)
ax
(ax
) +c
+4e
y = 2 when x = 0,
y|x=0
x
x2
(x 2
dx
ln(x) =
1
x
1
x dx
1
(x)
= (1)
16(i)
d
dx
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
ln(sec x + tan x)
1
sec x+tan x
1
sec x+tan x
1
sec x+tan x
1
sec x+tan x
1
sec x+tan x
1
sec x+tan x
1
sec x+tan x
d
dx
dx
[(cos x)1 ]
[(cos x)2
d
dx
+ sec 2 x]
c or ln(x) + c
(cos x) + sec 2 x]
19
sin x
+ sec 2 x)
cos2 x
1
cos x
(sec x + tan x)
sin x
cos x
+ sec 2 x)
d
dx
(ex ) = 2xex
eax+b dx =
but ef(x)
eax+b
a
ef(x)
f (x)
+c
+c
= sec x
sleightofmath.com
516
Rev Ex 18
A3(i)
Rev Ex 18
x3
3 ( ) + c
4
x4
x3
+c
A1(b) 2x2 x dx
x
=
1
= (2x x 2 ) dx
x2
1
2
= 2( )
= x2
+c
A2(a) (2 + ex )2 dx
= (e2x + 4ex + 4) dx
1
= e2x +4ex + 4x + c
2
A2(c)
sin2 x
1 2x
1
e 2 ( ex )
2
1
1 2x
e +2ex +c
2
+c
A3(ii)
1
2
1cos x
4
dx
0 (cos x 3 sin x) dx
= 2
4
1+cos
2
sin
2
= [(
2
2
[0 + 3]
+ 3 ( )]
= [(
= 22 3
dx
1+cos x 2
]
[
sin x
=[
1
1cos x
A2(d)
1
1 cos x
3 sin (2x 3 ) dx
1+0
1
= [ cos (2x )]
1
3
[cos (2x )]
2
3
4
1
= [1
= (1
= (
=
= [cos (2 ( ) ) cos (2 ( ) )]
2
1
= (cos
2
1 1
= (
2 2
2
2
2
2
1+cos
) (
cos x
[shown]
cos x cos 2 x
sin2 x
sin2 x cos 2 x
sin2 x
2x + c
sin x
x2
1+cos x
sin x
= (x 3 3x 2 ) dx
x4
d
d
(1 + cos x) (1 + cos x) (sin x)
dx
dx
=
sin2 x
sin x ( sin x)
(1 + cos x) cos x
=
sin2 x
A1(a) x 2 (x 3) dx
d
dx
sin
4
2
2
2
2
1+
2+2
2
2
2
)]
)]
)]
1)
2
2
= 2
cos )
6
3
)
2
= (3 1)
4
sleightofmath.com
517
1
(x3)(2x+1)
A
x3
Rev Ex 18
A6(a) a(3 2x) dx
1
B
2x+1
1
( )(7)
=A
( )( )
1
7
x= :
7
2
(x3)(2x+1) =
=
A=
=B
x3
1
7(x3)
B=
2
7
2
7
2x+1
2
7(2x+1)
k
6 2 (1
2
[x
] dx
7(x3)
7(2x+1)
7
1
2
) dx
(
7 4 x3
2x+1
(k
k3
1
= [ln|x 3|
ln|2x + 1|]74
7
1
= [(ln 4 ln 15) (ln 1 ln 9)]
7
1
4
= (ln
+ ln 9)
7
1
15
12
A5(a)
d
dx
3
3
[ln(cos x)] =
1
cos x
d
dx
(cos x)
1
( sin x)
cos x
= tan x [shown]
=
= 100
x 2 ) dx
= 100
k
x3
3 2
k3
3
) (2 )
52
100
6
100
6
=0
k 3k 52
=0
2
(k 4)(k +
+ )
2
(k 4)(k +
+ 13)
2
(k 4)(k + 4k + 13)
=0
(k 4)[(k + 2)2 4 + 13] = 0
(k 4)[(k + 2)2 + 9]
=0
k
=4
A7(i)
dy
dx
= 3x 2 + k
At turning pt (2,6):
dy
0 tan x dx = 0 tan x dx
=
A6(b) k 6(1 x 2 ) dx
2
= ln
x2
= [4 ( )]
[3x x 2 ]1a
= 2[x 2 ]12
(3a a2 ) (3 1) = 2(1 4)
3a a2 2
= 6
2
3a a + 4
=0
2
a 3a 4
=0
(a + 1)(a 4)
=0
a = 1 or a = 4
1
A4(ii) 7
dx
4 (x3)(2x+1)
= 4 [
[3x 2 ( )]
Cover-up rule:
x = 3:
x2
= 2 4x dx
dx x=2
2
[ln(cos x)]03
=0
3(2) + k = 0
k
= 12
= ln 2
A5(b)
d
dx
[ln(ex + 1)] =
=
ln 2 ex
ex +1
(ex + 1)
ex +1 dx
1
= x ex
e +1
ex
ex +1
[shown]
2
dx = [ln(ex + 1)]ln
0
= ln(eln 2 + 1) ln(e0 + 1)
= ln(2 + 1) ln(1 + 1)
= ln 3 ln 2
3
= ln
2
sleightofmath.com
518
dy
dx
Rev Ex 18
B1(c) 1 (4x+1)4 7 dx
0 2(4x+1)2
= 3x 2 12
1 1
2
y = 3 ( ) 12x + a
3
=[
Curve at (2,6):
6 = (2)3 12(2) + a
a = 10
=[
=
y = x 12x 10
(4x+1)3
(4)(3)
(4x+1)3
(4(1)+1)3
15
5
4
[
=
632
15
= 41
9
10
1
2
1sin2 x
1sin x
dx
(1+sin x)(1sin x)
1sin x
dx
= (1 + sin x) dx
x2
2
= [x cos x]
5
2
(1)3
2
8
(1)2 + (1)2 ]
5
= [() (1)] (
2]
5
= ( cos ) ( cos )
4
1 2
x ]
2
1
12
B2(c) cos2 x dx
1sin x
8 5
11
= ln 8
5
x2
5
2
= 3 ln 2
= [4 ( ) 4 ( ) + ( )]
8(4(0)+1)
= 3 ln
= 3[ln 2 ln 4]
= 1 (4x 2 4xx + x) dx
24
8(4(1)+1)
(4(0)+1)3
= 2 ln 5
=8
4
[ x3
3
= 2(ln 5 ln 1)
= 2[ln|2x + 1|]20
3 4
1
= [(2x + 1)2 ]
3
0
x3
= 4 [ ln|2x + 1|]
3 4
3
1 3
[92 12 ]
3
1
= (27 1)
3
26
=
3
8(4x+1) 0
7
B2(a) 2 4 dx = 4 2 1 dx
0 2x+1
0 2x+1
0 2x + 1 dx = 0 (2x + 1) dx
(2x + 1)2
=[
]
3
(2) ( )
2 0
60
7
(4)(1) 0
323
1
2
24
(4x+1)1
24
=4
=[
= x 3 12x + a
B1(a)
x3
5
6
+1+
3
2
3
)
2
7
30
sleightofmath.com
519
Rev Ex 18
B4(a)
2 csc 2 x dx
8x+13
(1+2x)(2+x)2
1+2x
2+x
+ (2+x)2
= 2[ cot x]2
[not in syllabus]
Cover-up rule:
B3(i)
9
( )(1.5)2
= 2 [( cot ) ( cot )]
2
4
= 2 (cot cot )
4
2
= 2(1
0)
=2
x= :
y = x 2 2x 1
Substitution:
dy
dx
= x2
d
dx
=
=
=
=
=
22x1
x2
x = 0:
+2x 2x 1
