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CanwePlantourwayoutofthe
PollinatorHealthCrisis?

BeePollinatedCrops
GerardoCamilo,Ph.D.DepartmentofBiology
DamonHall,Ph.D.CenterforSustainability
PaigeMuiz,DepartmentofBiology
SaintLouisUniversity

DamonHall May2000

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GerardoCamilo May1986

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Ifthebeedisappearsfromthesurfaceoftheearth,
manwouldhavenomorethanfouryearstolive.
AlbertEinstein

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PollinatingbyHand

DeclinesintheAbundanceofWildBees

Koh,I.,Lonsdorf,E.V.,Williams,N.M.,Brittain,C.,Isaacs,R.,Gibbs,J.,&Ricketts,T.H.2016.Modelingthestatus,trends,and
impactsofwildbeeabundanceintheUnitedStates.,113(1),140145. ProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciences8

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CausesofInsectPollinatorLosses
1. HabitatLoss
Rurallandstosuburban/urban
ChangesinAgricultural
Practices
LandUseIntensification
2. ChemicalIndustryAdvances
3. BeeDiseases&Pests
4. LackofFlowers
5. Others known&unknown

1.HabitatLosses

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2.Neonicotinoids
Neo Nic O Tin Oids
ClassofNicotinebased chemicalsintroducedin1990s
Systemicinsecticide
Effectiveformanypests(JapaneseBeetles,aphids,etc.)
Currently1/3ofallglobalInsecticideuseisa
Neonicotinoid
Wildbees,andparticularlysolitarybees,maybe
muchmorestronglyaffectedthandomestic
honeybees.(Goulson 2013;2015)
BannedintheEuropeanUnionin2013
LargestproducersSyngenta(Swiss)&Bayer(GER)
Goulson, D.,Nicholls,E.,Botas,C.,&Rotheray,E.L. 2015.Beedeclinesdrivenbycombinedstressfromparasites,pesticides,
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andlackofflowers.Science,347(6229),1255957.

2.NeonicotinoidUse ImidaclopridUsebyYear&Crop
(I Mid A Clo Prid)

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Source:U.S.GeologicalSurvey.2016.NationalWaterQuality
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AssessmentProgram.https://water.usgs.gov/nawqa/pnsp/usage/maps

Source:U.S.GeologicalSurvey.2016.NationalWaterQuality
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AssessmentProgram.https://water.usgs.gov/nawqa/pnsp/usage/maps

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Source:U.S.GeologicalSurvey.2016.NationalWaterQuality
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AssessmentProgram.https://water.usgs.gov/nawqa/pnsp/usage/maps

Source:U.S.GeologicalSurvey.2016.NationalWaterQuality
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AssessmentProgram.https://water.usgs.gov/nawqa/pnsp/usage/maps

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Source:U.S.GeologicalSurvey.2016.NationalWaterQuality
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AssessmentProgram.https://water.usgs.gov/nawqa/pnsp/usage/maps

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Source:U.S.GeologicalSurvey.2016.NationalWaterQuality
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AssessmentProgram.https://water.usgs.gov/nawqa/pnsp/usage/maps

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Source:U.S.GeologicalSurvey.2016.NationalWaterQuality
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AssessmentProgram.https://water.usgs.gov/nawqa/pnsp/usage/maps

DeclinesintheAbundanceofWildBees

Koh,I.,Lonsdorf,E.V.,Williams,N.M.,Brittain,C.,Isaacs,R.,Gibbs,J.,&Ricketts,T.H.2016.Modelingthestatus,trends,and
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impactsofwildbeeabundanceintheUnitedStates.,113(1),140145. ProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciences

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Koh,I.,Lonsdorf,E.V.,Williams,N.M.,Brittain,C.,Isaacs,R.,Gibbs,J.,&Ricketts,T.H.2016.Modelingthestatus,trends,and
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impactsofwildbeeabundanceintheUnitedStates.,113(1),140145. ProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciences

bumblebee(Bombus impatiens),hornfaced bee(Osmia cornuta)

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IPBES.2016.

2013August19.Time.

