FRIM in Focus

A Quarterly of the Forest Research Institute Malaysia

MS ISO 9001:2008

DECEMBER 2011
ISSN 1394-5467

Biotechnology
Research at
FRIM
HIGHLIGHTS
OF THE
ISSUE

1. UP-SCALING THE TONGKAT ALI HAIRY ROOT CULTURE

2. TONGKAT ALI HAIRY ROOT GENE DISCOVERY
3. SYNTHETIC SEEDS: A NEW FORM OF PLANTING MATERIAL
4. IDENTIFICATION OF MALAYSIAN TIMBER USING DNA BARCODES

A Quarterly of the Forest Research Institute Malaysia

UP-SCALING
THE TONGKAT
ALI HAIRY
ROOT
CULTURE

addition, plagiotropic also increases

the aeration in liquid medium and
boosts the accumulation of roots
biomass.

Dr Nor Hasnida Hassan

hasnida@frim.gov.my

supply of tongkat ali to sustain

the herbal industries as well as to
conserve the species.
The over-dependance of tongkat
ali roots from the forest can be
addressed indirectly by using
biotechnology tools. In this case,
plant cell and organ cultures can also
be sources of valuable secondary
metabolites.

Eurycoma longifolia or locally

known as tongkat ali is probably
the most popular medicinal plant
in Malaysia. Its roots are widely
used in the manufacturing of
herbal and food products. Most
of the plant roots required for
making health food products are
collected from the forest. As such,
uncontrolled harvesting of tongkat
ali from the forest may decrease
the tree population leading to
depletion of the species. Thus,
there is a need to ensure sufficient

Editorial
Board

Cell and organ cultures have a

higher rate of metabolism compared
to field grown plants because
the initiation of cell and organ
growth invariably leads to their fast
proliferation. In addition, the growth
of plant cells or organ cultures is
not limited by external factors such
as environmental, ecological and
climatic conditions.
For tongkat ali, hairy roots were
found to be an attractive source
of secondary metabolites. These
roots were the results of a genetic
transformation using the bacteria
Agrobacterium rhizogenes. Hairy
roots are advantageous because
they can grow faster than plant cell
cultures. They are also plagiotropic,
or having the tendency to grow
horizontally and do not require the
external supply of growth hormones
as in other types of cell cultures. In

Advisors
Dato Dr Abdul Latif Mohmod
Dr Mohamed Nor Mohd Yusoff

Technical Editor
Norhara Hussein

December 2011

At Forest Research Institute Malaysia

(FRIM), the up-scaling of tongkat ali
hairy root culture is being carried
out using the bioreactor technology
whereby two types of bioreactors;
the air lift and the modified stirred
tank are used. Using these systems
it is now possible to achieve a large
scale production of hairy root culture
and the bioactive compounds.
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Dr Nor Hasnida Hassan is the Head of Tissue
Culture Laboratory, Forest Biotechnology Division,
Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM).
She joined FRIM in August 1996. Her research
interest is on plant biotechnology, particularly in
tissue culture and plant genetic transformation.
Currently, her research focuses on the up-scaling
of tongkat ali and kacip fatimah root cultures
using the bioreactor technology, in addition to
their respective production of bioactive compunds.

1. Air lift: bubble column bioreactor (5 liter)

2. Modified stirred tank bioreactor (7.5 liter)

Editor & Writer

Ida Suraini Abd Shukor

FRIM in Focus (FIF) is distributed free of charge upon request. We welcome feedback on any of the FIF articles. Address comments and enquiries to:
The Editor & Writer of FRIM In Focus
Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM)
52109 Kepong, Selangor DE, Malaysia

Telephone : 603-6279 7501 | Facsimile :603-6273 1076

E-mail : idasuraini@frim.gov.my | Website : www.frim.gov.my
Design & Printing : DeezStudio

Synthetic seeds (background), steps involved in preparation of synthetic seeds (inset)

Hairy root culture of tongkat ali is

presently the best alternative to
ensure a sustainable supply of the
plants active secondary metabolites.
This in turn will sustain the herbal
industry as well as safeguard the
plant population.

FRIM in FOCUS

Focus article

Dr Norlia Basherudin | norlia@frim.gov.my

Dr Norwati Adnan & Dr Mohd Rosli Haron

locomotion (36)
cell proliferation (85)
carbon utilisation (2)
cell wall organisation or biogenesis (428)
cellular component organisation (1824)
development process (2988)
pigmentation (19)
viral reproduction (24)
death (202)
sulfur utilisation (2)
growth (640)
immune system process (323)
biological regulation (3491)
response to stimulus (4650)
cellular process (11,020)

Transcriptome is a study of RNA

pool which is derived from DNA that
controls all cells in the organism. The
study identifies the genes that are
responsible for a specific character
in a particular cell type at any given
time. The use of the next generation
gene sequencing technology such as
Solexa now offers a novel and rapid
way of profiling the transcriptome
that would significantly accelerate
the gene discovery study.
Identification of genes involved
in the synthesis of bioactive
compounds in tongkat ali has been
conducted through transcriptome
using the next generation
sequencing and bioinformatics
analysis.
Tongkat ali or scientifically known as
Eurycoma longifolia from the family
of Simaroubaceae, is a slow growing
tree with a wide distribution in the
Malaysian forest. Tongkat ali has a
long history as a traditional medicine
and its uses vary between different
localities within the country. In the
past decade, numerous studies
on the chemical composition
of tongkat ali have ascertained
the presence of compounds
such as 10-hydroxycanthin6one, 9-methoxycanthin-6-one,
eurycomalactone and eurycomanol.
Biological studies which were
conducted on tongkat ali root has
confirmed its anti-malarial, anti-

cell killing (3)

multicellular organismal process (2889)
cellular component biogenesis (623)
rhythmic process (74)
biological adhesion (37)
nitrogen utilisation (14)
multi-organism process (1067)
localisation (2523)
metabolic process (10,305)
signaling (1168)
reproduction (1587)

ulcer, cytotoxic and aphrodisiac

properties and that the active
ingredients are concentrated at the
taproots. Because of its multiple
curing abilities, the demand on
tongkat ali for healthcare products
has increased, thus exerting pressure
on its natural resources from the
forest.
Plant transformation has been used
to increase the supply of tongkat
ali, thus easing the pressure on its
natural sources. The technique used
for plant transformation is based on
the natural ability of Agrobacterium
(a naturally root-infecting bacterial
species) to insert specific parts of
the DNA into the genome of many
host plants. There are two species of
Agrobacterium normally used for this
purpose. A. tumefaciens is the causal
agent in crown gall disease while A.
rhizogenes is related to the hairy root
disease.
At Forest Research Institute Malaysia
(FRIM), the genetic transformation
of tongkat ali hairy root culture was
successfully conducted using the A.
rhizogenes. Due to its fast growing
ability, the hairy root is able to
produce a much higher amount of
valuable secondary metabolites in a
relatively shorter time.
Previous studies using chemical
marker compound have indicated
that both wild type and cultured
hairy roots produce similar marker