x2
13
(1)(4)
= 2
8x+13
(1+2x)(2+x)2 =
=
+2x(2x1)
2x1
x2
+4x2 2x
2x1
2x1
2x1
1+2x
+ +
1+2x
4
1+2x
= 1 [4
[shown]
2
2+x
2
2+x
+ (2+x)2
1
+ (2+x)2
8x+13
dx
(1+2x)(2+x)2
= 1 [
5x2 2x
x(5x2)
=C
C=1
+2x2x 1
2x1
3
(3)( )2
x = 2:
=A
A=4
2x 1 + dx x 2 2x 1
=x
1+2x
+ (2+x)2 ] dx
2+x
1
+ (2 + x)2 ] dx
2+x
1+2x
2+x
1+2(2)
2+(2)
12
= 2 ln +
sleightofmath.com
2+x 1
2+x 1
= [2 ln ]
]
(1)(1)
2x1
(2+x)1
1
2+(2)
[2 ln |
1+2(1)
2+(1)
1
2+(1)
[2 ln 1 ]
3
520
Rev Ex 18
B5(ii)
x2 +3x+2
= (x+2)(x+1) =
x+2
04 cos 3 2x dx
x+1
1
( )(1)
x = 2:
=A
A = 1
1
(1)( )
x = 1:
=B
B=1
1
x2 +3x+2
1
x+2
x2 +3x+2 dx =
x+1
x+1
= ln |
dx
x+2
x+1
+c
x+2
dx
1
6
0)
dx
B6(a)
d
dx
[ln(ln x)] =
1
x ln x
(2x)
= ln (
cos 2x
= ln (
ln x
1
d
dx
1
(ln x)
x ln x
ln 4
ln 2
ln 22
ln 2
2 ln 2
ln 2
= ln 2
1 4
= 6 sin2 2x cos 2x dx
6 0
1
= [sin3 2x]04
6
1
= (sin3 sin3 0)
dx
(x n ln x)
= xn
= xn
=x
0)
= [ln(ln x)]42
= ln (
04 sin2 2x cos 2x dx
1
(1
6
1
= (1)
6
1
=
1
ln x
1
= ln(ln 4) ln(ln 2)
= 6 sin2 2x
(sin 2x)
=
d
3]
= 3(sin 2x)2
= (1
dx
[(sin 2x)
(sin3 2x)
d
= [sin 2x]0
= ln|x + 1| ln|x + 2| +c
1
(x+2)(x+1) dx
1
1
dx
= (sin sin 0)
= [ sin 2x]
Integral
B5(i)
d
dx
1
x
n1
(ln x) +
+nx
dx
n1
+n x
(x n ) ln x
ln x
n1
ln x
B6(b) n = 1:
sleightofmath.com
521
Rev Ex 18
B7(a) 1 dN
N
(x ln x) = 1 + ln x
ln x
d
dx
ln|N| + a = kt
ln|N| = kt a
N = ekta
= bekt
(x ln x) 1
ln x dx
= [
d
dx
(x ln x) 1] dx
B7(b) N|t=0 = A
be0 = A
b=A
N = ekt [shown]
= x ln x x + c
n = 2:
d
dx
(x 2 ln x) = x + 2x ln x
2x ln x =
dx
1 d
x ln x = (
= kt
x 2 ln x x
2 dx
x 2 ln x x)
x ln x dx
1 d
= [
2 dx
1
d
(x 2 ln x) x] dx
= [ (x 2 ln x) x] dx
2
dx
1
x2
= (x 2 ln x ) + c
n = 3:
d
dx
x 3 ln x = x 2 + 3x 2 ln x
3x 2 ln x =
dx
1 d
x 2 ln x
= [
x 3 ln x x 2
3 dx
(x 3 ln x) x 2 ]
x 2 ln x dx
1 d
= [
3 dx
1
d
(x 3 ln x) x 2 ] dx
= [ (x 3 ln x) x 2 ] dx
3
dx
1
= (x 3 ln x
x3
)+c
n = m + 1:
d
dx
(x m+1 ln x)
= x m + (m + 1)x m ln x
(m + 1)x m ln x =
x m ln x
d
dx
1
(x m+1 ln x) x m
[
m+1 dx
(x m+1 ln x) x m ]
x m ln x dx
=
=
=
m+1 dx
1
d
m+1
1
m+1
(x m+1 ln x) x m ] dx
[dx (x m+1 ln x) x m ] dx
(x m+1 ln x
xm+1
m+1
)+c
sleightofmath.com
522
Ex 19.1
5
Ex 19.1
1
4
0 x(4
4
= sin(x ) dx
x) dx
0
x2
x3
= [4 ( ) ( )]
2
x3
= [2x 2
3
2
6
[2(0)2
(0)3
3
= [(0) (1 ex )] dx
= cos 2
1
= [sin 2x]04
2
1
= (sin sin 0)
2
1
Shaded area
=
= (1
0)
2
1
4
1 [(y
= [[
3) + 2] dy
(y3)3
3
] + 2y]
1
= unit
Shaded area
((0)3)
= [[
= e2x dx
=
0
1 2x 1
[ e ]
2
0
=8
= 2
1 2x 1
[e ]0
2
1
= (e2 e0 )
=
[
=5
+ (3)]
+ (0)]
+
= (2 )
y
y
= [2 ( ) ( )]
2
3 0
2
1
= [y 2 y 3 ]
3
0
((0)1)
= ( 1)2 + 1
= [2y y 2 ] dy
2
((3)1)
0
2
= [(x 1)2 + 1] dx
=[
= [y(2 y) (0)] dy
+ x]
] + 2(0)]
Shaded area
Shaded area
=[
((0)3)
= (e2 1) unit 2
(x1)3
] + 2(0)] [[
= 9 unit
2
1
= ( 3)2 + 2
= 1
= [x ex ]20
= [(2 e2 ) (0 e0 )]
= [2 e2 + 1]
= (e2 3) unit 2
= (1 ex ) dx
= cos 2x dx
2
0
Shaded area
= [ sin 2x]
= sin( )
Shaded area
= 10 unit 2
2
3 0
(4)3
[2(4)2
]
3
2
= 10
= [ cos(x )]0
= [cos(x )]0
= cos 0 cos()
=1
(1)
2
= 2 unit
= (4 )
= (4x x 2 ) dx
Shaded area
=
Shaded area
=1
1
3
= 1 unit 2
3
= 6 unit
sleightofmath.com
523
Ex 19.1
11(a) Area
=0
sin (2x + ) = 0
2x +
9(ii)
=[
Shaded Area
= 03 sin (2x + ) dx
1
2
1
= [ cos (2x + )]
= [cos (2x + )]
+ (5)] [
1
Shaded area
a
0
a
3
2
3
2
x2
) dx
3
x2
x2
+ 3 (2
2
) dx
) dx
3 2
x 3
2
+4 +
3
2
2 (2 +
2
3
2
= 10 2 (2 + 3 )
ea
+ 3 (2
+ [2x + ]
=2+3
unit
= 10 4 6
e
a
3
2
= [2x + ]
= e(0) e(a)
ea
a
3 1
a
1
= [ ex ]
1
0
= [ex ]a0
= [ex ]0a
ea
=2
= 3 (2
+ (2)]
4
1
= ex dx
1 (2 x2 ) dx
= ex (0) dx
(2)4
1
1
= (1 )
2
2
3
2
= unit
=1
= (cos cos )
10(i)
(5)4
= sin (2 + )
11(b)
+ x]
= 155 unit 2
2 5
x4
= 161
= 3 + 1
+ 1] (0) dx
x + 1 dx
=[
=0
=
5
2 [x 3
4
3
= 0.5
=
Note:
Deal with the upper limits first then the lower
limits.
