Code of Hammmrabi

EASY IR.
tADING SERIES

THE CODE ,OF HAMMURABI

BY CHARLES F. HORNE

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ISBN 9781605060514

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The Cobe of Hammura'bi

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Forgott n Books takes the uppermost care to preserve the wording and i ages from the original book. However. this book has been and reformatted from the original, and as such we cannot guaront that it is free from errors or contains the fuJI content of the

original.




he Code of Hammurabi

By

Charles F. Horne

Translated by

L. W. King




irst published 1915

Republis ed 2007 by Forgotten Books ·forgottenbooks.org




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PUBLISHER'S PREFACE

About the Book

I'The Code of Hammurabi (also known as the Codex Ham urabi and Hammurabi's Code) was created ca. 1760 Be middle chronology) and is one of the earliest extant sets of la s, and one of the best preserved examples of this type of do ument from ancient Babylon. It was created by the sixth sab Ionian King, Hammurabi. Earlier collections of laws include th codex of Ur-Nammu, king of Ur (ca. 2050 BC), the Codex of Es (ca. 1930 Be) and the codex of Lipit-Ishtar of Isin (ca. 187

[ ... ]

The text contains a list of crimes and their various punishments, as well as settlements for common disputes and guideli es for citizens' conduct. The Code does not provide opportu ity for explanation or excuses, though it does imply one's r ht to present evidence. The stele was openly displayed for all 0 see; thus, no man could plead ignorance of the law as an xcuse. Scholars, however, presume that few people could read in that era, as literacy was primarily the domain of scribes.

[This text was excavated in 1901; it was carved on an ei high stone monolith.]"

(Quote from wikipe ia.org)


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CONTENTS

PUBLISHER'S PREFACE Vll

INTRODUCTION 1

BABYLONIAN LAW--THE CODE OF HAMMUR BI 3

BIBLIOGRAPHY 27

HAMMURABI'S CODE OF LAWS 29

CODE OF LAWS 32

THE EPILOGUE 66


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e Code of Hammurabl

INTRODUCTION

Charles F. Horne, Ph.D.

1915

[Hammurabi] was the ruler who chiefly established the reatness of Babylon, the world's first metropolis. Many relics f Hammurabi's reign ([1795-1750 BC]) have been preserved, nd today we can study this remarkable King ... as a wise lawiver in his celebrated code ...

[B]y far the most remarkable of the Hammurabi records is his de of laws, the earliest-known example of a ruler proclaiming ublicly to his people an entire body of laws, arranged in orderly roups, so that all men might read and know what was required f them. The code was carved upon a black stone monument, ight feet high, and clearly intended to be reared in public view. his noted stone was found in the year 1901, not in Babylon, ut in a city of the Persian mountains, to which some later nqueror must have carried it in triumph. It begins and ends ith addresses to the gods. Even a law code was in those days garded as a subject for prayer, though the prayers here are

hiefly cursings of whoever sha II neglect or destroy the law.

he code then regulates in clear and definite strokes the rganization of society. The judge who blunders in a law case is be expelled from his judgeship forever, and heavily fined. The itness who testifies falsely is to be slain. Indeed, all the heavier rimes are made punishable with death. Even if a man builds a




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adly, and it falls and kills the owner, the builder is to be the owner's son was killed, then the builder's son is e can see where the Hebrews learned their law of "an an eye." These grim retaliatory punishments take no excuses or explanations, but only of the fact--with one exception. An accused person was allowed to cast into "the river," the Euphrates. Apparently the art of ing was unknown; for if the current bore him to the

live he was declared innocent, if he drowned he was we learn that faith in the justice of the ruling gods was firmly, though somewhat childishly, established in the fmen.

Yet ev n with this earliest set of laws, as with most things Babylo ian, we find ourselves dealing with the end of things rather han the beginnings. Hammurabi's code was not really the ea liest. The preceding sets of laws have disappeared, but we ha e found several traces of them, and Hammurabi's own code c early implies their existence. He is but reorganizing a legal stem long established.

Charles F. Horne, Ph.D.




BABYLONIAN AW--THE CODE OF HAMMURABI.

The Code of Hammurabl

By the Rev. Claud Hermann Walter Johns, M.A. Litt.D.

from the Eleventh dition of the Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910-1911

THE material fo the study of Babylonian law is singularly extensive wit out being exhaustive. The so-called "contracts," in luding a great variety of deeds, conveyances, bonds, rece pts, accounts and, most important of all, the actual legal decisi ns given by the judges in the law courts, exist in thousands. istorical inscriptions, royal charters and rescripts, despatches, private letters and the general literature afford welcome suppl mentary information. Even grammatical and lexicographical w rks, intended solely to facilitate the study of ancient literature, ontain many extracts or short sentences bearing on law and ustom. The so-called "Sumerian Family Laws" are thus prese ed. The discovery of the now celebrated Code of Hammurabi ( ereinafter simply termed the Code) has, however, made a m re systematic study possible than could have resulted from t e classification and interpretation of the other material. Some ragments of a later code exist and have been published; but t ere still remain many points upon which we have no evidence.

This material dates rom the earliest times down to the commencement of a r era. The evidence upon a particular point may be very full at one period and almost entirely lacking




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at another, The Code forms the backbone of t e skeleton sketch which is here reconstructed, The fragments of it which have been recovered from Assur-bani-pal's libra at Nineveh and later Babylonian copies show that it was st died, divided into chapters entitled Ninu ilu sirum from its 0 ening words, and recopied for fifteen hundred years or more. he greater part of It remained in force, even through the rsian, Greek and Parthian conquests, which affected private lif in Babylonia very little, and it survived to influence Syro- oman and later Mahommedan law in Mesopotamia. The law nd custom which preceded the Code we shall call "early," hat of the New Babylonian empire (as well as the Persian, reek, &c.) "late," The law in Assyria was derived from Babylo ia but conserved early features long after they had disappeare elsewhere,

When the Semitic tribes settled in the cities f Babylonia, their tribal custom passed over into city law, The arly history of the country is the story of a struggle for supre acy between the cities, A metropolis demanded tribute and mil tary support from its subject cities but left their local cults a d customs unaffected, The city rights and usages were resp cted by kings and conquerors alike,

As late as the accession of Assur-bani-pal and 5amas-sum-yukin we find the Babylonians appealing to their cit laws that groups of aliens to the number of twenty at a time ere free to enter the city, that foreign women once marri d to Babylonian husbands could not be enslaved and that n even a dog that entered the city could be put to death untried

The population of Babylonia was of many rae s from early times and intercommunication between the citi s was incessant, Every city had a large number of resident alie s. This freedom of intercourse must have tended to assimilat custom, It was, however, reserved for the genius of Ha murabi to make

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Babylon h s metropolis and weld together his vast empire by a uniform s stem of law.

Almost all trace of tribal custom has already disappeared from the law of the Code. It is state-law; - alike self-help, blood-feud, marriage by capture, are absent; though family solidarity, district re ponsibil ity, ordea I, the lex tal ion is, are pri mitive features t at remain. The king is a benevolent a utocrat, easily accessible 0 all his subjects, both able and willing to protect the weak against the highest-placed oppressor. The royal power, however, can only pardon when private resentment is appeased. T e judges are strictly supervised and appeal is allowed. The whol la nd is covered with feudal holdings, masters of the levy, poli e, &c. There is a regular postal system. The pax Babylonic is so assured that private individuals do not hesitate to ride i their carriage from Babylon to the coast of the ean. The position of women is free and dignified.

did not merely embody contemporary custom or conserve ncient law. It is true that centuries of law-abiding and litigious h bitude had accumulated in the temple archives of each city ast stores of precedent in ancient deeds and the judicial decisions, and that intercourse had assimilated city ustom. The universal habit of writing and perpetual recourse 0 written contract even more modified primitive custom a d ancient precedent. Provided the parties could agree, the Code left them free to contract as a rule. Their deed of agree nt was drawn up in the temple by a notary public, and confir ed by an oath "by god and the king." It was publicly sealed an witnessed by professional witnesses, as well as by collaterall interested parties. The manner in which it was thus executed ay have been sufficient security that its stipulations were not impious or illegal. Custom or public opinion doubtless secured t at the parties would not agree to wrong. In case of



