Energetska Elektrotehnika Eng

2.2.
2 Voltage drop
In an electrical installation it is important to evaluate voltage drops from the

point of supply to the load.
The performance of a device may be impaired if supplied with a voltage

different from its rated voltage. For example:
motors: the torque is proportional to the square of the supply voltage; therefore,
if the voltage drops, the starting torque shall also decrease, making it more
difficult to start up motors; the maximum torque shall also decrease;
incandescent lamps: the more the voltage drops the weaker the beam
becomes and the light takes on a reddish tone;
discharge lamps: in general, they are not very sensitive to small variations in
voltage, but in certain cases, great variation may cause them to switch off;
electronic appliances: they are very sensitive to variations in voltage and

that is why they are fitted with stabilizers;
electromechanical devices: the reference Standard states that devices such as
contactors and auxiliary releases have a minimum voltage below which their
performances cannot be guaranteed. For a contactor, for example, the holding
of the contacts becomes unreliable below 85% of the rated voltage.
To limit these problems the Standards set the following limits:
IEC 60364-5-52 Electrical installations of buildings. Selection and erection of

electrical equipment - Wiring systems Clause 525 states that in the absence
of other considerations it is recommended that in practice the voltage drop
between the origin of consumers installation and the equipment should not be
greater than 4% of the rated voltage of the installation. Other considerations
include start-up time for motors and equipment with high inrush current.
Temporary conditions such as voltage transients and voltage variation due to
abnormal operation may be disregarded.
IEC 60204-1Safety of machinery Electrical equipment of machines

General requirements Clause 13.5 recommends that: the voltage drop
from the point of supply to the load shall not exceed 5% of the rated
voltage under normal operating conditions.
IEC 60364-7-714 Electrical installations of buildings - Requirements for special

installations or locations - External lighting installations Clause 714.512
requires that the voltage drop in normal service shall be compatible with the
conditions arising from the starting current of the lamps.
2.2 Installation and dimensioning of cables
L [km] is the length of the conductor;
2 Protection of feeders
n is the number of conductors in parallel per phase;
Voltage drop calculation
r [/km] is the resistance of the single cable per kilometre;
For an electrical conductor with impedance Z, the voltage drop is
calculated by the following formula:
x [/km] is the reactance of the single cable per kilometre;
L
( r cos + xsin ) [V]
cos is the power factor of the load: sin
= 1- cos2 .
(1)
Normally, the percentage value in relation to the rated value U r is calculated by:
U = kZIb = kIb n
u%=
U
100
(2)
where
k is a coefficient equal to:
2 for single-phase and two-phase systems;

-
for three-phase systems;
Ib [A] is the load current; if no information are available, the cable carrying
capacity Iz shall be considered;
Ur
Resistance and reactance values per unit of length are set out on the
following table by cross-sectional area and cable formation, for 50 Hz; in
case of 60 Hz, the reactance value shall be multiplied by 1.2.
56
ABB SACE - Electrical devices
57

single-core cable
two-core/three-core cable
S
r[/km]
Table 1: Resistance and reactance per unit of length of copper cables
x[/km]
r[/km]
x[/km]
2
[mm ]
5.57
@ 80 [C]
0.143
5.68
@ 80 [C]
0.101
1.5
14.8
0.168
15.1
0.118
6
3.71
0.135
3.78
0.0955
2.5
8.91
0.156
9.08
0.109
10
2.24
0.119
2.27
0.0861
0.334
0.0751
16
1.41
0.112
95
1.43
0.236
0.0817
0.0975
25
0.241
0.889
0.0762
0.106
0.907
0.0813
35
0.641
0.101
0.654
120
0.0783
0.188
50
0.0939
0.473
0.191
0.101
0.074
0.483
0.0779
70
0.328
0.0965
150
0.153
0.0928
0.157
0.0745
Table 2: Resistance and reactance per unit of length of