=2
= ln 2
0.693
sleightofmath.com
524
Ex 19.1
14(i)
= 2 + 1
y = x2 x 6
= (x 3)(x + 2)
Line PQ
Point:
20
2
3
2
= x+
=[
+ [
+[
3
4
3
1
=[
8
+ ] (0)dx
=[
2 x2
3 2
+ [ [ ] + x]
= [( + 1) (0)]
4
2
+ 1 [ x
3
+area of B
+ 1] (0) dx
+ x]
2) dx
= 2(x 2 x 6) dx
x3
= 2 6
= 3 (x 2 x 6) dx
Shaded area
= area of A
1
0 [x 2
= 2(x 3)(x +
y 2 = (x 1)
y
= 2[(0) (x 3)(x +
2)] dx
y y1 = m(x x1 )
PQ:
14
14(ii) Area
P(1,2), Q(4,0)
Gradient: mPQ =
x2
3
(2)3
3
x2
2
6x]
(2)2
2
6(2)] [
22
3
5
(3)3
3
(3)2
2
6(3)]
27
2
= 20 unit
6
x3
+ x]
3
16
32
3
8
( + )
15(i)
Curve:
y = x2
(1)
Line:
x + y= 6
y
=6x
(2)
9
3
= 4 unit
3
13
Shaded area
= ( + 1)( 2)
= 0 (x + 1)(x 2) dx
= (x + 1)(x 2) dx
1
2
= (x 2 x 2) dx
1
1
x=2
y|x=2 = (2)2
=4
A(2,4)
= (x 2 x 2) dx
2
=[
=[
=
x3
(1)3
3
x2
2
2x]
(1)2
2
2(1)] [
6
1
(2)3
3
(2)2
2
2(2)]
10
3
= 4 unit
2
sleightofmath.com
525
Ex 19.1
= [(6 x) x 2 ] dx
= 2
0
2
= [6 x x 2 ] dx
2
x2 x3
= [6x ]
2
3 0
=7
(2)2
(2)3
3
] [6(0)
(0)2
2
(0)3
3
Lower curve
x
= 4y y 2
(y 2)2 4 = x
(y 2)2
=4x
y2
= 4 x
y
= 2 4 x
y
= 2 4 x
3
1
= 7 unit 2
3
16(i)
x = 4y y 2
(1)
x=4y
(2)
= 2 2
Shaded Area
3
= 0 [(4 x) (2 4 x)] dx
3
= 0 (2 x + 4 x) dx
= [2x
= [2x
x2
2
x2
2
=4
3
2
2
5
(1)( )
0
3
(4 x)2 ]
3
2
2
3
2
0
3
[0 (4)2 ]
3
+ [ (22 )2 ]
=[ ]
4
(4x)2
= [6 (1) ]
3
2 3
+ 2
3
6
1
= 6 unit 2
17(i)
d
dx
+Area of Q
(3x + 7) =
(3x + 7)
23x+7 dx
=
Shaded Area
= Area of P
Line
x=4y
y=4x
= 4
=6
= [6(2)
=4
1
23x+7
3
23x+7
= 0 [(4y y 2 ) (0)] dy
4
+ 1 [(4 y) (0)] dy
1
= 0 (4y y 2 ) dy
y2
y3
= [4 ( ) ( )]
2
= [2y 2
y3
3 0
= [(2 ) (0)]
3
+ 1 (4 y) dy
+ [4y
2 1
1
+ [4y y 2 ]
+ [(16 8) (4 )]
2
y2
9
2
= 6 unit
6
sleightofmath.com
526
Ex 19.1
3
1
dx
1
3x+7
2 3
3
dx
3 1 23x+7
3
2
[3x + 7]1
3
=
1
1
3+7
B = 0 [(1 + a2 ) (1 + x 2 )] dx
a
= (a2 x 2 ) dx
= (3(3) + 7 3(1) + 7)
3
2
= (16
= (4
=
18(i)
= [a2 x
4)
3
2
3
4
= (a3
2)
a3
= (a +
(0)3
3
= a(1 + a2 ) (a +
= a + a3
a3
3
19
1 3
a
3
3
=0
2 k
a3
Area of P
2 3
a
3
k 10
2 ( x2 ) dx
k
2 10x 2 dx
2
= a3
3
10 [
=0
x1
[ ]
a = 0 or a = 3 or a = 3
(both rej a > 0)
k
k
sleightofmath.com
= area of Q
5 10
= k ( 2 ) dx
x
= k (10x 2 ) dx
= 10 [
x1
1 k
1 5
=[ ]
x 2
1 2
1 k
a 3a
=0
2
a(a 3)
=0
a(a + 3)(a 3) = 0
10
Region A = Region B
a3
a = 0 or a = 3 or a = 3
(both rej a > 0)
a+
a 3a
=0
a(a 3)
=0
a(a + 3)(a 3) = 0
) unit 2
= a3
1 3
a
3
3
=B
a3
a+
3
a3
) (0)
A
= 1 + 2
[(0) +
=a+
a
x3
= [(a) +
3 0
a3
= a3
Region A
a
= 0 (1 + x 2 ) dx
3 0
(a)3
unit 2
= [x +
x3
x k
1
2
=
=
=
7
10
20
7
527
y = x 2 ax b
Ex 19.1
20(iii)
Line PR
Points:
Gradient:
mPR = (1)(0) = 3
PR:
y y1 = m(x x1 )
y 0 = 3[x (1)]
y
= 3x 3
Line RQ
Points:
Gradient:
mRQ =
RQ:
y y1 = m(x x1 )
y 0 = 1(x 3)
y
=x3
dy
dx
dy
= 2x a
dx x=1
=0
2(1) a = 0
a
=2
b|a=2 = 5 (2) = 3
20(ii) Curve with a = 2, b = 3:
y = x 2 2x 3
Points P & Q
At P & Q, curve cuts x axis (y = 0):
y
=0
2
x 2x 3
=0
(x + 1)(x 3) = 0
x = 1
or
x=3
P(1,0)
Q(3,0)
(0)(3)
(0)(3)
(3)(0)
=1
= 2
Shaded Area
= left region
+right region
Point R
At R, curve cuts y axis
y|x=0 = (0)2 2(0) 3
= 3
R(0, 3)
= 1[(3x 3) (x 2 2x 3)] dx
3
+ 0 [(x 3) (x 2 2x 3)] dx
0
= 1[x 2 x] dx + 0 [x 2 + 3x] dx
= [
x3
3
x2
2 1
1
= [(0) ( )]
+ [
x3
3
+ [(9 +
3x2
2
27
2
) (0)]
= 4 unit 2
3
21(i)
sleightofmath.com
P(2,0) lies on y = kx x 2 :
0 = 2k 22
k=2
528
Ex 19.1
22(a) 2 sin x dx = 0
0
21(ii) Point Q
Q(3, h) lies on y = 2x x 2 :
h = 2(3) 32
= 3
Q(3, 3)
Line OQ
Points:
(3)(0)
(3)(0)
= 1
cos x dx = 0
0
y y1 = m(x x1 )
y (3) = 1(x 3)
y
= x
OQ:
Gradient: mOQ =
[typo in book]
= 2 2
3
By inspection
a = k, k +
(3, )
3
= [3x x 2 ] dx
0
=[
=[
3x2
2
3(3)2
=4
2
1
2
1
x3
3 0
(3)3
] [
3(0)2
2
(0)3
3
= 4 unit 2
2
sleightofmath.com
529
Ex 19.2
3
Ex 19.2
1
Points P & Q
At P & Q, y = x 2 8x + 20 meets y = 8
x 2 8x + 20 = 8
x 2 8x + 12 = 0
(x 2)(x 6) =
x = 2 or x = 6
Point P
x=0
Point Q
1
At Q, y = cos x meets y = :
2
cos x =
0= 8
1
2
=7
= 8 + 20
2
Shaded Area
Shaded Area
1
= [(cos x) ] dx
2
0
= [(8) (x 2 8x + 20)] dx
2
6
= [8 x 2 + 8x 20] dx
2
6
(x 2
+ 8x 12) dx
= [
=(
x
+ 4x 2 12x]
3
2
(6)3
3
+ 4(6)2 12(6)]
(2)3
+ 4(2)2 12(2)]
= 10 unit 2
3
Shaded Area
7
= 1 [(8x x 2 ) 7]
3
2
) unit 2
6
Points P & Q
At P & Q, y = x 2 12x + 42 meets y = x + 2
x 2 12x + 42 = x + 2
x 2 13x + 40 = 0
= 2 12 + 42
(x 5)(x 8) = 0
=+2
x = 5 or x = 8
Shaded Area
(x + 2)
8
] dx
= 5 [
2
(x 12x + 42)
= [
=7
= [
= [
x3
3
512
3
13 2
x
2
98
3
= 74
13
2
(64) 40(8)]
+79
125
3
13
2
(25) 40(5)]
1
6
= 4 unit
+ 4(7) 7(7)]
[
40x]
+ 4x 7x]
(7)3
= 5 [x 2 + 13x 40] dx
= 1 [x 2 + 8x 7] dx
= [
Points P & Q
At P & Q, y = 8x x 2 meets y = 7
8x x 2
=7
2
x 8x + 7 = 0
(x 1)(x 7) = 0
= 8 2
x = 1 or x = 7
x3
= (sin ) (sin 0 0)
= [
= [sin x x]
= 8 2
1
(1)3
3
+ 4(1)2 7(1)]
10
3
= 36 unit 2
sleightofmath.com
530
Ex 19.2
Points P & Q
At P & Q, y = x + 3 meets y = x 2 + 8x 7
x+3
= x 2 + 8x 7
x 2 7x + 10 = 0
(x 2)(x 5) = 0
x = 2 or x = 5
Shaded Area
=+3
5
(x 2 + 8x 7)
] dx
= [
(x + 3)
2
5
5
2
2
= [x + 7x 10] dx
= 2 + 8 7
2
=
x3
7
[ + x 2
3
2
125
7
= [
= 4
3
1
10x]
Area of region A
1
= 0 [(ex ) 1] dx
=
=1
1
=
=
1
0 [(1)
1
2
(1 x
A
B
Area of region B
2 )]
dx
=1
1 = 1 2
x dx
0
x3
=[ ]
1
= [13 03 ]
3
1
= unit 2
3 0
+8
= [ex x]10
= [e1 1] [e0 0]
= e 1 1
= (e 2) unit 2
= 4 unit 2
2
8(i)
= 2 sin
=
= 2 sin
Area of region
= 02 [(2 sin x) x] dx
= [2 cos x
2
2
8
] [2 cos 0
] [2(1)
02
2
0]
+2
= (2
2
2
( )
2 0
= [2 cos
= [0
x2 2
2
8
) unit 2
sleightofmath.com
Points P & Q
At P & Q, y = 7 + 6x x 2 meets x-axis (y = 0).
