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The software described in this manual is furnished under license and may
only be used or copied in accordance with the terms of the license.
Manual release date: 2/8/2010.
Written by, Nancy Whitehead. Please send comments or questions to
info@geosoft.com
2010 Geosoft Inc. All rights reserved. Geosoft is a registered trademark
and Oasis montaj is a registered trademark of Geosoft Inc. Other brand and
product names mentioned herein are properties of their respective trademark
owners. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system or transmitted, in any form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, reading, or otherwise, without prior consent from Geosoft Inc.
The software described in this manual is furnished under license and may
only be used or copied in accordance with the terms of the license.
OMx.t.2010.02
Windows, and Windows NT are either registered trademarks or trademarks
of Microsoft Corporation.
Geosoft Incorporated
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Suite 810, PO Box 131
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Tel: (416) 369-0111
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E-mail: info@geosoft.com
Contents
Geosoft license agreement
10
10
10
Windowing results
11
12
13
13
13
15
16
17
20
21
22
25
26
Locate solutions
27
31
32
33
36
37
38
40
41
44
46
47
48
48
49
50
50
50
Located Euler 3D
51
52
52
52
53
Theory
53
55
55
55
57
57
59
60
60
61
61
62
62
62
62
63
64
64
64
64
References
65
Index
66
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South America
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Locate and determine depth rapidly for large amounts of area data
Apply FFT and convolution grid enhancement and processing routines to
calculate X and Y derivative grids
Display Total Field and Derivative grids for analysis
Analyze grids (perform Euler source inversion)
Choose a structural index (any real value between 0.0 and 3.0)
Display solutions in Oasis database and search large areas for similar targets
Perform and display solution statistics
Display/Plot database solutions
Window and plot solutions (based on location uncertainty and offset) to extract
the solutions you consider relevant and remove erroneous solutions
montaj to process, analyze, visualize and interpret potential field data using
Geosofts special Euler 3D system.
What you should know
To use this manual effectively, you should:
1. Be familiar with Earth Science potential field data.
2. Understand basic methodologies for processing data including preparing data
for processing, evaluating quality before and after processing, displaying data in
profile formats, running computer-based algorithms and preparing data for final
presentation.
3. Understand basic database concepts, such as using a Graphical User Interface
(GUI), importing and exporting data, storing data and applying processes to data.
Choose a structural index (any real value between 0.0 and 3.0)
For ease of use, the system also provides you with an intuitive interface accessed via
a separate menu (Euler3D) that you can add to your Oasis montaj menu bar.
In this chapter, you will learn about the Euler3D menu and the major steps in the
Euler 3D processing, analysis and visualization sequence.
Navigating the Euler3D menu
The Euler3D menu provides access to the Euler 3D capabilities of the system. When
you select a menu option, the system runs a corresponding Geosoft eXecutable (GX)
a programmed process that records your input values and implements a specific
processing, analysis or visualization task. The following menu shows the Euler3D
menu options and the corresponding GXs:
Grid data: (E3MGRGRD.GX)
Process grids: (E3PREP.GX)
Standard Euler decon: (E3DECON.GX)
Located Euler decon: (E3ASIG.GX, E3PEAKS.GX, E3XYEULER.GX)
Window results: (E3WINDOW.GX, E3WINDRS.GX, E3WINDCL.GX,
E3SUBSET.GX, MASKCPCH.GX)
New map: (NEWMAP.GX)
Draw base map: (BASEMAP2.GX)
Plot solution symbols: (SYMBOLS.GX, COLSYMB.GX, COLORBAR.GX,
COLORBARH.GX, CLASYMB.GX, PROPSYMB.GX,
CLASYMB2.GX, CLASSLEG.GX,
PROPSYMBLEG.GX)
Analyze Grids
Run Standard Euler Deconvolution for each
Structural Index (SI)
Analyze Grids
Run Located Euler Deconvolution for each
Structural Index (SI)
Note:
In situations where structures of low SI are sought (less than 1), it may be
better to start with the first vertical derivative rather than the total field or
gravity field. For a discussion of using the first vertical derivative, please refer
to the Understanding Solution Uncertainties page 60.
For line-based data, a grid interval 1/8 to 1/4 the line spacing is normally chosen, and
for randomly located data, an interval of 1/4 to 1/2 the nominal sample interval is
often used. The interval chosen also depends upon the depth of geologic sources of
interest, since the minimum depths returned are about the same as the grid interval.
Because aliasing, levelling, and location errors mostly affect shorter wavelengths,
data quality can sometimes be improved by judicious low-pass filtering at the
expense of resolution and of the representation of the effects of shallower sources.
