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Hertz!
Fundamentals
Television fun
damentals
2-28
DEFINITION.
converting them into electrical or radio waves which are converted back into
images and sound by a receiver.
DEFINITION.
DEFINITION.
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
1878
1884
1897
1900
1906
Boris Rosing in Russia began experimenting with the Nipkow disc and
cathode-ray tube, eventually succeeding in transmitting some crude
TV pictures.
1923
1926
1928
1929
1975
broadcasting
using
Bairds
system
(405
2-29
1979
1989
A.
.PICTURE REPRODUCTION.
The picture is divided into the
elementary areas of black and
white. When each picture element
is transmitted to the right side of
the figure and reproduced in the
original position with its shade of
black or white, the image is
duplicated.
B.
.PICTURE QUALITIES.
1.
Brightness
The overall or average intensity, which determines the background
level in the reproduced picture.
2.
Contrast
The difference in
reproduced picture.
intensity
between
black-and-white
parts
of
the
3.
Detail
The quality of detail, which is also called resolution or definition,
depends on the number of picture elements that can be reproduced.
4.
5.
Hue
The color of an object that depends on the phase angle of the 3.58
MHz chrominance signal.
6.
Aspect Ratio
The ratio of width to height of the picture frame.
WIDTH
HEIGHT
2-30
Television fundamentals
Sample Problem:
Calculate the number of active pixel in a line in an NTSC TV system if 42
lines out of every 525 are blanked out to leave time for the vertical retraces.
Solution:
# of pixel a x no. of active lines
4
x (525 42)
3
644 pixels
C.
Contrast
Brightness
Resolution
Color saturation
Hue
Picture
Signal
Amplitude of ac
video signal
illumination
DC bias on picture
tube
Range between
of video signal
Background
MHz chroma signal
Sharpness of detail
Intensity or level
of color
Tint of color
Frequency response
MHz chroma signal
2-31
Photoconduction
In photoconduction, the conductance or resistance is change; more
light decreases the resistance.
2.
Photoemission
In photoemission, electron are emitted when light strikes the surface;
more light produce more electrons
E.
High quality,
2.
3.
The camera
tube is similar to the basic vidicon, but the image plate of plumbicon is
made of lead oxide (Pbo).
4.
5.
6.
7.
Television fundamentals
2-32
F.
Vidicon
Length:
15-20 in
Diameter:
3-4 in
1,500
to
6,000
high sensitivity
Plu
ico
mb
Silicon
Diode
Array
Vidicon
G.
H.
Length:
5-8 in
Diameter:
0.6-1.6 in
Selenium
Photoconductor
Simple
construction,
used for film
pickup
5,000
to
20,000
Length:
8 in
Diameter:
1.2 in
PbO
Photoconductor
Simple
construction,
low lag,
sensitivity low
for red light
2,000
to
3,000
Length:
6 in
Diameter:
1 in
Silicon diode
array
Low lag,
sensitive to red
and infrared
light
2,000
to
3,000
2.
HORIZONTAL
VERTICAL
2-33
INTERLACE SCANNING
When an image is scanned line by line from top to bottom, the top of the
image on the screen will begin to fade by the time the electron beam
reaches the bottom of the screen. With interlaced scanning, odd-numbered
lines are scanned first, and the remaining even-numbered lines are
scanned next. A full image is still produced 30 times a second, but the
electron beam travels from the top of the screen to the bottom of the
screen twice for every time a full image is produced.
horizontal
lines are
interlace
scannin
in
th
e
television system in o
rder to provide two views
of
the images for each picture frame. All the odd lines
are scanned, omitting the even lines. Then the
even lines are scanned to complete the whole frame
without losing any picture information.
*Read first the odd lines and then the even lines.
Television fundamentals
2-34
I.
.PICTURE DEFINITION.