7 + 6x x 2 = 0
x 2 6x 7 = 0
(x 7)(x + 1) = 0
x = 7 or x = 1
P(7,0) Q(1,0)
Point R
At R, y = 7 + 6x x 2 meets y axis (x = 0):
y|x=0 = 7
R(0,7)
Point S
At S, y = 7 + 6x x 2 meets y = 7.
y
=7
2
7 + 6x x = 7
6x x 2
=0
2
x 6x
=0
x(x 6)
=0
x=0
or
x=6
(taken at R) S(6,7)
531
Ex 19.2
9(i)
= 7 + 6 2
(2,0)
y = x 2 7x + 15
(1)
y=7x
(2)
Left region
=
=
=
1
2 0 (7 + 6x x 2 ) dx
1
2 (7 + 6x x 2 ) dx
2
1 (7 + 6x x 2 ) dx
2
x3
2
= [7x + 3x
[7(1) + 3(1)
+3
3
1
(2)3
3
(1)3
3
1 2
2
= 1 (x 2 6x + 8) dx
= 4 unit
3
=[
Middle region
0
=[
= (7 + 6x x 2 ) dx
x3
3x 2 + 8x]
= [7x + 3x
x3
3(2)2 + 8(2)]
3 1
(0)3
2
= [7(0) + 3(0)
[7(1) + 3(1)
+3
=6
]
(1)3
3
(1)3
3
1
3(1)2 + 8(1)]
1
3
= 1 unit
3
]
9(ii)
(2)3
=0
Region A
=7
3 1
= [7(2) + 3(2)
= 2 7 + 15
Region B
4
= 2 [(7 x) (x 2 7x + 15)] dx
= 3 unit 2
3
= (x 2 + 6x 8) dx
Right region
=
6
0 (7
6
2
4
x3
x2
= [ + 6 ( ) 8x]
3
2
2
+ 6x x 2 ) 7 dx
= (6x x 2 ) dx
= [
=
=
[3x 2
x3
3 0
(6)3
[3(6)2
]
3
(0)3
2
[3(0)
= [
x3
3
+ 3x 2 8x]
(4)3
3
= 5
+ 3(4) 8(4)]
+6
(2)3
3
+ 3(2)2 8(2)]
2
3
= 36
0
= 36 unit 2
[
]
=
3
sleightofmath.com
532
Ex 19.2
y = x 2 + 4x 5
dy
dx
= 2x + 4
= 2 + 4 5
= 10
dx
2x + 4 = 10
x
=3
y|x=3 = 32 + 4(3) 5
= 16
Area of PQR
= area of PR
=
10(ii) Point P
P(3,16)
3
1 (x 2
=[
x3
=(
Point R
At R, y = x 2 + 4x 5 cuts x axis (y = 0):
x 2 + 4x 5 = 0
(x + 5)(x 1) = 0
x = 5 or x = 1
(rej x > 0) R(1,0)
Line PQ
Points:
Gradient:
PQ:
area of PQT
+ 4x 5) (0) dx
+ 2x 2 5x]
(1.6)(16)
2
+ 18 15) ( + 2 5)
15
12.8
unit 2
B
A
= 15(x 2 + 4x 5) 0 dx
3
= 1 [x 2 + 4x 5] dx
7
5
= 1 [x 2 + 4x 5] dx
7
5
=[
Q ( , 0)
5
x3
3
+ 2x 2 5x]
sleightofmath.com
15
+ 7 [(x 3)2 ] dx
5
+[
(x3)3
3
]7
5
7 2
5
3
13
+ 7 [x 2 6x + 9] dx
+ 2 ( ) 7]
[ + 2 5]
=1
7
5
7 3
( )
5
=[
3
13
(3 ) (16)
Method 2 (break)
P(3,16) or Q
mPQ = 10
y y1 = mPQ (x x1 )
y 16 = 10(x 3)
16 = 10 30
y
= 10x 14
3
27
=1
Point Q
At Q, PQ ( = 10 14) cuts x axis (y = 0):
y
=0
10x 14 = 0
10x
= 14
x
+0
512
375
unit 2
533
Ex 19.2
Point A
At A, y = 7 + 6x x 2 cuts y axis (x = 0):
y|x=0 = 7
A(0,7)
= 1
=
=[
A(0,7) lies on y = mx + c,
(7) = m(0) + c
c =7
=1
=
m)x x
x3
3 0
[(6 m) ( )
[(6 m) (
(6
(6m)2
2
(mx + 7)] dx = 20
= 20
6m
x2
1
m)3 [ ]
6
3
(6 m)
6m
m
= 20
(6m)3
3
] [0]
= 20
=
= 20
dx
2]
k1
= (k 1)(k + 1)
+ 6x x
(1,1)
(, )
12(iii) By complement
Area of region B
= area of trapezium area of region A
2)
1
2
k
1
+ 6 2
1 1
1 k
= ( 1)
= +
x 1
1
= [ ]
11(ii) Point B
At B, y = mx + 7 meets y = 7 + 6x x 2
mx + 7
= 7 + 6x x 2
x 2 + mx 6x = 0
x 2 + (m 6)x = 0
x[x (m 6)] = 0
x=0
or
x = (m 6)
(taken at A)
=6m
11(iii)
dx
x2
k 2
1 x dx
k
x1
5
6
5
2
k2 1
2
k1
k
k1
k
k3 k2k+2
2k
k3 3k+2
2k
(k1)(k2 +k2)
2k
13
[deduced]
6
5
= 1 2
6
5
=1
5
6
125
0 [1 x 2 (1 x)] dx
= 125
=5
=1
= [(1)2 ]
4
(1)(1)
2
=
12(i)
y=x
14
x2
sleightofmath.com
534
Rev Ex 19
A3
Rev Ex 19
A1(i)
Area of region A
p 8
= 1
2 dx
1 p
= 8 [ ]
x 1
1
1
= 8 ( )
p
8
= (8 ) unit 2
(1)
x=3
(2)
sub (2) into (1):
8
2
1 P
Coordinates
y 2 = 3x
= 3
= 3(3)
= 3
Shaded region
A1(ii) A
=B
8
8
8
8
8
p
8
8
8
= 8 ( )
p
8
= +
=
=
+6
A4
(sin x) +
Area of region A
=
(x) sin x
sin x
= x cos x
+1
sin x
= x cos x
+ sin x
= x cos x [shown]
sin x
sin x
dx
= 12 unit 2
(x sin x + cos x)
=x
=3
=6
28
3
12
2 = 3
3
1
= [3y y 3 ]
9
3
x p
1
1
dx
3
1
= [3 y 2 ] dy
3
3
= 8 [ ]
1
3
x p
1 6
6 8
p (x2 ) dx
1 6
= 8 [ ]
16
A2(a)
= 3 [(3) ( y 2 )] dy
dx
1
0 x(x
1)(x 2) dx
= ( 1)( 2)
1
2
= x(x 3x + 2) dx
0
1
= 0 (x 3 3x 2 + 2x) dx
=[
A2
At A, y = x cos x cut x axis (y = 0):
(b)(i) x cos x = 0
x = 0 or
cos x = 0
(rej x > 0) x =
x4
4
x3 + x2 ]
= ( 1 + 1) (0)
4
1
4
A ( , 0)
2
A2
Shaded Area
(b)(ii)
= 02 x cos x (0) dx
Area of region B
= 02 x cos x dx
= [x sin x +
cos x]02
= 1 x(x 1)(x 2) dx
= cos
x4
4
x3 + x2 ]
0.57
=[
1
= ( 1 + 1) (4 8 + 4)
4
1
=
= ( sin + cos ) (0 + 1)
= 2 (x 3 3x 2 + 2x) dx
A=B
sleightofmath.com
535
Rev Ex 19
Point P
At P, y = x 2 2x + 2 meets y axis (x = 0):
y|x=0 = 2
P(0,2)
A6(ii)
= 2
Point Q
At Q, y = x 2 2x + 2 has x-coordinate of 3
y|x=3 = 32 2(3) + 2
=5
Q(3,5)
A5(ii) Area of A
=
3
