Equipment Bridge -Eqpt Br

excavator
Explosive Ordnance Disposal -EOD
fascine
ferry
field of fire -FofF
field squadron -fd sqn
flood
flooding
gap crossing
General Support Bridge -Gen Sp Br
geographic
Giant Viper -GV
hose
infrastructure
landing place
lane
lash together
lay (bridges, roads, mines)
light scale
link up
main supply route -MSR
manpower
Medium Girder Bridge -MGB
mine plough
mobility
nuisance (eg -minefield)
ordnance -ord
overprint
overprinted map
Parachute Engineers -Para Engrs
phoney (eg -minefield)
plough
plumbing
radio controlled device
rig
robust
rocket-propelled- rkt-propelled
route clearance
scatterable mine -SM
set (a booby trap)
shell hole
special forces
stubborn
survey- svy
survivability
technician- tech
terrorist- terr
trace (of a map)
trackway
tractor- tcr
trailer
Unexploded Ordnance -UXO
Vehicle Launched Bridge
Vehicle Launched Scatterable Mine System -VLSMS
versatile
Vertical Take Off and Landing -VTOL

wire entanglement

SIGNALS
TEACHER'S GUIDE
OVERVIEW OF THE UNIT
This unit provides basic information on the subject of signals communications, which
are essential to command and control of forces in all spheres of military operations.
The unit covers basic terminology of the radio net, the phonetic alphabet, role and
tasks of the Signals Corps in combat operations, basic United Nations voice
procedure and simple practice in listening to, transmitting and logging of radio
messages. Electronic Warfare and communications security are introduced through
a briefing. It is suggested that 8 X 45 minute periods of instruction will be needed to
deal with the subject properly.
COMPONENTS
Teacher's Guide
Warrn-up Exercise

- The Radio Net

-Basic Terminology Worksheet
-Completed Worksheet (for Teacher)
-Phonetic Alphabet
-Notes on Phonetic Alphabet (for Teacher)

Exercise 1

- Reading- Combat Communications

-Reading Text with pictures
-Exercises (for Students)
-Completed Exercises (for Teacher)

Exercise 2

- Speaking- Radio Messages

- Students 'A' , 'B' , 'Co and 'Do Worksheets
- Completed Worksheets (for Teacher)

Exercise 3
Common

- Listening- Briefing on Electronic Warfare and

Communication Security Errors
- Pre-recorded tape
- Tapescript (for Teacher)
- Worksheet (for Students)
- Completed Worksheet (for Teacher)

Exercise 4

- Writing -Logging Radio Messages

- Pre-recorded tape
- Tapescript (for Teacher) -Logsheets (for
Students)
- Completed Logsheets (for Teacher)

Annex A.

- UN Procedure for Radio Communication

Annex B.

- List of Military Vocabulary and Abbreviations

PAGES 84, 85 MISSING

EXERCISE 4 (Time: 2 X 45 mins)

This exercise requires the students to listen to a pre-recorded tape of radio
messages, again using the net diagram in the warm- up. The messages are to be
recorded on the log sheets provided. (It should be noted that some of the usual
military conventions for log sheet entries have been ignored in order to simplify the
task.) Only certain columns on the logsheets, as explained in the rubric, should be
completed and the first serial has been done as an example. In normal practice all
columns would be completed and unit designations instead of call signs would be
used. The messages are only given once on the tape and the teacher may need to
repeat them depending on the ability of the students. The teacher has a full
tapescript and completed log sheets as references.
Notes:
Students will need to transpose a taped message in the second
person to a written message in the third person This is best achieved
by using the relevant call sign:
For example, "You are to detain him. " on the tape becomes, "820 to
detain him. " on the written log.
Note also the use of "is to. .." and "are to. ... asmilitary orders which
have to be obeyed.
Draw the students' attention to Annex A. and in particular the
prowords which will be heard on the tape:
THIS IS. ..

OVER.
I VERIFY. ...

SAY AGAIN. ...

ROGER. ... OUT.

WILCO. ...

CORRECTION

I SAY AGAIN.
VERIFY
SPELL. ..

