TV

Television
Section
Read it
it
Hertz!
Fundamentals
Television fun
damentals
2-28
DEFINITION.
Television is a system for transmitting images and sound by
converting them into electrical or radio waves which are converted back into
images and sound by a receiver.
DEFINITION.
Broadcasting means to send out in all directions.
DEFINITION.
Motion Picture is a series of real or fictional events recorded by
a camera and projected onto a screen as a sequence of moving pictures,

usually with an accompanying soundtrack.
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
1878
William Crookes in England invented the Crookes tube, which produce

cathode rays.
1884
Paul Nipkow in Germany built a mechanical scanning device, the

Nipkow disc, a rotating disc with a spiral pattern of holes in it.
1897
Karl Ferdinand Braun, also in Germany, modified the Crookes tube to

produce the ancestor of the modern TV receiver picture tube.
1900
The Russian scientist Constantin Perskyi is credited with coining the

word "television".
1906
Boris Rosing in Russia began experimenting with the Nipkow disc and
cathode-ray tube, eventually succeeding in transmitting some crude
TV pictures.
1923
Vladimir Zworykin in the USA invented the first electronic camera

tube, the ICONOSCOPE.
1926
John Logie Baird demonstrated a workable TV system (30 lines/frame,

5 frames/s) using mechanical scanning by Nipkow disc.
1928
Baird demonstrated color TV.
1929
The BBC began regular

lines/frame, 25 frames/s).
1975
Sony introduced their videocassette tape recorder system, BETAMAX,

for domestic viewers.
broadcasting
using
Bairds
system
(405
Self-Sufficient Guide to ECE by JASON AMPOLOQUIO
2-29
1979
Matshusita in Japan developed a pocket-sized flat-screen TV set, using

a liquid crystal display (LCD).
1989
Japanese begin broadcasting high-definition television (HDTV).
A.
.PICTURE REPRODUCTION.
The picture is divided into the
elementary areas of black and
white. When each picture element
is transmitted to the right side of
the figure and reproduced in the
original position with its shade of
black or white, the image is
duplicated.
B.
.PICTURE QUALITIES.
1.
Brightness
The overall or average intensity, which determines the background
level in the reproduced picture.
2.
Contrast
The difference in
reproduced picture.
intensity
between
black-and-white
parts
of
the
3.
Detail
The quality of detail, which is also called resolution or definition,
depends on the number of picture elements that can be reproduced.
4.
Color Level or Saturation

The color information superimposed on a monochrome picture that
depends on the amplitude of the 3.58 MHz chrominance signal.
5.
Hue
The color of an object that depends on the phase angle of the 3.58
MHz chrominance signal.
6.
Aspect Ratio
The ratio of width to height of the picture frame.
WIDTH
HEIGHT
Loading ECE SUPERBook
2-30
Television fundamentals
Sample Problem:
Calculate the number of active pixel in a line in an NTSC TV system if 42
lines out of every 525 are blanked out to leave time for the vertical retraces.
Solution:
# of pixel a x no. of active lines
4
x (525 42)
3
644 pixels
C.
.TABLE OF PICTURE QUALITIES.

Quality
Contrast
Brightness
Resolution
Color saturation
Hue
Picture
Signal
black and white
Amplitude of ac
video signal
illumination
DC bias on picture
tube
Range between
of video signal
Background
MHz chroma signal
Sharpness of detail
Intensity or level
of color
Tint of color
Frequency response
MHz chroma signal
Amplitude of 3.58Phase angle of 3.58-
Read it till it Hertzjma
The standard television image has an aspect ratio of 4:3.

High-Definition TV (HDTV) has an aspect ratio of 16:9.
A motion picture has an aspect ratio of 25:9.
Charge Coupled Device (CCDs) used for scientific applications often
have an aspect ratio of 1:1.

D.
2-31
.PHOTO-ELECTRIC EFFECT IN CAMERA TUBES.

The liberation of an electric charge by electromagnetic radiation incident
on a substance; includes photoemission, photoconduction and photovoltaic
effect.
1.
Photoconduction
In photoconduction, the conductance or resistance is change; more
light decreases the resistance.
2.
Photoemission
In photoemission, electron are emitted when light strikes the surface;
more light produce more electrons
For Your Information

The image orthicon operates by photoemission, while the vidicon and
plumbicon depend on photoconduction to produce the required camera
signal.
Life
Type
Size
Image Plate
Notes
E.
High quality,
.TYPES OF CAMERA TUBES.

Photocathode
1.
2.
Image Orthicon -- Consist of three main sections: the image section,

scanning section, and the electron multiplier.
Vidicon -- The vidicon consists of a glass envelope with an optically
flat faceplate at the end to receive the light input. In this basic camera
tube, the photosensitive target, or image plate, is made of antimony
trisulfide.
Plumbicon -- This name is a trademark of N.V. Philips.
3.
The camera
tube is similar to the basic vidicon, but the image plate of plumbicon is
made of lead oxide (Pbo).
4.
Saticon -- This name is a trademark of Hitachi Ltd. The image plate is

made of selenium, arsenic and tellurium.
5.
Silicon Dioxide Vidicon -- A silicon semiconductor junction is used

for the target material in the silicon vidicon.
6.
Chalnicon -- This name is a trademark of Toshiba Electric Co. Ltd.

The target is a complex multi-layer arrangement consisting of tin
oxide, cadmium selenide, and arsenic trisulfide
7.
Newvicon -- This name is a trademark of Matsushita Electric.The

target is made of an amorphous zinc-selenium layer backed by
antimony trisulfide.
2-32
F.
.SUMMARY OF CAMERA T UBES.

(Hrs)
Image
Orthicon
Vidicon
Length:
15-20 in
Diameter:
3-4 in
1,500
to
6,000
high sensitivity
Plu
ico
mb
Silicon
Diode
Array
Vidicon
G.
H.
Length:
5-8 in
Diameter:
0.6-1.6 in
Selenium
Photoconductor
Simple
construction,
used for film
pickup
5,000
to
20,000
Length:
8 in
Diameter:
1.2 in
PbO
Photoconductor
Simple
construction,
low lag,
sensitivity low
for red light
2,000
to
3,000
Length:
6 in
Diameter:
1 in
Silicon diode
array
Low lag,
sensitive to red
and infrared
light
2,000
to
3,000
.STANDARD SCANNING PAT TERN.