The most effective way to do this is to apply a small upward continuation to the grid
during calculation of the gradients. A distance of up to one grid cell should be
sufficient. However, such filtering should only be applied if necessary and the
upward continuation distance should be minimized to remove only the noise, which is
causing a problem.
Processing starting grids
Following data and grid preparation, the next step in the inversion process is to obtain
the vertical and two horizontal derivatives of the starting grid. If you already have
these derivative grids, you do not have to perform this step.
A special menu item (Euler3D|Process Grids) is provided for calculating gradient
grids from a starting grid. The starting grid may be a total magnetic field grid, a
gravity grid, or the first vertical derivative of these grids. If required, you can also
apply an upward continuation to filter your data during this step. Upward
continuation effectively attenuates noise without changing the physical significance
of the data (as opposed to a low-pass filter, which does change the significance of the
data). A continuation distance of one grid cell is not uncommon, although you should
be aware of how much resolution you are losing in the smoothed data when you
choose the upward continuation distance.
Analyzing grids - run Standard Euler 3D for each structural index
When using the Standard Euler3D method, analysis consists of selecting a structural
index, applying the Euler Deconvolution, evaluating the results and windowing
results to extract a suitable set of solutions. This sequence continues until you have
obtained depth determinations for all of the models (structural indices) you consider
valid for the area under study.
Performing the inversion is a straightforward process that you start by selecting the
Euler3D|Standard Euler decon menu. The corresponding GX uses your specified
starting grid, vertical (dZ) derivative grid and horizontal (dX and dY) derivative grids
to invert the data. It then creates a database containing a list of anomaly source
locations, depth and uncertainties.
Analyzing grids run Located Euler 3D for each structural index
When using the Located Euler 3D method, unlike the Standard Euler method, where
all grid locations are tested and only those locations with valid solutions passing the
input criteria are retained, the Located method begins by calculating the analytic
signal grid, finding peaks in the grid, then using these peak locations for Euler
deconvolution.
The Located Euler 3D produces far fewer solutions than the Standard Euler 3D and is
the method used for UXO detection (for example, used in Geosofts UX-Detect
application).
To perform the Located Euler Deconvolution you must first calculate and display an
analytic signal grid. The analytic signal grid is computed from the existing derivative
grids (see Processing starting grids page 10).
The second step involves an analysis of the peaks in the analytic signal grid, the
application of the Blakely grid peak-picking algorithm to locate the peaks, and then
the peak locations are both written to a solutions database and displayed as symbols
on the current (Analytic signal) map.
The third step in the Located Euler 3D method is to apply the Located Euler
Deconvolution.
The Standard Euler 3D moves a window of a fixed size over a grid of data and
calculates Euler Deconvolution solutions for each window. There are typically many
solutions, virtually one for every window location, which approaches the number of
cells in the grid.
The Located Euler 3D modifies this procedure by first locating only those windows
which encompass peak-like structures in the data. A peak-finding routine is first run
which locates peaks and estimates a window size using the locations of adjacent
inflection points. These locations and window sizes are then used to define the
windows for the Located Euler Deconvolution, using much the same algorithm as
used in the Standard Euler method. The Located Euler method typically produces far
fewer solutions than the Standard Euler method because only a small subset of the
grid cells will be the centres of "peaks" in the data.
As with the Standard Euler deconvolution method the Located method proceeds by
selecting a structural index for analysis, applying the Euler Deconvolution, evaluating
the results and windowing results to extract a suitable set of solutions. This sequence
continues until you have obtained depth determinations for all of the models
(structural indices) you consider valid for the area under study.
Windowing results
After obtaining a solution database (Standard or Located Euler 3D solutions), you
must then extract the solutions that you consider appropriate. You can use five main
values for windowing:
Solution depth (Elevation or Depth column)
Depth uncertainty in percent (dZ column)
Horizontal uncertainty in percent (dXY column)
X offset (x_offset column)
Y offset (y_offset column)
As described in the tutorial, you typically window on each channel and specify
Append Mask for the Windowing mode each time. This accumulates all solutions in
a single channel (Mask).
Note:
If you want to start over at any time, you specify Preset Mask for the
windowing mode enabling you to repeat the windowing process as required.
After you have created a partially or completely windowed set of solutions, you then
build a solution channel and plot the Elevation (or Depth) values as symbols.
The Euler3D|Window results menu includes five options; Window solution list, Select
all, Deselect all, Subset solution list and Build solution channel. The Select all option
enables you to select all the solutions from a selected Euler deconvolution solution
set, using the mask channel. This option is useful when you want to restart the
windowing process after using the Window solution list to select solutions. The
Deselect all option can be used to deselect all solutions from a selected Euler
deconvolution solution set, using the mask channel.