Biological process
categories of cDNA
from tongkat ali hairy
root culture. Number of
genes involved in each
category is indicated in
brackets

compounds in addition to current

studies which are investigating the
similarities of bioactive compounds
in both types of roots. In both cases,
transcriptome sequence data serves
to further support the assumption.
Molecular and genomic study is also
required to support the research
on the isolated transcripts from the
cultured hairy roots of tongkat ali in
the bioreactor. In future, information
produced from the study will be
used to investigate genes involved
in the production of bioactive
compound in tongkat ali roots.
Preliminary results have shown
that the bioinformatics analysis on
transcriptome data of tongkat ali
hairy root have assembled 72,275
DNA sequences. Analysis of the
biological processes has categorised
the sequences into 26 groups and
most of the DNA sequences are in
the cellular and metabolite process
categories.
ABOUT THE MAIN AUTHOR
Dr Norlia Basherudin joined FRIM in October
1996. Her research interest is on plant
biotechnology, particularly in gene isolation and
genetic engineering. Currently, her reseaches
are on isolation of potential genes involved in
biosynthesis of active compounds in tongkat ali,
and floral gene isolation from teak.

Focus article

December 2011

FRIM in FOCUS

A Quarterly of the Forest Research Institute Malaysia

TONGKAT ALI HAIRY ROOT GENE DISCOVERY

A Quarterly of the Forest Research Institute Malaysia

SYNTHETIC
SEEDS
A New Form
of Planting
Material

Nor Asmah Hassan | norasmah@frim.gov.my

Nashatul Zaimah Noor Azman

Normally, young plants are grown

from seeds of its mother plant.
However, with the advancement
of modern biotechnology, it is
now possible to grow plants
from artificial or synthetic seeds.
Unbelievable as it may sound, this
technique is widely used in some
species such as carrot, yam, orchid,
sandal wood, alfalfa, cotton, apple
and many others.
Synthetic seeds are tissue cultured
plant material or clones which
are encapsulated using a simple
and inexpensive technology
for direct sowing at the field.
Synthetic seeds are produced by
encapsulating propagules such
as somatic embryos, shoot buds,
nodal segments, hairy roots and
other vegetative parts of a plant.
These synthetic seeds are able to
germinate and grow into seedlings
just like the natural seeds under
suitable conditions.
This technique offers solution to
the non-seed producing plants,
transgenic plants, plants with elite
traits and plant lines with problems
in seed propagation. Utilising
clones in this technique also cuts
short the selection process in
the conventional recombination
breeding and reduces the cost
of producing micro-propagated
plantlets. Unlike tissue-cultured
plants, encapsulated material
does not need to be sub-cultured
and acclimatised. Therefore
the synthetic seed requires less
space, and cheaper labour and
maintenance costs. As such,
planting materials can now be

December 2011

FRIM in FOCUS

produced in a reliable stock quantity

and cost-effective too.
To obtain synthetic seeds,
propagules are isolated from in
vitro cultures and mixed with an
encapsulation solution consisting
of sodium alginate or water soluble
hydro gel such as gel rite, locust
bean gum and carboxy methyl
cellulose. The propagules are then
dropped into a calcium chloride or
complexing solution and incubated
for up to 40 minutes to form the
calcium alginate beads. The beads
are then washed and for plantlet
conversion, they are cultured on a
nutrient medium or other suitable
substrates like wet filter paper,
cotton or soil rites.
The hardening of calcium
alginate bead is affected by the
concentration of sodium alginate
and calcium chloride and may
vary when different propagules
and plant species are used. Nicely
rounded beads with appropriate
hardness are essential to coat the
propagule completely. In turn,
the coat protects the propagule
from mechanical damages during
handling and promotes uniformity
in the germination and development
processes. Other materials can also
be added into the encapsulation
mixture such as nutrients, biofertilisers, pesticides, nitrogen-fixing
bacteria, antibiotics, organic and
inorganic salts, carbon source and
plant hormones.
At Forest Research Institute
Malaysia (FRIM), scientists have
since developed a synthetic seed

Focus article

procedure for Acacia hybrid (FRIM

ID 5/11) and Eurycoma longifolia
(tongkat ali). The Acacia hybrid
plants have been re-introduced
to the natural environment by
culturing them onto soil and
vermiculite before the direct sowing
method could be established. FRIM
is also in the process of developing
procedures for other species
including Aquilaria malaccensis
(karas), Endospermum diadenum
(sesenduk) and Koompassia excelsa
(tualang).
ABOUT THE MAIN AUTHOR
Nor Asmah Hassan is a research officer at the Seed
Technology Laboratory, Forest Biotechnology
Division, FRIM. The author obtained her first and
second degrees from the Universiti Kebangsaan
Malaysia (UKM). She has served FRIM since 2003
and her research area is mainly on the synthetic
seeds technology.

4
1. Sesenduk plantlet
2. Culture of synthetic seeds
3. Acacia hybrid seedling from synthetic seed
4. Germinating tongkat ali somatic embryos
from synthetic seed

Dr Lee Soon Leong | leesl@frim.gov.my

Dr Ng Chin Hong & Dr Tnah Lee Hong

In Malaysia, there are over 3000

timber-sized species, which belong
to approximately 90 families. Out
of these, 408 species are known
in the international market. Since
there are many timber species in
the market, timbers of closely allied
species are grouped and marketed
under a single trade name, for
example, all Dipterocarpus species
are sold as keruing. Similarly,
Calophyllum species are marketed
as bintangor and Syzygium/Eugenia
species as kelat.
A trade name such as kempas
(Koompassia malaccensis) and
chengal (Neobalanocarpus heimii)
may consist of only one species.
However, a group of species such
as merawan (the lighter Hopea
species), a group of genera such
as nyatoh (Madhuca, Palaquium
and Payena) or a whole family
such as kedondong (the family
Burseraceae) is recognised by a
single trade name.
At the moment, species
identification of Malaysian timbers

is generally based on wood anatomy.