-;

the ju &!!:s wit" 0 !!:~ to d@cid@ in accorT e Cod ltse If wa carefully and logically tts; ",ecticns W"a'" condit loned by t nei r ss the erd r is not that of mode rn !!r@ nt order from bot" is

m

very n Lime rc othe r slaves, fue'5" but too

a I pen sione r, nor a s forming ity of ;jJ ny re:fere nee to him in fu rther s pecificatio n eenjeester's chatte], a nd formed .a u ire pro pe Ity a nd even he Id nd fed t1 im, pa Id h 1"-' d ector' s id for inj ury d one to t1 im, His i rl as wife: (the ch ildr@ n were

up in a house (with farm or n a I rent of njm. Otne MI,,-,e he ildre n were t hen free), whe masts r oou ld not touch, and I't"IolIIIl..c.n .... passed to h is master a s his: rt".tlI.!U"IoIII,tH by pure base from n 1"-' ma ste r, o a tern pie, or eve" a do pted, d not a m us kin u, Slaves were

m C.3 ptlves ta ken in war and r rim e. A slave ofte n ra n away; c restore nim to h is master, o shekels whir h tha own@r '-11: one-te nth of the ave rage lave wa-s- pu njs;t1 ed by death, ave the city. A slave bo re an nly be removed by a su rgical n isted of h is owner's name n th e great estates in A'ssyria a ny serfs, rnostlv of subject a sla 'In!!S, tied to the soil th@'Ij

te but capable of pOS§;~!;sing he re is little trace of se rfs In aUya serf-

So was an id@ntification operation an tattooed or b and its su bje race, settlsd a OJ Itivated an land and pro e Babylon ia, un

The god of encircled It

, i a V owne r of il"i Ia nd, wi'! id'l irrigable a ra ble Ia nd a nd an

021 F~~~

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'- .. ~.-

cute fringe of p.a st urn • and the c tizen-s. we god nd his ~Le ri!!,Centr th king." ad long C'-/, (I n were content ith f:w:ed dues i

was a raq @ nt w:ay

of the sta e. j is fro m t hes Ilgation~ tha rmy and th ound to fin

he bore til

ign,

ry B.C. ue fro certa in a reas, ma was .0 nly man (~Ix?) ime~, but the I a d ha to fl nd a

servi e was usua Uy discna d slaves a

(din d p~ maps the m '5oke n ) Wf! nt to WdI grou d in te ns an hu n reds, The co r. Th letters of lola mum i often d al

ad its own 0 roi uties, cu kin had lon~ loIe d his ow m all h~ su

Th@ ~bows' was les Ith claims t rge of floc

n owners t imed certai ngers ecul ipt, Furthe f@ny du d to be. if Il

ro I estates, hi ject - The nigh e

ents and offic:fal

rEgu latas t of! feud:il pes iticn of carta in

estate fro the ki (on s~ ing of house r on C ndition of persort al

cou kI ot delegate the se N Wne n erde d abro d they ceu Id no min at a son, If pable, to t1 old d1 e b nefi ce a d ca ny on t ne d~ty. If there w s no s n G1 pa ble, th state p in a lorn m tenen s, LIt gr.a ntad one-th rd to the wife to mai n in he rse If an d ch ikl( n. The be eflce s ina lienable. ceu lei at be sold, pledged exeha nge • su bl t. devised or jmi n ist1 d - Otl1e r Ia nd was hel of the stat to r rs t, AnC@-rn-.il1 !!: te INa '5:trictly tied to t n@ f.a i Iy. If.a h 0 er wo Id se II. the fa i Iv h ad he right of redem ptio a nd the re seems 0 t1 WIle bee n 0 time~ I mit to ies e xercse.

sidences, e Co e asses. ,..,!! held n garden, f ld, st k

oo::::u pi d .a most importa nt smon,

tes, f m tith es and other fi ed d ues,

fro m t he enflce",.a customa rv sha re) a d ether

th e fa ithfu eu nts of all sorts

ent gifts. Th@ 1.iI rgt! . Orlg in ally. perhaps, nd each head of a

perrna serva emple, re a"d to so man d.a.ys.a r at one or other

d escended n certat tam ilies and ber::a me wt1 ic h co u I be pled ee, re nted or sha red nota I ienat . I n s ite of (III these de

rna ,g r at &r.il na rif!s an d '51:0 houses: as m@y a 0

. The tem pie h eld it r~'§;pon§;ib lities. I a by the e ne my an tOU Id n rans m h is- city must do so. To the te pie ea e plies; for h .-vest@ •

he repa id wit hcut i nterest, he kin 's Ie was not pro prieta bu t admj lserat e.

10

;}.._

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He

rs The

-tn a class of eros ns devoted to tl'1 serv ice of Is or h i@rodul 5. he v@stals WE!: r!! '!lowe d to

gethe r ina g at nu n ne-ry. we re bidd en to

ta\le rn, .a nd ge her witl'1 other IJ ries nad

di~pQ.Sing of pro erty--sale. ".; It loa n, pledge, II of wl'1 ic h a the delivt=! ry of t h pu rehase Ii !!d by .a staff, a y. or deed ase men ~y. re ipts be ing

as treated as .a debt. and be rs paid bV tn buye r, fr

@ ad rnits no clai m nsu bsta nwitness~'S. A b er had to

id . If he bought {or e lved 0 n

thcut powe r of orney r he

th goods were '51:0 n and the ad to prove h is rehase by of sa Ie or wltn ".;".;5 to It. eu lei be adj u thief an d d ie- If ne proved had to ,giVo@ up h!! prop@ rty but h did is re mi!!dy I r or, if h P::! had ied COu Id recta im l' to Id fro m n who bought sla e abroad. migl'1t

or ea ptu red a.a bylo nia. and ithout profit. If

hold ing" or to rfeit wnat he ga for It as se of a 'Slave ana ked by the

ttl (later, a hu n red da th n:!'@ days. on ;jJ p proval, A d furt weu Id irwa idate ttl e sale at

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e rrtty cu Itiv ted the ir la nd t emse ~ but usbandrnan or let it. The hu band a was; ttle proper u Iti\ratio"r ra ise nave g crop in good tilt . In case t ha crop ilf!d t e Cod@

en a nt stl ared tne los'S p rt ie-

of profit. If the eoa nt a d his

tilth. the land 0 rd ul not

W a ste Ian d wa s let to r th ree yea rs a"d the fourth @iU. If tha tana t negl e Code ena ed that h e m ust hand i d a rtatut rv re nt. G ardens or pia

under ttl e sa mend it.

Ir - ation was i nd pe:nsabk!:. I ttl-I! i rrigator n!!gl eted his yke, or left to;. runnel 0 n and caused aft, h

the mage done to nis nelgn bou I cro

u ..... *:-.

'- .. ~-

mach i na, water heavily f.ned.

1-10 Lise s were let rent be in.g p.a id 'Spec ified that tl1 bound to keep .

fra mes, w.a s re away his; own. T e"te r before th ot t ha re nt. tan

he ttl eft of a wate ringu Itu ral i rnplarna nt Wc.Si

ut also fer longe r terms. . Tne contract ge nera Ily pair, a"d the te nant was du d in.g doors a nd door .ab . and th len nt might bril'l!!: and take C e e nacte that If the Ian d lord wou Id rers mit a fa i r pro portio n or othe-r bu ild iogs to befor eight or te n years: ndlo rd 's possession .

bou r w.a s often nesdad, contract, a nd th e hi rer. nd ill guara nte e to fulfil plough ing. working the

sh in ate, Th@ Coda fD:@d a

.,. ... """"", 0:':: iveri, fie Id -13 bourers. a nd hire

after wh.d1 ttl e

wate-ri ng-mach i statLrtory wage for O):e n, asses,

Th@ ri!!! we reo rna 0 to a she pherd w pasture. 111 e

nd flo ks, Th flocks 'I'll!! re comm itt@d eipt r rh m and took them out to i m a age. e was respo nsible 10 r a II 0Je. sh p 10 s hee P. must breed t hern est us of th flock ha d to ba r!!paid ase or wi Id arts fe II on the owner. a II 10", due t h ~s neglect. If he let the ay dam ages fou r-fold; if han t n@y ought to h.aw

02(110F~~~

I I

In

ommon, ing the hemlsh, allcw!!d btcr had

was !i@CU on

or's corn ere rtor give it

alto ether. An

debtor, Diit de: not on Iy Ion forfeited

he debt r being '5.@ ize to r debt

r ho e to WCI rk off he de bt,

d itor c u Id 0., tv hold a wife 0 r If tf1 e ancipiu m died natu ral d!! h whi Ie in he c r d itor's P055@SS on no cia im uld I i@ aga st the lane ; bLrt if e was he caus of deat h by c Lie Ity. he t1 ad to,g lve son r son, or payor a sl e. He could se I a 'S-lave~ t1 os ge, unless ne we asia ·girl w had borne" r maste r

cfI il ren, She ha by he

mracts

of th debt; but a tit: h retic n, wh re the p ofit of th e pie ge w.a s a st of he de 111 e whole p peny of

02(110F~~~

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14 ..... ::"

'- .. ~

would r

Trade n'3.ive. A common V of do ng busi ness IN otrust goods or mo elf to a ravelling age

ht a mar tor ., is good'S. T @ CiU.aV ns travellsd t r

beyond he limit"i of the em pir~. Th Code i sirted that til age nt s ould In ntory and gfve .a rete Ipt r.a II that h received No claim could be made for nyt" j"g not se e ntere . Eve n if t e.age nt d@ no profit he w.a. 00 un d 0 return dou bl what head reeel d. if h e made poor refit h had to rna ke 1.1

t he defl ncy; but he w.a s not respc n~i Ie 10 r s by robbe ry r

on h is t r Is, On h is ret urn, he prjn i pa I must ,give

r wh itt as ha ndad o'ltl!r to him. An fal'Sl! @ntry r the age t's pa rt was p~ na lse d th e-feld, on til prmclpa s pa rt s I fold. I n norma I ea es pro . s were di\ilide

a ceo rd i" et, IJSY ally equ allv-

unt of forwa rd in.g as do ne V the ca rava n . The car ier gave a rece Ipt for the conslg mant. took a I

rnspO"Si ilrty and xacted a receipt (I deljlffl If he- defa u lte

he pa id fiv.E!:~fold, H@ was usua ltv p id in i3I anca. De pes' r especl al w.a reh 0 i noS of ,Sr.a in, wa"i c rged fo at cne-slstlet .