aluminium cables
single-core cable
two-core/three-core cable
185
0.123
r[/km]
0.0908
x[/km]
0.125
r[/km]
0.0742
x[/km]
240
[mm ]
0.0943
@ 80 [C]
0.0902
0.0966
@ 80 [C]
0.0752
300
0.0761
0.0895
0.078
0.075
1.5
24.384
0.168
24.878
0.118
1.494
2.5
0.0813
14.680
35
0.156
1.056
14.960
0.101
0.109
1.077
0.0783
9.177
50
0.143
0.779
9.358
0.101
0.101
0.796
0.0779
6.112
70
0.135
0.540
6.228
0.0965
0.0955
0.550
10
0.0751
3.691
95
0.119
0.389
3.740
0.0975
0.0861
0.397
16
0.0762
2.323
120
0.112
0,310
2.356
0.0939
0.0817
0.315
25
0.074
1.465
150
0.106
0.252
0.0928
0.259
0.0745
185
0.203
0.0908
0.206
The following tables show the Ux [V/(A km)] values by cross

section and formation of the cable according to the most
common cos values.
0.0742
240
0.155
Table 3: Specific voltage drop at cos = 1 for copper cables
0.0902
0.159
0.0752
300
0.125
cos = 1
0.0895
0.129
0.075
single-core cable
two-core cable three-core cable
2
S[mm ]
single-phase
three-phase
single-phase
three-phase
1.5
29.60
25.63
30.20
2.82
26.15
2.44
2.86
2.48
2.5
17.82
15.43
25
18.16
1.78
15.73
1.54
1.81
11.14
1.57
9.65
11.36
9.84
6
7.42
6.43
7.56
35
6.55
1.28
10
1.11
4.48
1.31
3.88
1.13
4.54
3.93
16
0.33
150
0.31
0.27
50
0.31
0.95
0.27
0.82
185
0.97
0.25
0.84
0.21
0.25
0.22
240
0.19
0.16
0.19
70
0.17
0.66
0.57
0.67
0.58
95
0.47
0.41
300
0.48
0.15
0.42
0.13
120
0.16
0.38
0.14
0.33
0.38
16.44
14.24
4
10.15
Table 4: Specific voltage drop at cos = 0.9 for copper cables
8.79
10.31
8.93
6
6.80
cos = 0.9
5.89
6.89
5.96
10
4.14
single-core cable
3.58
4.16
S[mm ]
single-phase
three-phase
single-phase
three-phase
1.5
26.79
23.20
27.28
23.63
2.5
16.17
14.01
3.60
16
2.64
2.28
2.65
2.29
25
1.69
1.47
1.70
1.48
35
1.24
1.08
0.35
1.25
150
1.08
0.36
50
0.31
0.94
0.35
0.81
0.30
0.94
185
0.81
0.30
70
0.26
0.67
0.29
0.58
0.25
0.67
240
0.58
0.25
95
0.22
0.51
0.24
0.44
0.21
0.50
300
0.43
0.22
120
0.19
0.42
0.21
0.36
0.18
0.41
58
59
13.47
cos = 0.85
single-core cable
2
S[mm ]
9.62
single-phase
8.33
three-phase
9.76
single-phase
8.45
three-phase
1.5
6.45
25.34
5.59
21.94
6.53
25.79
5.65
22.34
10
3.93
3.41
3.95
3.42
16
2.51
2.5
15.31
13.26
15.55
2.18
2.52
2.18
25
1.62
1.41
1.63
1.41
35
1.20
1.04
150
1.19
0.36
1.03
0.31
50
0.35
0.91
0.30
0.79
0.90
0.78
70
0.66
0.57
0.65
185
0.56
0.30
95
0.26
0.50
0.29
0.44
0.25
0.49
0.42
120
0.42
0.36
0.40
0.35
240
0.26
0.22
0.24
single-core cable
0.21
2
S[mm ]
single-phase
three-phase
single-phase
three-phase
1.5
300
0.22
0.19
0.21
0.18
23.88
20.68
24.30
21.05
2.5
14.44
12.51
14.66
12.69
4
9.08
7.87
9.21
7.98
6
6.10
cos = 0.8
5.28
6.16
5.34
0.62
10
0.54
3.73
95
3.23
0.49
3.74
0.43
3.23
0.48
16
0.41
2.39
120
2.07
0.41
2.39
0.36
2.07
0.39
25
0.34
1.55
150
1.34
0.36
1.55
0.31
1.34
0.34
35
0.29
1.15
185
0.99
0.31
1.14
0.26
0.99
0.29
50
0.25
0.88
240
0.76
0.26
0.87
0.22
0.75
0.24
70
0.21
0.64
300
0.55
0.23
0.20
0.21
0.19
Table 7: Specific voltage drop at cos=0.75 for copper cables
cos = 0.75
single-core cable
2
S[mm ]
single-phase
three-phase
single-phase
three-phase
1.5
22.42
19.42