But this is insufficient as majority
could only be identified to the group
of trees (under a trade name) and
not to the species level.
DNA barcoding is a diagnostic
technique for species identification
or recognition using a short,
standardised DNA region. It relies
on the use of a DNA region as a tag
for rapid and accurate identification
of unknown specimens to known
species. By using two chloroplast
DNA regions (matK and trnHpsbA), which can be consistently
sequenced across the dipterocarp
species with high DNA sequence
quality, DNA barcodes were
generated for 155 species from
10 genera (Shorea, Parashorea,
Hopea, Anisoptera, Dipterocarpus,
Dryobalanops, Cotylelobium,
Neobalanocarpus, Vatica and Upuna)
of the family Dipterocarpaceae.
The matK region which is more
conserved among dipterocarps
was chosen as a core coding
region and served as a baseline for
comparison. The analyses show

that matK provided clear resolution

at the genus level, and was able to
separate about 45% of the species.
To improve the species concepts,
trnH-psbA appeared promisingly
as a second tier locus, which was
able to increase the resolution of
species identification to about 62%.
As a whole, the analyses indicate
the potential of using matK and
trnH-psbA in a multigene tiered
approach for DNA barcoding of
Dipterocarpaceae. In terms of
application, the DNA barcode
database of dipterocarps can
be used for rapid and precise
species authentication of wood for
heavy construction and furniture
manufacturing.
ABOUT THE MAIN AUTHOR
Dr Lee Soon Leong is the Head of the Genetic
Laboratory, Forest Biotechnology Division, Forest
Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM).

1 & 2. Meranti tembaga

and chengal are two
of the Malaysian
commercial timber
species
3. A snapshot of the DNA
barcode database of 155
Malaysian dipterocarps
based on matK gene.
Table showing variation
points that can be used
for species identification
(left) and a portion of
DNA sequence of matK
gene (right)

Focus article

December 2011

FRIM in FOCUS

A Quarterly of the Forest Research Institute Malaysia

IDENTIFICATION OF
MALAYSIAN TIMBER
USING DNA BARCODE

A Quarterly of the Forest Research Institute Malaysia

PENGHIJAUAN
SEMULA KAWASAN
BEKAS LOMBONG
MENGGUNAKAN
EKTOMIKORIZA
Patahayah Mansor | patahayah@frim.gov.my
Dr Lee Su See, Dr Ang Lai Hoe & Dr Aminah Hamzah

Kawasan bekas lombong seringkali terbiar

disebabkan tanahnya yang tidak sesuai
untuk menampung kehidupan. Tanah
sebegini sangat berpasir dan mempunyai
kandungan tanah liat, nutrien, bahan
organik dan air yang rendah, serta suhu
permukaan tanah yang tinggi.
Bagaimanapun, kawasan bekas lombong
ini mempunyai potensi untuk ditebus guna
dengan menanam pokok-pokok hutan.
Bagi tujuan tersebut, kaedah penanaman
perlu diubah suai manakala spesies pokok
serta mikrob yang sesuai perlu dipilih untuk
meningkatkan lagi kemandirian pokok.

Pada tahun 2000, satu projek

kerjasama antara Institut
Penyelidikan Perhutanan
Malaysia (FRIM) dan EU
bertajuk Harnessing
mycorrhizal symbiosis in
mixed Dipterocarpaceae
Acacia mangium forest
plantation in Malaysia and the
Philippines telah dijalankan
di Stesen Penyelidikan
Luar FRIM Bidor, Perak atau
lebih dikenali sebagai Tin
Tailing Afforestation Center
(TTAC). Projek tersebut telah
mengkaji keberkesanan
kulat ektomikoriza terhadap
penanaman pokok Acacia
mangium dan spesies daripada

famili Dipterocarpaceae di
kawasan bekas lombong di
Bidor, Perak.
Kajian tersebut telah
menggunakan anak benih
Acacia mangium yang
diinokulasi dengan kulat
ektomikoriza Pisolithus
tinctorius manakala anak
pokok dari keratan Hopea
odorata dan Shorea leprosula,
kedua-duanya daripada
famili Dipterocarpaceae, pula
diinokulasi dengan kulat
ektomikoriza Tomentella sp.
Penanaman ini melibatkan
dua fasa, di mana fasa pertama
dan kedua masing-masing

Ektomikoriza ialah sejenis kulat yang

hidup secara simbiosis dengan akar pokok
lalu membentuk gumpalan hifa yang
menyeliputi akar pokok tersebut. Hubungan
simbiosis pula dicirikan oleh manfaat yang
diperoleh oleh kedua-dua belah pihak.
Di negara-negara temperat (beriklim
sejuk) serta negara-negara Asia Tenggara
seperti Indonesia dan Filipina, kulat
ektomikoriza dan beberapa jenis mikrob
yang lain telahpun digunakan dalam aktiviti
penanaman. Mikrob turut digunakan untuk
menebus guna dan memulihara kawasan
bekas lombong nikel, bijih timah, bijih besi
dan emas, serta kawasan yang ditumbuhi
lalang.
Kulat ektomikoriza membantu pokok
meningkatkan penyerapan nutrien
(terutamanya fosforus) dan air dalam tanah,
serta bertindak sebagai agen pengawalan
penyakit. Sebaliknya, kulat pula mendapat
makanan hasil daripada proses fotosintesis
pokok tersebut. Di kawasan tropika,
ektomikoriza didapati menjalani simbiosis
dengan pokok yang tergolong dalam famili
Dipterocarpaceae, Fabaceae (Leguminosae)
dan Fagaceae.

December 2011

FRIM in FOCUS

Pokok-pokok A. mangium
dan H. odorata yang ditanam
menunjukkan peratus kemandirian
yang tinggi iaitu melebihi 90%
berbanding S. leprosula yang agak
rendah. Keputusan tersebut juga
menunjukkan yang kaedah yang
digunakan berpotensi dijadikan
sebagai kaedah dalam penanaman
pokok dipterokarpa di kawasan yang
bermasalah seperti bekas lombong.