Visualizing results and maps
The symbol plot menu item is used to create a plan map plot of the model solutions
for evaluation and interpretation. Depending on the results, it may be necessary to
create several plots for different structural indices.
Creating a project
Loading the Euler3D menu
P ROJECT :
displayed.
Oasis montaj assumes that your data is in the directory containing this project
(i.e. D:\Tutorial).
3. Specify a name and directory for the project. For example, name the project Euler
and specify the working directory as D:\Tutorial.
Note:
4. Click the [Save] button. The system saves the project and indicates it is open by
adding menus to the menu bar, adding buttons to the Standard Short-cut bar and
by displaying the Project Explorer window. These are visual clues indicating that
you are ready to start working with the system.
THE
E ULER 3D M ENUS
1. On the GX menu, select Load Menu or click the Load Menu icon (
) on the
This tutorial does not explicitly describe the procedure for filtering your data
although in practice, you may be required to filter the data yourself prior to
using the Euler 3D system.
For more information about additional tools you may require for filtering or
performing other basic processing tasks, please contact your Geosoft
representative.
T O O PEN
D ATABASE :
1. On the Data menu, click Open database. The Open database dialog is displayed.
THE
1. On the Euler3D menu, click Grid data. The Minimum Curvature Gridding dialog
is displayed.
2. From the Channel to grid dropdown list, select the Mag channel and then
5. We will just accept the default values and click the [OK] button. The Data range
6. You can use this dialog to scan the current database or a grid file for the data
range to map. You can also use this dialog to view or set coordinate system
information for your data. For more information on Projections, see Tutorial 11:
Coordinate Systems in the Oasis montaj Quick Start Tutorials.
7. Click the [Scan data] button to scan the current database for X and Y coordinate
information and then click the [Next>] button. The Create a new map dialog is
displayed.
8. Type the new Map name as Eulermag and from the Map template dropdown
specified template click the [Scale] button. Note that, you can change the scale to
a more appropriate value (e.g. 400,000).
10. Click the [Finish] button to grid your data and display the grid on a new map.
is displayed.
3. For the X, Y and Z derivative output grids you can specify new names or accept
the default names (dx.grd, dy.grd, dz.grd). We will accept the default names.
button
dimensions of this grid are approximately equal, we will use the square option.
6. Click the [OK] button. The system generates the derivative grids.
2. Using the
3. Repeat this process until all grids are displayed (dx.grd, dy.grd and dz.grd).
The Structural Index (SI) is an exponential factor corresponding to the rate at which
the field falls off with distance, for a source of a given geometry. The value of the SI
parameter depends on the type of source body you are looking for and the type of
potential field data you are using (magnetic or gravity).
The following table shows some indices for magnetic data. For a complete
description of indices, please refer to Chapter 6: Performing Euler Deconvolution
Analysis page 57.
Magnetic
Structural Index
Sill
Dyke
Cylinder
Pipe
Sphere
The Maximum % depth tolerance determines which solutions are accepted (i.e.
accepts solutions with error estimate smaller than the specified tolerance). The default
is 15 percent typically a good starting value for a first pass at analyzing the data. A
smaller tolerance will result in fewer but more reliable solutions.
The Window size determines the area (in grid cells) used to calculate the Euler
solutions. All points in the window are used to solve Euler's equation for a source
position. The Standard Euler Deconvolution works best when the search window is
large enough to include the entire anomaly being analyzed, but not so large that it
contains multiple anomalies. Since a typical survey contains anomalies of various
sizes, it may be necessary to run Euler Deconvolution a few times with different
window sizes.
The Maximum distance to accept parameter specifies the maximum distance offset
from the centre of the search window to the location of the source solution. The
deconvolution result is most accurate when the source is centred within the search
window, so therefore source solutions located far from the centre of the search
window may be rejected. Generally, solutions located outside the boundary of the
search window may be rejected as erroneous.
The last two parameters (Flying height and Survey elevation) determine the manner
in which the results are displayed. The units in which the solution z (depth) values are
given are taken from the grids. For drape airborne surveys, enter the flying height,
and the dialog will return z values as depth below the ground surface. For barometric
airborne surveys, enter the survey elevation, and the dialog will give z values as
elevations (i.e. height above sea level).