0 x 2
=[
=[
x3
3
3
x + 2x]
= 2 2 + 2
2x + 2 dx
(3)2
(0)3
3
+ 2(3)]
(0)2
(3,0)
+ 4 6x x 2 dx
= [x 2 ]40
+ [3x 2 x 3 ]
B1(i)
= 16
+36
48 +
64
3
64
= 2x 4
Normal PQ
Point:
y|x=3 = 32 4(3) + 5 = 2
(3,2)
Gradient:
= 4 unit 2
1
|
=3
PQ:
Point A
At A, y = 6x x 2 meets y = 2x
6x x 2 = 2x
4x x 2 = 0
x 2 4x = 0
x(x 4) = 0
x=0
or x = 4
y|x=0 = 2(0) y|x=4 = 2(4)
=0
=8
O(0,0) A(4,8)
=4 0
dy
Area of B
= area of trapezium area of A
1
= 6 0
= 6 unit 2
A6(i)
= 25 unit
+ 2(0)]
= (3)(2 + 5)
= 0 2x dx
4 6
(3)3
y y1
1
2(3)4
= dy
1
|
1
2
(x x1 )
dx =3
y (2) = ( ) [x (3)]
2
4 2y
2y + x
=x3
= 7 [shown]
B1(ii) Point Q
At Q, PQ (2y + x = 7) cuts x axis (y = 0):
2(0) + x = 7
x
=7
Q(7,0)
Point B
At B, y = 6 x 2 meets x axis (y = 0):
6x x 2 = 0
x(x 6) = 0
x=0
or x = 6
O(0,0) B(6,0)
sleightofmath.com
536
Rev Ex 19
B2(b) Coordinates
y = x(x 3) (1)
= 2 4 + 5
3
7
= 0 (x 2 4x + 5) dx
=[
x3
3
2x 2 + 5x]
y = 2
(2)
(1)
(2):
sub
into
x(x 3)
= 2
2
x 3x + 2 = 0
(x 1)(x 2) = 0
x = 1 or x = 2
+right region
7 7
+ 3 ( x) dx
2
49
4
49
+ [ x x2 ]
= [9 18 + 15] [0]
+[
=6
= 10 unit 2
+4
][
21
= 2
1
2
1 (2 3x x 2 ) dx
1
2 (x 2 + 3x + 2) dx
1
x3
3
[ x 2 + 2x]
3
2
2
1
3
8
= [ + 2] [ 6 + 4]
= (5 )
= ( 3)
Area
=
B2(a)
3
1
unit
B3(i)
= 0 [x(5 x)] dx
=
=
d
dx
[(x 1)ex ]
= (x 1)
2
0 (5x x 2 ) dx
2
5
1
[ x2 x3 ]
2
3
0
8
d
dx
x
(ex )
= (x 1) e
= ex [(x 1) +1]
= xex [shown]
d
dx
(x 1) ex
ex
+1
= [10 ] (0)
3
22
= 2[(0)
(xex )] dx
=
=
3
125
= [ x2 x3 ]
=[
=
2
125
2
27
2
0 xex dx
[(x 1)ex ]2
0
(3)e2
1
2
A
[1(e0 )]
B
0.5
=1
0.594 unit 2
] [10 ]
e2
22
3
=44
0.5
= 0 [(1) (xex )] dx
27
= [x (x 1)ex ]0.5
0
: 81 [shown]
= [0.5 ( ) e2 ] [0 (1)e0 ]
2
= ( + e)
2
2
1
2
0.324 unit
sleightofmath.com
537
Rev Ex 19
B5(ii) y-coordinate of P
y|x= = 1 + ( ) = 2
[cos x]2
6
= (cos cos )
2
6
B4(ii)
3
2
= ( ) (1 + 2)
2 4
3
3
)
2
= (0
=
=(
unit 2
B6(i)
dx
= sin
A B
= ex
Tangent
Point:
1
2
Gradient:
sin x =
x=
sin x = 1
x=
=
=
=
=
B5(i)
12
12
12
5
12
3
2
+ 1 dx
2 sin x dx
+[x]
dy
(x x1 )
dx x=2
2 (x
3
2
= [ex ]20
= e2 e0
= e2 1
= sec
=1+
Shaded region
= (Bigger area) ABC area
sleightofmath.com
= e2 1
[2 1][e2 ]
= e2 1
e2
= [tan x]04
= tan tan 0
4
= 1 unit 2
= (sec 2 x) dx
= 0 [(ex ) 0] dx
[shown]
Region A
Point B
At B, tangent cuts x axis (y = 0):
e2 x e2 = 0
x
=1
B(1,0)
+ [2 1 sin x dx]
2 6
= e2
dx x=2
dy
y e2 = e
2)
2
y
= e x 2e2 + e2
y
= e2 x e2
y|x=2 = e2
A(2, e2 )
Tangent: y y1
Coordinates
1
1) unit 2
1
( e2
2
2
1
2
1) unit [shown]
538
Ex 20.1
1(i)
Displacement
s = 2t 2 + t
s|t=2 = 2(2)2 + 2
= 10
1(ii)
1
= 2 2 +
Velocity
v =
ds
dt
= 14t 10
4(ii)
v|t=3 = 14(3) 10
= 32 ms 1
5(i)
Displacement
s = 7t 2 2t 3
Velocity
v=
Velocity
1
v = 5t t 2
2
v|t=0 = 0ms 1
2(ii)
Displacement
s = 7t 2 10t
2(i)
Ex 20.1
ds
dt
= 14t 6t 2
5(ii)
Acceleration
a =
At rest,
v
=0
dv
dt
= 14 12t
5t t 2 = 0
2
t 2 10t = 0
t(t 10) = 0
t = 0 or t = 10
3(i)
5(iii)
a|t=2 = 14 12(2)
= 10ms 2
6(i)
Acceleration
a=t9
Acceleration
a = t 5t 2
Velocity
v = a dt
= t 9 dt
Accelerating at 0.05m/s 2 ,
a
= 0.05
2
t 5t
= 0.05
2
20t 100t
=1
2
100t 20t + 1 = 0
(10t 1)2
=0
t
= 0.1s
Decelerating at 6 m/s 2 ,
a
= 6
2
t 5t
= 6
5t 2 t 6
=0
(5t 6)(t + 1) = 0
t = 1.2 or t = 1 (rej t > 0)
9t + c
3(ii)
t2
9(0) + c= 20
= 20
1
v = t 2 9t 20
2
6(ii)
At rest,
v
1 2
t
2
2
9t 20
=0
=0
t 18t 40 = 0
(t 20)(t + 2) = 0
t = 20s or t = 2
Daniel & Samuel
A-math tuition 9133 9982
sleightofmath.com
(rej t > 0)
539
Velocity
v=
Ex 20.1
9(i)
1
8e2
Velocity
Displacement
s = v dt
= 8e
1
2
Displacement
s = 12t t 3
v =
ds
dt
= 12 3t 2
dt
= 8e t + c
At rest,
v
=0
2
12 3t
=0
2
t 4
=0
(t + 2)(t 2) = 0
t = 2
or t = 2
(rej t > 0)
8e2 (0) + c = 0
c
=0
1
s = 8e2 t
7(ii)
a=
s|t=5 = 8e (5)
=
8(i)
Acceleration
40
e
Acceleration at rest,
a|t=2 = 6(2)
= 12ms 2
9(ii)
Velocity
v =
ds
Recall
s = 12t t 3
v = 12 3t 2
a = 6
dt
= 3t 2 24t + 36
Displacement
Next at O,
s
=0
3
12t t = 0
t 3 12t = 0
t(t 2 12) = 0
t = 0 or t = 12 or t = 12
(rej both t > 0)
v|t=1 = 3 24 + 26
= 15 ms 1
8(ii)
dt
= 6t
Displacement
s = t(t 6)2
= t(t 2 12t + 36)
