Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Steven Ng
Sika Kimia Sdn Bhd
Step 3
Options and
objectives of
repair
Part 2 - Structural
Examination
1. Mechanical Properties
i. Surface Hardness Testing
ii.Windsor Probe
iii.Cylindrical Core Testing
iv.Surface Tensile Strength
2. Physical Properties
3. Chemical Properties
Stage 2 Structural
Examination
1. Mechanical Properties
2. Physical Properties
vi.
ix.
3. Chemical Properties
Sorptivity Test
Stage 2 Structural
Examination
1. Mechanical Testing
2. Physical Testing
3. Chemical Testing
x. Carbonation Testing
xi.Chloride Content Testing
xii.Petrography Test
xiii.Corrosion Survey (Half Cell Potential)
xiv.Corrosion survey (Linear polarisation)
INVESTGATION SUMMARY
10
Options and
objectives of repair
CO2
NOx
H2O
SOx
Reinforcement Corrosion
Chemical attack
- Carbonation
- Acids
Corrosive
contaminants
- Chlorides
Stray
electrical
current
16
Protection of Steel in
Concrete
Alkaline environment protects reinforcing steel from corrosion
17
18
Initiation stage
Destroying passive layer..
Carbon dioxide/chlorides enter.
pH reduces.
Steel unaffected
Propagation Stage
Steel Corrosion..
Moisture and oxygen
causes corrosion of steel
19
20
Corrosion Process
1. Electrical current flows
between the Anode and
Cathode
Oxidation
Fe + 2 OH-
Fe(OH)2 + 2e-
Reduction
O2 + H2O + 2e-
2 OH-
21
Concrete quality
Humidity (50-70%),
Splashing water
22
30
AGE IN YEAR
Corroded
Rebars
Low
Concrete
Cover
Chlorides
- chlorides accelerate corrosion
- at about 0.5 % content they
break down the passive oxide
Chloride Ingress
Chlorides attack is dependant on: Amount of chloride
Concrete permeability
Degree of moisture present
When they reach reinforcement: Destroy passivity around steel
Cause steel corrosion
Concrete cracks and delaminates
27
28
IN-DIRECT INFLUENCES
Design
Concrete
Application
Conditions
Root Cause
Oxygen
30
Moisture
Leaching
33
34
AAR Damage
Unrestrained crazing
cracking
Restrained cracking
mainly in direction of
main reinforcement bars
Delamination
Cracks
Honeycombing
Spalling
Low cover /
poor concrete
Causes of Deterioration
Problem
Cause
Leakage
Defect
Settlement
Construction:
Spacer positioning
Water/cement ratio
Concrete curing
Honeycombing
Wear
Spalling
Design:
Exposure conditions
Cover of reinforcement
Movement/settlement
Materials:
Chloride accelerators
ASR prone aggregates
Marine aggregates
Damage
Overloading
Chemical spill
Earthquake
Fire
Cracking
Delamination
Deterioration
Corrosion
Erosion
Poor maintenance
Step 3
Owner Options
Do nothing
Downgrade structure
39
Considerations
Costs
Design life
Performance requirements
Temporary works
Construction
Future maintenance
41
EN 1504
42
Definitions
Requirements
Quality Control
Evaluation Of Conformity
EN 1504 - BACKGROUND
International all EU countries since 2009
Most comprehensive repair specification in the world
Covers:
Material specifications and quality
Repair and maintenance principles
Site investigation
Refurbishment strategies
Site application
43
IN-SCOPE
EN 1504 is about
Environment and mechanical attack
Corroding reinforcement
Preventive maintenance
Most of the repair and refurbishment projects Sika are involved in
44
OUT-SCOPE
EN 1504 is not about
Fire damaged structures
45
Process of assessment
Maintenance strategy
46
THE 10 PARTS
Part
Content
Part 1
Definitions
Part 2
Part 3
Part 4
Structural bonding
Part 5
Concrete injection
Part 6
Part 7
Part 8
Part 9
Part 10
47
EN 1504-9 - PRINCIPLES
Different types of damage and the root causes existed for many years
The correct repair and protection methods have also been established
This knowledge summarized by 11 Principles in Part 9
Systematic approach to repair
48
49
50
51
FEATURES EN 1504-3
TABLE 1
For all intended uses and for
certain intended use
52
TABLE 3 EN 1504-3
a The value of 0,8 MPa is not required where cohesive
failure occurs in the repair material. If cohesive failure
occurs a minimum
tensile strength of 0,5 MPa is required.
b Not required for Repair Method 3.3.
c Not required if thermal cycling is undertaken.
d Mean value with no single value less than 75 % of the
minimum requirement.
e Maximum permissible average crack width 0,05 mm
with no crack 0,1 mm and no delamination.
f For durability.