Vocabulary:
In case students ask:
DTG = date / time group e.g. 071730Z = The seventh day of the month (at the top of
the log) -1730 hours -Time Zone ZULU (Greenwich Mean Time).
cache = a hidden store of something (cf. French 'cacher')
to sweep = in this context,
to search over a wide area
in hot pursuit = chasing very close behind the persons you want to catch

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

EXTENSION
1. Students should learn the Phonetic Alphabet in their own time.
2. The net diagram in the Warm-up and the Electronic Warfare tree in the listening
exercise can be used as
visual aids for student briefings. Useful structures in this regard:
They are divided into. ...
four stages/branches categories. ..
They consist of .
They comprise..
-----------------------------------------------------------Let's take each of these in turn.
Here are some examples. .
Let's move on to .
Another method is.
Finally, I'd like to point out .
3. Use the pictures in the reading exercise as stimuli for individual students to adopt
the role of appropriate signals specialists and explain their duties briefly without the
benefit of the text.
4. Students should read and familiarise themselves with the UN Procedure for Radio
Communication at Annex A. This could extend to students composing and sending
their own simple radio messages.
**************************************************************
WARM-UP (Time: Open-ended)
The first part of the Warm-up is a short gap-filling exercise on basic terms relating to
a radio net. There is also a radio net diagram, which is used in a number of other
exercises in this unit. It is suggested that before handing out the worksheet, the
teacher draws the net diagram on the board. Then get the students to give as full a

description of the diagram in English as they are able to manage. If the response is
poor, get them to describe the diagram in their own language. Lastly, issue the
worksheet and do the gap-filling exercise. On the back of the radio net diagram
exercise is the phonetic alphabet, which was introduced in the unit on the Infantry
Platoon. There are a number of useful practice activities for the phonetic alphabet
provided for the teacher in the Warm-up Notes. Students should be encouraged to
learn the phonetic alphabet by heart and the teacher might consider handing out the
Phonetic Alphabet, but not the net diagram, for study the evening before the Warmup.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

EXERCISE 1 (Time: 2 x 45 mins)

This is a reading exercise on Combat exercises on comprehension, collocation,
equipment/personnel, and vocabulary.
Likely problem areas:
airfield v. airstrip an airstrip is makeshift and does not have many
facilities -an airfield is more permanent and includes buildings and
other facilities for accommodation, take-off and landing of aircraft.
line = telephone wire, cable, etc. Linesman is an alternative for
Lineman.
terminal = a point at which connections can be made to an electronic
circuit.
radio relay = a system by which radio stations can receive and send
signals through intermediate stations, e.g. in the event of reception
being otherwise impossible because of distances or terrain.
voice v. data communication -Voice communication = by speaking on
radio or telephone -Data communication = by transfer of information
by teleprinter, facsimile, computer, etc.
EXERCISE 2 (Time: 45 mins)
This is a small group speaking exercise involving the passing of simple radio
messages, using UN voice procedure, between the four stations shown on the radio
net diagram in the Warm-up. The class must be divided into groups of four, each
student being allocated a different call sign. (If the teacher cannot divide the class
into fours, then the exercise will have to be adapted to suit.)
Each student has a separate worksheet. On the front of the worksheet is some brief
information on using UN voice procedure which students should study first
individually for 10 minutes or so. After this, the students should sit back-to-back and
not be allowed to see each others' notes so that they have no visual clues. They
then proceed to pass the messages and the replies given on the back of the
worksheet orally. Those listening should record gll the messages in the gaps
provided on the worksheet. For further oral practice, the teacher could get students
to change worksheets (call signs).

Notes:

proword = procedure word (prowords are explained in Annex A.)

OP = observation post 10 = intelligence officer

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------EXERCISE 3

(Time: 2 X 45 mins)

This is a listening exercise in the form of a briefing on Electronic Warfare and

Common Communication Security Errors. Students are required to complete the
Electronic Warfare 'tree' and the list of Common Communication Security Errors. The
final part of the listening exercise requires students to fill in the gaps in a radio
transmission and identify what security errors have been made.

Notes:

It is suggested that the following words and phrases are taught

before listening:
emit/emission
electromagnetic spectrum (The whole range of waves produced by
electric current from
X-rays through to radio waves.)
to take a bearing on ( A term used in navigation meaning to find the
directional angle in
degrees or mils as shown by a compass, for example.}
jam/jamming (In signals, this means to block the enemy's electronic
transmissions
broadcasting a noise over the same frequency.)
chaff (Thin metallic strips scattered to reflect echoes which confuse
radar.)
verbosity
despatch (also: dispatch) rider (A motor-cyclist
carrying a message.)

N.B. The teacher will notice that the normal stress patterns for 'offensive' 'defensive'
change to the first syllable when emphasising the difference between the two:
'offensive as opposed to deffensive'.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

PAGES 90 99 MISSING

A. COMPREHENSION
Answer the questions below

1. Explain the meaning of the phrase 'the world has become a Global Village' .
I.E. THE WORLD HAS BECOME VERY SMALL, BECAUSE MODERN
COMMUNICATIONS ARE SO RAPID AND WIDELY AVAILABLE.

2. List the 3 main tasks of the Signals Corps.

a.

TO KEEP THE LINES OF COMMUNICATION OPEN.

b.

TO COLLECT AND TRANSMIT INFORMATION.

c.