Pemerhatian ke atas akar pokok

juga mendapati kulat Tomentella sp
yang diinokulasi ke atas H. odorata
telah tersebar ke pokok-pokok A.
mangium yang bersebelahan.
Setelah hampir 10 tahun
penanaman dijalankan, pokokpokok tersebut telah tumbuh
dengan baik di mana H. odorata
telah mencapai saiz pertumbuhan
yang menyamai A. mangium.
Kawasan ini yang dahulunya
panas dan berpasir putih sekarang
mempunyai dirian pokok yang
tinggi dan sihat. Pokok-pokok ini
memberi teduhan serta menyokong
pembentukan lapisan organik di
lantai hutan. Organisma lain seperti

kulat dan serangga juga dapat

hidup dan boleh didapati dengan
banyaknya. Hakikat ini menunjukkan
kawasan tanah tandus dan berpasir
seperti bekas lombong ini boleh
dijalankan penghutanan semula
menggunakan ektomikoriza.
TENTANG PENULIS UTAMA
Patahayah Mansor ialah pegawai penyelidik
dari Cawangan Mikologi dan Patologi, Bahagian
Biodiversiti Hutan, FRIM. Beliau ialah graduan
Ijazah Sains Perhutanan (Pengurusan Hutan) dan
telah melanjutkan pelajaran ke tahap Sarjana
Sains dalam bidang Pemuliharaan Hutan di
Universiti Putra Malaysia. Telah berkhidmat
di FRIM sejak tahun 2000 dan menjalankan
penyelidikan berkaitan patologi pokok hutan dan
mikoriza.

1, 2 & 3. Cendawan yang ditemui di lantai hutan

di kawasan penanaman (Mei 2011)
4. Pemandangan dalam salah satu plot kajian.
Selepas 10 tahun, pokok yang ditanam
membentuk dirian campuran
A. mangiumH. odorata
5. Tapak kajian pada awal penubuhan tahun
2000
6. Bergambar bersebelahan pokok H. odorata
(Mei 2011)
7. Memasuki kawasan tapak kajian (Mei 2011)

December 2011

FRIM in FOCUS

A Quarterly of the Forest Research Institute Malaysia

melibatkan penanaman A. mangium

yang diikuti oleh pokok dipterokarpa
pada tahun kedua. Selang masa
penanaman selama dua tahun
bertujuan menjadikan A. mangium
sebagai pokok teduhan kepada
pokok dipterokarpa.

A Quarterly of the Forest Research Institute Malaysia

KULAT
SEBAGAI AGEN
KAWALAN
BIOLOGI
ANAI-ANAI

Dr Mohd Farid Ahmad

mohdfarid@frim.gov.my
Dr Lee Su See, Patahayah Mansor,
Dr Mohd Rosli Haron, Nada Badaruddin
& Prof Dr Ahmad Said Sajap (UPM)

Tanah-tanih di hutan dan kawasankawasan pertanian di Malaysia

mengandungi sebilangan kulat
yang berupaya untuk membunuh
serangga. Dikenali sebagai
entomopatogen, kulat seperti
Metarhizium anisopliae seringkali
digunakan sebagai agen kawalan
biologi serangga perosak. Kulat
patogenik ini pernah dilaporkan
menjangkiti lebih daripada 100
jenis serangga dalam tanah seperti
anai-anai daripada dua spesies
Reticulitermes spp dan Coptotermes
spp, dan beberapa jenis kumbang
seperti kumbang akar jagung
(Diabrotica spp), kumbang belalai
hitam (Otiorhynchus sulcatus),
kumbang belalai akar (Diaprepes
abbreviates), kumbang jepun
(Popollia japonica) dan Rhizotrogus
majalis. Disebabkan keupayaannya
menjangkiti serangga, kulat ini
telah digunakan dalam penghasilan
pelbagai formulasi kawalan biologi
bagi serangga perosak seperti pelet
miselia, kapsul kulat dan bahanbahan penghasil spora atau konidia
kulat.
Jangkitan kulat berlaku apabila
konidia bersentuhan, melekat dan
bercambah di atas kulit atau kutikel
serangga. Bilangan serta taburan
konidia di dalam tanah perlu
mencapai dos membunuh di mana
berlakunya banyak sentuhan antara
kulat dan serangga. Kebiasaannya,
serangga akan mati dalam tempoh
empat hingga lima hari selepas
dijangkiti.
Berdasarkan pengetahuan ini,
satu kajian telah dijalankan oleh
Institut Penyelidikan Perhutanan
Malaysia (FRIM) dan Universiti

December 2011

FRIM in FOCUS

Putra Malaysia (UPM) terhadap

kulat-kulat entomopatogen yang
diperolehi dari hutan-hutan di
Semenanjung Malaysia. Kawasan
hutan dipilih kerana kepelbagaian
biologinya yang tinggi dan
tanahnya juga terhindar daripada
pencemaran yang diakibatkan oleh
penggunaan baja, racun-racun
serangga, kulat dan rumpai. Faktor
ini penting kerana pencemaran
akan menyebabkan kurangnya
populasi kulat entomopatogen serta
serangga perumahnya di dalam
tanah.

Daripada 23 lokasi hutan yang

dikunjungi, didapati bahawa
M. anisopliae ialah kulat
entomopatogen yang seringkali
dijumpai di dalam sampel tanah.
Kulat ini diperhatikan sangat
berkesan dalam membunuh
kesemua larva-larva kumbang
Tenebrio molitor dalam tempoh
enam hari selepas jangkitan.
Jangkitan kulat diperhatikan sebagai
bebenang halus miselia berwarna
putih dan juga konidia kehijauan

yang menyelaputi permukaan badan

larva-larva tersebut.
Selain daripada larva kumbang
Tenebrio, kulat ini juga didapati
berkesan dalam membunuh anaianai perosak tanaman, Coptotermes
curvignathus. Walau bagaimanapun,
anai-anai yang dijangkiti kulat
M. anisopliae memperlihatkan
perbezaan dari segi tahap
kerentanan di mana ada yang mati
seawal tempoh tiga hari sehinggalah
selewat-lewatnya enam hari selepas
jangkitan. Lokasi asal kulat ini dan
persekitaran yang kurang sesuai
didapati menyumbang kepada
perbezaan tempoh kematian anaianai tersebut.
Anai-anai yang telah dijangkiti
kulat menjadi kurang aktif jika
dibandingkan dengan yang
sihat. Seperti keadaan jangkitan
ke atas larva kumbang Tenebrio,
miselia putih juga diperhatikan
meliputi badan anai-anai yang
telah mati. Seterusnya, ia menjadi
semakin menebal dan akhirnya
mengeluarkan konidia kehijauan.
Anai-anai yang telah dijangkiti juga
boleh menjadi punca penyebar
jangkitan kulat dengan anai-anai lain
yang sihat melalui sentuhan.
Kajian-kajian terdahulu yang