53
Compressive Strength
~0.5 day
Adhesive Bond
After 28 days
Carbonation Resistance
~3 months
Elastic Modulus
After 28 days
Thermal Compatibility
After 28 days
Capillary Absorption
~1.5 weeks
55
No requirement EN 1504-3
Adhesive Bond
No requirement EN 1504-3
Carbonation Resistance
Elastic Modulus
Freeze Thaw
Capillary Absorption
No requirement EN 1504-3
Sulphate resistance
No requirement EN 1504-3*
Tensile strength
Scaling resistance
Creep
56
57
Service Conditions
Related Characteristics
Climate: Temperature
fluctuations
Ambient Moisture
Thermal
expansion/contraction
Freezing and thawing
resistance
Exposure: Applied
salts/salt water,
Aggressive chemicals
Chloride permeability
Scaling resistance
Chemical resistance
Abrasion resistance
Creep/shrinkage
Strength
Modulus of elasticity
ASTM 1202
Concrete core
Coated epoxy
Vacuum saturated with water
58
RATING SYSTEM
59
3. PRODUCT RANGE
NAMING
POSITIONING
EN 1504-3
STRENGTH CLASS
PRODUCT POSITIONING
R4
R3
R4
R3
R2
SYSTEM
PERFORMANCE
61
PERFORMANCE ENHANCED
Polymer modified
Multi functional
Longer durability
Innovative
PRODUCT OVERVIEW
62
PRODUCT
SUMMARY
Sika MonoTop-910 N
SikaTop Armatec-110
EpoCem
3C epoxy modified cement - EpoCem technology; A+B liquid and dry powder C
component. Long open time even at high temperatures. Passes EN1504-7.
Hand or spay applied.
Sika MonoTop-412 N
Sika MonoTop-352 N
1C PCC; fast setting; corrosion inhibitor; 4-60mm layer; low rapid chloride
permeability (ASTM)
Sika MonoTop-723 N
1C; R3 to EN1504:3; A1 fire rating : French sulphate and sea water resistance
NF P 18837
Sikagard-720 EpoCem
63
Product Profile
Classification performance for positioning e.g. EN 1504-3
No cracking and low shrinkage
AT THE DENTIST
Repairing concrete is very much like going
to the dentist
65
Future
Maintenance
Remove,
repair,
nothing?
66
Further
Investigation
e.g. X-Ray
Discuss
Options
Step 3
Two Components
Low viscosity
Fine cracks as small as 0.2mm in
width
Dormant cracks (no movement)
Non-flammable
Shrinkage free
High early and ultimate strengths
Can be applied on horizontal,
vertical and overhead structures
Good adhesive strength on
concrete substrate
Fast curing
Solvent free
Good workability
Honeycomb
(Deep)
>cover
Spalling
Cavities
Static Cracks
Overloading
Slope protection
Filling Gaps
Low tensile
strength
Low compressive
strength
Delamination
Hand Patch Repair
Pressure Grouting
Letter Box Grouting
Sika Microcrete 2000
Sikagrout 215
Guniting
Structural
Strengthening
Sikadur 52MY
Sika CarboDur
SikaWrap
Pre-placed Aggregate
Form
and
Pump
Shotcrete
Patch
Repair
Sika Friazinc-R MY
- One component anti-corrosive, zinc rich steel reinforcement primer
85
Market Requirements?
Choice normal or slow setting mortars
Polymer or non-polymer modified
Structural or non-structural application
Rapid setting mortars
Lightweight mortars
Pourable Mortars
86
87
shrinkage
88
Formulation Improvements
Latest cement technology
New additives
Optimised grading
92
93
Sikagard-720 EpoCem
- Unique epoxy cement technology
- Integral curing ability
- Ideal for leveling and reprofiling after application of Sika FerroGard- 903+
- Breathable
Sikagard-670W MY
- Effectively halt carbonation
- Breathable
- Prevents water and chloride ingress
- Excellent colour retention
Protective Coating
Sikagard 670W MY AT YAHYA PETRA BRIDGE , KELANTAN
(COMPLETION ON JUNE , 2002)
WASTE WATER
TOWERS
TREATMENT PLANTS
BRIDGES
101
REFERENCES
102
103
Step 3