TO MONITOR, DISRUPT OR DESTROY ENEMY TRANSMISSION

3. Give two reasons why formations cannot always be linked directly with one
another.
a. DISTANCES ARE TOO GREAT
b. RECEPTION IS IMPARED BY HILLY COUNTRY

4. How is power supplied to the communications complex?

BY GENERATORS
5. What is a Lineman's job? TO MAINTAIN / LOOK AFTER TELEPHONE WIRES.

6. Where are Signals personnel located in the battle area?

THROUGHOUT THE BATTLE AREA

B. COLLOCATION
Match up the words on the left with the most suitable phrase on the right. One has
been done for you.
to establish

4 key formations

to impair 2

5 enemy transmissions

to lay 3

1 communication

to link 4

2 reception

to disrupt 5

7 facsimile equipment

to carry 6

8 tactical information

to operate 7

3 cable

to intercept 8

6 spare parts

C TASKS./EOUIPMENT/PERSONNEL

Match the tasks (1-7) with the most appropriate equipment/ personnel (A-G) .write
the number in the box provided. One of these has already been done for you.
1. to provide a communications link between control tower and pilot of jet
2. to send messages between headquarters over high speed network
3. to operate equipment over circuits linking a number of terminals
4. to establish telephone and other line communication
5. to link the Brigade Commander with Divisional Headquarters
6. to send and receive information in Morse code
7. to intercept enemy tactical information

EQUIPMENT ./PERSONNEL
A. foreign language operator

B. computerised communications system

C. radio relay system

D. Underground cable

E. field radio sets

F. teleprinters

G. cable

D. VOCABULARY
Find phrases from the text to fill the gaps. brackets for each sentence. Clues are
given in
teleprinter I

intercepted

monitor
voice transmission

disrupt
radio relay

cable
a facsimile

1. Enemy tactical information was INTERCEPTED by a highly trained operator.

(heard and

recorded)

2. The Signals clerk decided to transmit A FACSIMILE

copy)

of the document. (an exact

3. The Signals instructor had to MONITOR the trainee operators' radio messages
to make sure they
were using the correct procedures. (listen in to and check)

4. The message was passed to the command post by RADIO RELAY (passing it on
from
one station to another)

5. Special radio equipment was used to DISRUPT enemy communications.

(interfere with,
break up)
6. The Signals Linemen were told to bury the CABLE (signals wire)

7. The Signals operator sent a coded message by TELEPRINTER (machine with

keyboard for
typing messages)
8. The Commander decided to issue his orders by VOICE TRANSMISSION
(speaking over the
radio)
**************************************************************

STUDENT D
SIGNALS
EXERCISE 2 -SPEAKING -RADIO MESSAGES
* For this exercise you will be working in a group with 3 other students.
* You are call sign B3,0' on the radio net shown overleaf.
* On the Worksheet overleaf are some radio messages which you will have to send
to other call signs on your net.
* Before you do the message passing exercise, you should spend about 10 minutes
examining the notes below which give you some information on how to speak on the
radio.
* when you do the message passing exercise, sit back-to-back and do not show the
other students your worksheet.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------SOME UN VOICE PROCEDURE NOTES
M15

- THIS IS M16

/
Station called
expected

/
Station

- WE NEED MORE FUEL

/
Message

- OVER

/
End of my turn -reply

Sending
THIS IS M15
/
Station
Replying
transmission

- ROGER
/
Your message
received

- SENDING FUEL NOW

/
Message in
reply

OUT
/

End of

* Call signs are said like this: M15 = MIKE ONE-FIVE

* Times are said like this: 0215 hrs = ZERO-TWo-FIFTEEN HOURS 1000 hrs =
TEN-HUNDRED HOURS 1630 hrs = SIXTEEN-THIRTY HOURS 1328 hrs =
THIRTEEN-TWENTY-EIGHT HOURS. ...etc.
* When responding to an order, the proword WILCO is used to xmean: 'I have
received your
message, und~tand it and will comply. ' Note: ROGER and WILCO are never used
together.

* Grid references are said like this:

grid reference 451682
/
/
I
GRID
FOUR-FIVE-ONE
SIX-EIGHT-TWO
* The word negative is used for 'no / incorrect'
* Annex A. to this Unit -'UN Procedure for Radio Communication' provides fuller
details, but you will
not need to refer to it for this exercise.