telah dilakukan terhadap

kulat ini mendapati bahawa
keberkesanannya dalam membunuh
anai-anai adalah berbeza
bergantung kepada jenis perumah
dan isolat. Kajian yang pernah
dijalankan di Thailand mendapati
kematian anai-anai spesies
Coptotermes dan Microcerotermes
berlaku seminggu selepas jangkitan
kulat M. anisopliae. Manakala, ujianujian di Amerika ke atas anai-anai
R. flavipes mendapati sehingga
seratus peratus kematian berlaku
dalam tempoh tujuh hingga 21 hari
selepas jangkitan. Di Pakistan pula,
kulat ini berjaya membunuh anaianai C. heimi seawal dua hari selepas
jangkitan. Melalui perbandingan
tempoh kematian anai-anai, didapati
kulat M. anisopliae di hutan-hutan
Malaysia bersifat agresif dan
berpotensi terutamanya sebagai
agen kawalan biologi anai-anai C.
carvignathus.
Kajian yang lanjut diperlukan
terutamanya untuk menghasilkan
formulasi kulat yang tepat bagi
mengawal serangan anai-anai di
lapangan. Kajian lain yang sedang
dijalankan termasuk menguji
keberkesanan kulat entomopatogen
sebagai agen pembunuh serangga

perosak seperti spesies anai-anai

yang lain, cengkerik dan ulat
harimau (tiger worm).
TENTANG PENULIS UTAMA
Dr Mohd Farid Ahmad ialah pegawai penyelidik
di Cawangan Mikologi dan Patologi, Bahagian
Biodiversiti Hutan.

1. Batang pokok damar minyak diselaputi

lapisan tanah dan kerosakan yang serius
akibat dimakan aleh anai-anai

C. carvignathus
2. Anai-anai pekerja di bawah lapisan kulit
pokok
3. Pokok damar minyak mati akibat serangan
anai-anai C. carvignathus
4. Pemencilan dan pengecaman kulat
entomopatogen

A. Larva Tenebrio molitor sebagai umpan
untuk kulat entomopatogen dalam
sampel tanah

B. Larva T. molitor dijangkiti kulat
M. anisopliae

C. Kultur kulat M. anisopliae

D. Konidia kulat M. anisopliae
5. Ujian makmal yang menunjukkan kulat
M. anisopliae berjaya membunuh anai-anai
(C. carvignathus)

A. Anai-anai tidak dijangkiti dalam sampel
kawalan.

B. Anai-anai mati akibat jangkitan kulat
M. anisopliae

C. Anai-anai pekerja mati dan diselaputi
konidia M. anisopliae

D. Anai-anai pekerja mati dan diselaputi
miselia dan konidia M. anisopliae

December 2011

FRIM in FOCUS

A Quarterly of the Forest Research Institute Malaysia

A Quarterly of the Forest Research Institute Malaysia

MURAI

Nor Azlin Mohd Fauzi

norazlinmf@frim.gov.my

Si anak kecil berulang kali

bertanyakan bapanya tentang
burung apakah yang dilihatnya
itu. Burung apa?, tanya si anak.
Burung murai, jawab si ayah,
berulang kali tanpa berasa jemu.
Burung yang menjadi perhatian
anaknya itu ialah murai kampung
atau nama Inggerisnya oriental
magpie robin (Copsychus saularis).
Seperti namanya, murai kampung
mudah ditemui di kawasan-kawasan
perkampungan. Namun, adakalanya
ia juga diperhatikan di pinggirpinggir bandar, hutan dan juga
berhampiran dengan sungai. Murai
kampung mudah dikenali dengan
warnanya yang hitam dan putih,

10

December 2011

FRIM in FOCUS

berkaki agak panjang dan ekor yang

menunjuk ke atas. Burung ini sering
bertenggek di dahan-dahan rendah
dan ada ketikanya ia merayau-rayau
mencari makanan di atas tanah.
Pernahkah pula anda mendengar
perumpamaan mulut murai?
Masyarakat Melayu gemar membuat
perumpamaan dan dalam hal
ini, orang yang gemar bercakap
diibaratkan seperti mulut murai.
Ini mungkin kerana burung murai
seringkali kedengaran berkicau
tanpa henti. Suara burung murai
kampung tidak semerdu burung
murai batu atau dikenali juga
sebagai white rumped shama

(Copsychus malabaricus). Kedua-dua

spesies burung murai ini tergolong
dalam famili Muscicapidae.
Suara burung murai batu adalah
sangat merdu, rupanya cantik dan
ia pandai meniru-niru suara burung
lain. Murai batu ini sangat popular
di kalangan pengemar-pengemar
burung. Mereka sanggup berbelanja
ratusan serta ribuan ringgit untuk
memperoleh burung murai batu
yang cantik dan bersuara merdu.
Kecantikan murai batu ini terletak
pada ekornya yang berwarna hitam
dan panjang (bagi yang jantan),
bulunya yang hitam berkilat dan
bahagian dadanya yang berwarna

coklat terang. Burung yang berekor

panjang lebih digemari kerana ia
dianggap cantik dan mempunyai
suara merdu. Burung ini acapkali
ditangkap, diseludup dan dijual
dengan harga yang tinggi.
Murai batu hanya dijumpai di
kawasan-kawasan pinggiran hutan
terutamanya di kawasan hutan
yang telah diteroka yang terdapat
banyak serangga di pokok-pokok
renek yang memudahkannya untuk
mendapatkan sumber makanan.
Burung ini juga menggemari cacing
sebagai makanannya.
Murai batu sering mendiami hutanhutan yang telah diteroka, justeru