TO
PERFORM
1. On the Euler3D menu, click the Standard Euler decon menu. The Euler
2. Using the
3. Specify (type) the new Solution database as Standard Euler and specify a
name for the Solution list as Solutions. The Solution list is a group (line) in
the output database to which the solutions are to be written. Up to 20 different
sets of solutions can be written to a solution database.
4. Examination of our test grid shows some long, narrow anomalies probably caused
fine for our purposes and will produce a large number of solutions, covering most
of the map.
6. Specify the Window size (>=3) in grid cells. In our example, the anomalies of
interest are mostly 3-6 km in width therefore a good estimate for the search
window size is about 6 km. Since the grid cell size is 320 m, this corresponds to
about 20 grid cells, therefore, specify 20 here.
7. Specify the Max dist. to accept. Our search window is 6400 m wide, so set the
2500 m, so leave the flying height field blank and enter 2500 for the Survey
elevation.
Description
X_Euler
Solution x coordinate
Y_Euler
Solution y coordinate
Backgrnd
WndSize
dZ
dXY
Window_X
Window_Y
X_offset
X_Euler X_Window
Y_offset
Y_Euler Y_Window
MASK
AND
1. On the Euler3D menu, click Located Euler decon| Calculate and display analytic
2. Using the
3. Click the [OK] button and the Data range to map dialog will be displayed.
4. Click the [Scan data] button to scan the selected database for X and Y coordinate
information and then click the [Next>] button. The Create a new map dialog is
displayed.
5. Specify a Map name as as and click the [Scale] button to calculate the scale.
Note that, you can change the scale to a more appropriate value, i.e. 400000.
6. Click the [Finish] button and the Analytic signal grid will be calculated and
Locate solutions
The next step in the Located Euler method is to locate the Euler solutions. This step
includes an analysis of the peaks in the analytic signal grid, and then the peak-picking
algorithm is applied to the grid to locate the peaks and write the locations to the
solutions database, and display the locations as symbols on the current map.
The following channels are created and displayed in the Solutions group/line:
X_Window, Y_Window - window centre locations
WndSize - an estimate of the peaks' sizes, calculated directly from the grid
Grid_value - analytic signal grid value at each location
Mask - used for selecting solutions for plotting etc.
group (line) in the output database to which the solutions are to be written.
5. Specify a Channel to save grid values as Grid_value and leave the remaining
parameters as the default values. For detailed information on these or other dialog
parameters, click the dialog
button.
6. Click the [Symbol] button to display the Solution location symbol definition
dialog.
the Symbol outline colour and Symbol fill colour boxes, to display the Color tool.
Click the [<Back] button to return to the Locate Solutions dialog.
8. Click the [OK] button and the Located Solutions will be added to the Solutions
Dynamic
data links
PERFORM
button.
1. Make sure that the Located_Euler.gdb is the current database (open and
selected).
2. On the Euler3D menu, click Located Euler decon| Located Euler Decon. The
3. Using the
4. In the Located solution list box, specify (type) the name of the new solution
group/list Solutions.
5. Specify the Structural index 1.0, Max. % depth tolerance 15.0, Max. dist. to
THE
S TATISTICS
OF THE
Significance
Num. of items
Minimum
Maximum
Mean
Standard deviation
Arithmetic Sum
4. Click the [OK] button to close the Stat Report dialog box or click the [Save
N EW M AP :
1. Make sure that the Standard_Euler.gdb is the current database (open and
selected).
displayed.
3. Click the [Scan data] button to query the database for the data ranges and report
the Minimum X, Y and Maximum X,Y coordinates. Click the [Next>] button and
the Create a New Map dialog is displayed.
4. Enter a Map name Standard Euler. From the Map template dropdown list,
select portrait letter and click the [Scale] button to calculate the scale based on
the defined data range and the specified map template and then adjust the scale to
a more appropriate value (400000).
5. Click the [Finish] button. The system opens a new blank map window.
T O A DD
B ASEMAP :
1. Make sure your blank Standard Euler.map is open and selected in the project.
2. On the Euler3D menu, click Draw base map. The Basemap layout dialog, the first
3. Using the Map style dropdown list, select figure. Note that, the type of map
style that you choose here will reflect the type of dialog boxes to follow.
4. Leave the remaining parameters to the default values and click the [Next>]
5. You can specify different types of display styles for the Reference grid via the
dropdown list. Choose dotted lines and click the [Next>] button to continue.
The Figure titles dialog is displayed.
Euler.map. Your map should look similar to the one shown below.
symbols to the value of the original survey elevation (i.e. depth below the plane of
observation) and for the Proportioned scaling (units/mm) we used 500 this
means 500 data units per millimetre.