Parameter
General Solution
Width of Line
Aspect Ratio
Hp
N
NH
NV
Number of Horizontal
Visible Lines
(# of Pixels in the
Vertical Direction)
Number of Vertical
Visible Lines
(# of Pixels in the
Horizontal Direction)
Total Number of Pixel
per Horizontal Line
NV N NS
NV 0.7(N NS )
If Kell factor is considered
NH axN V
NH BWvideo x 2TH
If Kell factor is considered
NH
0.835
NL NH
If Kell factor is considered
NP NLxNV
Hp
Vp
NP NHxNV
If Kell factor is considered
BWvideo
Video Bandwidth
2-35
N Lxf H
2
N
BWvideo V
NL
80
If Kell factor is considered
BWvideo 0.35NHxfH
If Kell factor is considered
where:
N Total number of scanlines period per frame period (525 for NTSC)
NS Number of scanlines suppressed during retraced (40 to 42)
width of each scan line
Vp Vertical dimension of the viewing area of the CRT
Hp Horizontal dimension of the viewing area of the CRT
a Aspect ratio (4/3)
NV Vertical resolution in lines/details or pixels
NH Horizontal resolution in lines/details or pixels
Sample Problem:
Find the picture height and width in terms of number of pixels also find the
total number of pixels and the highest video bandwidth (assuming NTSC
system).
Solution:
For number of active lines
NV N NS
525 40
485 lines
For number of active pixels
NH a x NV
4
3
647 lines
Television fundamentals
2-36
Parameter
Time to Scan a
Pixel
Time to Scan N
Pixels in a Line
General Solution
53.5 s
NH
NL
1
BWv
tN N x t
x 485
Solution:
NH BW x 2T 4MHz x 2(53.5s) 428 pixels
tN (# of pixels) x (time to scan a pixel)
53.5s
(20 pixels) x
428 pixels
2.5s
J.
Period
Total Line (H)
H blanking
H sync pulse
Front Porch
Back Porch
Visible Line time
Time(s)
63.5
9.5 to 11.5 (10.5 typical)
4.75 + 0.5
1.27
3.81
52 to 54
PERIOD
Total Field (V)
V blanking
V sync pulse
Total of six V sync pulses
TIME
16.7 ms
0.05 to 0.08 V
0.5H= 31.76 s
3H= 190.5 s
0.04H= 2.54 s
0.04H= 2.54 s
L.
2-37
0.92 to 0.95 V
Television fundamentals
2-38
Signal
IRE Level
Tip Of Sync
-40
Blanking Level
Black Level
7.5
White Level
100
Carrier Level
100 %
75% + 2.5%
67.5%
12.5% + 2.5%
IRE 7.5
(
max
min)
Channel Number
where :
Luminance of a video signal
Frequency
2-4
54-72
Sample Problem:
Find the equivalent IRE units of a video signal which has 80% of the
maximum luminance level.
174-210
VHF
Solution:
Low Band
VHF
48-54
76-88
High Band
UHF
470-884
2-39
Monochrome TV
2.
Color TV
Sample Problem:
Calculate the picture carrier, exact color subcarrier, and sound carrier of the
ff channels: a. Ch 2
b. Ch 6
Solution:
Channel 2 (54 to 60 MHz)
Channel 6 (82 to 88 MHz)
P 54 1.25 55.25MHz
P 82 1.25 83.25MHz
C P 3.579545 58.829545 MHz C P 3.579545 86.829545 MHz
S 60 0.25 57.75MHz
S 88 0.25 87.75MHz
2-40
Television fundamentals
and normalINVERSION
sound TheOF
most
O. raster
.FREQUENCY
I.F. probable
OUTPUT.section with trouble
IF Signal Frequencies
(MHz)
Picture IF
1
st
45.75
Chrominance IF
42.17
Chrominance IF
Parameter
Frequency
3.58
st
nd
nd
Sound IF
4.50
IF
Self-Sufficient Guide to 1ECESound
by JASON
AMPOLOQUIO41.25
P.
2-41
.RECEIVER TROUBLES.
Troubles
No raster, with normal
sound
No picture and no sound,
with normal raster
Caused
Since the sound is normal, the trouble of no
brightness is usually the result of no anode
voltage from the high voltage supply.
This trouble is in the signal circuits, before
the sound take-off point, because both the
picture and sounds are affected.
Sample Problem:
Determine the difference in path lengths between the direct and multipath
signal which produces a TV ghost displaced by 2 centimeters from the direct
image on a 19-inch screen.
Solution:
For the picture width
2
2
W
4
3
a
; H W; Diagonal H W
H
3
4
2
This
trouble
2
2 means
2 the raster and the signal
9
25
2
the raster
screenand 3no
The
must
be in the vertical defl
W
No
W trouble
W
Wsound
W
16
16
4
4
4
W D (19) 15.2 inches (38.6 cm)
5
5
For the 2cm delay
td Ghost displacement x visible trace 2 cm x 53 sec
Width
38.6 cm
2.7 sec
For the path length difference
8
19
Television fundamentals
2-42
Q.