The wa he use ma took aU ri~k-5. pai d ou ble r a II shon

but no laim COY be made unless had ilffl n a prope

witn I! f@t:@ipt. Wat@r traffk o n t !! Eu p h tes and ca DOl

V very nsid~rabl~, Ship whos tonnage w

at the amou nt of _g rain ney co Id ca rry, "We

Iv hired r the a t ran spa rt a II kin s of goods, Th

'50 th I! pri !! for bu i Id i ng and ins lsts n the b ui ldar' a r's gu rantee o.f seaworth ness, It ixes th e hire of crew. he ea pta in was re pons Ib for the fre ig hip; he 11 d to replate a II loss Eve n if e refloated th

02(110F~~

I

of naif its valua for s nking ft. In the

u ndar ~y W.i3'5 s ponsih Ie fo r

ndl or. Tne Code als regu I ated the

i p ric:e- fu r beer and forbiddi n.c the -keeper (3 fe male I at d lscrde rty a embly. under pa i n of eath. She wa s e pa lace, wh ich im p

or by wrltte n draft ga I nst d eposlt were treate d as neg ia ble. Intern st wa ncas bv tha ta pl@ or wealthy

eeds, bLrt: ttl is may h b~e n p.a rt of

borro-we rs may tl a bee n te na nts,

nigh rates for ove ue loan soft nis C".aIS@'5) rna d@

of pu rchase, but s e ssent ia IIV a

if@ tDgerhe-r. The- rna liage of young d between th P::! rela es, the bric:le-

the brld e-pnee, wh h wittl ot he r nially presented to tn bride's fattler, Iv h din ded over by h r father to the 50 ea me back into t e brldegrcom's

dowry. wh ictl was r ponion a'S .a

va ned mueh, a rd i ng to the aid for a slaw.

he fath er does not..3 r a ece pti ng a

niSi d a~ghte r, he, ust ret urn the his deci sien was b ught about by iter's frie nd this wa do ne, .a nd the less friend shou kI n ma rry the girl. ind, he forfeited ttl p~ nes, The

Ui ..... *:-.

'_ .. ~_

but gene fa tv eensiste d of n house-no Id furn itu ra, It rem i ned t ha wife-·s her e hild re n, if any; oth rwi'se ret urn ing

h!! h usba nd ro u Id dadu ct t @ bride-p rice if to h ~ r, or retu m it. if it ha . Ttl e marriage cersm onv ind d d I ni ng of hands .a nd the u ra nee of 'SCIme (I ce on the pan of the brid room, as t I (I m t ke so n , ~r a nd gold shall fill thy la ,t hou sha It be

my wife, I will b t V h usba nd, like t he fruit .3 ga rden I will

give t nee ,I It m ust be performed by a ems n.

woman each pa

ct,. witt1 out wnich tha Cod ru I@d that the , IJ'5ua Ily rtated the con §;eq e nces to wh it h Ie for repudiat I ng the oth r. These by no me wit h the Code. M a"y n ditiO"'& might t he wife should act a'S rna i '5e rvant to h!! r

a fi rst wife, The marri~d u pl~ to rmed a

espon ~ibllitv. espec la Ily for debt. The rna n de bts eontracted by nis w e, ew" before

II .a s for h is own; but he co Id U'5o@ her .a s a e Code a lIo-wed a proviso be i nserted in , t nat the wife she uld not e seized for t1 e r I debts; but sna cted that en he was not r!! n upt ial debts, .a nd, in din ca'5o@, that bot h

pen §;ibl e for a II deets otracted ah~ r

ht ma ke t1 is wtfe a 'Sett Ie ene by deed of I ire interest ln part of his roperty, a nd he the rig.ht to beq uaath it to 'F:ivou rite ch ildr

o Me leave it to her tam ily. A hOLig h rna rried In d a mem her of her father s heu ~e ......"he is A.. us ua lIy da ughte r of B, or methe r of C-

Divorce

n I with the man. but he ha to restore the de had borne t1 im d1 ild n, 'She had the t1 ad then to assign her ttle ncome of fiefdr

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en. S 1Ne II a s goods., to rna i n ~ g w up. She then sha red nce ( nd a ppa re ntly in nis est

fre@ t :ilg.a in, It she had no chi Id n, h

d OW aid h er .a $LI m eq u ivalent to th r, tf there had been no ne The I

in the contract for tl is re udiati

d's pi ce in the f mily,

I s heuse an d bringing up the ild ren, She ou Id

with jud i cia I consent, wh n the udge was

thi!!! d !!c@a'§.@d's estat@ din d ha nd OV@f to he

h er n w h sbal'ld il'l tru st for the c i Id ren Th ~y Cou t e a ~I le uten s;il, If stl e did not remar ,she lived IS he use a nd took a eh ifd' sh a re n t ne divishen the ch il d re n had gro n up, SlI@ 5Ii II re in !!d

rv d any o;ettlement deeded to he by her h us nd.

Thi~ p pen came to he r child re n, If s e tl ad married, I he r

en a bad wife. the Code Ilow~ him to sen

away, wn lie he kept the cI'I ild re nand he r d ry; or he

e he to the posftion of a slave n nis n house,

u kJ .ave food and dot hing, Sh mig bri ng 01 n on him or erue Ity and neglect an . if 'Sh proved h e r ase,

a j~d ial se pa ration. tak 11'18 IN Ith her t1 dowry. No he r

ell 0" ttle mil". " she did net P her cas • but

.a bad wif@, she was d wn !!d

intena nee during her h usb ry

could eeh abit w tth a nom r rna nd if he ea me bat k, rhe ch i1d ing wit h the ir own fat:h er. If '5ohe he marriage tie wa'S adul ry, e h usban d d I~~olved the c cia im on ne r propenw

ad m.a intan nee, IhJI desertl n by, • and if he not en his

02(110F~~~

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F

fl

equally in her dow to hls chi d re n or to har se ecrion a mong t em, owe red,

l' ..... *:-.

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Mo egamy s the ru I P::!, .a nd a e i Id ley; wif~ m

and a rna (who w.a s no wife to bea r him reckone he 1"5i- Sne remai ne m t d !!,gr.a d@ her to s la'ln!! ry .ag.a in -s~11 er Jf she a d born e her h usb nd ch iklre n, If t e w' t ni~ the Code Id not allow the tl u ba nd to ta ke a ne could do 50,

who and

t no gh not of ha sa I'IlE!: ran k; tha her. A eoncub ne w.as: a free wO mar iage and ere nildre n were

d iv d 0" th S(I me condit ions (I

we n, IN.a-s often d we

it I mate. She Id 0 bee

c hr ni[ invalid the h usba nd wa'S u nd to rna int i

he e they ba made together, un I ss she prete r

do an d go back to her father' tl euse: but tl

rry- 11'11 (II th ese cases t ne e ildre n were I n@Ir'50.

The e WG$. of a man navi h lid n by

a 'S W ~ rl. ese en ildren were e, in a"y ca e and ne ir ot ba sold, ttl ough s ha might be: I dg@ n her maste r's dea h. These ch ild

legi mired by heir father' s aekn ledg ment be

i:l"d were ofte ado pled, Ttl ey ttl ra n ked eq ua

tn@i father's iJte, but if not a optad, tha w r@n

d ivi ed and t k fir;t choice.

ere not 'Sou PPO'&ed to have cni Id did mOl rry. The Co @ co ntemplat

w' 'WCIuld If a hu~band a maid s above. Fre~ men

s 1.a\1'e'5 nd be dowered for the ma rrtage. T e th free. a I'IId at th e slaw IS deat h ne wtfe took 1'1 r dow

(I- 201 F~~ ~ 'INW'rN.r~~jJ(I~-II'i-

I I I II

If

his; en ldren till heir marri @. H@ d a rig ht to their 1.3 bou r i retu r for the r kee p. H m i.g ht h re tl1 e m 0 ut .a nd recs ive t h Ir €'$. pled e the m to debt ., 00 II the m outright, Moth rs ha the sa m rights in ne a hs of the lather; ev@n eld r b ha rs wh n bot h p dead. A fat her had no da m on is ma rri d ch il d re n but they retained a right 0 int1 e - on h I~ eath,

d d

Tn@ d aughter was not 0 Iv in h

ma rriage. b LIt he might d d icat as a vestal or a t1ierodul : or g

no choice in these m 1"5i. w ich we da ugh @r m i.g

e .a if

bvou rite brother or si ma naged for he r by her

~he could a p point a managed it.