1.
Horizontal Scanning - The linear rise of current in the horizontal

deflection coils deflects the beam across the screen with continuous,
uniform motion for the trace from left to right.
2.
Vertical Scanning - The sawtooth current in the vertical deflection coils

moves the electron beam from top to bottom of the raster.
.DIRECTION FOR TRACE & RETRACE.

s
HORIZONTAL
VERTICAL
2-33
INTERLACE SCANNING
When an image is scanned line by line from top to bottom, the top of the
image on the screen will begin to fade by the time the electron beam
reaches the bottom of the screen. With interlaced scanning, odd-numbered
lines are scanned first, and the remaining even-numbered lines are
scanned next. A full image is still produced 30 times a second, but the
electron beam travels from the top of the screen to the bottom of the
screen twice for every time a full image is produced.
Concept of Progressive Sca

nning
The
g
horizontal
lines are
interlace
scannin
in
th
e
television system in o
rder to provide two views
of
the images for each picture frame. All the odd lines
are scanned, omitting the even lines. Then the
even lines are scanned to complete the whole frame
without losing any picture information.
Concept of Interlace Scanning

The horizontal scanning lines are interlace in the
are scanned, omitting the even lines. Then the
television system in order to provide two views of
even lines are scanned to complete the whole frame
the images for each picture frame. All the odd lines
without losing any picture information. *
*Read first the odd lines and then the even lines.
2-34
I.
.PICTURE DEFINITION.
Parameter
General Solution
Width of Line
Aspect Ratio
Hp
N
NH
NV
Number of Horizontal
Visible Lines
(# of Pixels in the
Vertical Direction)
Number of Vertical
Visible Lines
(# of Pixels in the
Horizontal Direction)
Total Number of Pixel
per Horizontal Line
NV N NS
NV 0.7(N NS )
If Kell factor is considered
NH axN V
NH BWvideo x 2TH
NH
0.835
NL NH
Total Number of Pixel

in a Frame
NP NLxNV
Hp
Vp
NP NHxNV
BWvideo
Video Bandwidth
2-35
N Lxf H
2
N
BWvideo V
NL
80
BWvideo 0.35NHxfH
where:
N Total number of scanlines period per frame period (525 for NTSC)
NS Number of scanlines suppressed during retraced (40 to 42)
width of each scan line
Vp Vertical dimension of the viewing area of the CRT
Hp Horizontal dimension of the viewing area of the CRT
a Aspect ratio (4/3)
NV Vertical resolution in lines/details or pixels
NH Horizontal resolution in lines/details or pixels
TH Horizontal Trace period (53 to 53.5 sec )

fH 15, 750 Hz
Sample Problem:
Find the picture height and width in terms of number of pixels also find the
total number of pixels and the highest video bandwidth (assuming NTSC
system).
Solution:
For number of active lines
NV N NS
525 40
485 lines
For number of active pixels
NH a x NV
4
3
647 lines
For total number of pixels

NH
647
0.835
0.835
775pixels
For the video bandwidth
BWV 0.35 x fH x NL
0.35 x15,750 Hz x 775pixels
4.27MHz
2-36
Parameter
Time to Scan a
Pixel
Time to Scan N
Pixels in a Line
General Solution
53.5 s
NH
NL
1
BWv
tN N x t
ECE Board Exam: April 2003

Calculate the amount of time to scan 20 pixels.
x 485
Solution:
NH BW x 2T 4MHz x 2(53.5s) 428 pixels
tN (# of pixels) x (time to scan a pixel)
53.5s
(20 pixels) x
428 pixels
2.5s
J.
.DETAILS OF HORIZONTAL BLANKING.
Period
Total Line (H)
H blanking
H sync pulse
Front Porch
Back Porch
Visible Line time
Time(s)
63.5
9.5 to 11.5 (10.5 typical)
4.75 + 0.5
1.27
3.81
52 to 54

K.
.DETAILS OF VERTICAL BLANKING.
PERIOD
Total Field (V)
V blanking
V sync pulse
Total of six V sync pulses
TIME
16.7 ms
0.05 to 0.08 V
0.5H= 31.76 s
3H= 190.5 s
Each Equalizing pulse
0.04H= 2.54 s
Each Serration pulse
0.04H= 2.54 s
Visible Field time
L.
2-37
.COMPOSITE VIDEO SIGNAL.
0.92 to 0.95 V
2-38
Signal
IRE Level
Tip Of Sync
-40
Blanking Level
Black Level
7.5
White Level
100
Carrier Level
100 %
75% + 2.5%
67.5%
12.5% + 2.5%
Luminance Level to IRE Unit Conversion
IRE 7.5
(
max
min)
Channel Number
where :
Luminance of a video signal
Frequency
2-4
54-72
Sample Problem:
Find the equivalent IRE units of a video signal which has 80% of the
maximum luminance level.
174-210
VHF
Solution:
IRE 7.5 80%(100 7.5)

81.5 IREunits
M. .TELEVISION CHANNEL ALLOCATION.

Band (MHz)
1
5-6
7-13
14-83
Low Band
VHF
48-54
76-88
High Band
UHF
470-884

N.
2-39
.SPECTRUM OF STANDARD TV BROADCAST CHANNEL.

1.
Monochrome TV
2.
Color TV
Sample Problem:
Calculate the picture carrier, exact color subcarrier, and sound carrier of the
ff channels: a. Ch 2
b. Ch 6
Solution:
Channel 2 (54 to 60 MHz)
Channel 6 (82 to 88 MHz)
P 54 1.25 55.25MHz
P 82 1.25 83.25MHz
C P 3.579545 58.829545 MHz C P 3.579545 86.829545 MHz
S 60 0.25 57.75MHz
S 88 0.25 87.75MHz
2-40

The tolerance for picture carrier frequency is +1000 Hz.
The sound carrier frequency must be 4.5 MHz + 1000 Hz above the
picture carrier frequency.
The chroma subcarrier frequency is 3.579545 MHz + 0 Hz.
The exact carrier frequencies for different stations on the same channel
are offset by +10 kHz or -10 kHz.
and normalINVERSION
sound TheOF
most
O. raster
.FREQUENCY
I.F. probable
OUTPUT.section with trouble
IF Signal Frequencies
(MHz)
Picture IF
1
st
45.75
Chrominance IF
42.17
Chrominance IF
Parameter
Frequency
3.58
st
nd
nd
Sound IF
4.50
IF
Self-Sufficient Guide to 1ECESound
by JASON
AMPOLOQUIO41.25
P.
2-41
.RECEIVER TROUBLES.
Troubles
No raster, with normal
sound
No picture and no sound,
with normal raster
Caused
Since the sound is normal, the trouble of no
brightness is usually the result of no anode
voltage from the high voltage supply.
This trouble is in the signal circuits, before
the sound take-off point, because both the
picture and sounds are affected.
No picture, with normal

video amplifier section.
No sound, with normal

raster and normal
picture
Only a horizontal line on
The trouble must be in the sound circuits,

after the sound take-off points, because only
the sound is affected.
oscillator and the vertical output stage.
circuits are not operating.
Ghosting (Double-image distortion)

Noise in TV receiver that is cause by two signals arriving at the receiver at
two different times.
Sample Problem:
Determine the difference in path lengths between the direct and multipath
signal which produces a TV ghost displaced by 2 centimeters from the direct
image on a 19-inch screen.
Solution:
For the picture width
2
2
W
4
3
a
; H W; Diagonal H W
H
3
4
2
This
trouble
2
2 means
2 the raster and the signal
9
25
2
the raster
screenand 3no
The
must
be in the vertical defl
W
No
W trouble
W
Wsound
W
16
16
4
4
4
W D (19) 15.2 inches (38.6 cm)
5
5
For the 2cm delay
td Ghost displacement x visible trace 2 cm x 53 sec
Width
38.6 cm
2.7 sec
For the path length difference
8

2
19
2-42
Q.
.Y, I, Q MATRIX WEIGHTINGS.
d Vpx td (3 x10 m / s) x 2.75 sec 825 meters
Color Video Signals

Luminance
The luminance signal contains all information required to construct
a black and white picture from the signal.