22.81
19.75
3.05
16
2.26
1.96
2.5
2.25
13.57
1.95
11.75
25
13.76
1.47
11.92
1.28
1.47
1.27
35
1.10
0.95
1.08
4
8.54
7.40
8.65
7.49
6
5.74
4.97
5.80
5.02
10
3.52
3.05
3.52
0.94
50
0.84
0.73
0.83
0.72
70
0.62
0.54
0.60
0.52
95
0.48
0.42
0.46
0.25
0.40
120
0.41
0.35
0.38
0.33
240
0.26
0.23
0.24
0.21
150
0.35
0.31
0.33
0.29
300
0.23
0.20
0.22
0.19
185
0.30
0.26
0.29
18.35
Table 8: Specific voltage drop at cos = 1 for aluminium cables
15.89
18.72
16.21
6
12.22
cos = 1
10.59
12.46
10.79
10
7.38
single-core cable
6.39
7.48
S[mm ]
single-phase
three-phase
single-phase
three-phase
1.5
48.77
42.23
49.76
43.09
2.5
29.36
25.43
29.92
25.91
4
6.48
16
4.65
4.02
4.71
4.08
25
2.93
2.54
2.99
2.59
35
2.11
1.83
2.15
1.87
50
150
1.56
0.50
1.35
0.44
1.59
0.52
1.38
0.45
70
185
1.08
0.41
0.94
0.35
1.10
0.41
0.95
0.36
95
240
0.78
0.31
0.67
0.27
0.79
0.32
0.69
0.28
120
300
0.62
0.25
0.54
0.22
0.63
0.26
0.55
0.22
60
61
Table 9: Specific voltage drop at cos = 0.9 for aluminium cables
2.5
26.56
23.00
27.02
23.40
cos = 0.9
single-core cable
2
S[mm ]
16.64
single-phase
14.41
three-phase
16.93
single-phase
14.66
three-phase
6
1.5
11.12
44.04
9.63
38.14
11.29
44.88
9.78
38.87
10
6.75
5.84
6.81
5.89
16
4.28
120
3.71
0.64
4.31
0.55
3.73
0.63
25
0.55
2.73
2.36
2.76
2.39
35
1.99
1.72
150
2.01
0.53
1.74
0.46
50
0.53
1.49
0.46
1.29
1.50
1.30
70
1.06
0.92
1.06
0.91
185
95
0.44
0.78
0.38
0.68
0.44
0.78
0.38
0.68
cos = 0.85
240
0.36
0.31
0.35
single-core cable
0.30
S[mm ]
single-phase
three-phase
single-phase
three-phase
1.5
41.63
300
36.05
0.30
42.42
0.26
36.73
0.30
2.5
0.26
25.12
21.75
25.55
22.12
4
15.75
13.64
16.02
13.87
1.43
1.24
10.53
70
9.12
1.02
10.69
0.88
9.26
1.01
10
0.88
6.40
95
5.54
0.76
6.45
0.66
5.58
0.76
16
0.65
4.07
120
3.52
0.63
4.09
0.54
3.54
0.61
25
0.53
2.60
2.25
2.63
2.27
35
1.90
1.65
150
1.91
0.53
1.66
0.46
50
0.52
1.43
0.45
1.24
185
0.44
0.38
0,43
cos = 0.8
0.37
240
0.36
0.31
0.35
0.30
300
single-core cable
2
S[mm ]
0.31
single-phase
0.27
three-phase
0.30
single-phase
0.26
three-phase
1.5
39.22
33.96
39.95
34.59
5.27
16
3.85
3.34
2.5
3.87
23.67
3.35
20.50
25
24.07
2.47
20.84
2.14
2.49
2.16
35
1.81
1.57
1.82
4
14.85
12.86
15.09
13.07
6
9.94
8.61
10.08
8.73
10
6.05
5.24
6.09
1.57
50
1.37
1.18
1.37
1.18
70
0.98
0.85
0.97
0.84
95
0.74
0.64
0.73
0.36
0.63
120
0.61
0.53
0.59
0.51
240
0.36
0.31
0.34
0.30
150
0.51
0.45
0.50
0.44
300
0.31
0.27
0.30
0.26
185
0.43
0.38
0.42
14.17
12.27
cos = 0.75
single-core cable
2
6
9.35
8.09
S[mm ]
9.47
single-phase
8.20
three-phase
10
single-phase
5.69
three-phase
4.93
1.5
5.72
36.80
4.96
31.87
16
37.47
3.63
32.45
3.15
2.5
3.64
22.23
3.15
19.25
25
22.58
2.34
19.56
2.02
4
2.35
13.95
2.03
12.08
35
1.72
0.57
1.49
0.49
1.72
150
1.49
0.50
50
0.43
1.30
0.49
1.13
0.42
1.30
185
1.12
0.42
70
0.37
0.94
0.41
0.81
0.35
0.92
240
0.80
0.35
95
0.31
0.71
0.34
0.62
0.29
0.70
300
0.60
0.31
120
0.27
0.59
0.29
0.51
0.25
62
63
u% =
.100=
2.03
.100= 0.51% Ur 400
Example 2
Example 1
To calculate a voltage drop on a three-phase cable with the following