5. Click the [OK] button. The Euler solutions are plotted on the current map and the
When viewed with the original grid (eulermag.grd) you can see the distribution of values
along linear features (i.e. SI value of 1.0).
ADD A
H ORIZONTAL C OLOUR B AR
1. On the Euler3D menu, select Plot solution symbols and then Horizontal colour
2. Specify the parameters as shown in the dialog above, and click the [Locate]
button.
3. The system will return you to your map. Click the left mouse button where you
wish the horizontal colour bar to be located. The Horizontal Colour Bar dialog
box is redisplayed with Map location X (mm) and Y (mm) values.
4. Click the [OK] button and the system plots a colour legend bar on the map. Your
THE
1. To access the Colour Symbol tool, click the Select a Group button ( ) on the Map
editing toolbar.
Move the cursor to the map window and click the left mouse button to select the
symbol group. Then, click the right mouse button and from the popup menu,
select the Colour Symbol Tool. The Colour Symbol Tool will be displayed.
2. Move the cursor to a colour and read the corresponding data range (e.g. as shown
On the Euler3D menu, select Plot solution symbols| Colour range symbols. The
Classified symbol plot dialog is displayed.
as shown below.
7. Click the [OK] button. The system returns to the Specify Ranges dialog.
8. Click the [Colours] button. The Specify Fill Colours dialog is displayed.
9. Specify the colours for all the levels as shown above and click the [OK] button.
Click the [OK] button again on the Specify Ranges dialog and the Classified
Symbol Plot dialog will again be displayed.
10. Click the [Plot] button. The coloured classified symbols are plotted and displayed
on the current map. Your map should look similar to the following.
In this case, we have defined a set of ranges that emphasize deeper sources (i.e. larger
symbols) at the expense of shallower sources.
Adding legend symbols
When you use classified symbols, you will most likely create a legend showing the
symbol colours and size ranges used on the map. When you select this option, the
system automatically reads the settings you specified when creating the classified
symbols initially.
T O P LOT A C LASSIFIED S YMBOL L EGEND
1. On the Euler3D menu, select Plot solution symbols| Colour range symbol legend.
2. Specify a Title and Subtitle for Legend as shown above and click the [Locate]
button.
3. The system displays the Locate Legend dialog box. Click the [OK] button, the
cursor is now displayed as a crosshair, click the left mouse button on the map
where you want the lower left corner of the legend to be.
4. The system redisplays the Classified Symbol Legend dialog box with the X and Y
positions in map units. Click the [Plot] button and the legend will be plotted on
the map.
5. Your classified symbol plot and legend should look similar to the one below.
3. Using the dropdown lists, select the Solution List as Solutions, the Channel with
means that only those solutions where the depth uncertainty is less than or equal
to 7% will be plotted.
5. From the Masking mode dropdown list, select Append Mask.
Note:
In the Append mode, the mask channel values are set to dummy * for all
values outside the specified range. No values are reset from dummy to 1 if
they happen to be inside the range. In the Preset mode, the mask channel
value of every item where there is valid data in the selected channel is first set
to 1, and then the windowing is performed. (Solutions where the data
channel value is a dummy will have the mask channel value dummy as well).
6. Click the [OK] button to have the system window the values specified.
7. Repeat the Simple Windowing procedure three more times (i.e. repeat steps 1 to 4
dXY
15
X_offset
-2000
2000
Y_offset
-2000
2000
8. The windowing procedure changes the values in the Mask channel of the
database. Mask = 1 means plot this point. Mask = * mean do not plot. For more
information on the windowing results, click the
button.
W INDOWED C HANNEL :
1. On the Euler3D menu, click Window results| Build solution channel. The Copy a
2. Using the dropdown lists, select the Copy From channel as Elevation and in the
To box, specify the name of the new channel as Elev_win and then select the
Mask Chan as Mask.
3. Click the [OK] button. The system applies the formula Elev_win = Elevation *
Coloured. The Coloured symbols dialog is displayed. Use this dialog to plot the
windowed results leaving the symbol plotting options as before, but choose
Elev_win (instead of Elevation) for the channel to plot.
3. The system displays the windowed solutions.
M AP :
Final Note
You will note that Euler Deconvolution is not perfectly selective. For instance, in our
example not every solution for Structural Index = 1.0 corresponds to a dyke even
after windowing. In the upper right area of the map, many solution points occur over
magnetic contacts. A magnetic contact has an SI of 0.5 close enough to the dyke
that it may be difficult to distinguish.
Extracting a meaningful depth value for a given source body depends on an
appropriate choice of structural index. You can experiment with using different
structural indices and window sizes, to detect and solve for the depth of various types
of source bodies in the survey area.