STUDENT D
MESSAGE PASSING EXERCISE -WORKSHEET
NOTE: YOUR CALL SIGN IS B30
Send the messages below or reply to messages when it is your turn. write down all
the messages and replies in full even if they do not apply to your call sign. If you
want a student to repeat a message, use the proword 'SAY AGAIN l' .
B20
B10

B30

MESSAGE ONE
(Message)

(Reply)
MESSAGE TWO
(Message)

(Reply)

MESSAGE THREE
(Message)

(Reply) THIS IS B30- NEGATIVE -HE HAS JUST LEFT MY LOCATION BY

HELICOPTER TO GO TO OP
AT GRID 563181- OUT
MESSAGE FOUR
(Message)

(Reply) THIS IS B30 -ROGER -OUT

STUDENT C
SIGNALS
EXERCISE 2 -SPEAKING -RADIO MESSAGES

* For this exercise you will be working in a group with 3 other students.
* You are call sign B20 on the radio net shown overleaf.
* On the Worksheet overleaf are some radio messages which you will have to send
to other call signs on your net.
* Before you do the message passing exercise, you should spend about 10 minutes
examining the notes below which give you some information on how to speak on the
radio.
* when you do the message passing exercise, sit back-to-back and do not show the
other students your worksheet.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

SOME UN VOICE PROCEDURE NOTES

M15

- THIS IS M16

/
Station called
expected

/
Station

- WE NEED MORE FUEL

/
Message

- OVER

/
End of my turn -reply

Sending
THIS IS M15
- ROGER
- SENDING FUEL NOW
/
/
/
Station
Your message
Message in
Replying
received
reply
transmission
* Call signs are said like this: M15 = MIKE ONE-FIVE

OUT
/

End of

* Times are said like this: 0215 hrs = ZERO-TWo-FIFTEEN HOURS 1000 hrs =
TEN-HUNDRED HOURS 1630 hrs = SIXTEEN-THIRTY HOURS 1328 hrs =
THIRTEEN-TWENTY-EIGHT HOURS. ...etc.
* When responding to an order, the proword WILCO is used to xmean: 'I have
received your
message, und~tand it and will comply. ' Note: ROGER and WILCO are never used
together.
* Grid references are said like this:
grid reference 451682
/
/
I
GRID
FOUR-FIVE-ONE
SIX-EIGHT-TWO
* The word negative is used for 'no / incorrect'
* Annex A. to this Unit -'UN Procedure for Radio Communication' provides fuller
details, but you will not need to refer to it for this exercise.

MESSAGE PASSING EXERCISE -WORKSHEET

NOTE: YOUR CALL SIGN IS B20

Send the messages below or reply to messages when it is your turn. write down all
the messages and replies in full even if they do not apply to your call sign. If you
want a student to repeat a message, use the proword 'SAY AGAIN !' .
B20
B10

B30

MESSAGE ONE
(Message)

.
(Reply)

MESSAGE TWO
(Message)

(Reply) This is B20 WILCO - OUT

MESSAGE THREE
(Message) THIS IS B30- THIS IS B20 IS THE IO AT YOUR LOCATION? - OVER

(Reply)
MESSAGE FOUR
(Message)

(Reply) THIS IS B30 -ROGER -OUT

STUDENT B
SIGNALS
EXERCISE 2 -SPEAKING -RADIO MESSAGES
* For this exercise you will be working in a group with 3 other students.
* You are call sign B3,0' on the radio net shown overleaf.
* On the Worksheet overleaf are some radio messages which you will have to send
to other call signs on your net.
* Before you do the message passing exercise, you should spend about 10 minutes
examining the notes below which give you some information on how to speak on the
radio.
* when you do the message passing exercise, sit back-to-back and do nQt show the
other students your worksheet.
------------------------

SOME UN VOICE PROCEDURE NOTES

M15

- THIS IS M16

/
Station called
expected

/
Station

- WE NEED MORE FUEL

/
Message

- OVER

/
End of my turn -reply

Sending
THIS IS M15
/
Station
Replying
transmission

- ROGER
/
Your message
received

- SENDING FUEL NOW

/
Message in
reply

OUT
/

End of

* Call signs are said like this: M15 = MIKE ONE-FIVE

* Times are said like this: 0215 hrs = ZERO-TWo-FIFTEEN HOURS 1000 hrs =
TEN-HUNDRED HOURS 1630 hrs = SIXTEEN-THIRTY HOURS 1328 hrs =
THIRTEEN-TWENTY-EIGHT HOURS. ...etc.
* When responding to an order, the proword WILCO is used to xmean: 'I have
received your

message, und~tand it and will comply. ' Note: ROGER and WILCO are never used
together.
* Grid references are said like this:
grid reference 451682
/
/
I
GRID
FOUR-FIVE-ONE
SIX-EIGHT-TWO
* The word negative is used for 'no / incorrect'
* Annex A. to this Unit -'UN Procedure for Radio Communication' provides fuller
details, but you will
not need to refer to it for this exercise.

STUDENT B

MESSAGE PASSING EXERCISE -WORKSHEET

NOTE: YOUR CALL SIGN IS B10
Send the messages below or reply to messages when it is your turn. write down all
the messages and replies in full even if they do not apply to your call sign. If you
want a student to repeat a message, use the proword 'SAY AGAIN l' .