R 0.62Q 0.95I Y
G 0.64Q 0.28I Y
B 1.73Q 1.11I Y
where:
R Red signal
Y Luminance signa G Green signal
B Blue signal
l
I In-phase signal
Q Quadrature sign
al
2-43
Sample Problem:
An RGB video signal has normalized value of R=0.2, G=0.4, B=0.8. Find the
value of Y, I, Q, and C.
Solution:
Luminance signal
Y 0.30R 0.59G 0.11B
0.30 x 0.2 0.59 x 0.4 0.11 x 0.8
0.384
In-phase signal
I 0.60R 0.28G 0.32B
0.60 x 0.2 0.28 x 0.4 0.32 x 0.8
0.248
Quadrature signal
Q 0.21R 0.52G 0.31B
0.21x 0.2 0.52 x 0.4 0.31x 0.8
0.082
These values are chosen to make the amplitude of the I-video signal become
zero (0) for white.
Note that the components (posititive) of 0.21G and 0.31B total 0.52,
to equal the negative component of -0.52G.
These values are chosen to make the amplitude of the Q-video signal become
zero (0) for white.
Both the I and Q signals are
chrominance information in white.
zero
for
white,
since
there
is
no
Television fundamentals
2-44
R.
Green
Red
Blue
Wh Yel Cyn Grn Mg Rd
Bl
Blk
Sample Problem:
Calculate the luminance signal and the IRE equivalent unit for saturated
green and yellow.
Solution:
For saturated green;
Y 0.3R 0.59G 0.11B
0.3 x 0 0.59 x1 0.11x 0
2-45
Color
Luminance
White
Yellow
Cyan
Green
Magenta
Red
Blue
Black
S.
100%
89%
70%
59%
41%
30%
11%
0%
IRE
Equivalent
Unit
100
89.825
72.25
62.075
45.425
35.25
17.675
7.5
1
CPHASE 33 tan
CMAGNITUDE
I Q
Q
I
Television fundamentals
2-46
Sample Problem:
Calculate the chrominance signal for saturated red vector.
Solution:
I
In-phase signal
CPHASE 33 tan
Quadrature signal
1 Q
0.21
Color
22
Q Signal
2
0.6 0.21
In-Phase
0.635
13.7
0.6
Signal
White
Black
Yellow
Blue
Green
Magenta
Cyan
Red
-0
-0
-0.31
-0.31
-0.52
-0.52
-0.21
-0.21
-0
-0
-0.32
-0.32
-0.28
-0.28
-0.6
-0.6
Chrominance
Vector Notation
0
0
0.4577
0.45257
0.59151
0.59331
0.64193.7
0.6413.7
2-47
U.
FCC Standard
Channel Width
Video BW
(MHz)
Aural Deviation
European Standard
6 MHz
7 or 8 MHz
4.2 MHz
7
+ 25 kHz
+ 50 kHz
Interlaced
Horizontal Scan
Frequency
Vertical Scan
Frequency
15,750 Hz for
Monochrome
15,734.264 +
0.044 Hz for Color
15,625 Hz + 0.1%
60 Hz for
Monochrome
50 Hz
Reference
Scanning Lines
Reference Black
525/frame,
2:1 Interlaced
carrier level
625/frame,
2:1
Reference
Transmission
Blanking Level
2-48
Level
White Level
Polarity
V.
7.5 + from
carrier
12.5
+ of peak
Negative
10-12.5%
Television
fundamentals
Negative
Parameter
North &
South
America,
Japan
Spain,
Italy,
England,
Germany,
CCIR
System
France
USSR
Lines/Frame
525
625
625
625
Lines/second
15,750 Hz
15,625 Hz
15,625 Hz
15,625 Hz
Frames/second
30
25
25
25
4.2
Channel BW
Video BW (MHz)
Polarity of AM
video
Negative
Positive
Negative
Type of Aural
Color system
Color subcarrier
frequency
1.
NTSC
PAL
4.43
SECAM
SECAM
4.43
4.43
b.
Atomic
Color Edits - With NTSC it is possible to edit at any 4
modulation
Negative
FM
FM
AM
FM
carrier
field boundary point without disturbing the color signal.
c.
(MHz)
Disadvantages
3.58
a.