Burung ini juga sangat pemalu dan

tidak akan keluar jauh dari kawasan
hutan tempat kediamannya.
Namun begitu, lingkungan
habitat spesies ini agak luas
dan meliputi kawasan-kawasan
hutan dipterokarpa, dipterokarpa
campuran serta kawasan-kawasan
buluh, hutan sekunder, kawasan
perladangan serta kawasan pesisir
sungai.
Burung murai batu kebiasaannya
akan menandakan kawasannya
dengan cara menguatkan
nyanyiannya. Bunyi nyanyian
burung jantan adalah lebih
kompleks, berpanjangan dan lebih
berirama berbanding dengan
burung betina yang biasanya agak
pendek.
Dari segi perbezaan seksual pula,
burung murai batu betina bersaiz
agak kecil berbanding dengan
burung jantan. Pada kebiasaannya,
burung betina akan menghasilkan
dua hingga lima butir telur pada
musim bertelur, yang mengambil
masa 12 hingga 14 hari untuk
menetas.
Di Taiwan, burung murai batu ini
dianggap sebagai spesies asing
yang invasif namun ia mempunyai
ciri yang berbeza daripada spesies
burung invasif yang lain. Spesies
burung invasif biasanya lebih
menyukai habitat yang telah
berubah jika dibandingkan burung
murai batu yang lebih menggemari
kawasan hutan.
Di kawasan Institut Penyelidikan
Perhutanan Malaysia (FRIM),
burung murai batu ini agak mudah
ditemui di mana ianya agak jinak
dan seringkali ditemui di tempat
yang sama setiap hari. Mungkin
ramai di antara pengunjungpengunjung atau pekerja-pekerja
di FRIM yang biasa melihat

burung yang cantik ini. Kepada

yang belum, jangan lepaskan
peluang untuk melihat burung
ini, kerana ianya bukan mudah
untuk diperhatikan terutamanya di
kawasan persekitaran bandaraya.
Namun, harus juga diingat bahawa
burung ini tertakluk di bawah
Akta Pemuliharaan Hidupan
Liar 2010 sebagai spesies yang
terlindung sepenuhnya. Oleh itu,
burung ini boleh dilihat tetapi
tidak boleh ditangkap. Sekiranya
anda berkebolehan bersiul seperti
burung ini, peluang untuk anda
melihatnya adalah cerah kerana
burung ini mungkin akan datang
untuk berbalas siulan dengan anda.
Murai batu jantan juga diketahui
akan memberi respon kepada
bunyian yang dikeluarkan oleh pita
rekod. Namun, burung ini amat
cerdik dan lambat laun ia akan
dapat membezakan antara bunyi
burung yang sebenar atau tidak. Di
FRIM, tempat-tempat yang mudah
untuk memerhatikan burung ini
merangkumi kawasan seperti
arboretum buah-buahan, kawasan
air terjun, Taman Botani Kepong,
dan kesemua denai yang terdapat
di kawasan FRIM.
TENTANG PENULIS
Nor Azlin Mohd Fauzi ialah seorang pegawai
penyelidik di Program Biodiversiti Fauna,
Bahagian Biodiversiti Hutan FRIM yang
menjalankan kajian ke atas burung serta
ekologinya.

1.  Burung murai kampung (Copsychus

saularis) mempunyai ciri-ciri yang
amat mudah untuk dikenal pasti serta
mempunyai suara yang agak merdu.
2. Murai kampung mudah untuk ditemui di
kawasan-kawasan perkampungan atau
pinggir-pinggir bandar
3. Anak burung murai batu agak berbeza
dengan dewasa kerana ia mempunyai
warna yang agak pudar serta mempunyai
corak yang bertompok-tompok di
bahagian sayap
4. Kombinasi kecantikan bulunya yang
berkilat, ekor yang panjang serta suara
yang merdu menjadikan burung murai
batu ini popular di kalangan penggemar
burung. Burung ini juga pandai meniruniru suara burung lain

December 2011

FRIM in FOCUS

11

A Quarterly of the Forest Research Institute Malaysia

kehadiran burung ini disifatkan

sebagai indikator bagi hutanhutan yang telah terganggu atau
diteroka.

A Quarterly of the Forest Research Institute Malaysia

FRIM PUBLICATIONS 2011

TAPPING THE WEALTH FROM

KARAS (AQUILARIA MALACCENSIS)
TREE
Editors: AM Abdul Rashid & Y Ahmad
Zuhaidi
Order Code: MFR50
Price: RM60/USD45
ISBN: 978-967-5221-51-4
89 pp
This book includes
comprehensive
information such as the
historical background of
gaharu utilisation and
the conservation status,
botanical and ecological
characteristics of the
species, procurement, seed
handling, planting materials
production and nursery
practices.

PENYAKIT, PEROSAK DAN

GANGGUAN TANAMAN TONGKAT
ALI
Authors: M Patahayah, SS Lee & A
Mohd Farid
Order Code: FTIHB41
Price: RM20/USD15
ISBN: 978-967-5221-70-5
31 pp
In Malay language

12

December 2011

FRIM in FOCUS

This book describes the

health status of tongkat
ali trees planted in an
environment different
from their natural habitat.
It is hoped that this book
will provide invaluable
information on the
establishment of plantations
and care of the trees.
Diseases and pests including
environmental factors can
affect the growth of trees.
This book contains many
photographs to illustrate
the symptoms of attack.

MASALAH SOSIO-EKONOMI
PENANAMAN BAKAU DAN RU DI
SEMENANJUNG MALAYSIA
Authors: HF Lim, MM Huda Farhana,
B Intan Nurulhani, M Mohd Parid, H
Tariq Mubarak, Y Norshakila, H Mohd
Nasir & P Ahmad Fauzi
Order Code: FR94
Price: RM9/USD9
ISSN: 0128-9640
59 pp
In Malay language
Planting of mangrove/
Casuarina trees along the
coast of Peninsular Malaysia
is faced with many socioeconomic problems such as
vandalism, disturbance by
animals, damage of trees
and encroachment. Planting
activities in future should
focus on educating the local
people and visitors to the
beach besides involving
them either directly or
indirectly.

PERUBAHAN HUTAN PAYA LAUT

DI NEGERI PERAK, JOHOR DAN
PAHANG
Authors: M Khairul Azwan, A Audi
Hani, O Hamdan, H Khali Aziz & I
Shamsudin
Order Code: FR95
Price: RM6/USD6
ISSN: 0128 9640
22 pp
In Malay language
This book documents the
initiatives to determine
the amount of mangrove
forest in Perak, Johore and
Pahang which is still pristine
in Peninsular Malaysia. The
information can be used to
protect and conserve the
mangrove ecosystem.