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NationalStrategyforPollinatorHealthTaskForce
June20,2014 PresidentialMemorandum
creatingaPollinatorHealthTaskForce(14
FederalAgencies)

May19,2015 NationalStrategyReleased
June22,2016 ActionPlanReleased

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OurQuestion:CanwePlantourwayoutofthis
PollinatorHealthCrisis?
Whatrolescancitiesplay?
Howcanwedevelopcommunitiesinawaythataddsbeehabitat?
Canweplantintelligently/strategically?
Thisprojectaimstotestthisquestionataneighborhoodscale.

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WorkshopOutline
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

IntroducingtheQuestion(Damon&Camilo)
TheResearch TheBeesofSt.Louis(Camilo)
BeeBiology101(Camilo&Paige)
BeeIdentification101(Paige)
ThisStudy:Whatcanresidentsdotoenhancehabitat?
(Camilo&Damon)

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2016StudySites

CommunityGardens
UrbanFarms
PrairiePockets
VacantLots

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MorningPreSamplingMeeting

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Sampling

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GeneralFindings:
Citieshavediversepopulationsofnativebees
Berkeley,CA(Frankieetal.2005;2016),Chicago,IL(Tonietto etal.2011;Lowensteinetal.
2014),NewYorkCity,NY(Mattesonetal.2008;Matteson&Langellotto 2009),Phoenix,AZ
(Caneetal.2006),SanFrancisco,CA(McFrederick &LeBuhn 2006),St.Louis,MO(Camiloet
al.2016)

Berlin,Germany(Saure etal.1998),
Birmingham,Bristol,Cardiff,Dundee,Edinburg,Glasgow,Hull,Leeds,Leicester,
London,Northampton,Reading,Sheffield,Southampton,Swindon,United
Kingdom(Goulson etal.2008;Baldocketal.2015;Sirohi etal.2015),
Melbourne,Australia(Threfall etal.2015),
GuanacasteProvince,CostaRica(Frankieetal.2013),
Vancouver,Canada(Tommasi etal.2004),

Inseveralcases,morediverseandabundantpopulationsofnativebeeslivein
citiesthaninnearbyrurallandscapes
(Baldocketal.2015;Caneetal.2006;Frankieetal.,2009;Mattesonetal.2008;Osborneetal.2008;Verboven etal.2014;Sirohi etal.2015)
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SomehowCitiesareaRefugeforbees

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BeeBiology

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PollinationandPollinators

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PollenCollection

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FAQs
1.Howdobeessee?
2.Howfarbeesfly;Averageforageranges?
3.Lifespan?
4.Whatarethesignsthatmyplantsarenot
gettingpollinated?
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Whatquestionsdoyouhave?

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BeeBasics
IntheUSthereareroughly4,500beespecies
Missourihas~450beespeciesin6 distinctfamilies
St.Louishassome150species

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BeeBasics
Mostbeesaresolitary(90%NA)
Noqueenworkercastesystem
Nocolony

Solitaryvssocial(eusocial)
Nestlocation
Groundnesters:70%NA

Specialistvsgeneralist

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Stinging
Allbeesdonotsting.
Onlyfemaleshavestingersandamongthose,
notallhaveahiveorcolonytodefend.
Beeswillalwaysbemoreinterestedin
pollinatingflowersthanbotheringtosting
you.
A1997studyshowedthatover90%of
emergencyroomvisitsduetostingswere
causedbywasps,NOTbees.
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Whatquestionsdoyouhave?

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TheConsistentDriverofPollinatorHealthis
Floralresources ThePresenceofFlowersforforage!

Scheper J,Holzschuh A,Kuussaari M,PottsSG,Rundlf M,SmithHG,KleijnD.2013.Environmentalfactorsdriving

theeffectivenessofEuropeanagrienvironmentalmeasuresinmitigatingpollinatorlossametaanalysis.
EcologyLetters,16(7):912920.
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ProjectQuestion:CanNeighborhoodsPlant
enoughFlowerstoIncreaseBeeSpeciesDiversity?
LongtermSamplingSites

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Ward23

LowestbeeSpecies
Diversityinthecity

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HollyHills
2nd Lowestbee
SpeciesDiversityin
thecity

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HollyHills

(2015Season)

Ward23 Mallinckrodt

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1.PlantflowerswithhighFoodValuetoPollinators
Aimistoprovideflowerresources:
EarlyintheSpring
LateintheFall
Differentflowersizesattract
differentsizedbees
Patienceittakestimefornative
flowerbedstoestablish