0201 F~~

I

20 ..... *:-.

'- .. ~-

sppea rs to h V€" received t1 is sha rn on always the n lea !!! his futtl@r's he use; ne mig re, Tn is was us u lin c: ndd rna rriages.

a'S very corn m n, especla IIv whe re the fa s childless or h d seen all h~s children grow marry a y. The chi Id was en ad opted to ea re for the old age. T is was done by [ ntraet, wh id1 usu allv specifi

the pa re h.ad to leave a wh at ma intena nee w.a s e>loeae

The rea I c ild ren, If any, re iIJ sua IIv consentlng pa rti

arrangem nt wn id'l cut (I their eJCpectatio ns, They SOI'Jl@ Col s, fa un d the asta @ for the adopted ch ikJ wh rei ieve th m of a ca re, H t e adopted ch ild fa iled to the fi lial d tv the co nt met .." an n uUed in the law COiIJ 'We re (lfte ado pted a"d if 1'1 ey proved u nfi lia I were re"-'l~""",'1011 slav@ry

n often a do pted son to lea rn the craft. He ....... ''I'II' .. kII IS Ia bcur. If t1 e f il ed to teach h is son the e r rosecuts nim an gi!tt the ro ntract an n u 11@d . a form of pp re ntkes hip . .3 d it is not etea r tI'I at the a pllli~mlC: had any fi al relation.

A rna n 0 adopted a son an d aft@rward'5. rna rriad .a n h

fa mily of ls own. co uld dis olve th e co ntract but mast . adopted c ild one-th ird of ch lid' s Sit1 are in gOCld~, but 0 estate, Tn t tOU Id on Iy de nd in t he fa m i Iv to wI1 ict1 ceasad to Ie ngo V@stals f q u@ntlv adopted da ughtsrs other vest Is, to C3 re for th ir okl age.

Ad optio n had to be with consent of the re al pa ran u'50ually @ uted a dt!f!d m i n.c OV@rthe ch ild. wh 0 ttl u to have a y claim upon t m. But veru Is. hie rod Liles, p.a lace .0 cia I s a nd slaves ad no rights. over t hel r child tOU Id ra is "0 obstacle. re d I ings and illegitimate eh ild

'INW'rN. r~~jJ(I~-II'i-

I I I I I

no pare nts to 0 ject pare nts an d 'Wd ted 0 torn out. An ad pt @'Iff! 0 .assign hi th

re ~id ua rv legate

adopted ch ikl discove rn to th ."-

was a fu I heir

her's es ate at his

IS e-state Daught@ also ~h red

n t hat of step

of 500'§., mother's

eou k:I be sold as .a 5 h is front h ai r sh and e:<pelled hk,

n in e.ar judicial early ti ai S ern, a sl iii! if he

ar, the I"IliI 0 w.a exiled; with a d bet rothed. he

2(110F~~

I

;}.._

'- .. ~.-

fl

prot: reel her tl usba nd' de ad1 W s gib b ed. A betrothed gi rt

sad u @ d by he r pf0'5.p ive filth took hi!!! r dowry ;jJ nd

retu ed to her fa m ify, ry as she chose.

crim. na I law the , tooth fo r to

iple w the lex ta Ii on is r limb was the pena symbo creta Ii alion wa ding me bar, S an in tn@ cutti ther er Ie a t st: in cutting .0 o subst tt ted a c a ngeling for the 05iS of t" t nat de" ied fath pena Ity w.a s infl pried into forb i caused loss; of I or

mot ar (in the E I.a mite for rj Llry); in the . The less of the r t ne bra ndsr's

t ion rk, iii r!! v@ ry si

den i d h is master, lert of 0 ed lence, To brln a eeu tion was pu ni5ii'l pro rty by fa lsa wit peri rer sought to brin

rded for t neft and

er

c rim s ragardad .a s co entr nee of ea lace .0 r or slave, for s.ell mrnon theft i., t t ion l or receivi ng th kid n pping. for .3s§;ist deta ling 0 r appropri

$ale d rin k, for d ~rd

p.E!: I"!i n.a I "5!! rv iI:::@, to r of fe ea I h.olde rs, for bu lid ng. The rna nne r T" is aath pen alty wa

d, for theft invo

illeg.a I pu reha'S€! m

receiving ttl e 'S me, of mult iple re oracI.a im to goods for fU,Sitive '51.a'V~s, for dage, for fra~d lent rn, for de legati n of levy, tor nppra sio n hou seholde r by bad jfled in th e'Se ses. h condutt as pi ced

0210F~~~

I II

the de.a h. of cr

de at" of de r's son

son for is f.at har' [.a usi tha death

u ild ing t e 1'10 Lise ba d tv; he death of.a l1erbtn r cause d1e de th of aneth r

The COn raets na u ra I do 1101: neern

tl1 e ab J as a r teo. b t marriag cent ra

stra ngli • d row ng, recipitati n from t:t1 I! tem II! o r by he i on swo rd for a Wh ... '§band We.are q Lli wit hout viden ee aU these ses,

lnal eases s ctfy deat h y r pinnacle diation of h r

n ch"g (pe rhaps t e s th pena Ity f r n of office n nt befell t e nment s

24 ..... *:-.

'- .. ~-

F

.a [ rd ing to the anorm ity of the 0

The Code recogn ired th e .mp orta A

kill d another in a quarrel rnu 5

tiona 11y, and was then on Iv fi @d ocording t eceased, The Code- doe-s not s V w at would the

u rd er, but death 1"-' so often a iud where d ad1 1"-'

t h we ca n ha rdfy doubt that t ne t ke assa u It onlY" led to i nju ry ass ilant in aqua rrel had to pay ind coo to remove a Silave' s Ide nf icatl n ma rk. c u Id s ar t his gne ranee and wa 5 free. The (I .,e of a n ox tl it: h ered on tha streat was on Iv f@SPO sibl for da rna as if, t ha

kn own by him to be vic lous. ~ n it ca use-d deat . If til c Ipi um died a naeu ral death u der ttl e cred tt r's Ita d, th itor was s-cot free, I" ordi".a cas respc nsi ility de .i ndsd tor .a rr ide nt 0 r for mo th n pm fle( exc §;ed bigamy on th ~ pa rt of a d e rt d wif~.

bu il e r, wt1 0'5@ rar@ less workman S ip or id for it by the deat h of h i5 C ild, and I n .a ny case h.a d to rebu ild t e h da ages due to defeaive build i ng nd

de of H,,",l"I1u '\.._tf. U
~ ~.
struetien
or
aid to status,
Su Icion was n eno~gt1. Th criminal m~~ be en in the
e.g, tne ad Itere r, ravis er, se. A man co not be
00 icted of the '50 posses-
sio , In he case of a lawstl it t ne Ia irrtiff preferred hi Th ff! is no tract! f prof!!:'50Sia n I advocates, but the be (II W ritil'lg a nd he notarv do btless a sslsted in 1 h it. he J~ d_ge sa the plea, cal t he ethe r Pill rt Ie s an sent to r the itnesses. If t sse were not at ha ct ion, SPf!cify ing di ti entere d lntc to ore importa nt C3'Se re tried by a be ne

up to six dcee the e-s,pecially judges, sharsd in et clear, re usually

Pa les and witn on oath, The pen

fa I wrt ness w.a h id'l wou Id have be

th e convicted c rs beyond ttl e kn

me • as the ,g u eo of an allegf!d

SU~ e cted wif~, he ordea I b wale r wa5. U sed , ju ped I nto the eree ri~rJ.a d the in nocen t swa

gu i drowned, u Id dea r himself by where

h is own knowl@ &!!! was alon ava llable: Th@ pi sw a r to h is loY; y brlga nds, a to good H: la i med r l fu r a slave pu rch sed a broad 0 t he 'S urn due to hi

(I- 201 F~~ ~ 'INW'rN.r~~jJ(I~-II'i-

I I II

stress W s laid on the pro sari ous t in& to lose CI doc rna nt. ot its. e;ll- te nee a neli terms b the e

and tha up. Con might g them th

iss ua a n order th acts ann u lI~d W~ .a jou rney to vie sacred sym bois (I

when v!!r

orde d

the p p a nd even

w nich ath was mad e-

The de is ion given w.a s ~mbod i d

witn es by t he Judges, he e Id N.