In-Phase/ Quadrature Chrominance
Chrominance is a combination of both hue and saturation.
Y 0.30R 0.59G 0.11B

I 0.60R 0.28G 0.32B
Q 0.21R 0.52G 0.31B
Primary Color Signals
R 0.62Q 0.95I Y
G 0.64Q 0.28I Y
B 1.73Q 1.11I Y
where:
R Red signal
Y Luminance signa G Green signal
B Blue signal
l
I In-phase signal
Q Quadrature sign
al
2-43
Sample Problem:
An RGB video signal has normalized value of R=0.2, G=0.4, B=0.8. Find the
value of Y, I, Q, and C.
Solution:
Luminance signal
Y 0.30R 0.59G 0.11B
0.30 x 0.2 0.59 x 0.4 0.11 x 0.8
0.384
In-phase signal
I 0.60R 0.28G 0.32B
0.60 x 0.2 0.28 x 0.4 0.32 x 0.8
0.248
Quadrature signal
Q 0.21R 0.52G 0.31B
0.21x 0.2 0.52 x 0.4 0.31x 0.8
0.082

Note that the components (negative) of -0.28G and -0.32B total -0.60,
which equals the positive value of 0.60R.
These values are chosen to make the amplitude of the I-video signal become
zero (0) for white.
Note that the components (posititive) of 0.21G and 0.31B total 0.52,
to equal the negative component of -0.52G.
These values are chosen to make the amplitude of the Q-video signal become
zero (0) for white.
Both the I and Q signals are
chrominance information in white.
zero
for
white,
since
there
is
no
2-44
R.
.LUMINANCE & IRE UNIT OF COLOR VIDEO SIGNAL.
Green
Red
Blue
Wh Yel Cyn Grn Mg Rd
Bl
Blk
Sample Problem:
Calculate the luminance signal and the IRE equivalent unit for saturated
green and yellow.
Solution:
For saturated green;
Y 0.3R 0.59G 0.11B
0.3 x 0 0.59 x1 0.11x 0
0.59 59% of max luminance
IRE 0%luminance 59% of max luminance

7.5 0.59(100 7.5)
62.075
For saturated yellow;
Y 0.3R 0.59G 0.11B
0.3 x1 0.59 x1 0.11x 0
0.89 89% of max luminance
IRE 0%luminance 89% of max luminance

7.5 0.89(100 7.5)
89.825
2-45
Summary of Different IRE units
Color
Luminance
White
Yellow
Cyan
Green
Magenta
Red
Blue
Black
S.
100%
89%
70%
59%
41%
30%
11%
0%
IRE
Equivalent
Unit
100
89.825
72.25
62.075
45.425
35.25
17.675
7.5
.CHROMINANCE OF COLOR VIDEO SIGNAL.
1
CPHASE 33 tan
Chrominance Magnitude & Phase
CMAGNITUDE
I Q
Q
I
2-46
Sample Problem:
Calculate the chrominance signal for saturated red vector.
Solution:
I
In-phase signal
CPHASE 33 tan
Quadrature signal
1 Q
0.21
I 0.60R 0.28G 0.32B

33 0.52G
tan 0.31B
Q 0.21R
0.60 x1 0.28 x 0 0.32 x 0
0.21x1 0.52 x 0 0.31x 0
0.6
0.21
Saturated Red Magnitude
CMAGNITUDE
Color
Saturated Red Phase
22
Q Signal
2
0.6 0.21
In-Phase
0.635
13.7
0.6
Summary of Chrominance Information
Signal
White
Black
Yellow
Blue
Green
Magenta
Cyan
Red
-0
-0
-0.31
-0.31
-0.52
-0.52
-0.21
-0.21
-0
-0
-0.32
-0.32
-0.28
-0.28
-0.6
-0.6
Chrominance
Vector Notation
0
0
0.4577
0.45257
0.59151
0.59331
0.64193.7
0.6413.7

T.
.NTSC COLOR DECODER FOR TELEVISION BROADCASTING.
2-47
U.
.TELEVISION BROADCAST STANDARDS.

Parameters
FCC Standard
Channel Width
Video BW
(MHz)
Aural Deviation
European Standard
6 MHz
7 or 8 MHz
4.2 MHz
7
5, 5.5 and 6 MHz

8
8
+ 25 kHz
+ 50 kHz
Interlaced
Horizontal Scan
Frequency
Vertical Scan
Frequency
15,750 Hz for
Monochrome
15,734.264 +
0.044 Hz for Color
15,625 Hz + 0.1%
60 Hz for
Monochrome
50 Hz
59.94 Hz for Color
Reference
Scanning Lines
Reference Black
525/frame,
2:1 Interlaced
carrier level
625/frame,
2:1
Reference
Transmission
Blanking Level
2-48
Level
White Level
Polarity
V.
75 carrier levelpeak 75 +3 to2.5%

6.5% of peak
to ref white level
7.5 + from
carrier
12.5
+ of peak
Negative
10-12.5%
Television
fundamentals
Negative
.COMPARISON OF SOME TV BROADCAST STANDARDS .
Parameter
North &
South
America,
Japan
Spain,
Italy,
England,
Germany,
CCIR
System
France
USSR
Lines/Frame
525
625
625
625
Lines/second
15,750 Hz
15,625 Hz
15,625 Hz
15,625 Hz
Frames/second
30
25
25
25
4.2
Channel BW
Video BW (MHz)
Polarity of AM
video
Negative
Positive
Negative
Type of Aural
Color system
Color subcarrier
frequency
1.
NTSC
PAL
4.43
SECAM
SECAM
4.43
4.43
National Television Standards Committee (NTSC)

Advantages
a.
Higher Frame Rate - Use of 30 frames per second (really
29.97) reduces visible flicker.
b.
Atomic
Color Edits - With NTSC it is possible to edit at any 4
modulation
Negative
FM
FM
AM
FM
carrier
field boundary point without disturbing the color signal.
c.
(MHz)
Less inherent picture noise - Almost all pieces of video

equipment achieve better signal to noise characteristics in
their NTSC/525 form than in their PAL/625.
Disadvantages
3.58
a.
Lower Number of Scan Lines - Reduced clarity on large screen
TVs, line structure more visible.
b.
Smaller Luminance Signal Bandwidth - Due to the placing of

the color sub-carrier at 3.58MHz, picture defects such as
cross-color, and dot interference become more pronounced.
2.
2-49
c.
Susceptibility to Hue Fluctuation - Variations in the color

subcarrier phase cause shifts in the displayed color, requiring
that the TV receivers be equipped with a Hue adjustment to
compensate.
d.
Lower Gamma Ratio - The gamma value for NTSC/525 is set

at 2.2 as opposed to the slightly higher 2.8 defined for
PAL/625. This means that PAL/625 can produce pictures of
greater contrast.
Phase Alternate/Alternation by Line (PAL)