If you have more detailed questions about the Euler 3D system, please refer to the
following chapters.
From this, it can be shown that the following (known as Euler's equation) is also
satisfied:
x
f
f
f
+y
+z
= nf
x
y
z
( x x 0 ) T + ( y y 0 ) T + ( z z 0 ) T
x
= N (B T )
at (x, y, z ) . The total field has a regional value of B. Note that N in this expression is
equivalent to -n in Euler's equation.
It can easily be shown that simple magnetic and gravity models conform to Euler's
equation (Thompson, 1982). The degree of homogeneity, N, can be interpreted as a
structural index (SI), which is a measure of the rate of change with distance of a
potential field.
T
T
T
+ ( y y0 )
+ (z z 0 )
x
y
z
Given a set of observed total field data, we can determine an optimum source location
(x0 , y 0 , z 0 ) by solving Euler's equations for a given index N by least-squares
inversion of the data. The inversion process will also yield an uncertainty (standard
deviation) for each of the fitted parameters, and this can be used as a criterion to
accept or reject a solution. This inversion process is often called Euler
Deconvolution.
Understanding the algorithm
In the Standard Euler 3D Deconvolution method, Euler Deconvolution is applied by
selecting a square window of data from grids of the total field and its orthogonal
derivatives, solving for (x 0 , y 0 , z 0 ) and its uncertainties, saving the solution if it
passes certain criteria, and moving the window to the next grid point. Solutions with a
depth error (standard deviation) that exceeds a defined tolerance (typically 15%), and
which are within a limiting distance of the observed window are accepted. The
accepted solutions are saved in a Geosoft database file that can be used to plot the
results.
Note that the standard deviation is a measure only of how well the measured field
conforms to Euler's equations for a given index. This assumes that the index chosen is
correct for the source of the field observed in the sample window, and that only one
source is producing the field observed in the window.
For magnetic data, a significant advantage of Euler's equation is that it is insensitive
to magnetic inclination, declination and remanence since these become a part of the
constant in the anomaly function of a given model.
However, low magnetic latitude problems will still exist for magnetic North-South
geologic features because the physics of this situation dictates a low signal to noise
ratio in the data. Pole reduction and careful North-South leveling noise rejection
filters can be applied to low-latitude data to improve the situation somewhat.
For a more complete discussion of the Euler Deconvolution method described in this
manual, please refer to Reid et. al. (1990)
Located Euler 3D
When using the Located Euler 3D method, unlike the Standard Euler method, where
all grid locations are tested and only those locations with valid solutions passing the
input criteria are retained, the Located method begins by calculating the analytic
signal grid, finding peaks in the grid, then using these peak locations for Euler
deconvolution. This Located solution method produces far fewer solutions than the
Standard Euler and is the method used for UXO detection (for example, used in UXDetect.)
Calculate and display analytic signal grid
To perform the Located Euler Deconvolution you must first calculate and display an
analytic signal grid. The analytic signal grid is computed from the existing derivative
grids. The analytic signal is the square root of the sum of the squares of the
derivatives in the x, y, and z directions:
asig = sqrt ( dx*dx + dy*dy + dz*dz )
The analytic signal is useful in locating the edges of magnetic source bodies,
particularly where remanence and/or low magnetic latitude complicates
interpretation.
Locate peaks in analytic signal grid
The second step is to locate peaks in the analytic signal grid. This step includes an
analysis of peaks in the analytic signal grid, application of the Blakely grid peakpicking algorithm to locate the peaks, then the peak locations are both written to a
solutions database and displayed as symbols on the current (Analytic signal) map.
The Blakely method is used to find peaks in a grid. For each grid cell, the GX
compares its value with the values of its eight (8) nearest grid cells in four directions
(along the row, along the column, and along both diagonals). There are four
sensitivity levels, which may be used to determine whether a grid cell will be selected
as a peak:
Normal (4) - grid values in all of the nearest grid cells are lower
More peaks (3) - grid values in any three directions are lower
Even more peaks (2)
- grid values in any two directions are lower
(x x 0 ) T + ( y y 0 ) T + (z z 0 ) T
x
= N (B T )
where:
( x0 , y 0 , z 0 )
B
is the position of the magnetic source whose total field (T) is detected
at (x, y, z,).
is the regional magnetic field.
N
is the measure of the fall-off rate of the magnetic field and may be
interpreted as the structural index (SI).