Women igl1t act ina II th se ca s, The parties s

oat" r e bod ied in the d u rna nt, to bsarva ns sti p lat ion . Each too a copy .3 nd one a s held by test ribe to be ored i the arch

Appe!:;ill t .at Baby provlnel charge

the kin & was .a II n seem to h t1Ve I towns, but a d ore ttl e loca I ((.I U

II attestsd. Th jud erer COLI rt to hose

ht elect to an r th

km-

F i n.3lty,' may be noted th ma ny i m ra I a ets, such a of false eight~, lying, &e, IN njch co Id not be bro

severe IV de noun d i" e., T-a blets a s

bring th offt,!:n dar into "th I' as op POS!!

ha nd of he kin~. II

n the in n ume roil b Ie oil rt I in 'S ientitic

ra ph ie.,. and referen s n th abo'lte

mu rabi," Ed itio prine p ,by Schell

Eia m ites-Semrtiq!,le s f e M

Pie (Pa ris, 1902); H. inckl, I'Die

ig-s; von Babylon um 2 5 v. C n , Heft 4; D. H. Mull r, Die 3}; J. Kohler and F. E. P ); Flo F. H.1 rpe r, The bout 2250 IS .C. {Chjc.a e and the Code of Ham

ONTRACiS in J ... rid lques de- I' Kohler and F. E en (le ipzig, 1890

erl in, 1&90t K!!!i lin

a rtv Babylon ia n Hi abylon la nand MSY u rgh, 19(4).

r IEdit ion'S of tens u rna I.,; .,;e.e the bibl rks, ..,.., e Cod e of a

am rnura bios (Vienn.a, bis G5e12 (Lei pZlg, bt KI ng, of fI abylo 00 k, The taws of M ~03l-

LIOGRAPHY.

ssy ria n Dee d'S. and (3 vc ls., ca m br~e, (NlEw York. 19OOj; LaW'S. Co ntracts an

ndon,

18 ..... *:-.

'- .. ~-

Rev. Claude He Cat" arine ''5 Coli Co liege. Cam bri Assy ria n Deeds nd Oacu mants Oldeo;t Code of aw'i; Sa bvlon ia n and letters;: etc,

02 10F~~

I I I

EN An u tt'.e S~ II me. King of the An na ki, t ne 10 rd of Hea nand e arth, whe d creed ot the la nd, ass' n@d to Mard u k, the of rlg hteous ne s, d omin ion over ea great among t e 19i9i. tl1 ey ca lied "a me, rna tI e it great on ea rth, an

kingdo m in itr QS.@ fou ndatio ns a r he aloJ.en .a nd ea h: then An u a nd Be I

u ra b I. the exa It prince. who rea

rule of ri,gtneo sn ess in ttl eland,

.a d t h@ eYil-do@ rs: that t h@ it rone. '50 u Id n

se 1: hat I shou I d ru Ie over the b lack- ead ~d sh, an d e nlighte the land, to fu rther t ne we

conq uerad t ha fou r ua rta e ef aa bylo n. rejoic th ~ ay:5 h I~ devotlo ns In aggil; t he en ricned Ur; th hum t, wh D brings 'W@'a h to G ish-sh irr,ga I; t e whf ha mash. the m' 'tV, who. aga in laid t e fouli

'INW'rN. ~~jJ(I~_II'i-

II I

iO ..... *:-.

'- .. ~-

rother of Ki~h. mat holy lama: the

crave ot the @n@my, W

increa sed the powe r t he black steer, who Ne be, whe rejoiced ttl

who is ind~igable! f Wh ite. Wise; who ere

up the na rvests for U 'Scepter and crown, wit Ma-m:a; wno "fixed the

the h olV teart-; of in- u the p vide nt,

provided food and d ri k la rge sacrificia I offen gs ca ptured th e @n@mv, t @ pred iction of Halla b, W I) prince, whose prayer· a

hea rt of Adad, the wa r te for worstl ip in E~ ud-ga I ;11

of Ada b; th ~ gu ide of irres Irti b le wa rrior, Mash ka asha b ri, and Sh idlam; tha Wh it!!, P en, h 0 pe stratad t ha ecr !: CdiV@ t he ban d its, savec t he in a ita nts

and fi>:ed t neir nome fa in wea n; who e

$ilcrific ia I gifts for fa a d Da m- I· n I,U' -na, W (I

ory; who -shldlam. the god ~blime; city; the

heaped

in peace; th nOS!!! deads f Anu n it n the te mple rs co,gn I es t ne rlg In. of As h r its protect i Ni n@'iff! remain in E h lmself befo re the mighty son of Sin~ m

mighty na 11: h, the

re at; t e pri neely ki ng of the n tho!!! d-kih-n un -na Canal to he sp red the i" ha b ita nts of eo, wh rna k@"5 the faca of N i

Is to t divi nity of N i n-a-zu, 0

ir nee , provided a port Ion 10 t she ph rd of the op pres-sed a d tavo beforE!: An u nit, who p Dum sh .n th~ 'Suburb of Ai d c ru Ie s by law; wt1 0 gave back t t city god; wt1 0 let ttl e narn e of Ist1 r of i5.h~m sh; tha s.u bl i me, who h bk!s at go $: successor of Su m 13- I: the lilt; t1 e roya I ~ion of Ete - : the

" of 8(1 Y IO"r whese rays s ned tg e r

Akb ; th@ king, 0 beyed bV th ~Iov~d f Ninni. am I.

to ru Ie over men. to give t ne of right to tha Ian d, I id righ an d right!!{l usn !!5S in .'. and broug .3 bout the weI be ing the oPP resse d.

::"

'- ..

CODE OF LAWS

n 0 ne @nsnar@ another, pLJtting a ba upon h rn, ot pro it~ then he that ensna red hi sha II be

and cap

ring .a n aeeusat ion of any crim prove w".at he has ch arged, charged r be put to death.

t he e Id en to impose a fine of ra in or he fi ne that the ~ctio n prod vee .

try a case, rea cI'I a eecls Ion and p riti ng; rF late r error sha II a p ar in ni ugh h is own f~ u Itr then he sha I pay him in the case, and he shall b public jud e's ben ch. a nd neve raga In s all he s dge ent.

lders, be a

slave, an cf1 arg@, h!! i

6. If any on ste I the p rope (If a

sh .. 11 ba pu to d ath, and .. lso he: 0 e w th ing from im s all be put to d at h.

urt, he @ ive5. th stolen

of aneth r rna n, a rna Ie 0 fem.a Ie r if hoe t ke rt: in

8. If anv on

it belong t ttl ~ refor; if hey pay te r.fokl if t h be put to d at h,

• or or to the co rt, t alonged to ;iI fi@@ th ief has no hi ng

'Say "A me and if tf1e knew my

.a n .a rtkla, nd fi d it n he p055~ S io n of he th ing i fou nd fore wit esses,"

g witr10es s whe

u baser bri G the s befo whom

merchant I Tne OWr1er bought it merchant.

10. If tf1e witn@SS@'5

0201 F~~~

I I I I

1 L ff the ner do not bring witne: Si!!!'5 0 identify the

artie le, he ian e-vil-d er, he has tra d ted. nd sha II be pu to death,

12. If the n t at hand, t en s all tt'.e judge a

expiratio of six months, his itn asses have ot

.a:ppe.a red it::h i n the

bea r the fin of the case,

leditor"s n considered

in t e- eode, 13 a d @vil num r]

14. If any 0 e stealth m nor sen of a othe, he shall be p to death,

is. If any 0 e take a alp::! or female ave of a f ee be put to d atI1.

of h e court, or a al~ aty gate$~ he s all

his hou se a ru na av ma le or fe Ie ed rna n, a d do s not bring it 0 at the major om u the rna ster of he-

V ma Ie or mal slaves in the 0 tne ir ma te rs, the rnasta r of

18. If ttl e sl ve will n t g e the ns me tn

osha II bring ni m to t e alace: a fu follow, .a nd he s l.a'll@

19. tf he he d the ...,Iav i he sha II be- ut to dea h.

ttl are ca~ght t h

02(110F~~~

I I

o. I t n@ '5 Vi!!! ttl t he Cd ugh run .. way fr m him, t @n sh .. II ne

ea to t h own 1"5 ofthe sl \Ie, and t1 e is of al bla me •

.anv e b ak a hole i 0 a hoese reak in 0 ite.alJ, he

e put 0 de th before t at hole and e bu rle d

robbery a

bbe r s not ca ug t. then s!'a I the arno nt of h is

, . on 'IN se ground a", co mpen ate him 10 r

s robbed

in

ak 0 t i" a heus • and some ",e who e rnss to put

is eye upon the p perty ot th the house,

pro erty of the maste r of t e house. he s ha II be that s tf~~ me fl

lar], w highway for w.a r doe o Ids the co pen saee be put t deat h. a nd he who

aln man be c ilJ8ht in the

batt e), a ",d if is fields an he ke posses ion, if he r Id a d garden s .a II be retu all'll.

0210F~~~

I I

ni1S iM!!!n not go. but

• then "'han presented

lsfertu n of the king ga rde n give n to urn and reaches his ed to h m, he shall

F

28. lf a ch iefta or rna n be ca ught in ttl I!!! rnisfort if h is 'Son is a Ie to e nte r into posse s ion, then garde-n sha II b g to him, he shall take over father,

29. " his son -

ave r ag.a in.

ta ke posse si n, a th i rd to his mot e , and she-

;2. If .a c:h iefta (in war), and a

place: if he hOI mean s in his ho u @ to buy h i5.