Lower Number of Scan Lines - Reduced clarity on large screen
TVs, line structure more visible.
b.
2.
2-49
c.
d.
monochrome
NTSC/525.
information
to
be
reproduced
than
with
c.
d.
Disadvantages
a.
More Flicker - Due to the lower frame rate, flicker is more
noticeable on PAL/625 transmissions; particularly so for
people used to viewing NTSC/525 signals.
b.
c.
of the
only
This
+/-
Television fundamentals
2-50
3.
Disadvantages
a.
Greater Flicker Same with PAL/625
b.
causes
patterning
c.
PAL
PAL was developed by German engineer Walter Bruch and the German
electronic corporation Telefunken. Walter Bruch patented his invention
1963 and the first commercial application of the PAL system was in
August 1967. Also a 625/50-line display and variant of NTSC.
Proponents call it "Perfection At Last." Due to the cost of the enormous
circuit complexity, critics often refer to it as "Pay A Lot".
SECAM
SECAM was developed in France. First used in 1967. A 625-line vertical,
50-line horizontal display.
Sometimes referred to by wags as "Something Essentially Contrary to
the American Method" or SEcond Colour Always Magenta!"
2-51
lines/frame
i.
1080
720
480
480
480
Video Specification
Format
HD
HD
SD
SD
SD
Aspect Ratio
16:9
16:9
4:3
16:9
4:3
1920
1280
704
704
640
24p,
24p,
30p,
30p,
30i,
30i,
60p
60p
HD = High definition, SD = Standard definition
p = progressive scan, i = interlace scan
24p,
30p,
30i,
60p
Active Scan
Pixel/line
24p,
30p,
30i
Frame rates
(Hz)
24p,
30p,
60p
Television fundamentals
2-52
ii.
Audio Specification
Method
Audio BW
Sampling Frequency
Dynamic Range
Number of Surround channel
Compressed data rate
iii.
DOLBY AC-3
20 kHz
48 kHz
100 dB
5.1
384 kbps
Type
TDM technique
Packet size
Packet header size
X.
Packet
MPEG-2
188 bytes
4 bytes
D H 1PARAMETERS.
2
.HIGH-DEFINITION
2 tan
Diagonal Dimension
of Viewing Area
2
Minimum Viewing
Distance
X
where:
D diagonal dimension of the viewing area
a aspect ratio
X distance from screen to observer/viewer
angle subtended by the horizontal dimension H
2-53
Sample Problem:
16
Find the minimum aviewing
distance a viewer should sit from the tube to
D
eliminate seeing any scan lines and the viewing angle subtended by the
16 the projector screen with diagonal
screen for HDTV system, assuming
dimension of 1.55 m with 1125 vertical lines (90 suppressed).
Solution:
2
2
2
H 1a
1.55
9
1.35m
1 30.7
1minute
1
NH
1840 x
30.7
60
60
x
X
2 tan
2
Y.
1.35m
2.45m
2 tan
2
.VIDEO STANDARDS.
1.
JPEG
JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) was developed jointly by the
ISO and ITU-T. JPEG is a compression standard that is used for editing
of still images, as well as color facsimile, desktop publishing, graphic
arts, and medical imaging. JPEG is not appropriate for video
transmission, as the compression rate is in the range of only 20:130:1. JPEG transmission in support of videoconferencing requires
bandwidth in the range of 10 to 240 Mbps.
2.
MPEG
MPEG (Motion Picture Experts Group) standards are several and still in
final development stages. MPEG standards provide very high
compression levels and excellent presentation quality. MPEG is a joint
technical committee of the International Standards Organization (ISO)
and the IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission).
Television fundamentals
2-54
MPEG 1
Standardized in 1992, provides VHS (videotape) quality at 1.544
Mbps and is compatible with single-speed CD-ROM technology. In
fact, it was designed to put movies on compact disc. MPEG 1
integrates synchronous and isochronous audio with video, and
allows the random access required by interactive multimedia
applications.
MPEG 2
(1994) is the proposed standard for digital video at 4 to 100 Mbps
over transmission facilities capable of such support (fiber optics,
hybrid fiber/coax and satellite).
MPEG 2 already has found
application in Direct Broadcast Satellite (DBS) services, also
known as Direct Satellite Systems (DSS).
MPEG 3
Designed for HDTV application, was folded into MPEG-2 in 1992.
