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In the 1910s, Vesto Slipher was the first to observe the shift of spectral
lines of galaxies, making him the discoverer of galactic motion. (Slipher
1913). However, Slipher’s measurements of radial velocities had
effectively reached their limit, his 24-inch refractor at the Lowell
Observatory , unable to penetrate further into space and record spectra
from the numerous fainter nebulae. Enter Edwin Hubble, and his 100 inch
telescope on Mount Wilson..
Hubble’s Contribution
"The redshift of distant nebulae has smashed my old construction (the
cosmological constant) like a hammer blow" – Einstein
This was a monumental moment; this was the first system beyond the
Magellanic Clouds to have its distance accurately determined. It instantly
changed our cosmological understanding. The galaxy was no longer the
universe. Who knew how many more galaxies there could be?
Hubble’s Law:
Galaxies are receding from us at a velocity that is proportional to their
distance from us. Galaxies appear to be moving away from us at speeds
proportional to their distance. This observation supports the expansion of
the universe and is a powerful argument that the universe was once
compacted.
However, physical law does not care for human sensitivity. Decades later,
Hawking and Penrose mathematically demonstrated that every solution to
the general relativity’s equations guarantees the existence of a singular
boundary for space and time in the past. This is now known as the
"singularity theorem"(Hawking 1976). The ‘primeval atom’ now existed
in a strong mathematic framework.
Some believe that space didn’t exist before the big bang. This in itself is
a perceptual and philosophical challenge to human instinct. What is
nothing? I do not think we can comprehend it. The closest to nothing I
can imagine is blackness. But blackness can be defined, it is a colour, or
an absence of light.
In wrestling with the nature of nothing Descartes stated; I think therefore
I am; postulating that the foundations of knowing reality to be true are
that we can think about them. Extending this idea further, perhaps the fact
that we think there could have been something at origin, means that
perhaps it exists at least as a perception of collective human belief, but
maybe not in a physical reality?
Infinites..
If something grows in size, by definition it takes forever to become
infinite. Therefore, if our Universe is infinite in size today then it must
also have been infinite in the past. Furthermore, it must already have
been infinite in size at the moment of the Big Bang.
Time
Our definition of time is another victim of the big bang. Can we say that
the Big Bang ‘happened’ at some definite moment in time? The problem
is in General Relativity, time itself is hypothesized to have began at the
Big Bang. Furthermore, in an area of infinite mass (such as the primordial
singularity), relativity demands that gravitational time dilation would
essentially cause time stand still.
The Big Bang cannot even be considered as the ‘first event’ since that
would require it to have happened within time. If time was essentially
static at this point (essentially moving infinitely slow), ‘when’ did the big
bang happen?
Einstein himself held unusual views about time. He believed the flow of
time to be illusory and even expressed it when consoling the bereaved
widow of a close friend. He told her that she should take comfort
knowing that the present moment is no more special than any other in the
past or the future; all times exist together.
This however doesn’t make it any easier for the layman to grasp.
Apart from a string of existential headaches, the origins of the big bang
have been the catalyst for an explosion of new physical theories. The
questions asked by an expanding universe have produced many wildly
disparate, tentative answers at the cutting edge of science.
One theory says the universe began as the result of the motion of a
particle falling towards a black hole singularity, and that our universe
exists locked inside an Einstein-Rosen black hole.(Poplawski 2009)
Another argues the big bang was the result of a collision between two
membranes floating in higher-dimensional space; an idea dubbed the
Ekpyrotic Universe. (Khoury et al. 2001)
Yet Another says that our universe was created as a bubble in energy
fluctuations, in the seething quantum foam of a different, parent universe.
This multiverse has no beginning or ending, and the theory is known as
the Chaotic Inflation.(Linde 1986)
Asides from the three mentioned above there are many, many more
theories dealing with origin.
Redshift
The first piece of evidence comes from Hubble’ Law.
When a large number of galaxies are studied, it might be expected that
roughly half would be blue-shifted and half red-shifted. This would be if
the overall universe were static and the galaxies were moving randomly.
This however, is not the case. On a smaller scale, galaxies close to the
milky-way are converging with mutual gravitational attraction (Courteau
2000), but the majority of galactic observations see them moving away in
accordance with Hubble’s law(Collins et al. 1986)
In 1948 George Gamow predicted that if the Big Bang had occurred, the
radiation from it should be observable in the microwave portion of the
spectrum(Alpher et al. 1948). However, the technology for observing at
these wavelengths did not yet exist to test his theory.
Although we are unable to ‘see’ it, all of this is the footprint for our
primordial fireball (a black body object) and strong evidence for the hot
big bang hypothesis.
Graphing redshift vs. brightness would yield a straight line, and if the
expansion were decelerating, the line would curve downward.
Olber’s Paradox
If the galaxies were distributed according to the inverse square law in
space, it is calculated that the light flux in the night sky would be at least
as bright as the average star. ‘Dark’ background space would glow with
the light from an infinite field of stars (Wesson 1991).
However, the expansion of the universe ensures that the flux is constantly
reduced as the universe expands, the light has further to travel,
consequentially it is made fainter.
Thus, the Visible Universe (our tiny corner of space) does have an
observable edge (a limit on how much light gets to us) even if the
Universe as a whole does not. This is caused by expansion.
Finally, we can turn Olbers’ paradox on its head and make the
statement the real proof that the Big Bang happened is that it gets
dark at night. (Al-Khalili 1999)
Conclusion
Today ample evidence outweighs challenges to the expanding universe
hypothesis. The big bang and expanding universe are arguably the new
cosmic paradigm. However, the scenario poses more questions than it has
answered. Mainly in what caused the event, and what could have
happened before it. In this way, these theories are the stepping stones for
more scientific understanding to come. Understanding conditions at
origin could be very important in formulating a Grand Unified Theory
which could very possibly unite all the fundamental interactions in
physics.
Perhaps it isn’t elegant, perhaps it’s hard to deal with, but who said the
universe had to be fair? An universe in motion may be an easy concept to
grasp intellectually, but it’s eschatological implications could be
terrifying to the human mind that cannot properly comprehend infinites
or the void.
References