SHUTTLE RADAR TOPOGRAPHIC

MISSION DATA AS ALTERNATIVE
HEIGHT INFORMATION FOR
MALAYSIA
Authors: A Norliyana, A Ismariah &
Z Nuratifah
Order Code: FR96
Price: RM5/USD5
ISSN: 0128-9640
9 pp

Digital Elevation Models

(DEM) constitutes
fundamental information for
regional height. There are
several sources of DEM data,
but the most widely used
and freely accessible is the
Shuttle Radar Topography
Mission (SRTM). The SRTM
provides elevation data on
almost 80% of the earths
surface. The wide scale DEM
image covered by SRTM is
an advantage for national
scale applications. The
scale and the availability
of SRTM data enable it to
substitute the traditionally
used topographic maps in
different studies.

PENGGUNAAN MORPHO UNTUK

PENGURUSAN DATA SAINTIFIK
Authors: SA Tan, K Abd Rahman, I
Shamsudin, O Hafendy, AR Omarali,
AS Muhammad Firdaus & G Fatin
Laily
Order Code: FTIHB40
Price: RM6/USD6
ISBN: 978-967-5221-57-6
71 pp
In Malay language
This book guides readers
on how to compile research
information and store the
data systematically.

For enquiries, please contact

frim_publications@frim.gov.my

CERTIFICATION
AND AWARDS

Photos: Yusni Idris

The National Standard

and Accreditation Award
2011 on Standardisation
Activities (Individual
Category): Arshad Saru,
FRIM Furniture Testing
Laboratory, 13 October
2011

Certificate for Laboratory

Accreditation Scheme,
Malaysia (SAMM), 13
October 2011

NRE Innovation Day 2011:

NRE Goes Green Campaign (Second
Prize); Best Human Resource Management
Award (Second Place); NRE 5S Mini
Convention, 5S Good Practices (Third Prize);
Innovation Choir Competition (Third Prize);
Dakwah Songs Competition (Third Prize);
and Assessment on Malaysian Government
Portal and Website, Excellent Award (5 Star);
14 November 2011

NRE Innovation Day 2011

Star Rating (First Prize)
14 November 2011

Celebrity Brand
Award for Excellence
in Research and
Development in Forestry,
25 November 2011

SIRIM Eco-Label Product Certification

for Ciera Eco-Friendly Multi-Purpose
Disinfectant, 21 November 2011

December 2011

FRIM in FOCUS

13

A Quarterly of the Forest Research Institute Malaysia

10th Continuing Professional Development

(CPD) Series: Diabetes Asia 2011
Conference and Workshop, Dr Nik
Musaadah Mustapha, Best Oral Presentation
Award (Second Place), 9 October 2011

A Quarterly of the Forest Research Institute Malaysia

EAS STRATEGIC OPTIONS

2011/December No: 11

WHAT DOES IT TAKE TO

ACHIEVE RM53 BILLION OF
TIMBER PRODUCT EXPORT
BY 2020?

ISSUE
The Malaysias wood-based
industry is expected to contribute
substantially to national income
earning through value-added
products such as furniture,
mouldings, panel products as well
as builders joinery and carpentry.
During the Second Industrial Master
Plan (IMP2, 19962005), it was
recorded that the total export value
of wood-based products increased
by an average annual rate of 5.7%
from RM12.8 billion (1996) to RM 21
billion (2006) with the significant
increase evidenced in panel
products. Based on that remarkable
growth, Third Industrial Master Plan
(20062020) outlined that exports
of wood-based industry are targeted
to rise at an annual rate of 6.4% to
reach RM53 billion by 2020 (Figure
1).

PROBLEM/OPPORTUNITY
As shown in Figure 2, the revenue
from wood products exported from
Malaysia is rising after mid 1980s. But
in the last 10 years, the main factor
of this increase, is the development
of furniture export. As per 2009,
these wood products exports,
between US$78 billion, where
based on a competitive production
structure of 3776 mills. That is to say
that on average, 1 Malaysian mill
helps to create US$1.82 million of
wood products exports.

What does it take for Malaysia to

achieve RM53 billion?

To reach the objective of RM53

billion exports by 2020, this means
that 5700 to 6700 companies should
be created within the period if the
factors of competitiveness remain
similar, or that the competitiveness
factors of Malaysia would evolve
fast enough to allow one firm to
generate US$4.5 million of wood
exports in average. Probably none of

these extreme paths is realistic, but

a combination of the two would be
probable.
Nevertheless, when expressed this
way, the numbers seem to represent
a herculean task. Is this achievable?
By comparison, Italy, one of the best
world exporters of wood products,
succeeded in generating around
US$400 billions of exports, based
on a structure or around 90,000
manufactures. That is to say that the
average Italian company generates
around US$4.4 million of exports.
So, it is theoretically achievable. It
also means that the Malaysian wood
sector would have to reach the same
productivity as the Italians by 2020.
But how? Such an evolution would
have massive consequences, and
these can be envisioned through
several lenses.

Figure 1:
Total export of wood
products from Malaysia,
19792020 (million RM)

FOB export value (million/RM)

60,000
Year 2020 : RM53 billion

50,000
40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000
0

1979 1984 1989 1994 1999 2004 2009 2014 2019

Source: Maskayu Bulletin (MTIB, 1979, 19802008)

14

December 2011

FRIM in FOCUS

30,000

A Quarterly of the Forest Research Institute Malaysia

First, Italy is the main European

wood consumer and importer of
raw wood, and exporter of finish
products, being the wood mill of
Europe. Malaysia, to achieve similar
productivity, and facing already
raw wood shortages, would have to
increase its imports by magnitudes
of importance. Malaysia would have
to become a major importer of raw
wood. Although involving a lot of
changes in the import policies, this
should be quite possible to reach.
Second, a pool of skilled and
efficient workers specialised in
the wood sector will be needed to
elevate the Malaysian firms to a high
standard. By comparison, in Italy, the
existing mills can use the resources
of 12 forestry faculties, 12 furniture
and housing professional learning
centers and 40 colleges and faculties,
and 10 design colleges and faculties.
If using the same ratio per total
population, this would mean that
Malaysia would need five forestry
faculties, five professional centers,
18 colleges and faculties, four
furniture design faculties*. Given
the time of creation of such learning
centers, and the even longer time to
train sufficient quantities of skilled
workers, it is foreseeable that such a

factor of competitiveness will not be

ready by 2020.
Third, the flexibility of the
companies is becoming the main
competitiveness factors, this
flexibility relies on speed of action,
and necessitate industrial clusters
and pools of small but flexible
companies. The Italian model is
characterised by the small size of
its companies (four workers per
company in average), and a strong
reliance on its domestic sector. The
exports represent only 30% of the
wood sector economics. Malaysia
also is characterised by the existence
of clusters of small companies, with
an average size similar to what is
observed in Italy. In this regard,
60,000
the potential is available for a
quick adaptation of the industry
50,000
by shifting more attention to the
domestic trade sector.