MPEG-4
A low bit-rate version intended for application in videophones and
other small-screen devices. It is still under development.
2-55
1.
Calculate the equivalent IRE unit of a video signal with a luminance of 72%.
A. 4.1 IRE units
B. 53.8 IRE units
C. 74.1 IRE units
D. 66.4 IRE units
2.
3.
frequency
4.
Calculate the decrease in horizontal details if the video signal bandwidth were
reduced from 4 to 3.5 MHz.
A. 458 to 322 pixels
B. 458 to 375 pixels
C. 428 to 375 pixels
D. 428 to 322 pixels
5.
Calculate the vertical resolution if the video signal bandwidth were reduced
from 4 to 3.5 MHz assuming that the horizontal resolution was not to change.
A. 307 lines
B. 337 lines
C. 327 lines
D. 317 lines
6.
7.
One-half line spacing between the start positions for scanning even and
odd fields produces
A. linear scanning
B. exact interlacing
C. fishtailing
D. line pairing
8.
Calculate the minimum recorder wavelength for an audio cassette recorder with
a tape speed of 1,875 ips, 12 kHz top recording frequency.
A. 0.364 mil
B. 0.567 mil
C. 0.156 mil
D. 0.87 mil
9.
What is the exact picture carrier frequency for channel 2 offset by -10 kHz?
A. 55.24 MHz
B. 55.34 MHz
C. 51.25 MHz
D. 55.75 MHz
Television fundamentals
2-56
10
after
B.
D.
G-Y
B-Y
17. Calculate the total number of picture elements (pixels) in an NTSC frame if the
video BW is 4.2 MHz. (Assume 0.7 Kell factor, 4/3 aspect ratio, and 10 s
retrace time)
A. 151,761 pixels
B. 211,161 pixels
C. 181,661 pixels
D. 192,416 pixels
18. A ghost is displaced 1 inch on a 13-inch diagonal TV screen. Determine the
time between signal receptions, and the difference in path lengths.
A. 3.53 km
B. 1.53 km
C. 2.53 km
D. 0.53 km
19. Weak emission from one cathode in a tricolor picture tube causes _____,
_____, and _____ in the raster and picture.
A. a stronger picture, a long warm up time, color balance
B. a weak picture, a long warm up time, and color imbalance
C. a stronger picture, a short warm up time, and color imbalance
D. a weak picture, a short warm up time, and color balance
20. Degaussing means _____ the picture tube with 60-Hz alternating current
from the power line.
A. de-energizing
B. magnetizing
C. energizing
D. demagnetizing
2-57
21. _____ correction signals can be inserted in series with the V and H coils of
the deflection yoke, to straighten the edges of the raster.
A. Gamma
B. Pincushion
C. Comb
D. Contrast
22. The PAL system in Europe uses a 625 lines/frame and 25frames/sec. Assuming
a video bandwidth of 5 MHz, determine the number of distinguishable picture
element, assuming 84% of each horizontal line and 90% percent of the 625
lines are visible.
A. 143,400
B. 122,400
C. 330,400
D. 302,400
23. Calculate the minimum viewing distance for an HDTV system assume that a
projector screen with a diagonal dimension of 1.4 m and an aspect ratio of 16:9
is used with 1125 vertical lines (90 suppressed).
A. 2.7 m
B. 2.23 m
C. 3.61 m
D. 1.8 m
green
cyan
25. Greater p-p amplitude of the 3.58-MHz chrominance signal indicates more
A. saturation
B. yellow
C. white
D. hue
26. Which of the following statements is true?
A. Negative transmission means that the carrier amplitude decreases for
white
B. Vestigial sideband transmission means that both upper and lower
sidebands are transmitted for all modulating frequencies
C. Vestigial sideband transmission means that the modulated picture
carrier signal has only the upper envelope
D. Negative transmission means that the carrier amplitude decreases for
black
27. With a 2-MHz video signal modulating the picture carrier signal for channel
4, which of the following frequencies are transmitted?