Stinglessbee

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Fromthis

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Tothis

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Plantflowers

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2.Lawns

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WhiteClover,Trifolium repens

YellowWoodSorrel,Oxalisstricta

CreepingCharlie,
Groundivy
Glechomahederacea

CreepingThyme,
Prunella vulgaris

Purslane,
Portulaca oleracea

Dandelion,Taraxacum officinale

Selfheal,Prunella vulgaris

Buckhorn/Narrowleaf plantain,
Plantago lanceolata

CommonViolet,
Violasororia

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2.SlowyourMow:Lawnscanhavevaluableforage
2014Study,HomeownersMowed:
1.Onceeveryweek
2.Onceevery2weeks
=60%increaseinbeesspecies
3.Onceevery3weeks
=300%increaseinbeespecies

Lerman,S.B.,&Milam,J.(2016).BeeFaunaandFloralAbundanceWithinLawnDominated
90
SuburbanYardsinSpringfield,MA.AnnalsoftheEntomologicalSocietyofAmerica,preprint.

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Itdoesnot havetobelikethis

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3.AvoidNeonicotinoids
A.Insecticidesprays onShelves

B.PlantstreatedwithNeonics

RedcrossoutscontainImidacloprid;
YellowcontainAcetamiprid
Larson,J.L.,Redmond,C.T.,&Potter,D.A.2013.Assessinginsecticidehazardto
bumblebeesforagingonfloweringweedsintreatedlawns.PLoS ONE,8(6):17.

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4.BareGround

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4.Leavebaregroundnearplantsyouwantpollinated.

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5.NativeBeeCondos

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SummaryofResearch
We:
Sampleareasforbeediversitybefore interactingwithparticipants
Documentexistingyardmanagementpractices
Encourageresidentstoplant,reducemowing,
Continuouslysample;Measureeffectivenessintermsofbeespecies
diversity(notjustareaplanted)biweekly
Monitorbeepopulationsseveralyearsinthefuture
Suggestmanagementpracticesthatworkevidencedbythenumbers

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Whatquestionsdoyouhave?

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ATaleofTwoGardens
Lindenwood ParkCommunityGardenvs.TowerGroveEastCommunityGarden
4 beespeciesfound
20speciesfound

3miles

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Lindenwood ParkCommunityGarden

TowerGroveEastCommunityGarden

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Lindenwood ParkCommunityGardenvs.TowerGroveEastCommunityGarden
4speciesfound
20speciesfound

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AdditionalSteps
1.Signupthroughourwebsite:
www.SustainabilityScienceLab.org/Bees
2.Ifyouareinthestudyarea&youare
managingforpollinators,
Wouldyoulikeayardsign?SeeMolly.

3.DoyouhaveaPollinatorLoversYard,?EmailusPics!!
4.Ifyouareinthestudyarea,tellyourneighborsaboutthisstudy.
Takeextramaterialsforthem.Havethemsignupviawebsitefor
moreinfo.
5.MoreResources:http://www.sustainabilitysciencelab.org/

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Acknowledgements
MissouriDepartmentofConservation,SaintLouisUniversity,Universityof
Michigan,CornellUniversity
MikeArduser,ErinShank,EdSpevak,Ph.D.,MichaelQuartuch,Ph.D.,Hannah
Reinhart,HannahReinhart,IvettePerfecto,Ph.D.
TheBillikenBeeLab:ChrisBanatoi,RenaBlack,RachelBrandt,AndreaBurr,
KenFujita,JiHeyKim,MollyLaycob,TierraLeilard,HaleyLetherbarrow,
LaurenMerchant,AngelaMyers,AnneNora,JordynRiehn,CamilleBuckley,
BrianAbboud,JessicaVonBockel,AlexRader,EmilyPfifier,GabbyPouncil,
Amanada Sebesta,NicoleSchaeg,DanielStarvos,RebeccaTonietto,Alex
Vavra,DavidWilton,PaulWiniecki
BeeCampusUSA,PopUpPrairie,SustainableBackyardTour,STLBeekeepers,
BrightSide St.Louis,GatewayGreening
ChristyCunningham,PureAirNatives&DJMEcological,PastorBillWilson,
TimothyLutheranChurch,HollyHillsNeighborhoodImprovement
Association,GregMick,JoeVaccaro,AnnetteBridges,
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SignsAvailabletothemost
Activeparticipantswithin
theStudySites

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