Advantages
a.
Greater Number of Scan Lines - more picture detail.
b.
Wider Luminance Signal Bandwidth - The placing of the color

Sub-Carrier at 4.43MHz allows a larger bandwidth of
monochrome
NTSC/525.
information
to
be
reproduced
than
with
c.
Stable Hues - Due to reversal of sub-carrier phase on

alternate lines, any phase error will be corrected by an equal
and opposite error on the next line, correcting the original
error.
d.
Higher Gamma Ratio - The gamma value for PAL/625 is set at

2.8 as opposed to the lower 2.2 figure of NTSC/525. This
permits a higher level of contrast than on NTSC/525 signals.
Disadvantages
a.
More Flicker - Due to the lower frame rate, flicker is more
noticeable on PAL/625 transmissions; particularly so for
people used to viewing NTSC/525 signals.
b.
Lower Signal to Noise Ratio - The higher bandwidth

requirements cause PAL/625 equipment to have slightly worse
signal to noise performance than it's equivalent NTSC/525
version.
c.
Loss of Color Editing Accuracy - Due to the alternation

phase of the color signal, the phase and the color signal
reach a common point once every 8 fields/4 frames.
means that edits can only be performed to an accuracy of
4 frames (8 fields).
of the
only
This
+/-
2-50
3.
Sequential Couleur Avec Memoire (SECAM)

Sequential Color with Memory
Advantages
a.
Stable Hues and Constant Saturation - SECAM shares with PAL
the ability to render images with the correct hue, and goes a
step further in ensuring consistent saturation of color as well.
b.
Higher Number of Scan Lines - SECAM shares with PAL/625,

the higher number of scan lines than NTSC/525.
Disadvantages
a.
Greater Flicker Same with PAL/625
b.
Patterning Effects - The FM subcarrier

effects even on non-colored objects.
causes
patterning
c.
Lower monochrome Bandwidth - Due to one of the two color

sub-carriers being at 4.25MHz (in the French Version), a lower
bandwidth of monochrome signal can be carried.

NTSC
The oldest existing standard, developed in the USA. First used in 1954.
Consists of 525 horizontal lines of display and 60 vertical lines.
Sometimes irreverently referred to as "Never Twice the Same Color."
Only one type exists, known as NTSC-M.
PAL
PAL was developed by German engineer Walter Bruch and the German
electronic corporation Telefunken. Walter Bruch patented his invention
1963 and the first commercial application of the PAL system was in
August 1967. Also a 625/50-line display and variant of NTSC.
Proponents call it "Perfection At Last." Due to the cost of the enormous
circuit complexity, critics often refer to it as "Pay A Lot".
SECAM
SECAM was developed in France. First used in 1967. A 625-line vertical,
50-line horizontal display.
Sometimes referred to by wags as "Something Essentially Contrary to
the American Method" or SEcond Colour Always Magenta!"
2-51
W. .DIGITAL TELEVISION (DTV).

Since 1987, the FCC has been encouraging the development of Highdefinition television (HDTV) system to replace the NTSC system. In May of
1993, the proponents of these four competing system joined forces to
develop a single digital television (DTV) system that used the best ideas of
the four competing system.
1.
Comparison of Different Definition Standard
lines/frame
i.
1080
720
480
480
480
Video Specification
Format
HD
HD
SD
SD
SD
Aspect Ratio
16:9
16:9
4:3
16:9
4:3
1920
1280
704
704
640
24p,
24p,
30p,
30p,
30i,
30i,
60p
60p
HD = High definition, SD = Standard definition
p = progressive scan, i = interlace scan
24p,
30p,
30i,
60p
Active Scan
Pixel/line
24p,
30p,
30i
Frame rates
(Hz)
24p,
30p,
60p
2-52
ii.
Audio Specification
Method
Audio BW
Sampling Frequency
Dynamic Range
Number of Surround channel
Compressed data rate
iii.
DOLBY AC-3
20 kHz
48 kHz
100 dB
5.1
384 kbps
Data Transport System
Type
TDM technique
Packet size
Packet header size
X.
Packet
MPEG-2
188 bytes
4 bytes
D H 1PARAMETERS.
2
.HIGH-DEFINITION
2 tan
Diagonal Dimension
of Viewing Area
2
Minimum Viewing
Distance
X
where:
D diagonal dimension of the viewing area
a aspect ratio
X distance from screen to observer/viewer
angle subtended by the horizontal dimension H
2-53
Sample Problem:
16
Find the minimum aviewing
distance a viewer should sit from the tube to
D
eliminate seeing any scan lines and the viewing angle subtended by the
16 the projector screen with diagonal
screen for HDTV system, assuming
dimension of 1.55 m with 1125 vertical lines (90 suppressed).
Solution:
2
2
2
H 1a
1.55
9
1.35m
1 30.7
NH aNV a(N Ns) 16 x(1125 90) 1840pixels

9
1minute
1
NH
1840 x
30.7
60
60
x
X
2 tan
2
Y.
1.35m
2.45m
2 tan
2
.VIDEO STANDARDS.
1.
JPEG
JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) was developed jointly by the
ISO and ITU-T. JPEG is a compression standard that is used for editing
of still images, as well as color facsimile, desktop publishing, graphic
arts, and medical imaging. JPEG is not appropriate for video
transmission, as the compression rate is in the range of only 20:130:1. JPEG transmission in support of videoconferencing requires
bandwidth in the range of 10 to 240 Mbps.
2.
MPEG
MPEG (Motion Picture Experts Group) standards are several and still in
final development stages. MPEG standards provide very high
compression levels and excellent presentation quality. MPEG is a joint
technical committee of the International Standards Organization (ISO)
and the IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission).
2-54
MPEG 1
Standardized in 1992, provides VHS (videotape) quality at 1.544
Mbps and is compatible with single-speed CD-ROM technology. In
fact, it was designed to put movies on compact disc. MPEG 1
integrates synchronous and isochronous audio with video, and
allows the random access required by interactive multimedia
applications.
MPEG 2
(1994) is the proposed standard for digital video at 4 to 100 Mbps
over transmission facilities capable of such support (fiber optics,
hybrid fiber/coax and satellite).
MPEG 2 already has found
application in Direct Broadcast Satellite (DBS) services, also
known as Direct Satellite Systems (DSS).
MPEG 3
Designed for HDTV application, was folded into MPEG-2 in 1992.
MPEG-4
A low bit-rate version intended for application in videophones and
other small-screen devices. It is still under development.
2-55
1.
Calculate the equivalent IRE unit of a video signal with a luminance of 72%.
A. 4.1 IRE units
B. 53.8 IRE units
C. 74.1 IRE units
D. 66.4 IRE units
2.
Calculate the increase in horizontal

signal bandwidth was increased to 4.5
A. 582 lines
C. 338 lines
3.
Determine the possible increase in vertical details if the

bandwidth were allowed up to 5 MHz. (assume 70% Kell factor)
A. 408 pixels
B. 420 pixels
C. 442 pixels
D. 480 pixels
resolution possible if the video modulating