= t 3 12t 2 + 36t
dv
At rest,
v
=0
2
3t 24t + 36 = 0
t 2 8t + 12
=0
(t 2)(t 6) = 0
t = 2 or t = 6
Velocity
Velocity at t = 12:
v|t=12 = 12 3(12)
8(iii)
= 12 36
= 24ms 1
Acceleration
a =
dv
dt
= 6t 24
a|t=3 = 6(3) 24
= 6ms 2
sleightofmath.com
540
Recall
s = 12t t 3
v = 12 3t 2
a = 6
Ex 20.1
10(ii) s|t=2 = 18(2)2 24
= 56
Distance travelled in 3rd sec
= s|t=3 s|t=2
= 81 56
= 25m
Distance
12
= 12 3 2
2 2
10(iii) a = dv
dt
= 36 12t 2
= |v| dt
=
=
=
0
2
0 |v| dt
2
0 v dt
2
0 v dt
[s]20
When a = 12,
a
= 12
36 12t 2
= 12
2
12t 48
=0
2
t 4
=0
(t + 2)(t 2) = 0
t = 2
or t = 2
(rej t > 0)
3
+ 2 |v| dt
3
+ 2 v dt
2
+ 3 v dt
+[s]23
=
= (s|t=2 s|t=0 ) +(s|t=2 s|t=3 )
= 2s|t=2 s|t=0 s|t=3
= 2(16) 0
27
= 23m
10
Velocity
Velocity when a = 12:
v|t=2 = 36(2) 4(2)3
= 72 32
= 40ms 1
Displacement
s = 18t 2 t 4
Velocity
v =
ds
11(i)
dt
= 36t 4t 3
At rest,
v =0
36t 4t 3
=0
3
t 9t
=0
2
t(t 9)
=0
t(t + 3)(t 3)= 0
t = 0 or t = 3 or t = 3
(rej both t > 0)
Displacement
s|t=3 = 18(3)2 34
= 162 81
= 81
Height
h = 24t 3t 2
Velocity
v =
dh
dt
= 24 6t
v|t=3 = 24 6(3)
= 6ms 1
11(ii) At max height,
v
=0
24 6t = 0
t
=4
Height
h|t=4 = 24(4) 3(4)2
= 96 48
= 48m
sleightofmath.com
541
Ex 20.1
11(iii) At h = 0,
24t 3t 2 = 0
t 2 8t
=0
t(t 8) = 0
t = 0 or t = 8
13(i)
At rest:
v
=0
2t 2 3t 2
=0
(2t + 1)(t 2) = 0
Time of flight = 8 0
= 8s
12(i)
Velocity
v = 2t 2 3t 2
t=
Displacement
s = v dt
3t2
2t + c
dv
dt
At t = 0, s = 3:
s|t=0
= 3e0.4t (0.4)
= 1.2e0.4t
2
3
(0)2
=3
2(0) + c = 3
=3
s = t 3 t 2 2t + 3
Displacement at rest:
+ 6t + c
0.4
15 0.4t
Displacement with c = 3:
12(ii) Displacement
s = v dt
3e0.4t
(0)3
Initial acceleration
a|t=0 = 1.2e0
= 1.2ms 2
= t3
Acceleration
or t = 2
(rej t > 0)
Velocity
v = 3(e0.4t + 2)
= 3e0.4t + 6
a=
+ 6t + c
3
16
3
64+3
5
= m
+ 6(0) + c
=0
15
2
Displacement with c =
s=
15 0.4t
e
2
+ 6t
15
2
15
2
Displacement when t = 1:
s|t=1 =
=
15 0.4
e
2
15 0.4
e
2
+6
15
2
12(iii) Velocity
v = 3e0.4t + 6
> 0 e0.4t > 0
The particle will not
return to O
sleightofmath.com
542
Ex 20.1
14(i)
= 18
27
2
6+3
27
2
1
=1 m
Velocity
v = a dt
= t 2 + 6t + c
= 15
2
= 2 2 3 2
Acceleration
a = 2(3 t)
= 6 2t
= 2t + 6
t
Velocity with c = 7:
v = 6t t 2 + 7
= |v| dt
=
=
=
0
2
3
0 |v| dt + 2 |v| dt
2
3
0 v dt + 2 v dt
0
3
2 v dt + 2 v dt
[s]02
+[s]32
=
= s|t=0 s|t=2
+s|t=3 s|t=2
= s|t=0 2s|t=2 +s|t=3
5
14(ii) Displacement
s = v dt
1
= t 3 + 3t 2 + 7t + c2
= (3) 2 ( ) + ( )
=7
3(0)2 (0)3 + 7t + c2 = 0
3
c2
=0
Displacement with c2 = 0:
1
s = 3t 2 t 3 + 7t
3
Position when v = 7:
1
= 78m
sleightofmath.com
543
Acceleration
a = 8 4t
= 4t + 8
Velocity
v = a dt
= 2t 2 + 8t + c
Ex 20.1
15(iii) Acceleration
At max speed:
a
=0
8 4t = 0
t
=2
da
dt
<0
max
Velocity
Max speed:
v|t=2 = 8(2) 2(2)2
= 16 8
= 8ms 1
Velocity with c = 0:
v = 2t 2 + 8t
At rest,
v
=0
2
2t + 8t = 0
t 2 4t
=0
t(t 4)
=0
t = 0 (NA) or t = 4
16(i)
= t 3 + 4t 2 + c2
3
(0)3 + 4(0)2 + c2 = 0
3
=0
Displacement with c2 = 0:
2
s = t 3 + 4t 2
3
Distance OA:
2
= 21 m
3
Acceleration
a = 13 6t
= 6t + 13
Velocity
v = a dt
= 3t 2 + 13t + c
15(ii) Displacement
s = v dt
c2
= 4
5
3
or
t=6
(rej t > 0)
sleightofmath.com
544
13 2
t
2
Ex 20.1
17(iii) Distance
Total distance travelled in first 2s
2
+ 30t + c2
= |v| dt
=
=
= s|t=1 s|t=0 +s|t=1 s|t=2
= 2s|t=1 s|t=0 s|t=2
= 2(47) (40) 42
= 12
Displacement with c2 = 0:
s = t 3 +
13 2
t
2
0
1
2
0 v dt + 1 v dt
1
1
0 v dt + 2 v dt
[s]10 +[s]12
+ 30t
Max Distance:
s|t=6 =
13
2
= 198m
17(i)
Displacement
s = t 3 9t 2 + 15t + 40
s|t=2 = 8 36 + 30 + 40
= 42
Velocity
v=
ds
dt
= 3t 2 18t + 15
At zero velocity,
v
=0
2
3t 18t + 15 = 0
t 2 6t + 5
=0
(t 1)(t 5) = 0
t = 1 or t = 5
17(iv)
= 3 2 18 + 15
1
Displacement
s|t=1 = 1 9 + 15 + 40
= 47m
= 0 |v| dt
1
= 0 |v| dt
= 0 v dt
1
17(ii) Acceleration
a=
dv
dt
= 6t 18
magnitude of 9:
|a| = 9
a
= 9 or a
=9
6t 18 = 9
6t 18 = 9
t
= 1.5 s
t
= 4.5s
sleightofmath.com
+ 1 |v| dt
5
+ 1 v dt
1
+ 5 |v| dt
6
+ 5 v dt
6
= 0 v dt
+ 5 v dt
+ 5 v dt
= [s]10
+[s]15
+[s]65
= 2s|t=1
+s|t=6 s|t=0
2s|t=5
