Collaboration of state and other agencies for the empowerment of women in

India can be noticed since 1984 with the implementation of Womens

development programme (WDP) which seeded lines for MS Programme
(Mahila samakhya). The works of Paulo Freire The Pedagogy of the
Oppressed (1970) and Development Alternative with Womens for a new Era
(DAWN) a regional network of feminist scholars and activists also influenced
the view of political and institutional structure towards women and the need
to educate and empower them to bring them into the mainstreams of social
and political structures, many other theories and programmes contributed
towards upliftment of women and their empowerment in 1980s and 90s
advocates core issues like self-awareness and consciousness among
womens, easy access to education and information to generate skill sets,
upliftment of their organizational roles and bringing alternative educational
opportunities for womens and girls.
There are certain criticisms against the philosophies of empowerment like
one given by David Harvey he emphasized that market is the main driver of
social and community development as a whole and there should be
entrepreneurial freedoms within an institutional which framework
characterizes strong private property rights, free markets and free trades
and state should focus on maximizing the market reach and transactions so
in this sense all the welfare programmes shall be put off as they are
hindering the activities of self-dependent and autonomous subjects (who
dont depend on the charity of state) to take part in the market activities for
their own interests and in turn enhance the wellbeing of society as a whole.
World Bank also centered major concerns like poverty, environment, social
and gender concerns by social inclusions to uplift socially and economically
marginalized people and bringing them in mainstream and recognized
womens as a key fringe group that needed to be empowered and participate
in equitable benefit sharing out of the society attempt was majorly focused
on educating and empowering women to bring in sustainable development
that is people centered and gender conscious so that who are marginalized
and deprived will turn into producers of their own welfare and bounty and not
only rely on state and government for charity and aid, Making markets work
in more gender equitable ways can significantly raise womens productivity
and incomes and contribute to economic growth - World Bank(2006) but
until 1999 only 9% of World Banks budget was devoted towards social
empowering programmes. There also been efforts to scale the equality in
terms of gender and empowerment like GEM (Gender Empowerment
Measure) which involves womens representation in any sphere (Social,
political and institutional) in relation to men but the applications of GEM is
questionable due to its contextually specific and self-defined nature.

Sijju wala part-

The author points out the factors that are preventing the full-scale
application of the empowerment programmes through the lens of different
lives in the society. Indian society is segmented into various groups based on
caste, class and work. The reach of the Govt. programmes to the
marginalized section is obstructed by the prevailing corruption in every level
of governmental and non-governmental agencies. In rural India, inspite of
the Panchayati Raj system, the power is mostly concentrated at the hands of
the higher caste section.