MHz.
B. 525 lines
D. 482 lines
video
frequency
4.
Calculate the decrease in horizontal details if the video signal bandwidth were
reduced from 4 to 3.5 MHz.
A. 458 to 322 pixels
B. 458 to 375 pixels
C. 428 to 375 pixels
D. 428 to 322 pixels
5.
Calculate the vertical resolution if the video signal bandwidth were reduced
from 4 to 3.5 MHz assuming that the horizontal resolution was not to change.
A. 307 lines
B. 337 lines
C. 327 lines
D. 317 lines
6.
Given a 635-s vertical retrace time, the number of complete horizontal

lines scanned during vertical flyback is
A. 10
B. 20
C. 30
D. 63
7.
One-half line spacing between the start positions for scanning even and
odd fields produces
A. linear scanning
B. exact interlacing
C. fishtailing
D. line pairing
8.
Calculate the minimum recorder wavelength for an audio cassette recorder with
a tape speed of 1,875 ips, 12 kHz top recording frequency.
A. 0.364 mil
B. 0.567 mil
C. 0.156 mil
D. 0.87 mil
9.
What is the exact picture carrier frequency for channel 2 offset by -10 kHz?
A. 55.24 MHz
B. 55.34 MHz
C. 51.25 MHz
D. 55.75 MHz
2-56
10. The number of scanning lines is ______ per second.

A. 60
B. 525
C. 15,750
D. 15,650
11. Calculate the sound and picture carrier frequency for channel
frequency translation to the IF.
A. P=45.75 MHz, S=41.25 MHz
B. P=45.25 MHz, S=41.75 MHz
C. P=41.75 MHz, S=45.25 MHz
D. P=41.25 MHz, S=45.75 MHz
10
after
12. 10.5 s of retrace is equal to how many % of H?

A. 6.5%
B. 13.5%
C. 16.5%
D. 12.5%
13. Color mixture is close to blue.

A. Y
C. R-Y
B.
D.
G-Y
B-Y
14. The I color video signal has a bandwidth of ____ MHz.

A. 1.3
B. 4.5
C. 4.2
D. 3.58
15. Calculate the percentage of time occupied by vertical blanking.
A. 0.8%
B. 8%
C. 28%
D. 18%
16. What is the horizontal resolution in lines of a monochrome receiver which has a
2.8 MHz video bandwidth? April 2003 & Nov 2004
A. 324 lines
B. 254 lines
C. 524 lines
D. 224 lines
17. Calculate the total number of picture elements (pixels) in an NTSC frame if the
video BW is 4.2 MHz. (Assume 0.7 Kell factor, 4/3 aspect ratio, and 10 s
retrace time)
A. 151,761 pixels
B. 211,161 pixels
C. 181,661 pixels
D. 192,416 pixels
18. A ghost is displaced 1 inch on a 13-inch diagonal TV screen. Determine the
time between signal receptions, and the difference in path lengths.
A. 3.53 km
B. 1.53 km
C. 2.53 km
D. 0.53 km
19. Weak emission from one cathode in a tricolor picture tube causes _____,
_____, and _____ in the raster and picture.
A. a stronger picture, a long warm up time, color balance
B. a weak picture, a long warm up time, and color imbalance
C. a stronger picture, a short warm up time, and color imbalance
D. a weak picture, a short warm up time, and color balance
20. Degaussing means _____ the picture tube with 60-Hz alternating current
from the power line.
A. de-energizing
B. magnetizing
C. energizing
D. demagnetizing
2-57
21. _____ correction signals can be inserted in series with the V and H coils of
the deflection yoke, to straighten the edges of the raster.
A. Gamma
B. Pincushion
C. Comb
D. Contrast
22. The PAL system in Europe uses a 625 lines/frame and 25frames/sec. Assuming
a video bandwidth of 5 MHz, determine the number of distinguishable picture
element, assuming 84% of each horizontal line and 90% percent of the 625
lines are visible.
A. 143,400
B. 122,400
C. 330,400
D. 302,400
23. Calculate the minimum viewing distance for an HDTV system assume that a
projector screen with a diagonal dimension of 1.4 m and an aspect ratio of 16:9
is used with 1125 vertical lines (90 suppressed).
A. 2.7 m
B. 2.23 m
C. 3.61 m
D. 1.8 m
24. The hue 180 out of phase with red is

A. yellow
B.
C. blue
D.
green
cyan
25. Greater p-p amplitude of the 3.58-MHz chrominance signal indicates more
A. saturation
B. yellow
C. white
D. hue
26. Which of the following statements is true?
A. Negative transmission means that the carrier amplitude decreases for
white
B. Vestigial sideband transmission means that both upper and lower
sidebands are transmitted for all modulating frequencies
C. Vestigial sideband transmission means that the modulated picture
carrier signal has only the upper envelope
D. Negative transmission means that the carrier amplitude decreases for
black
27. With a 2-MHz video signal modulating the picture carrier signal for channel
4, which of the following frequencies are transmitted?
A. 67.25-MHz carrier frequency with 65.25-MHz upper side frequencies
B. 66-MHz carrier frequency and 68-MHz upper side frequency
C. 67.25-MHz carrier frequency and 69.25-MHz upper side frequency
D. 71.75-MHZ carrier frequency with 69- and 73-MHz side frequency
28. With a 0.5-MHz video signal modulating the picture carrier,
A. no side frequencies are transmitted
B. both upper and lower side frequencies are transmitted
C. only the upper side frequency is transmitted
D. only the lower side frequency is transmitted
2-58
29. Compared to a monochrome CRT, the accelerating voltage on a color CRT is:
A. about the same
B. much higher
C. much lower
D. color CRTs use magnetic acceleration
30. The horizontal lines scanned during vertical retraces are the ______ lines.
A. horizontal flyback
B. vertical sync
C. vertical flyback
D. horizontal blanking
31. Interfaced scanning eliminates _____ because of the ____ blanking rate,
while maintaining the _____ rate for complete picture frames.
A. flicker, 60-Hz vertical, 30-Hz
B. flicker, 30-Hz vertical, 15,750-Hz
C. ghost, 60-Hz vertical, 15,750-Hz
D. ghost, 15,750-Hz vertical, 30-Hz
32. The equalizing pulses and the serrations in the vertical pulse occur at halfline intervals with the frequency of _____ Hz.
A. 30
B. 60
C. 31,500
D. 15,750
33. Determine the ghost width on a TV
results from an object mi behind a
A. 151 in
C. 1.51 in
screen 15 in wide when a reflected wave