= 2(47)
= 46
+22
2(15)
(40)
545
Ex 20.1
Acceleration
a = 6t 8
18(iii) Acceleration
At min velocity,
a
=0
6t 8 = 0
Velocity
v = a dt
= 3t 2 8t + c
4 2
2
3
= ms
Velocity
v = 3t 2 + 8t + 5
Acceleration
a=
dv
dt
= 6t + 8
or t = 2
19(ii) s = v dt
t3
t2
= 3 ( ) + 8 ( ) + 5t + c
Displacement with c2 = 0:
s = t 3 4t 2 + 4t
Distance
2
= 03|v| dt
2
= 03 v dt
= t 3 + 4t 2 + 5t + c
t time after passing O,
s|t=0 = 0
c
=0
s = t 3 + 4t 2 + 5t
19(iii)
Velocity
At speed of 2ms 1 ,
v = 2
v
=2
2
3t + 8t + 5 = 2
3t 2 8t 3
=0
(3t + 1)(t 3) = 0
1
t = or t = 3
= s|2 s|t=0
2 3
2 2
(rej t > 0)
= [( ) 4 ( ) + 4 ( )] 0
27
19(i)
32
3
4
Displacement
s = v dt
= t 3 4t 2 + 4t + c2
v|t=4 = 3 ( ) 8 ( ) + 4
At rest:
v =0
3t 2 8t + 4 = 0
(3t 2)(t 2) = 0
t=
Velocity
Min velocity,
or v = 2
3t 2 + 8t + 5 = 2
3t 2 + 8t + 7 = 0
3t 2 8t 7 = 0
t =
=
=
=
18(ii) Return to starting pt:
s
=0
3
2
t 4t + 4t = 0
t(t 2 4t + 4) = 0
t(t 2)2
=0
t = 0 (NA) or t = 2
=
t=
8644(3)(7)
2(3)
8148
6
8437
6
8237
6
437
3
437
3
or t =
4+37
3
(rej t > 0)
sleightofmath.com
546
Ex 20.1
20(ii) Displacement
s = v dt
1
= t 3 + 9t + c
3
Velocity with c2 = 0:
s = t 3 + 4t 2 + 5t
Displacement with c = 0:
1
s = t 3 + 9t
3
At displacement of 20 m:
s
= 20
t 3 + 4t 2 + 5t
= 20
3
2
t 4t 5t + 20
=0
2
(t 4)(t 5)
=0
(t 4)(t 5)(t + 5) = 0
At starting pt again:
s = 0:
1
t 3 + 9t = 0
3
t 3 27t = 0
t(t 2 27) = 0
t(t + 27)(t 27) = 0
t(t + 33)(t 33) = 0
t = 0 or t = 33 or t = 33
(rej both t > 0)
t = 4 or t = 5 or t = 5
(rej t > 0)
20(i)
Velocity
v = 9 t2
= t 2 + 9
At rest,
v
=0
2
t + 9
=0
2
t 9
=0
(t + 3)(t 3) = 0
t = 3 or t = 3
(rej t > 0)
20(iii)
18m from starting pt,
s
= 18 or
1
t3
3
1
t3
3
3
1
t3
3
1
t3
3
3
+ 9t
= 18
+ 9t 18
=0
t 27t + 54
=0
2
(t + 6)(t 6t + 9) = 0
(t + 6)(t 3)2
=0
t = 6
or t = 3
(rej t > 0)
21
sleightofmath.com
= 18
+ 9t
= 18
+ 9t 18
=0
t 27t 54
=0
2
(t 6)(t + 6t + 9) = 0
(t 6)(t + 3)2
=0
t = 6 or t = 3
(rej t > 0)
max. speed
a = 0ms 2
547
Rev Ex 20
A1(iii) Displacement
s|t=3 = 27(3) 33 = 54
s|t=4 = 27(4) 43 = 44
Rev Ex 20
A1(i)
Displacement
s = 27t t 3
= t 3 + 27t
Velocity
v=
ds
dt
= 3t 2 + 27
At rest:
v
27 3t 2
t2 9
(t + 3)(t 3)
t = 3
or
(rej t > 0)
A1(iv)
= 27 3 2
=0
=0
=0
=0
t=3
= 0 |v| dt
3
= 0 |v| dt + 3 |v| dt
Acceleration
a=
= 0 v dt + 3 v dt
dv
dt
= 0 v dt + 4 v dt
= 6t
= [s]30
Acceleration at rest:
a|t=3 = 6(3)
= 18ms 2
A1(ii) Displacement
next at O:
s
t 3 + 27t
t 3 27t
t(t 2 27)
t(t + 27)(t 27)
+[s]34
= 2s|t=3 s|t=0
s|t=4
= 2(54) (0)
= 64m
(44)
=0
=0
=0
=0
=0
t = 0 or t = 27 or t = 27
(rej t > 0)
Velocity
Velocity when next at O,
v|t=27 = 27 3(27)
= 54 cms 1
sleightofmath.com
548
Rev Ex 20
Velocity
A3(i)
v = 12 sin
Displacement
3t
s=
t2 +9
Velocity
Speed of 8 m/s:
|v| = 8
v
= 8 or
12 sin
sin
=8
sin
0.729
t
2
= 8
12 sin
ds
v=
t
2
t
2
t
2
0.729
t 1.46
(t2 +9)2
(t2 +9)3
2
3
3t2 +27
6t2
(t2 +9)2
273t2
= (t2
+9)2
3(t2 9)
(t2 +9)2
2.41
t 4.82 (NA)
v|t=1 =
Acceleration
a=
dv
dt
6
25
3(12 9)
(12 +9)2
ms 1
3(e2 9)
A3(ii) v|
t=3 = (32
2 = 0
t 1
= 12 cos ( )
2 2
= 6 cos
3t(2t)
(t2 +9)2
0.729
d
dt
= 8
=
dt
(t2 +9) (3t) 3t(t2 +9)
+9)
a|t=1.46 = 6 cos (
1.46
2
4.47 ms
A2(ii) Displacement
s = v dt
>0
= 24 cos + c
3(t 9) > 0
t2 9
<0
(t + 3)(t 3) < 0
t after leaving O:
s|t=0
=0
+ +
3 3
24 cos + c1 = 0
3 < t < 3
24 + c
c
(t 2 + 9)2 > 0
=0
= 24
s = 24 cos + 24
A4(i)
Displacement
s = 12 sin(2t) 6
Velocity
v=
ds
dt
= 12(cos 2t)(2)
= 24 cos 2t
Acceleration
v=
dv
dt
sleightofmath.com
549
Rev Ex 20
A4(ii) Displacement
At fixed point:
s
=0
12 sin 2t 6 = 0
sin 2t
=
A5(i)
Acceleration
a=2t
= t + 2
Velocity
v = a dt
= t 2 + 2t + c
2
2t =
2t =
t
12
A4(iii) 1 sin(2t) 1
12 12 sin(2t) 12
18 12 sin(2t) 6 6
Velocity with c = 6:
1
v = t 2 + 2t + 6
2
Velocity when t = 5:
v|t=5 = 10 (25) + 6
2
= 3.5 ms 1
A4(iv) When s = 3:
s =3
12 sin(2t) 6 = 3
sin 2t
(1)
A5(ii) Velocity
At turning point:
v
=0
1
t 2 + 2t + 6= 0
2
Speed when s = 3,
|v| = |24 cos 2t|
= |241 sin2 2t|
Sub (1) into (2):
t 2 4t 12
=0
(t 6)(t + 2) = 0
t = 6 or t = 2
(rej t > 0)
(2)