The Euler deconvolution process is applied at each solution. The method involves
setting an appropriate SI value and using least-squares inversion to solve the equation
for an optimum xo, yo, zo and B. As well, a square window size must be specified
which consists of the number of cells in the gridded dataset to use in the inversion at
each selected solution location. The window is centred on each of the solution
locations. All points in the window are used to solve Eulers equation for solution
depth, inversely weighted by distance from the centre of the window. The window
should be large enough to include each solution anomaly of interest in the total field
magnetic grid, but ideally not large enough to include any adjacent anomalies.
A starting grid, which may be the total magnetic field, gravity field,
or the first vertical derivative of these fields.
The first vertical derivative.
The first horizontal derivative in the X direction.
The first horizontal derivative in the Y direction.
You can supply all four grids if they are available, or you can use the Process grids
menu option to calculate the derivative grids from the total magnetic or gravity field
grid. The menu option computes the X and Y derivatives in the space domain using a
simple nine-point convolution filter. The Z derivative filter does not have such a
simple spatial representation, so it is implemented in the frequency domain using a
Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) procedure.
-1/2*cell
1/2*cell
Y horizontal derivative
0
1/2*cell
-1/2*cell
square grid, but if the input grid is long and narrow, it is more accurate and timeefficient to expand to a rectangle.
Upward continuation may be necessary if the data contains significant short
wavenumber noise. Upward continuation effectively attenuates noise without
changing the physical significance of the data (as opposed to a low-pass filter, which
does change the significance of the data). Continuation distances up to one cell
dimension are not uncommon, although you should be aware of how much you are
losing in the smoothed data when choosing an appropriate distance.
If the data is upward continued, the original grid must also be upward continued so
that all grids represent data observed at the same elevation. You must specify a new
grid file name for the upward continued grid and this grid must be used during Euler
Deconvolution processing.
The procedure for preparing a grid is quite involved and can take a considerable
amount of time depending on the size of the input grid. You will need at least eight
times the size of input grid in available free disk space to complete this process.
magnetic field
gravity field
0.0
contact
sill/dyke/step
0.5
thick step
ribbon
1.0
sill/dyke
pipe
2.0
pipe
sphere
3.0
sphere
Geologic model
Magnetic SI
Gravity SI
sphere
pipe
1 (z)
horizontal cylinder
1 (x-y)
dyke
2 (z and x-y)
sill
2 (x and y)
contact
3 (x, y and z)
NA
Note that a 0 index implies that the field is a constant regardless of distance from the
source model. In the case of a gravity contact, the field would be infinite. These
situations are physically impossible for real data, and a zero index represents a
physical limit, which can only be approached as the so-called 'infinite' dimensions of
the real source increase. In practice, an index of 0.5 can often be used to obtain
reasonable results when an index of 0 would otherwise be indicated.
However, this presents a problem when we wish to obtain results from a 'contact'
model with gravity data. A solution is to work with the first vertical derivative of the
gravity field in place of the original gravity field. This increases the rate of fall-off by
one power (one SI) and makes the gravity SI equivalent to the magnetic SI for the
same model source. The four component grids provided to the Euler 3D System
would then be
2g
g 2g
2g
, 2 ,
and
. These can be calculated by following
zy
z z
zx
the same procedure described in section 4, except that the starting grid will be the
first vertical derivative instead of the original field grid. Calculate the first derivative
grid by going through the process using the original data, then calculate the vertical
and horizontal derivatives of this grid.
The correct SI for a given feature is that which gives the tightest clustering of
solutions. From this, you can think of SI as a focus control, in which the correct SI
produces the sharpest focus of results. This is illustrated in the following diagram
(magnetic field):
Vertical Pipe
SI=2
good
SI=3
poor
Dyke
SI=1
good
SI=0
poor
The solutions on the right represent the correct SI for a magnetic pipe-like body (top)
and a dyke (bottom). It can be shown that, an index that is too low gives depths that
are too shallow; one that is too high gives estimates that are too deep. But even if the
index is correct, it is clear that depth estimates are more precise for high-index
sources than for low. (Reid et al. 1990).
Euler window
Solutions that are found to pass the following criteria are saved in the database:
depth).
2. The distance from the centre of the window to the source is less than a limit
gradient.
2. It should be small enough not to include significant effects from multiple sources.
If the anomalies arising from different sources are so close together that both occupy
any given window, poor fit statistics cause the solution to be rejected. There is,
therefore, reason to keep the window as small as possible.
On the other hand, broad anomalies arising from deep sources are poorly represented
in a small window, and unreliable estimates of depth and position of source are likely.
There is evidence that the maximum depths returned are about twice the window size.
The default windows size of 20 x 20 should be adequate for typical exploration
targets. A smaller size (5 x 5) may be used for sources at or near the ground surface.