A. 67.25-MHz carrier frequency with 65.25-MHz upper side frequencies
B. 66-MHz carrier frequency and 68-MHz upper side frequency
C. 67.25-MHz carrier frequency and 69.25-MHz upper side frequency
D. 71.75-MHZ carrier frequency with 69- and 73-MHz side frequency
28. With a 0.5-MHz video signal modulating the picture carrier,
A. no side frequencies are transmitted
B. both upper and lower side frequencies are transmitted
C. only the upper side frequency is transmitted
D. only the lower side frequency is transmitted
Television fundamentals
2-58
29. Compared to a monochrome CRT, the accelerating voltage on a color CRT is:
A. about the same
B. much higher
C. much lower
D. color CRTs use magnetic acceleration
30. The horizontal lines scanned during vertical retraces are the ______ lines.
A. horizontal flyback
B. vertical sync
C. vertical flyback
D. horizontal blanking
31. Interfaced scanning eliminates _____ because of the ____ blanking rate,
while maintaining the _____ rate for complete picture frames.
A. flicker, 60-Hz vertical, 30-Hz
B. flicker, 30-Hz vertical, 15,750-Hz
C. ghost, 60-Hz vertical, 15,750-Hz
D. ghost, 15,750-Hz vertical, 30-Hz
32. The equalizing pulses and the serrations in the vertical pulse occur at halfline intervals with the frequency of _____ Hz.
A. 30
B. 60
C. 31,500
D. 15,750
33. Determine the ghost width on a TV
results from an object mi behind a
A. 151 in
C. 1.51 in
34. Calculate the ghost width for a 17-in wide TV screen when a reflected wave
results from an object 3/8 mi behind a receiver.
A. 12.8 in
B. 128 in
C. 0.128 in
D. 1.28 in
of
240
lines
B.
corresponds
4.2 MHz
to
video-frequency
C.
16 MHz
D.
24 MHz
37. In the CED system, the disk capacitance varies with the
A. disk size
B. wavelength of the scanning light
C. speed of rotation
D. pit depth
38. The part that rotates to meter out the tape at constant speed is the
A. control head
B. entrance guide
C. capstan
D. erase head
2-59
39. The modulated picture carrier wave includes the composite video signal as
the
A. upper envelope without the lower envelope
B. lower sideband without the upper sideband
C. average carrier level
D. symmetric envelope of amplitude variations
40. Calculate the horizontal resolution possible if the video modulating signal
bandwidth is 5 MHz.
A. 515 lines
B. 433 lines
C. 535 lines
D. 483 lines
41. Calculate the magnitude chrominance for color yellow.
A. 0.45
B. 0.69
C. 0.65
D. 0.21
42. Calculate the exact horizontal frequency if
th
to be the 286 harmonics of the horizontal
A. 15,735.27 Hz
B.
C. 15,750 Hz
D.
43. The average voltage value of the 3.58-MHz modulated chrominance signal
is
A. the saturation of the color
B. zero for most colors
C. the brightness of the color
D. close to black for yellow
44. The second IF value for color in receivers, for any station, is
A. 0.5 MHz
B. 1.3 MHz
C. 4.5 MHz
D. 3.58 MHz
45. If the 3.58-MHz C amplifier in the receiver does not operate, the result will
be
A. no color
B. too much blue
C. too much yellow
D. no red
46. _____ is done in the camera to compensate for the nonlinear drive
characteristics of the picture tube.
A. Error correction
B. Beam correction
C. Gamma correction
D. Contrast correction
47. Light flux for cameras usually is measured in _____.
A. Tesla
B. footcandles
C. luminous intensity
D. lux
48. Typical horizontal resolution in television receivers is _____
corresponding to ____ video-frequency response.
A. 331, 3.58-MHz
B. 428, 4.25-MHz
C. 312, 2.50-MHz
D. 250, 3.125-MHz
lines,
Television fundamentals
2-60
49. A _____ is a special camera tube with a test pattern printed on the image
plate.
A. plumbicon
B. iconoscope
C. monoscope
D. vidicon
50. What is the exact vertical frequency if there are 262.5 lines per field?
A. 50 Hz
B. 49.94 Hz
C. 60 Hz
D. 59.94 Hz
51. Calculate the exact color subcarrier frequency if this value is made to be the
th
455 harmonic of half of the horizontal frequency.
A. 3.58 MHz
B. 4.2 MHz
C. 3.579545 MHz
D. 4.5 MHz
52. The ______ is the current that flows in the target circuit when the camera
lens is capped for no light input.
A. flash current
B. leakage current
C. dark current
D. reverse current
53. _____ is an exponential value that specifies how white light values are
expanded or compressed, and this affects the contrast ratio.
A. Alpha
B. Gamma
C. Beta
D. Sigma
54. Which of the following camera
photoconductive target plate?