-shall bLiV him elf ~~ if he- have n hlng in his h

wh I ch to buy mse fre e, tl e sha II be u,gtlt free b

of nis comm u • if !ole re be noth i"8 n the tern p

to buy him f ,t @ court shall b hls fraado

garde-n, a nd h use ha II not be give for the pu freedom.

the King" ek to !oIis dom, heLI~e with e temple

it" wtl it:: h

:B.1f a ... or the Ki ng.." a n sen a merce nary a'S u b5titute-. him, then me ... or .. shall be p~t to eath.

(I- 201 0 F~~ ~ 'INW'rN. r~~jJ(I~-II'i-

I I I I

.34. If a . . , or a . , , ha rm the p G1 pta io, or ta Ice a y from th!!! by the king. then t e - .• or .. 15t1 II

35. If any .0 ne buy he cattle or s e to chiefta in$ from 1m, t1 e I05e~ t1 s

.36. The- fiE!kI, card n, and ho usa 0 one su bject to quit rent, ea n not ~

rna n, or oo@ su bja to q uit~ rant,

be broke n (decl a i rrva lid l .a nd h

ga rde n, and house tu rn to d1 e ir

.38. /It eh iefu in, n, or one su bj his te n u re of field h euse, .3 nd g n or can he ass I.g n i for.a debt .

.39. H@ mdi't, howe !!! r, dissign 01 fi h as bought. an d h Ido:; .3'S prope gille it for de bt,

e of a captain, njure he

a n ;jJ g.ift Pn:!!S@ to

eut to death I

ntra rt ta blet 0 sa If!!i aU es h is money. The fi lei,

qu it-rent ca n or ass n e to his: wife .0 r daugh

40. H@ ma,,! sa II f Id, ga rda 0, 01 d h USf! to .a I"n@ rc ag~nto;) or to any her public 0 i '.3 the buyer ho t1 OUI_;€o, and ga rd en r fts; usufru .

41. n any one ch iefta in. man, 0 pal ings therefor= rs nt retu rn to fiel

[@ in tha fi one 5L1bje ttl e ch leftai n

rdan, and h USf! q u it-re nt, turn a , or one $ubje U ,the palings

(I- 201 0 ~~ B-o-ob

I I I

.a

42. If anyone take over a f t harefrorn. it must be pdt" itt h

i:l"d ne most del iver gr in. - ust a'S owner of t n@ field.

4;. If he do not till ttl e el. but Ie h: lie fa !low. h stl I gl

era in like 11 is neign be r's e oWr1Ie of the fieldr a d th fie I

whit:h ha lat Iif! fallow h owner.

44. If anyone ta ke ow r is lazy, and doss not m fie Id in the lou rth y~a r. its own e r, a r1Id for each era in sh all be pa id.

he sha]] pi till it • .a nd g' asu re of a rea

45. If a ma n rent h i~ t Ir:I for till ~ for a fi>t:ed recelve the rent of tl is. fi Id. but bad ather come the harvest t ne inj u ry fa Is u n the lie r of ttle soil,

47. If th e lill~ r, because e id not s had the 'SO II ti lied by ot h rs the ow r may ra is.e n

t he field has bee n C\.I - ed a nd he receives ne h rv

.a [00 rd ing to agre arnent,

46. If he do no-.: r~ceiv~ hs If or third sha res of ttl divided pro portionately

48. If a r1IV one owe a de era in. or the n(l rvest fa il

w.ater, in that y@a r ha n not giv

w.a shes hi~ de bt-ta b let in w.a er and

for his field. b grain on the f iller and the 0

nd a stc rm p stra 'S th does not gro for ck his creditor a y gr in. h yo; no rent for his a r.

mercha n , a nd give the or sesame a d orda r h im to fU1d to na I'Ve ttl e ere p; if tne

reteilled from t

so. If he give a the corn or '5eS f ald, and n@ sh

S2.lf the euftl\l d ebter's contra;

I d or a ell Itil/at sesame-field, all belo"g to t e oWl'1e r of the

OOS3 me in pia: t:t1!! rTM!rch.a nt,

Y. then he sha I pay in corn or rent to r what e rees ived from I tariff.

orn or sesam

53. If any one

and does; not kee p

be flooded. the

so Id for money has caused to b

phis da m in p oper ecnd ition, he dam break nd all the field~ ss dam ttle br ak occurred be on@y h all re pla[.@ th corn wt1 ic h he

54. If ne be ., t abl PO'§.'j@ sslons s h be d h as flood ed.

e ttle corn, t en he and his ng the f.a rrTM! whose corn he

55. If anyone- 0 en hines t water nis ere but is ca re Ie ss, and the w.ater od @ f Id his n@ig;hbor, t @n n@ s nail pay his neighbo r CO for h I

0201 F~~~

II

40 ..... *:-.

'- .. ~-

plantatio tengan

57. If a 0:; e herd, with field. and hout the k tne sheep i hOI rvast hi there w·

the com field and of tne fie

60. If a nv e _give ove-r

as a gard n if he 'WOrk fifth year taking his

61. If the

he water ave rflow the en gu r of 1::0rD for !!w ry

permls ion of the oWl'le r of thee of th ow ner of t he sheep, lets then th owner (If ttl e field sha II !! rd, W 0 had pastu red his flack e owne of th ~ r.e Id, -sha II pay to

ure .a nd baen sh ut up in he pherd let th ~ minto a s neph rd s nan take possessic n

e gra z:ed on, a nd at the e'vt! ry t!!n Gdln.

e of tne owner of a y naft.a m ina in money-

ener, for him to plan..: it r it for fuur year5. in the hall div.de it tne owner

tl e pia nting of the field, igned to him as nis.

not plant t e fi garden, if - be ara b le I nd f r corn

osha II pay h oWl"le r t ne pro ee of t

he let it i Ia II OWr a ordi to tn@ fie lds, p~ he fie Id i n ara I cond' owner.

given over to him a s a r se same] tne ga rd en e r fiel d 10 r the yea rs that prod uct of n !!icJ'1 00 ring nand return it to it!;

02(110F~~~

I II

form wa~te 141 nd into a rable field sa" lattar sha II pOly him for one yea r te

[I-Iere a p ion of the te:rt i th irty-fou p rag ra eh s. ]

st for th e mon , a s much as he has e teo t he refer, and n the day. when th

64. If any n ha nd over his rden to a g.a rde ner ga rde ner h II pay to It s owne two~thirds of t he pr

g.a rden, r 0 10 ng as he t1 a rt:.n possession. a d

ttl ird shall h k@ep.

65. If the a dene r do ., ot wo k In the garden and t h fa II off, th rde ns r sha II pa in propo rtion to eth r

101. If t er a re no merca til~ a rra nge ments i

wt1 itt1 er h em, he s ha II Ie e the entire ameu t me n y

wt1 it: h he c wed with th e b ker to gil.re to t ne me h nt.

102. If a e ha nt e ntrust me ~y to a n agent (bra

inve"Stme • nd t he breker s er a less I n the pi a

goes. ne s al rna Ice good t ne c pital to t ne march i;l I

on the journey an enemy take .aw y he had, the bro r sha II swea r by G

nt corn, wool. 0 ii, r Sih.a II glve a ret

104. If a e hant giv~ an goods to tr ., Sipc! n, the age

.Ill ..... ~

I. _

amour" , al'll obtain the m

lOS. It he

106. If he

fl

sate th e m rena nt the

reless . .a nd doe s not ta k a rt!c~ipt to the

the me r ha nt he ca I'll ccnsider the

rehan retu m d to him all nat" ad be:

ceipt what ha d

t his; a nt nvld: th mereh ant if he st II de y reeei ing wh at th s urn to he- a,ce-nt.