For deep sources it is better to increase the grid cell size rather than increasing the
number of cells in the search window- otherwise computation will be slow and the
inversion may be confused by many small sources within the search window.
We have generally found that acceptable results are obtained for real data if selection
criteria are set more or less as follows:
SI
Depth uncertainty
Horizontal uncertainty
20%
40%
0.5
15%
30%
1.0
10%
20%
It is most convenient to run Euler Deconvolution with a large depth error tolerance so
that the result file will contain as many solutions as are reasonably possible. You can
then use the Window results... menu option to further reduce the number of solutions
based on reductions in the depth and location uncertainty tolerance. This often
requires trial and error, with each selection plotted and viewed to determine if the
solutions are acceptable.
Getting acceptable solutions for features of interest can involve some trial and error
while changing SI, the window size, and the uncertainty tolerances. For large data
sets, it is usually best to select a smaller sub-set, perhaps where your knowledge of
the geology is best, and run tests to obtain the optimum deconvolution parameters.
The entire area can then be processed using these 'optimum' settings.
If results from a number of different SI are desired, it will be necessary to remove bad
results from different SI runs and combine the accepted results into a single map. This
is most easily done by repeating the Euler Deconvolution process, then creating new
databases for each structural index and combining them into a single map.
References 65
References
Blakely, R. J., 1996, Potential theory in gravity & magnetic applications: Cambridge
University Press, New York, p117
Thompson, D. T., 1982, EULDPH: A new technique for making computer-assisted depth
estimates from magnetic data. Geophysics, Vol.47, pp.31-37.
Reid, A. B., Allsop, J. M., Granser, H,, Millett, A. J., Somerton, I. W., 1990, Magnetic
interpretation in three dimensions using Euler Deconvolution, Geophysics. Vol.55,
pp.80-91.
66 Index
Index
adding
classified symbols, 40
colour bar, 37
analytic signal
grids, 25
analyzing
grids, 9, 10, 21, 22
channel
statistics, 31
windowed solutions, 46
classified symbols
adding, 40
Colou0r Symbol Tool, 39
colour bar, 37
convolution filtering, 54
creating
project, 12
current X and Y channels
database, 35
data
leveling, 8
preparing, 16, 54
processing, 54
sample, 15
database
current X and Y channels, 35
depth ( or elevation)
windowing on, 60
depth uncertainty (dZ)
windowing, 61
derivative grids, 20
displaying
grids, 20
statistics, 31
dyke, 58
Euler Deconvolution
equations, 49
theory, 49
understanding, 50
Euler window, 58
Eulers
homogeneity equation, 49
Euler3D menu, 14
parts, 7
FFT filtering, 55
filtering
convolution, 54
FFT, 55
Flying height, 21, 30
geologic model, 56
Geosoft
project file, 12
Grid interval, 8
grids
analytic signal, 25
analyzing, 9, 10, 21, 22, 25
derivative, 20
displaying, 20
plotting, 20
processing, 19
total field, 20
homogeneity equation, 49
identifying
potential problems, 8
initial database solutions
plotting, 35
interpretation
maps for, 47
interpreting
results, 62
inversion, 21
legend symbols
plotting, 43
Leveling, 8
Line spacing, 8
loading menus, 14
located Euler
processing, 10, 51
location uncertainty
windowing, 61
magnetic pipe, 58
Maximum depth tolerance, 21, 30
menu
Euler3D, 14
performing
inversion, 21
located solutions, 25
plotting
grids, 20
initial database solutions, 35
Index 67
legend symbols, 43
Potential Field Data
preparing, 54
preparing
potential field data, 54
preparing data, 16
printing
maps, 47
processing
grids, 19
located Euler, 10, 51
potential field data, 54
starting grids, 9
processing sequence, 7
project
creating, 12
References, 64
removing
spurious solutions, 60
results
interpreting, 62
windowing, 45
sample data, 15
Search window size, 21
selecting
Structural Index, 56
window size, 59
solution depth error, 59
solutions
spurious, 60
uncertainties, 59
spurious solutions, 60
statistics
displaying, 31
Structural Index
selecting, 56
Structural Index (SI), 21, 30
structural indices, 9, 10, 51
Survey elevation, 21, 30
survey height, 8
total field
grids, 20
uncertainties
depth, 60
horizontal, 60
window size, 59
windowed solutions
channel, 46
windowing
depth (or elevation), 60
depth uncertainty (dZ), 61
location uncertainty, 61
results, 45
X and Y offset, 61
X and Y offset
windowing, 61