specifications:
To calculate a voltage drop on a three-phase cable with the following

specifications:
rated voltage: 690 V;

rated voltage: 400 V;
cable length: 50 m;
cable length: 25 m;
cable formation: multi-core copper cable, 2x(3x10) mm ;

2
cable formation: single-core copper cable, 3x50 mm ;

load current Ib: 50 A;
load current Ib: 100 A;
power factor cos: 0.85.
power factor cos: 0.9.
From Table 4, for a 50 mm single-core cable it is possible to read that a

Ux voltage drop corresponds to 0.81 V/(Akm). By multiplying this value
by the length in km and by the current in A, it results:
From Table 5, for a multi-core 10 mm cable it is possible to read that Ux

voltage drop corresponds to 3.42 V/(Akm). By multiplying this value by the
length in km and by the current in A, and by dividing it by the number of
cables in parallel, it results:
U = U x
U = U x I b L = 0.81 100 0.025= 2.03 V
Ib
.
L
which corresponds to this percentage value:
= 3.42.50
0.05
= 4.28 V
Method for defining the cross section of the conductor according to

voltage drop in the case of long cables
In the case of long cables, or if particular design specifications impose low

limits for maximum voltage drops, the verification using as reference the
cross section calculated on the basis of thermal considerations (calculation
according to chapter 2.2.1 Current carrying capacity and methods of
installation) may have a negative result.
To define the correct cross section, the maximum Uxmax value calculated
by using the formula:
U
=
u% Ur
(3)
u% =
xmax
.100=
4.28
.100= 0.62% Ur 690
100 I b L
Ib
=
is compared with the corresponding values on Tables 4 12 by choosing the

smallest cross section with a Ux value lower than Uxmax.
Example:
Supply of a three-phase load with Pu = 35 kW (Ur=400 V, fr= 50 Hz,

cos=0.9) with a 140 m cable installed on a perforated tray, consisting of a
multi-core copper cable with EPR insulation.
= 56 A
Maximum permitted voltage drop 2%.
Load current Ib is:
Ur cos
Pu
.
35000
400 0.9
Formula (3) shows:
U
3
xmax
u% Ur
=
2% 400
The Table 8 of Chapter 2.2.1 shows S = 10 mm .
=1.02 V/(A km)
From Table 4, for the multi-core 10 mm cable it is possible to read that the
voltage drop per A and per km is 3.60 V/(Akm). By multiplying this value
by the length in km and by the current in A, it results:
. .
U = 3.60 I b L = 3.6 56 0.14 = 28.2 V
u% =
.100=
28.2
.100= 7.05% Ur 400
100 I b L
This value is too high.
. .
100 56 0.14
64
65
2
3. r . I . L
Pj =
[W]
1000 whereas single-phase losses are:
2
From Table 4 a cross section of 50 mm can be chosen. For this cross section Ux =
0.81< 1.02 V/(Akm).
2
2.r . I . L
By using this value it results:
Pj =
U = U x I b L = 0.81 56 0.14 = 6.35 V
[W]
1000
where:
Ib is the load current [A];
This corresponds to a percentage value of:

