For Identification This happen as nonverbal symbols signal ones individually, gender, age, ethnicity,

personality, and group membership which are communicated primarily through physical appearance.
For Distinguishing relationship Nonverbal symbols signal whether a relationship is intimate or controlled
as communicated primarily through, gaze, touch, and proximity.
For expressing emotion Nonverbal cues signal basic emotional states and express social intentions usually
through facial and vocal expressions.
For delivery- Nonverbal channels convey verbal messages through voice and gestures and can support,
modify, and replace spoken message.
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Reinforcement The amount of redundancy nonverbal communication adds to the verbal message
Substitution Using a nonverbal action or cue instead of speaking
Contradiction The use of a nonverbal message to negate the verbal message
Accentuation The use of nonverbal cues to intensify the verbal message
Regulation The turn taking cues of conversational order
Bulan and De Leon (2003), On the other hand, focus their discussion of non-verbal function in terms of the
notion of interrelatedness or interrelationship between verbal and non-verbal behavior.
REPEATING
CONTRADICTING
SUBSTITUTING
COMPLENTING
ACCENTING
RELATING AND REGULATING
Reinforcement- the amount of redundancy nonverbal communication adds to the verbal message for
example if you say Hi or Bye you will probably wave your hand also, and if you say youre hungry you might
rub your stomach. If something tastes bad you would express your dislike accompanied with a disgusted look
on your face.
Substitution- using a nonverbal action or cue instead of speaking for example instead of actually saying hi
or bye you might just wave a hand at someone. When we are not able to speak to a person we use a
nonverbal cue.
Contradiction- the use of a nonverbal message to negate the verbal message for example if you ask how
someone is and they say good but they roll their eyes or look down at the floor and shrug their shoulders, you
know they are actually not good and they have just negated the verbal message they were sending.
Accentuation- the use of nonverbal cues to intensify the verbal message for example if you speak louder
and quickly you are adding intensity to the verbal message. We can tell when a person is excited because they
usually speak loud and their eyes widen, making the message more clear.
Regulation- the turn taking cues of conversational order for example we use hand signals to indicate that we
are done talking and it is someone elses turn to talk. We also use nonverbal signals like looking at the other
person as if to say what do you think about that without actually speaking the words.
Accenting
Accenting is calling attention to a key part of the message. When you put an accent on it, you create emphasis,
making the item stand out by amplifying it.
Example
Stamping, increasing volume, moving forward, slowing down
Moderating

Moderating is the opposite of accenting as it seeks to reduce attention, playing down a point by removing
emphasis and distorting or attenuating it in various ways to make it more difficult to understand.
Example
Reducing volume, speeding up, being incoherent
Complementing
Complementing is similar to accenting, but covers a wider range of the message. It ensures all speech is
paralleled by non-verbal communication that aligns with the what is being said.
Example
When talking about sad things, lowering the head and using a sad tone;
When seeking to excite, being animated in body and voice
Substituting
Substituting is the replacement of words with non-verbal language. There are times when non-verbal language
is just better. Sometimes there are things that are best left unsaid. Sometimes the raising of an eyebrows
speaks volumes.
Example
'Shall we ... ?' (waggling eyebrows and grinning);
Stepping towards an aggressor into their private body space, with a stern expression
Contradicting
Contradicting is sending a non-verbal message that disagrees with what is being said. This can be done
deliberately in order to confuse. It also may happen subconsciously when lying.
Example
Saying no while gently nodding;
Saying 'I did not do it' while rubbing the nose and pulling at the collar
Regulating
Non-verbal language can be used to send signals about speaking. A typical use is around starting and ending
speech. It can also be used to regulate the speech of others, indicating that you want them to stop so you can
speak (or perhaps that you want them to respond).
Example
Breaking (or making) eye contact, or giving a final and firm nod, when you have finished speaking;
Raising eyebrows when you are about to start speaking
Repeating
Repeating with non-verbal signals is like complementing or accenting, but with a delay between the verbal and
non-verbal communication. This acts as a form of emphasis, as in other forms of repetition.
Example
Saying no, then shaking head afterwards;
Asking for help and then, after a short delay during which they do not respond, raising eyebrows and saying
'mm?'
Deceiving
Non-verbal signals can be used as a part of lying or deceit. This takes careful control and it is easy send mixed
messages which signal deceit. There are around 600 muscles in the body and it is impossible to consciously
control many of these.
Example
Saying you did not do it, while looking and sounding insulted at the accusation;
Getting someone to do something by acting excited (whilst not really being enthused)