3 2
|v| = |241 ( ) |
Displacement
s = v dt
= |24 |
= t 3 + t 2 + 6t + c2
16
= |24
7
|
4
= 67 ms 1
s = t 3 + t 2 + 6t
6
sleightofmath.com
550
Rev Ex 20
1
2
2
+ 2 + 6
A6(ii) Displacement
s = v dt
= 2et + 3t 2 2t + c
Distance travelled
6
= 0 |v| dt
6
= 0 v dt
Displacement with c = 2:
s = 2et + 3t 2 2t + 2
= s|t=6 s|t=0
= [36] [0]
= 36m
A6(i)
Acceleration
a = 2(3 et )
= 6 2et
= 2et + 6
Velocity
144
v = (2t+3)2 4k
Velocity
v = a dt
= 2et + 6t + c
4k = 12
16 4k
4k
k
= 12
= 4
=1
v = (2t+3)2 4
Velocity when t = 2:
v|t=2 = 2e(2) + 6(2) 2
10.3 ms 1
At rest,
v
144
(2t+3)2
144
(2t+3)2
(2t+3)2
=0
=0
=4
=
144
1
4
(2t + 3)2
= 36
2
4t + 12t + 9
= 36
2
4t + 12t 27 = 0
(2t 3)(2t + 9)= 0
t=
3
2
or
t=
9
2
(rej t > 0)
sleightofmath.com
551
Rev Ex 20
B1(iii) Velocity
v = 144(2t + 3)2 4
B2(ii) At rest,
v
=0
4et
Acceleration
a=
=0
2
dv
4et
dt
= ln
= ln
5
1
10
1
10
1
10
2.30
Acceleration at t = :
2
a|t=1 =
B2(iii) Acceleration
576
43
a=
= 9ms 2
(2t+3)1
(2)(1)
72
2t+3
a|t=2.30 = 4e(2.30)
= 0.4 ms 2
] 4t + c
B3(i)
4t + c
72
3
v=
72
4t + 24
Acceleration
Displacement at t = :
a=
s|t=1 =
2
72
1
2( )+3
2
72
4
4 ( ) + 24
2
2 + 24
Displacement
2
s = 4 4et t
5
Velocity
v=
ds
dt
= 4et
2
5
Initial velocity:
v|t=0 = 4
dv
dt
= 42 12t
a|t=1 = 42 12(1)
= 30ms 2
= 4m
B2(i)
dt
ds
= 42t 6t 2
= 24
s=
Displacement
s = 21t 2 2t 3
Velocity
+c =0
dt
= 4et
Displacement
s = v dt
= 144 [
dv
B3(ii) Velocity
For change in motion,
v
=0
2
42t 6t = 0
t 2 7t
=0
t(t 7)
=0
t=0
or t = 7
(rej t > 0)
2
5
= 3.6ms 1
sleightofmath.com
552
Rev Ex 20
B4(ii) At rest,
v
=0
2
t 8t + 7
=0
(t 1)(t 7) = 0
t = 1 or t = 7
Distance
Point A:
= 6 2 + 42
s|t=1 = 4 + 7
3
=3
1
3
Point B:
Total distance travelled for 1st 10s
=
10
0 |v| dt
7
0 |v| dt
7
= 0 v dt
7
s|t=7 =
=
10
+ 7 |v| dt
4(49) + 49
98
3
10
+ 7 v dt
7
= 0 v dt
+ 10 v dt
= [s]70
7
+[s]10
B4(iii) Distance
Distance travelled in 1st 9s
9
343
= |v| dt
100
=
=
Velocity
v = t 2 8t + 7
Displacement
0
1
7
9
0 |v| dt + 1 |v| dt + 7 |v| dt
1
7
9
0 v dt + 1 v dt + 7 v dt
1
1
9
0 v dt + 7 v dt + 7 v dt
[s]10 +36 +[s]97
=
= s|t=1 s|t=0 +36
s = v dt
= t 3 4t 2 + 7t + c
10
3
0 +36
+s|t=9 s|t=7
98
+ [18 ( )]
3
= 54
s = t 3 4t 2 + 7t
3
sleightofmath.com
553
Rev Ex 20
B4(iv) Displacement
s=
1 3
t
3
B5(i)
4t + 7t
Velocity
v = t 2 8t + 7
Acceleration
a=
Velocity
v = at 2 + b
Initial Velocity of 3 m/s:
v|t=0 = 3
b =3
dv
dt
= 2t 8
Velocity with b = 3:
v = at 2 + 3
At zero acceleration:
a
=0
2t 8 = 0
2t
=8
t
=4
Displacement
s = v dt
Point O: s|t=0 = 0
Point C:
= at 3 + 3t + c
3
= 14
Displacement with c = 0:
Point B: s|t=7 =
s = at 3 + 3t
98
OC = |s|t=4 |
2
= |14 |
3
= 14
2
3
Velocity
Velocity with a = 1:
v = t 2 + 3
BC = |s|t=4 s|t=7 |
= |(
44
3
98
) ( )|
3
= 18
Speed = |v|t=3 |
= 6 ms 1
OC < BC
OC is nearer to O
sleightofmath.com
554
Rev Ex 20
B6(i)
t = 3
Acceleration
18 3t for 0 t 4
a={
t + 2 for t > 4
Velocity
0 t 4:
V = a dt
3
= 18t t 2 + c
2
Displacement
Initial velocity of v m/s:
V|t=0 = v
c
=v
s = t 3 + 3t
3
s|t=3 = (3) + 33
3
Velocity with c = v:
= 2 3
V = 18t t 2 + v
= 2 + 3
18(4) (4)2 + v = 50
2
48 + v
v
= 0 |v| dt
3
= 0 |v| dt
=
3
0 v dt
3
+ 3|v| dt
B6(ii) 0 t 4:
3
V = 18t t 2 + 2
3
+ 3 v dt
= 0 v dt
+ 3 v dt
= [s]3
0
+[s]3
3
= 2s|t=3 s|t=0
s|t=3
= 2(23) 0
= 50
=2
t > 4:
1
V = t 2 + 2t + c2
2
V|t=4 = 50:
1
2
= 43
(4)2 + 2(4) + c2 = 50
c2
= 34
t > 4:
1
V = t 2 + 2t + 34
2
Velocity at t = 5
= V|t=5
1
= (5)2 + 2(5) + 34
2
= 56.5 ms 1
sleightofmath.com
555
Rev Ex 20
3 2
t
2
=0
+2 =0
3t 2 36t 4 = 0
36(36)2 4(3)(4)
t =
2(3)
36 8 21
6
= 6 21
3
4
= 6 21 < 0 (rej t > 0)
3
4
= 6 + 21 > 4 (rej t 4)
3
no turning pt
t > 4:
V
1 2
t
2
2
=0
+ 2t + 34
=0
t + 4t + 68
=0
[(t + 2)2 (2)2 ] + 68 = 0
(t + 2)2 + 64
=0
no turning pt
Distance
1 2
+ 2 + 34
2
3
= 2 + 18 + 2
2
= 0 |V| dt
4
= 0 |V| dt
+ 4 |V| dt
= 0 V dt
4
+ 4 V dt
5 1
= 0 (18t t 2 + 2) dt + 4 ( t 2 + 2t + 34) dt
2
[9t 2
1 3
t
2
+ 2t]
4
0
= [144 32 + 8] 0
1
+ [ t3 + t2
6
125
+[
+ 34t]
5
4
+ 25 + 170]
64
6
+ 16 + 136]
= 173 m
6
sleightofmath.com
556