r is the phase resistance per unit of length of the cable at 80 C [/km] (see Table 1);
u% =
.100=
6.35
.100=1.6% Ur 400
2.2.3 Joule-effect losses
L is the cable length [m].
Table 1: Resistance values [/km] of single-core and multi-core cables in copper

and aluminium at 80 C
Joule-effect losses are due to the electrical resistance of the cable.
The lost energy is dissipated in heat and contributes to the heating of the conductor
and of the environment.
Single-core cable
Two-core/three-core cable
S
A first estimate of three-phase losses is:
10
2.24
3.691
2.27
2
[mm ]
3.740
Cu
16
AI
1.41
Cu
2.323
AI
1.43
1.5
2.356
14.8
25
24.384
0.889
15.1
1.465
24.878
0.907
2.5
1.494
8.91
35
14.680
0.641
9.08
1.056
14.960
0.654
1.077
5.57
50
9.177
0.473
5.68
0.779
9.358
0.483
0.796
3.71
70
6.112
0.328
3.78
0.540
6.228
0.334
0.550
185
95
0.123
0.236
0.203
0.389
0.125
0.241
0.206
0.397
240
120
0.0943
0.188
0.155
0.310
0.0966
0.191
0.159
0.315
300
150
0.0761
0.153
0.125
0.252
0.078
0.157
0.129
0.259

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2.2.

In an electrical installation it is important to evaluate voltage drops from the

The performance of a device may be impaired if supplied with a voltage

electronic appliances: they are very sensitive to variations in voltage and

To limit these problems the Standards set the following limits:

IEC 60364-5-52 Electrical installations of buildings. Selection and erection of

IEC 60204-1Safety of machinery Electrical equipment of machines

IEC 60364-7-714 Electrical installations of buildings - Requirements for special

2.2 Installation and dimensioning of cables

L [km] is the length of the conductor;

x [/km] is the reactance of the single cable per kilometre;

cos is the power factor of the load: sin

k is a coefficient equal to:

2 for single-phase and two-phase systems;

for three-phase systems;

ABB SACE - Electrical devices

ABB SACE - Electrical devices

2.2 Installation and dimensioning of cables

Table 1: Resistance and reactance per unit of length of copper cables

Table 2: Resistance and reactance per unit of length of

2.2 Installation and dimensioning of cables

The following tables show the Ux [V/(A km)] values by cross

Table 3: Specific voltage drop at cos = 1 for copper cables

Table 4: Specific voltage drop at cos = 0.9 for copper cables

ABB SACE - Electrical devices

2.2 Installation and dimensioning of cables

ABB SACE - Electrical devices

Table 5: Specific voltage drop at cos = 0.85 for copper cables

Table 6: Specific voltage drop at cos = 0.8 for copper cables

2.2 Installation and dimensioning of cables

Table 7: Specific voltage drop at cos=0.75 for copper cables

Table 8: Specific voltage drop at cos = 1 for aluminium cables

two-core cable three-core cable

ABB SACE - Electrical devices

2.2 Installation and dimensioning of cables

ABB SACE - Electrical devices

Table 9: Specific voltage drop at cos = 0.9 for aluminium cables

2.2 Installation and dimensioning of cables

ABB SACE - Electrical devices

ABB SACE - Electrical devices

2.2 Installation and dimensioning of cables

.100= 0.51% Ur 400

To calculate a voltage drop on a three-phase cable with the following

To calculate a voltage drop on a three-phase cable with the following

rated voltage: 690 V;

cable formation: multi-core copper cable, 2x(3x10) mm ;

cable formation: single-core copper cable, 3x50 mm ;

power factor cos: 0.85.

power factor cos: 0.9.

From Table 4, for a 50 mm single-core cable it is possible to read that a

From Table 5, for a multi-core 10 mm cable it is possible to read that Ux

U = U x I b L = 0.81 100 0.025= 2.03 V

which corresponds to this percentage value:

2.2 Installation and dimensioning of cables

Method for defining the cross section of the conductor according to

In the case of long cables, or if particular design specifications impose low

which corresponds to this percentage value:

.100= 0.62% Ur 690

is compared with the corresponding values on Tables 4 12 by choosing the

Supply of a three-phase load with Pu = 35 kW (Ur=400 V, fr= 50 Hz,

Load current Ib is:

Formula (3) shows:

The Table 8 of Chapter 2.2.1 shows S = 10 mm .

=1.02 V/(A km)