A. plumbicon
C. image orthicon
55. What is the exact
subcarrier?
A. 0.92 MHz
C. 0.920945 MHz
frequency
tubes
B.
D.
lead
oxide
(PbO)
for
the
vidicon
saticon
separation
B.
D.
uses
between
sound
carrier
and
color
0.920455 MHz
0.920495 MHz
56. Ability of monochrome receiver to use Y signal for picture in black and
white.
A. monotonacity
B. adaptability
C. compatibility
D. selectivity
57. The complementary color for blue, red and green are ____, ____, and
____ respectively.
A. cyan, yellow, magenta
B. magenta, yellow, cyan
C. cyan, magenta, yellow
D. yellow, cyan, magenta
58. Determine the total number of details for an NTSC frame if 42 lines are blanked
out because of vertical flyback. Used 0.7 Kell factor, 4.2 MHz video bandwidth.
A. 161, 751
B. 121, 221
C. 151, 761
D. 131, 231
2-61
59. Converting hue and saturation in the C signal to R, G, and B primary color
primary
B.
D.
color
video signals
to
hue
and
decoding
degaussing
61. How many flyback lines are produced during vertical retrace for each field and
each frame when the retrace time is 0.03V?
A. 8 and 16
B. 16 and 18
C. 18 and 16
D. 16 and 8
B.
D.
blue
cyan
blue
red
67. Pictures frames are repeated at the rate of ____ per second.
A. 60
B. 50
C. 30
D. 25
68. The number if scanning lines is ______ per frame.
A. 262.5
B. 625
C. 15,750
D. 525
69. In all standard television broadcast
picture and sound carrier frequencies
A. 0.25 MHz
C. 4.5 MHz
2-62
Television fundamentals
70. The beat frequency between the 3.58-MHz color subcarrier and the 4.5MHz sound signal is
A. 3.58 MHz
B. 4.8 MHz
C. 4.5 MHz
D. 0.92 MHz
71. Which control varies the phase angle of the demodulated color video
signal?
A. picture
C. tint
B.
D.
drive
color level
72. Which of the following stages must be on during horizontal flyback time?
A. R Y vido amplifier
B. Chroma BPA
C. Burst separator
D. Y video amplifier
73. Picture tubes have two black conductive coating made of ______.
A. Tellurium
B. Phospor
C. Aquadag
D. Arsenic
74. The _____ of the picture tube is
deflected without touching the sides
A. deflection angle
C. optical angle
75. _____ adjustments cause the three electron beams to excite the correct
colors on the screen.
A. Comb
B. Color
C. Convergence
D. Gamma
76. Picture tubes with an anode voltage of _____ can emit x-rays.
A. 20 to 30 GV
B. 200 to 300 MV
C. 20 to 30 kV
D. 200 to 300 kV
77. What are the lower and upper side frequencies for 200-kHz color video
modulation in the 3.58-MHz bandpass amplifier?
A. 3.28 and 6.78 MHz
B. 3.38 and 3.78 MHz
C. 3.28 and 5.48 MHz
D. 3.38 and 6.28 MHz
78. The number of lines scanned per frame in the raster on the picture tube
screen is
A. 10
B. 262
C. 20
D. 525
79. In the
skipped
A. the
B. the
C. the
D. the
2-63
10 s
6.4 s
B.
D.
56 s
83 s
83. For a 4-MHz video signal, the number of horizontal details in a line is ____.
A. 525
B. 331
C. 426
D. 645
84. Assume a facsimile reproduction with specifications of 200 lines per frame,
progressive scanning, and 5 frames per second. Calculate the video
frequency corresponding to 100 total black-and-white elements in a line.
A. 52 kHz
B. 5.2 kHz
C. 0.52 kHz
D. 520 kHz
85. The circuit that combines C signal and Y luminance signal.
A. color stacker
B. Colorplexer
C. Combiner
D. comb filter
86. Retraces are not visible because of _____ pulses.
A. sync
B. blanking
C. black
D. serration
87. Black on the picture tube screen results from _____ beam current.
A. negative
B. maximum
C. zero
D. positive
88. Determine the total number of picture elements possible for the entire image if
the video bandwidth is 4 MHz and 70% utilization factor is used.
A. 104,000
B. 144,000
C. 184,000
D. 124,000
89. Assume a facsimile reproduction with specifications of 200 lines/frame,
progressive scanning, and 5 frame/sec. Calculate the visible trace time for one
line with 4% blanking.