40,000

OPTIONS

Two critical paths should be taken

30,000

in consideration in order to achieve

the targeted timber products export
20,000
value of RM53 billion by 2020 with
appropriate policy changes.
10,000
First, there is a need to quickly
improve the Malaysian training
complex
0 for the wood sector:

forestry faculties, furniture and

housing professional centers,
colleges and furniture design
faculties. With proper planning,
this training complex through
incorporating knowledge in
mechanisation and information
technology will favour a pool of
skilled workers to run competitive
SMEs.
Second, there is a need to favour the
growth of domestic trade as support
of the exports, in particular the wider
utilisation of the wood products in
construction industry and public
procurements.
* Data from Federlegno Aredo
(Italian Wood Industry Federation)

FURTHER INFORMATION PLEASE CONTACT:

Jean-Marc Roda, PhD | Noor Aini Zakaria, PhD
Lim Hin Fui, PhD | Ismariah Ahmad, PhD
Rohana Abd Rahman
ECONOMIC AND STRATEGIC ANALYSIS
PROGRAMME (EAS)
Innovation & Commercialization Division,
Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM),
52109 Kepong, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
Tl.
: +603 6279 7544 / 7541 / 7714 / 7549
Fax
: +603 6275 0925
email : frim_eas@frim.gov.my
Website : http://www.frim.gov.my

1979 1984 1989 1994 1999 2004 2009 2014 2019

30,000

Figure 2:
Wood exports from
Malaysia to the world,
19792007 (in million RM)

Export value (million/RM)

25,000
20,000
15,000
10,000
5000
0
1989

1992
Sawntimber

1995
Veener

1998
Plywood

2001

2004

Other products

2007
Furniture

Source: MTIB and MTC (1979, 19802008)

December 2011

FRIM in FOCUS

15

A Quarterly of the Forest Research Institute Malaysia

FRIM PUBLICATIONS 2011

WILD ORCHIDS OF
PENINSULAR MALAYSIA
Authors: PT Ong, P O'Byrne,
WSY Yong & LG Saw
Order Code: Wild Orchids
Price: RM150/USD113
ISBN: 978-967-5221-66-8
196 pp
This is a
comprehensive,
richly illustrated
book showcasing the
diversity of the orchid
flora in the peninsula.
It includes the biology,
ecology, taxonomy,
botanical research
and conservation of
orchids. More than
450 accurately named
indigenous species are
featured. Conservation
issues, particularly
critical for the orchid
family, are discussed
and realistic solutions
proposed to combat
their depletion.

FLORA OF PENINSULAR
MALAYSIA SERIES II: SEED
PLANTS, VOLUME 2
Editors: R Kiew, RCK Chung, LG
Saw, E Soepadmo & PC Boyce
Order Code: MFR49(2)
Price: RM100/USD75
ISBN: 978-967-5221-53-8
235 pp

16

This book is devoted to

two subfamilies of the
Apocynaceae, namely,
Apocynoideae with 21
genera and 55 species
and Rauvolfioideae
with 14 genera and
57 species. Both
subfamilies include
indigenous species
that are important
ornamental plants.
Keys for the genera
and species are
provided. For species,
conservation and
distribution maps are
given.

REVISION OF MALAYSIAN
OF BOLETALES S. L.
(BASIDIOMYCOTA)
DESCRIBED BY EJH CORNER
(1972, 1974)
Author: E Horak
Order Code: MFR51
Price: RM70/USD53
ISBN: 978-967-5221-55-2
283 pp
After EJH Corner
passed away in 1996,
all extant collections of
Malayan boletoid fungi
were re-examined
by the author. The
morphotaxonomic
results of the reevaluation are
described, supported
by illustrations of the
microscopic characters,
and discussed in the
present revision.

December 2011

FRIM in FOCUS

FOREST RESEARCH
INSTITUTE MALAYSIA: A
Sanctuary for Threatened
Trees
Authors: WSY Yong, LSL Chua,
M Suhaida & B Aslina
Order code: RP130
Price: RM50/USD38
ISBN: 978-967-5221-56-9
91 pp
This book presents
a pictorial reference
to the 73 threatened
tree species
established at FRIM.
A brief description
of the geographical
distribution and the
gerplasm record are
provided for each
species.

A GUIDEBOOK TO THE
MACROFUNGI OF FRASER'S
HILL
Authors: BK Thi, SS Lee, N
Zainuddin & HT Chan
Order Code: SAR14
Price: RM30/USD23
ISBN: 978-967-5221-63-7
93 pp
This guidebook
provides a brief
description of the
general categories of
macrofungi that can be

found at Frasers Hill.

A brief introduction to
Frasers Hill is provided
including information
on the vegetation,
forest types and trails. A
total of 72 macrofungi
are illustrated and
information on
their classification
and characters are
presented.

TREE FLORA OF SABAH AND

SARAWAK VOLUME SEVEN
Editors: E Soepadmo, LG Saw,
RCK Chung & R Kiew
Order Code: TFSS7
Price: RM150/USD90
ISBN: 978-967-5221-44-6
450 pp

FRIM THROUGH THE

LENSES
Authors: Y Noor Azlin, MA
Norain & N Norhayati
Order Code: Lenses
Price: RM100/USD60
ISBN: 978-967-5221-58-3
112 pp
This book features
photographs of
sceneries and events
taken at FRIM. It
portrays some of the
best collections from
the photography
competitions held at
FRIM from 2004 till
2009.

This volume contains

accounts of three
families, namely,
the Lamiaceae,
the Myrtaceae and
the Sterculiaceae.
It comprises the
treatment of 313
species in 31 genera
of native tree species
occurring in Sabah
and Sarawak. Of the
total 313 revised
species, 167 or 53% are
endemic to Borneo of
which 30 are confined
to Sabah and Sarawak
and 39 are rare.

For enquiries, please contact

frim_publications@frim.gov.my