10&. I a

drink,

-shall

ge nt in that a n givf!n him, u en retu rned I) im then ha II efe re God an he judge~, and agent had g- nim 511 all pay

per (fem nine) does a-ccept rn

ight in pay I'IIt of d ri., k, U ta Ice 5 mo eYr

ha n that of t @ com, she- ha II water.

eet i" ttl e hoy sa (If a t raters a @ nat ca ptu ed and d@1'

eper II be put to d ~ath.

god II ope n a tave rn, or orna n be: urned to dest .

to

(I- (I10F~~~

I I I

114. 1.3 an have no. elal r com and men

try to de and it by force, he sha II a one-th in:l of a sih.te.. I'll e ry case.

t st '5.i lver. gold, pr c iou s

o another, a I'IId w h to rin.g .a II of the pr p@ rty it to his: own Lis th en

p pe rtv to hand l ever, I for 1:111 that tlad been

r mon~y upon a prison a ., atu ra I

th pri soner die in st r of the prlsone r If e wa s a free-bo

death; if it was old . .and all that It.

low§; or ma Itrea me nt, tl e mercha nt be re the snail

one fail to m!!et a cia im bt, an d 5@11 hi If, his

n, a nd da L.Ig r for m e or give the m a ay to

or, t kev sha II wo for th r a rs in the house f the

2010 F[)ft~ ~

I .,. I I

ny 0 e 'Store corn for safe kee i ng inn

he use, .a nd a ha rm ha ppe n to tt1 e c rn I.,

owner of t h ouse open tne 8 rana ry and t cia Ily h@ d !!ny that the 00 rn

he LJ~e: then owner of th ~ corn sha I clal

oath • and the ow., er of the h use sh

the n that he took.

man tk~y 5

them, or the proprieto • and i fri!!!@.

rna Ie- or fu mala slav@ a

rc ha su blease the m, CI r sell

n ea I'll b ra i'3ed.

fa il to maat .a da lrn fo

e 'StCI re corn in .a nether m n's h he rate of one gu r for eery f

year-

e tou rtlo! yea r

d labor. and r money, no

her person's e. or if the some of the

sto red in his h 'S com before II pay it~ OWfl er

e he 'iha II pay of corn per

122, If .any giv~ an othe r si Ive r, So Id, or n hi n.g else to kee p, e sha I show everyth ins: to 'S-CI e wJt 'S-. d raw up a en han d it over to r safe e ping

123, If he t r it over to r safe keep g wi contra and he to who m it WG'5 g lYe n deny legiti m te cia

ny 0 deliver silver. gold, or a yth in e to a not:h e r

for sa kee P n • befo re a wit., ess but he de It he sha II be

02(110F~~

I II I

breu I1t befo re a judge, a dan in tul .

any one pia t:@ his P ope and here, either th reu t hi~ tl1 e rope rty of t he otl1 r man th ro gh whese neglect tel t:t1!! ner for all ttl at w s giVf!n to of th house 5 ha II try to Ilow p away from the th

he tl as de., ied he sha n pay

itk .a nether for r robbers, h is pro e I ~,the owne r of ok place, sha II to im in [h:ilr:gt!. But t nd re eover h is pro

a nv one wno hOI !!y h:ilv@

been lost, and ma ke fie cla ms if he claim his; od'S and

amc nt of inlL1ty be-roo re n hough he has not I t he m,

tl e s all be fully co mpe r II nis loss cia imed- (I.e., tne

oath s all that is n@eded l

a ny one i'point th th e ife of a ny (I ne, a take before ths jud,g C\Jtti g the 'Ski n. or ~rh

128. f a man take a wit h @r, ttl is woman is

129. If a man's wife b anet er rna n, both sh all t:t1!! sba nd mOlY pa rdc

130. anet er rna n, W no has fontl r's house, and s sha II eo put to d eath, b

(5 an de r) at a sister a god CI r o prove it t nis rna sha II be and is brow shall ba rna ked. (by s hair l

e, bt.lt have no in ercc Uf'5.e

( I n fiagrnnte deli 0) wittl th rown into the ater, but d tha king his sla

etrot ned or eni I wife) of a man. and ~tilll" es in her 01 nd ba surprised, is man blameieY;.

0201 F~~~

I I

46 ..... *:-.

'- .. ~-

131. If a man brlng s eh '5U rprlsa d wit" ;jJ not n@ r may return to 1'1 e r "0 use,

F

i nst 113'1 s wrre, take an

112. If ttJ e -finger is po nte - at a man. but s he I", not cau I'll I

osha II ju mp into tf1 e river r h

1:3::3:. If a man is taken pri on r in njs house. but h ~s w· another house: beeau sa we nt to a notha r house, thrown in-.:o the wat~r.

134, If a ny one be capt u in his house, if then h ls sha II be held blameless.

susta nan[.@ in his house bea r child re n: an d if la he me: then th I", wtfu s

c nilel re n folio w their fat" r-

1)6. It a nv one leave his

to a not her house, if the bae k: because "e fled fr m is t his ru n.a way 5" dill not r@

li7. If.a man wl",h to ", him t hildren, or from his he shall give that wife h r d fie Id. garden, and prope Whe n she has brought p h

har "OU

in war and wife. 0 to .a noth r he use i3I d u sba n return an come to urn t her husb nc, but

Y. and th n his wife c wishe-.o. to ta ke his.

d ran awa ,tl'1 e wrfe of nd,

• .a nd pa rt of t us ufruct of that e ea n rea r her ch ild n. cni Idre , a port Ion of .a II t ha is

2(110F~~~

II I

of one

n to

ra fro m his - @ who ha borne hi no c hildren, he shall gi h ~ the amo nt of h ~ r phase mo ey a nd the dowry hi h "5 e brough from he r her' s

t10 , a"d let her go,

If there was no pu re a as a gift of release.

plu es i nto debt, t rif!'5 t ru n he house, D and i~ jud icia Ily convicted rna go on her way, and h If h r husband does n aDO her wife, she s nail he e.

ie:c::.ts her h er her rele as a gift of ar, and if

ave it. band, e, ~he lease. take

and say: 41 prejudice fault on h en no g lIt attaches; ;)"d go aek to her

u are §the!

part. c thls he-r''S

143 If ~e ts not In noes , t1 er heu sa, neglecting h int the water.

aves her h u-s-band, a ru In s d, this man snail e- cast

(I- (110 ~~

I 1

4, ..... *:-.

... ~-

144. maid take

his woman g. ch ild ran, but t be permitte

inte" bring equal yw

take a • and he bear him n

r wife ~ - ne take ttl is

146, I

e gfve this m i m c h.ld n, din d then be ea u 'She has born r 10 r m nev. but he n g t ne maid"'5e rva nts,

ajd·serva nt

ma 'Slave, racke ing her a

147. I she sell h r for

148. I a m n take a then eslre 0 take a who as be n attac ke bV d I~ ho use wh it he has b It an tI s

if!!. an d she ba sa i zad is@i:I!i@, if h@

. e he 'Shall not ut a '" his wife. se, but he sh I Ire p her in the port her so 10 g as she lives,

149. I th ls es not ls h to rema inn h r hu-sban d's

ompens ee her for th d ry that she her from ner fath r's house. and

1 SO. a rna give his ife a fiel . ga rden . a nd cus .a nd a deed the r. if hen after he de of her husba d t e sons ralse

no da mr th "ttl e rno her m bequeat h a II t on

need I@ v@ not" inc. to 5 b hsrs.

lSl. .a wo an who I er h u ba nd, tha

eo a .agreement r, nd has give n

2(110F~~~

II

II.Iment there

wo an r had a dabt, !! crad or c:.a not he the WCI But if the woman, efore s e ent red th m an IS

a de-bt, her [r@ or c n not rr@'5t he

r.

lSl If after the

15 If a man be gu tty of in " fro m the pia (exiled)

ttle rna 1'''5 h

155 If a man bet th a gi I 1:0 is son. inte course witl1 he , but he (the f tl1 er] and be surprised, t en he all b beun

r [drowned],

If a r'IIy on e be gu illy of ince r, bath snail ba u rned,

has tl1 red, b

and his son ha e e rw:-ard efile 11 r, and ca

mothe after iSi

If a ny one be s rprl~ed fter h s f.athe 11 as bom e ch i I ren, he ha II drive

15 a g Irlto is, so , but n~ son ha-s; ot k no

efile her he s h II pay h r 11 alf a old mi and rompens ate ha for a II t at sh brough a LIt of h r hthe- 'S hoe. She may ma r the rna of h rhea n.

02110F~~

r.ief w • s fathe '5i

'50 ..... *:-.

'- .. ~-

1 0 n .whe has bro~8l'1t chatt

sa, an h s p.a id the pu rchase, and sa to 1'1 is- father-i" ·Ia 101 do n wa nt y ghter, t h girl's lather may ke@ p al that he h d brought.

1 . If a n ring eh attels into the 1'1 u'Se of 1'1- fat her-m-la ,

pay u rehase price~ (for his °fe); if du~ tl'1 e fatf1e r of

,girl "S ~ "'I will not g ive- you my d a ght@ r, ~ h shall g ivf! h m

k a II t h t h ere L.I.g ht with hi m.

16 , If a an bri"g eh anel s into his pOI tha ' ure a'5@ price.' if then his fr and sla nd r him. and is fa he r-in-I w ay to the you ng h usba d: "Vou s a II not ma rv d a~gh r, the he sha II gille ba ck to n 1m u dimi nishec II

11 e ha b ugi'lt wtth h im; but his ire sha II ot be rna rri d

arry a v..roma n, and 'S he bea r 'Son'S:

e, then sh all ne r fath r tta\le n

arry a worna nand she ea r hi m , if the 41 p u rchasa p ric 1 wh icl'1 h had paid i t h he use of his fat:t1!! r-m- law is r@ id to him her h usba sh II have CI 13 im upon the dow tV of h ls woma ~ it be Iong'i 0 he father h

!! r-in~'aw do not paY" ba k to nim price- h e mav su bt ct the 3 rc hase prl .. from the dowry • a nd the n pay r's house-

ha arnou nt of em of t ~ he remain er

. If.a hom he refers a fie d.

d h U~, an d a deed ther r: If later he father d e,

1'1 rs d Mde the e-state, the tney sh a I first give h m

02(110F~~~

1 1

th e pre sen of nis father, a h m!! patarn prope rtv sha II t e.y

166, If a son,

minor 5CJnr he s

~hall set a j e besldes his p rti n the price" to r e mino r brothe wh had

n wish to put h s udge: i'l want t p t my e i"to ., is rea ns. f th e

then the according mothers CI equallv w·

her die, the s ns the mothe rs, t ev in tnis way; t e one another.