receiver.
B. 15.1 in
D. 0.151 in
34. Calculate the ghost width for a 17-in wide TV screen when a reflected wave
results from an object 3/8 mi behind a receiver.
A. 12.8 in
B. 128 in
C. 0.128 in
D. 1.28 in
35. A horizontal resolution of 300 lines corresponds to ____ pixels of picture

information.
A. 210
B. 150
C. 400
D. 200
36. Horizontal resolution
response of ___.
A. 3 MHz
of
240
lines
B.
corresponds
4.2 MHz
to
video-frequency
C.
16 MHz
D.
24 MHz
37. In the CED system, the disk capacitance varies with the
A. disk size
B. wavelength of the scanning light
C. speed of rotation
D. pit depth
38. The part that rotates to meter out the tape at constant speed is the
A. control head
B. entrance guide
C. capstan
D. erase head
2-59
39. The modulated picture carrier wave includes the composite video signal as
the
A. upper envelope without the lower envelope
B. lower sideband without the upper sideband
C. average carrier level
D. symmetric envelope of amplitude variations
40. Calculate the horizontal resolution possible if the video modulating signal
bandwidth is 5 MHz.
A. 515 lines
B. 433 lines
C. 535 lines
D. 483 lines
41. Calculate the magnitude chrominance for color yellow.
A. 0.45
B. 0.69
C. 0.65
D. 0.21
42. Calculate the exact horizontal frequency if
th
to be the 286 harmonics of the horizontal
A. 15,735.27 Hz
B.
C. 15,750 Hz
D.
the sound carrier of 4.5 MHz is made

line frequency.
15,610.27 Hz
15,625 Hz
43. The average voltage value of the 3.58-MHz modulated chrominance signal
is
A. the saturation of the color
B. zero for most colors
C. the brightness of the color
D. close to black for yellow
44. The second IF value for color in receivers, for any station, is
A. 0.5 MHz
B. 1.3 MHz
C. 4.5 MHz
D. 3.58 MHz
45. If the 3.58-MHz C amplifier in the receiver does not operate, the result will
be
A. no color
B. too much blue
C. too much yellow
D. no red
46. _____ is done in the camera to compensate for the nonlinear drive
characteristics of the picture tube.
A. Error correction
B. Beam correction
C. Gamma correction
D. Contrast correction
47. Light flux for cameras usually is measured in _____.
A. Tesla
B. footcandles
C. luminous intensity
D. lux
48. Typical horizontal resolution in television receivers is _____
corresponding to ____ video-frequency response.
A. 331, 3.58-MHz
B. 428, 4.25-MHz
C. 312, 2.50-MHz
D. 250, 3.125-MHz
lines,
2-60
49. A _____ is a special camera tube with a test pattern printed on the image
plate.
A. plumbicon
B. iconoscope
C. monoscope
D. vidicon
50. What is the exact vertical frequency if there are 262.5 lines per field?
A. 50 Hz
B. 49.94 Hz
C. 60 Hz
D. 59.94 Hz
51. Calculate the exact color subcarrier frequency if this value is made to be the
th
455 harmonic of half of the horizontal frequency.
A. 3.58 MHz
B. 4.2 MHz
C. 3.579545 MHz
D. 4.5 MHz
52. The ______ is the current that flows in the target circuit when the camera
lens is capped for no light input.
A. flash current
B. leakage current
C. dark current
D. reverse current
53. _____ is an exponential value that specifies how white light values are
expanded or compressed, and this affects the contrast ratio.
A. Alpha
B. Gamma
C. Beta
D. Sigma
54. Which of the following camera
photoconductive target plate?
A. plumbicon
C. image orthicon
55. What is the exact
subcarrier?
A. 0.92 MHz
C. 0.920945 MHz
frequency
tubes
B.
D.
lead
oxide
(PbO)
for
the
vidicon
saticon
separation
B.
D.
uses
between
sound
carrier
and
color
0.920455 MHz
0.920495 MHz
56. Ability of monochrome receiver to use Y signal for picture in black and
white.
A. monotonacity
B. adaptability
C. compatibility
D. selectivity
57. The complementary color for blue, red and green are ____, ____, and
____ respectively.
A. cyan, yellow, magenta
B. magenta, yellow, cyan
C. cyan, magenta, yellow
D. yellow, cyan, magenta
58. Determine the total number of details for an NTSC frame if 42 lines are blanked
out because of vertical flyback. Used 0.7 Kell factor, 4.2 MHz video bandwidth.
A. 161, 751
B. 121, 221
C. 151, 761
D. 131, 231
2-61
59. Converting hue and saturation in the C signal to R, G, and B primary color
video signals for the tricolor picture tube.

A. compandoring
B. decoding
C. multiplexing
D. encoding
60. Converting the R, G, and
saturation in the C signal.
A. pre-emphasis
C. encoding
primary
B.
D.
color
video signals
to
hue
and
decoding
degaussing
61. How many flyback lines are produced during vertical retrace for each field and
each frame when the retrace time is 0.03V?
A. 8 and 16
B. 16 and 18
C. 18 and 16
D. 16 and 8
62. The hue of color sync phase is

A. red
C. yellow-green
B.
D.
blue
cyan
63. Which signal has color information for 1.3-MHz bandwidth?

A. R-Y
B. Y
C. I
D. B-Y
64. Calculate the maximum number of vertical details that can be reproduced with
483 visible scanning lines with a 70% utilization factor.
A. 303
B. 438
C. 348
D. 338
65. Determine the number of horizontal details for a 4 MHz video bandwidth.
A. 416 picture elements
B. 446 picture elements
C. 426 picture elements
D. 486 picture elements
66. The color with the most luminance is

A. yellow
B.
C. green
D.
blue
red
67. Pictures frames are repeated at the rate of ____ per second.
A. 60
B. 50
C. 30
D. 25
68. The number if scanning lines is ______ per frame.
A. 262.5
B. 625
C. 15,750
D. 525
69. In all standard television broadcast
picture and sound carrier frequencies
A. 0.25 MHz
C. 4.5 MHz
channels, the difference between the

is
B. 1.25 MHz
D. 6 MHz
2-62
70. The beat frequency between the 3.58-MHz color subcarrier and the 4.5MHz sound signal is
A. 3.58 MHz
B. 4.8 MHz
C. 4.5 MHz
D. 0.92 MHz
71. Which control varies the phase angle of the demodulated color video
signal?
A. picture
C. tint
B.
D.
drive
color level
72. Which of the following stages must be on during horizontal flyback time?
A. R Y vido amplifier
B. Chroma BPA
C. Burst separator
D. Y video amplifier
73. Picture tubes have two black conductive coating made of ______.
A. Tellurium
B. Phospor
C. Aquadag
D. Arsenic
74. The _____ of the picture tube is
deflected without touching the sides
A. deflection angle
C. optical angle
the total angle that the beam can be