A. 9.6 s
B.
960 s
C. 0.96 s
D.
90 s
Television fundamentals
2-64
90. The modulation used for the chroma signal in a standard NTSC color TV
receiver is:
A. SSB
C. suppressed-carrier AM
B.
D.
vestigial sideband AM
FM
B.
D.
electrostatic
magnetostatic
B.
blue
C.
cyan
D.
for
magenta
color
B.
D.
yellow
is
167,
what
is
the
phase
34.7
347
10.5 s
63.5 s
15.625 s
0.125 s
B.
D.
frequency
response
B.
D.
corresponding
to
the
horizontal
4 MHz
4.2 MHz
98. Consider a video signal that has a resolution of 640x480 pixels, with a frame
rate 0f 30 Hz using progressive scanning. The luma signal is sampled using 8
bits/sample. The two chroma channels also use 8 bits/sample, but the color
resolution is that is used for luma. Find the approximate bit rate for this
signal, neglecting synchronization, error correction, and compression.
A. 110.6 Mbps
B. 1.6 Mbps
C. 10.6 Mbps
D. 11.6 Mbps
B.
D.
lumens
NTSC units
peak white
whiter than white
2-65
102. The _____ is deflected horizontally and vertically to fill the screen area.
A. permanent magnet
B. yoke
C. electron beam
D. raster
103. What is the hue of a color 90 leading sync burst phase?
A. blue
B. cyan
C. orange
D. yellow
104. How much time passes between one vertical pulse in an odd field and the
next in an even field?
A. V
B. H
C. 8% of V
D. 8% of H
105. The back porch is ____ longer than the front porch
A. 3x
B. 4x
C. 2x
D. 8x
106. Which of the following camera tubes has minimum lag?
A. plumbicon
B. saticon
C. vidicon
D. iconoscope
107.Calculate the total percentage of the
horizontal, and active video respectively.
signal
time
occupied
by
vertical,
A.
C.
B.
D.
108.A certain receiver has a vertical retrace time of 0.025V, where V is the time for
one field. How many horizontal lines does this represent?
A. 2.1
B. 3.3
C. 6.6
D. 4.2
Television fundamentals
2-66
111.Under ideal conditions, the eye can resolve two details subtending 0.5 minutes
of arc. Suppose a monitor screen 30 cm wide is located 1.5 m from a viewer.
What video bandwidth would be required to separate horizontal details in the
center of the screen by 0.5 minutes of arc assuming NTSC video?
A. 4.5 MHz
B. 1.5 MHz
C. 5.1 MHz
D. 12.9 MHz
component
composite color signal, in-phase color component, quadrature phase color
component
composite video signal, in-phase video component, quadrature video color
component
a method of demodulating stereo sound
115. The modulation used for the video signal in a standard NTSC color TV receiver
is:
A.
C.
SSB
suppressed-carrier AM
B.
D.
vestigial sideband AM
FM
2-67
121. Video signal amplitude determines the picture quality called _____
A. contrast
B. resolution
C. color saturation
D. brightness
122. Scanning in the receiver is timed correctly by _____ pulses.
A. retrace
B. serration
C. sync
D. blanking
123. The modulation used for the audio signal in a standard NTSC color TV receiver
is:
A.
C.
SSB
suppressed-carrier AM
B.
D.
vestigial sideband AM
FM
124. The amount of color saturation in the picture depends on the amount of
_____ signal.
A. blanking
B. chrominance
C. luminance
D. contrast
125. _____ convergence adjustments vary the correction current in the coils of
the convergence yoke.
A. Passive
B. Static
C. Dynamic
D. Fixed
126. Camera signal output without sync is called
A. black burst
B. generator lock video
C. noncomposite video
D. composite video
127. A low-contrast picture in which white seems flat and lacking in detail
suggests.
A. excessive gamma
B. high gain in the preamplifier
C. insufficient scanning width
D. low beam current
128. The part of the visible spectrum where camera pickup tubes have the
greatest output is
A. infrared
B. yellow-green
C. blue
D. red
129. The horizontal line-scanning frequency is _____
A. 30 Hz
B. 60 Hz
C. 525 Hz
D. 15,750 Hz
B.
D.
1.4
2.2
Television fundamentals
2-68
B.
D.
G-Y
Y-R