B20
B10

B30

MESSAGE ONE
(Message)

(Reply) THIS IS B10 MY LOCATION IS GRID 562184 - OUT

MESSAGE TWO
(Message)

(Reply)

MESSAGE THREE
(Message)

(Reply)
MESSAGE FOUR
(Message) B30 THIS B10 THE RECOVERY VEHICLE WILL BE WITH YOU IN
ONE HOUR - OVER

(Reply)

STUDENT A
SIGNALS
EXERCISE 2 -SPEAKING -RADIO MESSAGES
* For this exercise you will be working in a group with 3 other students.
* You are call sign 0 on the radio net shown overleaf.
* On the Worksheet overleaf are some radio messages which you will have to send
to other call signs on your net.
* Before you do the message passing exercise, you should spend about 10 minutes
examining the notes below which give you some information on how to speak on the
radio.

* when you do the message passing exercise, sit back-to-back and do not show the
other students your worksheet.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

SOME UN VOICE PROCEDURE NOTES

M15

- THIS IS M16

/
Station called
expected

/
Station

- WE NEED MORE FUEL

/
Message

- OVER

/
End of my turn -reply

Sending
THIS IS M15
/
Station
Replying
transmission

- ROGER
/
Your message
received

- SENDING FUEL NOW

/
Message in
reply

OUT
/

End of

* Call signs are said like this: M15 = MIKE ONE-FIVE

* Times are said like this: 0215 hrs = ZERO-TWo-FIFTEEN HOURS 1000 hrs =
TEN-HUNDRED HOURS 1630 hrs = SIXTEEN-THIRTY HOURS 1328 hrs =
THIRTEEN-TWENTY-EIGHT HOURS. ...etc.
* When responding to an order, the proword WILCO is used to xmean: 'I have
received your
message, und~tand it and will comply. ' Note: ROGER and WILCO are never used
together.
* Grid references are said like this:
grid reference 451682
/
/
I
GRID
FOUR-FIVE-ONE
SIX-EIGHT-TWO
* The word negative is used for 'no / incorrect'
* Annex A. to this Unit -'UN Procedure for Radio Communication' provides fuller
details, but you will
not need to refer to it for this exercise.

STUDENT A
MESSAGE PASSING EXERCISE -WORKSHEET
NOTE: YOUR CALL SIGN IS 0

Send the messages below or reply to messages when it is your turn. write down all
the messages and replies in full even if they do not apply to your call sign. If you
want a student to repeat a message, use the proword 'SAY AGAIN l' .
B20
B10

B30

MESSAGE ONE
(Message) B10 THIS IS 0 WHAT IS YOUR LOCATION? - OVER

(Reply)
MESSAGE TWO
(Message) B20 THIS IS 0 MOVE TO B10S LOCATION AT GRID 562184 AT 1000
HRS - OVER

(Reply)
MESSAGE THREE
(Message)

(Reply)
MESSAGE FOUR
(Message)

(Reply)

TEACHER ONLY
SIGNALS
EXERCISE 2 -SPEAKING -RADIO MESSAGES

* For this exercise you will be working in a group with 3 other students.
* You are call sign ---- on the radio net shown overleaf.
* On the Worksheet overleaf are some radio messages which you will have to send
to other call signs on your net.
* Before you do the message passing exercise, you should spend about 10 minutes
examining the notes below which give you some information on how to speak on the
radio.
* when you do the message passing exercise, sit back-to-back and do not show the
other students your worksheet.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------SOME UN VOICE PROCEDURE NOTES
M15

- THIS IS M16

/
Station called
expected

/
Station

- WE NEED MORE FUEL

/
Message

- OVER

/
End of my turn -reply

Sending
THIS IS M15
/
Station
Replying
transmission

- ROGER
/
Your message
received

- SENDING FUEL NOW

/
Message in
reply

OUT
/

End of

* Call signs are said like this: M15 = MIKE ONE-FIVE

* Times are said like this: 0215 hrs = ZERO-TWo-FIFTEEN HOURS 1000 hrs =
TEN-HUNDRED HOURS 1630 hrs = SIXTEEN-THIRTY HOURS 1328 hrs =
THIRTEEN-TWENTY-EIGHT HOURS. ...etc.
* When responding to an order, the proword WILCO is used to xmean: 'I have
received your
message, und~tand it and will comply. ' Note: ROGER and WILCO are never used
together.
* Grid references are said like this:
/
GRID

grid reference 451682

/
I
FOUR-FIVE-ONE
SIX-EIGHT-TWO

* The word negative is used for 'no / incorrect'

* Annex A. to this Unit -'UN Procedure for Radio Communication' provides fuller
details, but you will
not need to refer to it for this exercise.