of the envelope.
B. critical angle
D. envelope angle
75. _____ adjustments cause the three electron beams to excite the correct
colors on the screen.
A. Comb
B. Color
C. Convergence
D. Gamma
76. Picture tubes with an anode voltage of _____ can emit x-rays.
A. 20 to 30 GV
B. 200 to 300 MV
C. 20 to 30 kV
D. 200 to 300 kV
77. What are the lower and upper side frequencies for 200-kHz color video
modulation in the 3.58-MHz bandpass amplifier?
A. 3.28 and 6.78 MHz
B. 3.38 and 3.78 MHz
C. 3.28 and 5.48 MHz
D. 3.38 and 6.28 MHz
78. The number of lines scanned per frame in the raster on the picture tube
screen is
A. 10
B. 262
C. 20
D. 525
79. In the
skipped
A. the
B. the
C. the
D. the
frame for which interlaced scanning is used, alternate lines are

during vertical scanning frequency because
frame has a 4:3 aspect ratio
vertical scanning frequency is doubled from 30 to 60 Hz
horizontal scanning is slower than vertical scanning
trace is slower than the retrace
2-63
80. If the horizontal flyback is 10 percent, this time equals

A.
C.
10 s
6.4 s
B.
D.
56 s
83 s
81. Which of the following frequencies is wrong?

A. 15,750 Hz for horizontal sync and scanning
B. 31,500 for the vertical scanning frequency
C. 31,500 for equalizing pulses and serrations in the vertical sync pulse
D. 60 Hz for vertical sync and scanning
82. How much time elapses between the start of one horizontal sync pulse and
the next?
A. 8% of V
B. V
C. H
D. 16.5% of H
83. For a 4-MHz video signal, the number of horizontal details in a line is ____.
A. 525
B. 331
C. 426
D. 645
84. Assume a facsimile reproduction with specifications of 200 lines per frame,
progressive scanning, and 5 frames per second. Calculate the video
frequency corresponding to 100 total black-and-white elements in a line.
A. 52 kHz
B. 5.2 kHz
C. 0.52 kHz
D. 520 kHz
85. The circuit that combines C signal and Y luminance signal.
A. color stacker
B. Colorplexer
C. Combiner
D. comb filter
86. Retraces are not visible because of _____ pulses.
A. sync
B. blanking
C. black
D. serration
87. Black on the picture tube screen results from _____ beam current.
A. negative
B. maximum
C. zero
D. positive
88. Determine the total number of picture elements possible for the entire image if
the video bandwidth is 4 MHz and 70% utilization factor is used.
A. 104,000
B. 144,000
C. 184,000
D. 124,000
89. Assume a facsimile reproduction with specifications of 200 lines/frame,
progressive scanning, and 5 frame/sec. Calculate the visible trace time for one
line with 4% blanking.
A. 9.6 s
B.
960 s
C. 0.96 s
D.
90 s
2-64
90. The modulation used for the chroma signal in a standard NTSC color TV
receiver is:
A. SSB
C. suppressed-carrier AM
B.
D.
vestigial sideband AM
FM
91. Determine the maximum luminance level for magenta.

A. 87%
B. 48%
C. 41%
D. 34%
92. A 3.125 MHz of video signal bandwidth is equal to
resolutions?
A. 250 lines
B. 320 lines
C. 205 lines
D. 225 lines
93. Picture tubes use ______ focusing.

A. electromagnetic
C. electroacoustic
B.
D.
electrostatic
magnetostatic
94. The color with the least luminance

A. red
B.
blue
how many horizontal
C.
cyan
D.
95. If the phase chrominance

chrominance for color blue?
A. 3.47
C. 37
for
magenta
color
B.
D.
yellow
is
167,
what
is
the
phase
34.7
347
96. What is the horizontal scanning time for 125 pixels?

A.
C.
10.5 s
63.5 s
97. Calculate the video

resolution of 320 lines.
A. 4.75 MHz
C. 4.5 MHz
15.625 s
0.125 s
B.
D.
frequency
response
B.
D.
corresponding
to
the
horizontal
4 MHz
4.2 MHz
98. Consider a video signal that has a resolution of 640x480 pixels, with a frame
rate 0f 30 Hz using progressive scanning. The luma signal is sampled using 8
bits/sample. The two chroma channels also use 8 bits/sample, but the color
resolution is that is used for luma. Find the approximate bit rate for this
signal, neglecting synchronization, error correction, and compression.
A. 110.6 Mbps
B. 1.6 Mbps
C. 10.6 Mbps
D. 11.6 Mbps
99. Luminance is measured in:

A. foot-candles
C. IRE units
B.
D.
100. The maximum luminance level is called:

A. max white
B.
C. blanking
D.
lumens
NTSC units
peak white
whiter than white
2-65
101.What proportion of the maximum transmitter power is used to transmit a black

setup level?
A. 73.4%
B. 22.2%
C. 61.1%
D. 45.6%
102. The _____ is deflected horizontally and vertically to fill the screen area.
A. permanent magnet
B. yoke
C. electron beam
D. raster
103. What is the hue of a color 90 leading sync burst phase?
A. blue
B. cyan
C. orange
D. yellow
104. How much time passes between one vertical pulse in an odd field and the
next in an even field?
A. V
B. H
C. 8% of V
D. 8% of H
105. The back porch is ____ longer than the front porch
A. 3x
B. 4x
C. 2x
D. 8x
106. Which of the following camera tubes has minimum lag?
A. plumbicon
B. saticon
C. vidicon
D. iconoscope
107.Calculate the total percentage of the
horizontal, and active video respectively.
signal
time
occupied
by
vertical,
A.
C.
21%, 42%, 88%

12.75%, 100%, 77.6%
B.
D.
8%, 15.7%, 77.6%

16%, 21%, 88%
108.A certain receiver has a vertical retrace time of 0.025V, where V is the time for
one field. How many horizontal lines does this represent?
A. 2.1
B. 3.3
C. 6.6
D. 4.2
109. _____ deflection is used for picture tubes.

A. Static
B. Magnetic
C. Electrostatic
D. Magnetostatic
110.Suppose that the
with the horizontal
present. Assume
details would have
A. 428
C. 674
aspect ratio of a TV system were change from 4:3 to 2:1,

resolution keeping the same ratio to vertical resolution as at
the number of scan lines remains at present.How many
to be shown on a horizontal line?
B. 338
D. 525
2-66
111.Under ideal conditions, the eye can resolve two details subtending 0.5 minutes
of arc. Suppose a monitor screen 30 cm wide is located 1.5 m from a viewer.
What video bandwidth would be required to separate horizontal details in the
center of the screen by 0.5 minutes of arc assuming NTSC video?
A. 4.5 MHz
B. 1.5 MHz
C. 5.1 MHz
D. 12.9 MHz
112. The blanking level corresponds to a luminance of:

A. white
B. black
C. whiter than white
D. blacker than black
113. The sync pulse level corresponds to a luminance of:
A. white
B. black
C. whiter than white
D. blacker than black
114. In a color TV receiver, Y I Q refers to:
A. luminance signal, in-phase color component, quadrature phase color
B.
C.
D.
component
composite color signal, in-phase color component, quadrature phase color
component
composite video signal, in-phase video component, quadrature video color
component
a method of demodulating stereo sound
115. The modulation used for the video signal in a standard NTSC color TV receiver
is:
A.
C.
SSB
suppressed-carrier AM
B.
D.
FM
116. The horizontal output transformer is also called:

A. the isolation transformer
B. the video transformer
C. the flyback transformer
D. the yoke
117. ____ convergence adjustments are made by permanent magnets.