MESSAGE PASSING EXERCISE -WORKSHEET

NOTE: YOUR CALL SIGN IS ------Send the messages below or reply to messages when it is your turn. write down all
the messages and replies in full even if they do not apply to your call sign. If you
want a student to repeat a message, use the proword 'SAY AGAIN l' .
B20
B10

B30

MESSAGE ONE
(Message) B10 THIS IS 0 WHAT IS YOUR LOCATION? - OVER

(Reply) THIS IS B10 MY LOCATION IS GRID 562184 - OUT

MESSAGE TWO
(Message) B20 THIS IS 0 MOVE TO B10S LOCATION AT GRID 562184 AT
1000 HRS - OVER

(Reply) THIS IS B20 WILCO - OUT

MESSAGE THREE
(Message) B30 THIS IS B20 IS THE IO AT YOUR LOCATION? - OVER

(Reply) THIS IS B30- NEGATIVE -HE HAS JUST LEFT MY LOCATION BY

HELICOPTER TO GO TO OP
AT GRID 563181- OUT
MESSAGE FOUR
(Message) B30 THIS B10 THE RECOVERY VEHICLE WILL BE WITH YOU IN
ONE HOUR - OVER


(Reply) THIS IS B30 -ROGER -OUT

SEE PAGE MARKED AS

113

COMMON COMMUNICATION SECURITY ERRORS

Complete the following list of common communication security errors given on the
tape:
1. Sending grids and locs in clear
2. En mov given relative to our forces.

3.
4. Verbosity
5.
6.
7. Sending H-Hour in clear.
8. ..
9. Revealing the level of the net. (e.g. bde, bn, coy)
10.
Fill in the gaps in the radio transmission that you hear on the tape:
B10 .. 0
H-HOUR CONFIRMED

. . FUP IN WOODS AT

. BEFORE
BE AWARE

.. .

SPOTTED BY

ON HIS .

B30 .

IN CONTACTING YOU.

YOU SHOULD ..

.
THIS IS B10. .. . .
There are at least 5 common communication errors in the transmission. What are
they?

COMMON COMMUNICATION SECURITY ERRORS

Complete the following list of common communication security errors given on the
tape:
1. Sending grids and locs in clear
2. En mov given relative to our forces.
3. SENDING THE LIMITATION OF THE UNIT IN CLEAR

4. Verbosity
5. LEAVING MICROPHONES SWITCHED ON
6. SENDING AIRCRAFT AND VEHICLE TYPES IN CLEAR
7. Sending H-Hour in clear.
8. ERRORS IN THE USE OF CODES
9. Revealing the level of the net. (e.g. bde, bn, coy)
10. DISCLOSING FUTURE INTENTIONS
Fill in the gaps in the radio transmission that you hear on the tape:
B10 THIS IS 0
H-HOUR CONFIRMED

21 15 HRS . FUP IN WOODS AT

GRID 3461 . NO MOVE BEFORE

BE AWARE

18 00 HRS .

EN RECCE SPOTTED BY

CALL SIGN B20

ON HIS RIGHT FLANK .

B30 IS HAVING DIFFICUKTY

IN CONTACTING YOU.

YOU SHOULD RELAY MESSAGES THROUGH ME .

OVER .
THIS IS B10. ROGER . OUT .
There are at least 5 common communication errors in the transmission. What are
they?
7 H HOUR IN CLEAR

1 GRID AND LOCATION IN CLEAR

10 DISCLOSING FUTURE INTENTIONS. (NO MOVE BEFORE)
2 EN MOV RELATIVE TO OUR FORCES (RECCE PATROL OUR NIGHT
FLANK)
3 LIMITATION OF UNIT IN CLEAR. (B30 HAVING DIFFICULTY
Now listen to this transmission which contains some of these communication
security errors:
B10 THIS IS 0
H-HOUR CONFIRMED 2115 HRS. FUP IN WOODS AT GRID 3461. NO MOVE
BEFORE 1800 HRS. BE AWARE ENEMY RECCE PATROL SPOTTED
BY CALLSIGN B2p ON HIS RIGHT FLANK. B3p IS HAVING DIFFICULTY IN
CONTACTING YOU. YOU SHOULD RELAY MESSAGES THROUGH ME. OVER.
THIS IS B10. ROGER. OUT.

That is the end of this briefing, you can now rewind your tape and listen again.

SEE PAGE MARKED AS

117

TEACHER ONLY

SIGNALS
EXERCISE 3 -LISTENING- BRIEFING ON ELECTRONIC WARFARE
TAPESCRIPT
Listen to the tape through once without stopping. Do not attempt to answer the
questions on your worksheet at this stage. Next, listen again, stopping as necessary
to complete the Electronic Warfare 'tree' .Then, listen a third time and complete the
exercise on Communication Security Errors. You can use your dictionary to help you,
but you may not find all the military words.
ELECTRONIC WARFARE
Everything that emits an electronic signal either deliberately or accidentally is a
potential target for Electronic Warfare (EW) attack. EW is important in peace, in war
and during peacekeeping operations. But, what is Electronic Warfare?

We can define EW as: 'Military action to exploit the electromagnetic spectrum to

intercept and identify enemy electronic emissions and to retain its effective use by
friendly forces.' In other words: exploit enemy transmissions -protect friendly
transmissions.
There are two main branches of EW Offensive EW and Defensive EW. Offensive EW
comprises Electronic Support Measures (which are passive) and Electronic Counter
Measures (which are active) . Defensive EW involves Electronic Protection
Measures. These three measures are closely related and they produce a continuous
cycle of action and reaction throughout an operation.
Let's take each of these Electronic Measures in turn starting with Offensive EW.
First, Electronic Support Measures which are divided into four stages:
1. Search. The first step in the ESM cycle is searching through the electromagnetic
spectrum to identify hostile electronic targets.
2. Intercept. Once a search operator has identified an electronic target of interest,
the intercept operator will obtain as much information as possible from it.
3. Direction Finding. The purpose of Direction Finding (DF) is to locate enemy
transmitters. Three or four Direction Finding stations will take bearings on these
enemy transmitters.
4. Analysis. The information gained from the intercept stage must be analysed by
specialists before it can be turned into useful intelligence in order to work out the
enemy's plans.
Next, Electronic Counter Measures, which attack the enemy's use of the
electromagnetic spectrum. They consist of:
1. Jamming. Jamming, for example, broadcasting a noise over a radio signal,
prevents the enemy from using his communications equipment effectively.
2. Deception. There are two categories. Electronic deception is transmitting incorrect
or misleading information about friendly forces to deceive the enemy as to our
dispositions and future intentions. Physical deception includes the use of chaff (thin
metallic
strips) to confuse and disrupt radar systems and the use of radar deflectors to
deceive hostile surveillance radar.
3. Neutralisation. This is the deliberate use of electromagnetic energy to damage
enemy devices which rely exclusively on the electromagnetic spectrum.
Now let's move on to Defensive EW
Electronic Protection Measures defend friendly use of the electromagnetic spectrum
against the enemy's use of Electronic Warfare. EPM can be active or passive.
Here are some examples of Active EPM:
Using directional antennas to enable your radio station to transmit only to your
control station.
Another method is Frequency Hopping -radios 'hop' or change between several
different frequencies and transmit on each one only for short periods.
Two examples of Passive EPM are:
1. Using alternative means of communication such as line or despatch riders.

2. Minimising your transmissions

Finally, I'd like to point out some of the communication security errors which are
commonly made on operations and exercises:
Sending grid references and locations in clear (that is not in code).
Enemy movement given relative to our forces.
Sending the limitation of the unit in clear.
Verbosity.
Leaving microphones switched on.
Sending aircraft and vehicle types in clear.
Sending H-Hour in clear.
Errors in the use of codes.
Revealing the level of the net. (e.g. bde, bn, coy)
Disclosing future intentions.

SEE PASGES MARKED AS

120. 121, 122, 123

TEACHER ONLY
SIGNALS
EXERCISE 4 -WRITING -LOGGING RADIO MESSAGES
TAPESCRIPT
You will hear ten radio messages using UN voice procedure. The messages, relating
to an Internal Security (IS) operation are given in clear. You have to log the
messages (that is write them down) on your log sheet. The only details you are
required to log are: Serial/To Call Sign / From Call Sign / and the message in the
Event Column. Leave DTG / Action and Sign Columns blank. The first message has
been logged for you as an example. Listen carefully.
MESSAGE SERIAL 1
0 THIS IS B20 -THE PATROL REPORTS THAT MR DAVIS WAS FOUND WITH A
RIFLE ON THE TRACK LEADING INTO THE BARN -HE CLAIMS HE WAS
SHOOTING RABBITS -OVER.
THIS IS 0 - SAY AGAIN WORD AFTER 'SHOOTING' -OVER.
THIS IS B20 -I SAY AGAIN 'SHOOTING RABBITS' -OVER
THIS IS 0 -ROGER -OUT.
MESSAGE SERIAL 2
B20 THIS IS 0 - CIVIL POLICE SAY THAT NO FIREARMS LICENCE HAS BEEN
ISSUED TO MR DAVIS -YOU ARE TO DETAIN HIM UNTIL THE POLICE ARRIVE
TO QUESTION HIM. OVER.