A. Static
B. Active
C. Dynamic
D. Moving
118. Deflection in CRTs used in TV receivers is done:
A. magnetically for both vertical and horizontal
B. electrostatically for both vertical and horizontal
C. electrostatically for vertical and magnetically for horizontal
D. magnetically for vertical and electrostatically for horizontal
119. The number of fields is _____ per frame.
A. 2
B. 30
C. 60
D. 525
120. The vertical field-scanning frequency is ______
A. 525 Hz
B. 15,750 Hz
C. 60 Hz
D. 30 Hz
2-67
121. Video signal amplitude determines the picture quality called _____
A. contrast
B. resolution
C. color saturation
D. brightness
122. Scanning in the receiver is timed correctly by _____ pulses.
A. retrace
B. serration
C. sync
D. blanking
123. The modulation used for the audio signal in a standard NTSC color TV receiver
is:
A.
C.
SSB
suppressed-carrier AM
B.
D.
FM
124. The amount of color saturation in the picture depends on the amount of
_____ signal.
A. blanking
B. chrominance
C. luminance
D. contrast
125. _____ convergence adjustments vary the correction current in the coils of
the convergence yoke.
A. Passive
B. Static
C. Dynamic
D. Fixed
126. Camera signal output without sync is called
A. black burst
B. generator lock video
C. noncomposite video
D. composite video
127. A low-contrast picture in which white seems flat and lacking in detail
suggests.
A. excessive gamma
B. high gain in the preamplifier
C. insufficient scanning width
D. low beam current
128. The part of the visible spectrum where camera pickup tubes have the
greatest output is
A. infrared
B. yellow-green
C. blue
D. red
129. The horizontal line-scanning frequency is _____
A. 30 Hz
B. 60 Hz
C. 525 Hz
D. 15,750 Hz
130. The number of scanning lines is _____ per field.

A. 30
B. 262.5
C. 525
D. 15,625
131. The gamma of the picture tube is
A. 1.0
C. 0.4545
B.
D.
1.4
2.2
2-68
132. A typical value of vidicon dark current is

A. 8 mA
B. About 200 A
C. 800 mA
D. 0.2 A
133. A permanent-magnet ring on the neck of the tube is used for _____.
A. scanning
B. centering
C. deflecting
D. focusing
134. Picture tubes with an anode voltage of 20 to 30 kV can emit _____.
A. cosmic-rays
B. UV-rays
C. X-rays
D. gamma rays
135. The gamma of 2.2 for the picture tube that means that the ____ values
are stretched.
A. green
B. black
C. yellow
D. white
136. A picture tube with deflection angle of 110 needs a yoke with a ____
angle.
A. 10
B. 220
C. 110
D. 55
137. Color mixture close to green.
A. R-Y
C. B-Y
B.
D.
G-Y
Y-R
138. The Q video signal has a bandwidth of _____ MHz.

A. 4.2
B. 0.5
C. 1.3
D. 4.5
139. The linear rise on the sawtooth waveform is the_____; the sharp drop in
amplitude is for the ____.
A. Trace part, retrace
B. Flyback part, retrace
C. Retrace part, blanking
D. Trace part, blanking
140. The frequency of the sawtooth waveform for horizontal deflection is ____.
A. 30 Hz
B. 15,750 Hz
C. 31,500 Hz
D. 60 Hz

TV

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Television

Television is a system for transmitting images and sound by

Broadcasting means to send out in all directions.

Motion Picture is a series of real or fictional events recorded by

a camera and projected onto a screen as a sequence of moving pictures,

William Crookes in England invented the Crookes tube, which produce

Paul Nipkow in Germany built a mechanical scanning device, the

Karl Ferdinand Braun, also in Germany, modified the Crookes tube to

The Russian scientist Constantin Perskyi is credited with coining the

Vladimir Zworykin in the USA invented the first electronic camera

John Logie Baird demonstrated a workable TV system (30 lines/frame,

Baird demonstrated color TV.

The BBC began regular

Sony introduced their videocassette tape recorder system, BETAMAX,

Self-Sufficient Guide to ECE by JASON AMPOLOQUIO

Matshusita in Japan developed a pocket-sized flat-screen TV set, using

Japanese begin broadcasting high-definition television (HDTV).

Color Level or Saturation

Loading ECE SUPERBook

.TABLE OF PICTURE QUALITIES.

black and white

Amplitude of 3.58Phase angle of 3.58-

Read it till it Hertzjma

The standard television image has an aspect ratio of 4:3.

Self-Sufficient Guide to ECE by JASON AMPOLOQUIO

.PHOTO-ELECTRIC EFFECT IN CAMERA TUBES.

For Your Information

.TYPES OF CAMERA TUBES.

Image Orthicon -- Consist of three main sections: the image section,

Plumbicon -- This name is a trademark of N.V. Philips.

Saticon -- This name is a trademark of Hitachi Ltd. The image plate is

Silicon Dioxide Vidicon -- A silicon semiconductor junction is used

Chalnicon -- This name is a trademark of Toshiba Electric Co. Ltd.

Newvicon -- This name is a trademark of Matsushita Electric.The

Loading ECE SUPERBook

.SUMMARY OF CAMERA T UBES.

.STANDARD SCANNING PAT TERN.

Horizontal Scanning - The linear rise of current in the horizontal

Vertical Scanning - The sawtooth current in the vertical deflection coils

.DIRECTION FOR TRACE & RETRACE.

Self-Sufficient Guide to ECE by JASON AMPOLOQUIO

Concept of Progressive Sca

Concept of Interlace Scanning

Loading ECE SUPERBook

Total Number of Pixel

Self-Sufficient Guide to ECE by JASON AMPOLOQUIO

TH Horizontal Trace period (53 to 53.5 sec )

For total number of pixels

Loading ECE SUPERBook

ECE Board Exam: April 2003

.DETAILS OF HORIZONTAL BLANKING.

Self-Sufficient Guide to ECE by JASON AMPOLOQUIO

.DETAILS OF VERTICAL BLANKING.

Each Equalizing pulse

Each Serration pulse

Visible Field time

.COMPOSITE VIDEO SIGNAL.

Loading ECE SUPERBook

Luminance Level to IRE Unit Conversion

IRE 7.5 80%(100 7.5)

M. .TELEVISION CHANNEL ALLOCATION.

Self-Sufficient Guide to ECE by JASON AMPOLOQUIO

.SPECTRUM OF STANDARD TV BROADCAST CHANNEL.