THIS IS B20 -WILCO OUT

MESSAGE SERIAL 3
0 THIS IS B20 -MR DAVIS HAS BEEN TAKEN TO THE POLICE STATION FOR
QUESTIONING- HE APPEARS FRIGHTENED AND UNCO-OPERATIVE -I SHALL
KEEP YOU INFORMED OF FURTHER DEVELOPMENTS -OVER.
THIS IS 0 ROGER OUT
MESSAGE SERIAL 4
B10 THIS IS 0 -YOU ARE TO TAKE YOUR MEN AND CARRY OUT A SWEEP
THROUGH THE WOODED AREA TO THE EAST OF THE RAILWAY LINE TO
CHECK FOR POSSIBLE ARMS CACHES -I SPELL -CHARLIE-ALFA-CHARLIEHOTEL- ECHO-SIERRA -CACHES -OVER.
THIS IS B10 -WILCO -VERIFY 'EAST OF RAILWAY LINE' -OVER.
THIS IS 0 I VERIFY EAST OF RAILWAY LINE - OUT
MESSAGE SERIAL 5
0 THIS IS B30 -WE WERE FIRED ON BY A SNIPER FROM BLOCK OF FLATS IN
GRANT STREET -NO CASUALTIES -WE ARE ENGAGING -OVER.
THIS IS 0 ROGER OUT
MESSAGE SERIAL 6
0 THIS IS B30 SNIPER KILLED PATROL COMMANDER HAS SUSTAINED
FLESH WOUND IN LOWER LEFT LEG -SEND CASEVAC NOW -OVER.
THIS IS 0 -WILCO -OUT.
MESSAGE SERIAL 7
B30 THIS IS 0 -REFERENCE YOUR LAST MESSAGE' CASEVAC ' -AMBULANCE
AND MO WILL BE AT YOUR LOCATION IN S MINUTES -OVER.
THIS IS B30 -ROGER -OUT
MESSAGE SERIAL 8
0 THIS IS B10 -HAVE COMPLETED SEARCH OF AREA EAST OF RAILWAY LINE
-HAVE FOUND A MACHINE GUN, FOUR RIFLES AND BOMB MAKING
EQUIPMENT- REQUEST ASSISTANCE FROM ENGINEERS, MILITARY POLICE
AND INTELLIGENCE -OVER.
THIS IS 0 -ROGER -WILL SEND ASSISTANCE AS SOON AS POSSIBLE - OUT.

MESSAGE SERIAL 9
0 THIS IS B20 -PATROL NOW IN HOT PURSUIT OF TWO ARMED MEN RUNNING
INTO NO.34 BOLTON CRESCENT -CROWD GATHERING -BECOMING HOSTILE
-REQUIRE PRESENCE OF CIVIL POLICE -OVER.
THIS IS 0 - VERIFY '44 BOLTON CRESCENT -OVER.
THIS IS B20 -CORRECTION - '34 BOLTON CRESCENT OUT

MESSAGE SERIAL 10
0 THIS IS B20 -CIVIL POLICE HAVE DISPERSED CROWD AND SEALED OFF
THE AREA -WE HAVE CONDUCTED SEARCH OF HOUSE -GUNMEN HAVE
ESCAPED, BUT DOCUMENTS FOUND -OVER.
THIS IS 0 - BRING DOCUMENTS TO MY LOCATION FOR INT -OVER.
THIS IS B20 WILCO - OUT
**************************************************************

SIGNALS
LIST OF MILITARY VOCABULARY & ABBREVIATIONS
active
airstrip
antenna (-s,-ae)
bomb
bomb making
broadcast
cable
cache (of weapons, etc)
call sign (also: callsign)
chaff
circuit
code
command net -comd net
communicate- comm
communication(-s) -comm(-s)
computer
computerised
control tower -con tower
control (station) -con
data communication
deceive
deception
despatch rider (also: dispatch -) -DR
detain
device
Direction Finding -DF

ANNEX B

disclose
disperse
disrupt
electromagnetic
electronic -elect
electronic deception -elect deception
Electronic Protection Measures -EPM
Electronic Warfare (EW)
Electronic Support Measures -ESM
Electronic Counter Measures -ECM
emission
emit
facsimile- fax firearm
flesh wound
flow (of message traffic)
frequency- freq
Frequency Hopping
generator
grid (reference)
hand-held (equipment)
hop
impair (reception, etc)
in clear
intercept
jam

jamming
line
Lineman
lines of communication -L of C
link
message -msg
microphone
minimise
Morse (code)
Negative
net
Out
over
passive
phonetic alphabet
physical deception
pilot -plt
power
proword
pursuit (in hot pursuit)
radio
radio net
radio set
radio relay -RR
reception
recovery (vehicle) -rec (veh)
relay
Roger
satellite communication -SATCOM

sniper
spectrum
spot
station- stn
sub-station- sub-stn
sweep
telegraph- tg
teleprinter- telep
terminal
traffic (signals) -tfc
transmission
transmit
underground verbosity
Verify
voice procedure
voice (radio)
voice communication
warfare
wilco

SEE PAGES MARKED AS 128, 129