16S, If 3

t ake no wife. for his d ide the estate r they for ttl e "pu rehase e no wife as yet, and

hl house. and declare n Lrt, II then the judge n e g~ ilty of no great U r the father sha II not

g~ itty of a ra h shou Id rightfully

d !!priv@ hi of the fi I ial rala ion h iPr t @ f her s ha II forgive him

th e first ti e: but if he be of a 'oj tau It a second "ti me

tt1 e fatne r a V deprilJe hi5 a II fil

-fe. bea r son s t born e son and t he father wtlom his

sons of t paternal p and ehee

maid-se rv.a nt have -;ays to the ch i Id ren ens," .a nd he cou nt fat ne r die, the n the rv nt shall d ividi!!! the t e wife is; to pa rt ition

02(110F~~~

I I I I I

'5l ..... *:-.

'- .. ~-

r, k~ fat ne( wh aid· rva nt: II My

of he m.a id~5@rva hOI re with the s '5.

LIt l e freedom of he maid .3 h er so ns sh II e

gra nted. Th son of the wife sh II have no Ignt to ens lav sons of t ne rna i ; the wife sh II take he dowrv 'fro

f.at har}, and @ itt that har hu ba nd gav@ ha rand deed

her (separa f m dowry. cr he pu reha -mOoney pai e r fat he r). an d ive i the home of er h usba nd: ~o long as $h r s she sha II us it, - stl all not be old 10 r m ey - W nateve s e

172. If he r h sba d made her n 81ft she ~h II be compen at

for ne r grft, nd he osha II rete - e a portio n from the est of

her h usband eq u I to t hat of on ch ild. If h r son s oppras to force her ut the h ouse, l e i ucl.ge sh II e;.:a mine int matter. and f th 'SOns a re at u It the \NO an sha II not a

her h usban d s "0 se. If the wo leave the h

she must ledi e to her sons tha g w nit: h h@ but she mav ke he dowry of h r father's h

marry the n of er he art.

173. If th is her 'S!!oo d husband, i place to wh i h sh went. an d th n d ie, her e rlier and tate

sha II divide ted ry between t em.

174. tf sha b ar n sons to her firrt hu sba n shal h allJe th e dow

d man mar da ughter of fr!! ma n, and ch il ren dir@ bo ,m@ masts r 'Slave shall h ve n right tc en s e the ch ild n of the free.

(I- (I10F~~~

I I

'INW'rN. ~~jJ(I~_II'i-

I I I

man 1'5 da ugM@r, a nd m a father's t1 euse, ousehold, .a nd ;jU:X::U m 5 e wtJ 0 w.a s free bor u9band and ~he had

e sl ave shall ta ke (I ns ildren.

7. tf:it widow. whose other house (re mar ~. she owledg@ of th!! jude. . If she nt!! a noth r house t 5 a II eca min e the state the h u se f her rst h Lis ba e house of he r first h -s-band s a II e eneru ed to th rs. And

ust be mada the raof . p the chikl re n, a ru::l n u¥'-' the ute nslls of O"ey, and the goods s

'5!! in ord r, ring se -hc I ute nsils. He who

a w- ow sha II hls

cording to her 5 hare, hen ha er. She shall have the sufruet er father gaw her so I ng as II_;

rden an '5" but he can n t II_; II CI r

02010 ~~~

I I I

;}.._

'- .. ~.-

ass- n it to others. Her positio brot ars,

179, If;il ~ sister of oil god, I' or a p stir LIt@, @ .a,gift rom ha tat hr. an d a deed in w hie h it h s bee n ex I lel IV stated hat sll may d l'5pCJ'Se of it a'S she p ases, .a nd g her dis p sit jon tnereofi if the" tl e r father die t n she her roperty to whomso!!ver s h pleases, er b rothers an ra is nc e im thereto.

180, If a father give.a present t hi's da ug te able: 0 r a prestltuta (u n rna rriag .a ble).ran d th to ceive a pc rtion as a d'I i Id from the p.a rna I e te, an

en] it'S IJ'S ufrlJct '50 long as sh live'S" He r st te bel on s to h

bret ers.

181, If.a father devote a tern p rna id or ple-virgi to Go

and ive her no presene If then ttl e fattl er d i , she'S ha I rece I the nj rei of.a chi Id's portio n fro the in ne ita ce of he father I he u a, .a nd enjoy its u sufru rt bele g5 to her brat he rs,

nis d ughter as a Ib Ion (as. in 181), .a nd &iI.re ha no pre'5.@ t, or a d@ her th er d ie, the n sh all she eive one- ir of her a c h d of he r father's house fro he r brot e ,b~t fIAa lea

183, If a ma n give his da L.I.g hte by a cone bi

h IJ'S and • an d a deed; if t hen he father d I po r1 on from the paterna I esta .

184, If a m3n de not give a do to h ~ a

bl ne a nd no busbs nd; if the n er fathe r ie

02(110F~~~

I I I

gilffl he r a dowry husband for her,

ing to her father's wea

190. H a man doe not a intai n a ch ikJ that he

SCI nand rea red is other ch ildre n, the n

may retu rn to nis; ''5 heu se.

nd '5eC ure a

18S. If a m din Old

ch ild a nd to h is name not be dema nded back

186. If a man ad pt ~", a nd if afte r t1 e h injuf@ his fost@r h@ .and mother, then this a ret urn to his fathe '0; h use.

!!!d son shall

p ra rnou r in the pa lace pmstit ute, ca n n ba emandad back,

or of a

188, If an artl zan s u de rtaken to rea r a cni Id

t1 is craft, he ea n n de ma nded back.

189, If he has no ret urn to t1 is fathe 's h

191, If .a m din r wh ha adopted a son a nd rea a househcld, an d ha eh ild re n. wi~h to put t out then t nis '30 sh II not -s:im ply go his;

fatt1 e r sha II give h his wea 1tt1 ene-t nird of

and then he may 0, @ sha II not giv!!! him of t and house.

irn, foundad dopted o:;on I~ adoptille i lei IS portion, ald, ga rden,

19l. If a '50 n of a au r or a prest rrure sa fatha r or mmh@r. lIyo are nat my fatha r, or tongue sh all be c off

'INW'rN. r~~jJ(I~-II'i-

III I

19 a a ramo r or a prostitute d

he sa, an d deSi~ ad opn futt1!!!r an d adopt e moths

g 5 to h is lath IS U5e, th ., sha II t1 is eye be ut 0 IJt_

'56 ..... *:-.

'- .. ~-

1

an .an

19

1 pu

19

1 ,If he put 0 fre d man, he s

1 .jf he p LIt 0 a an's slave, t1

2

, If a freeor eq~al ra

fl

child .a nurse and the

un be nown to the fath he n th sha II cony iet t1 er

of an oth er ma n,

5 bane, his bone s

n.

freed rna n, CI r b Id rnina,

ofa

eyP::! .of ma n's 51ave, or b II pay 0 e-ha If of i~ va I us,

eof

of a freed man "

he,

an str e the body of an ther free born s hall p y one gold min a ,

in money.

the slaW' of fre@ d rna n a shall be cet ff.

during a qua rel one man shall swear ~I did not inj re him ns,

v of an her freed man, he

Y of a f["@'@d rna n,

er and wol,uld him, i ngly," a nd pay the

20 • I f his wo un d, ne sha II ar 5iimila rly, a nd if ha th dec@dls@d) as a frsa- bor I"I\a n, .,!!! ha II pav naif a min.a

in ey .

.a man Uri a free- born wom.a n that she IO'S€: he r

child, he sh II pay ten she 1$ for n

a ~man 0 njld by a blow, he

y five shake in rnoney,

21 •

.21 • I .a physic la n a e re it 0 r if

, iiUld she lose ne r

~th Ird of a ml na,

a n cp~ rati nc. kn if@ the ey~) with an

02010 ~~

I I I

'58 ..... ::}. 11:ter'18-0
'- .. ~.
operatin n(fe, a nd save the eye, he snail re ive ten she Is
inmon .
t ient be .a fre d man r he r@t:@iVf!s .- sh@k!!k.
ttl e ,,-,Ia\le CI some CI ne, h 1"-' own e shall gl\le he
pnysiciil o ~helcels. 218. If h¥"iicia n make a I arge incision with th e opera ing

knife, a n ill him.. or op n a tu mor wit h ttl e [l"d cut u the eye, his ha ds shall be eut off,

219. If a p ysician make k II him, he shall

larg~ i nasion in the place ttl e slave with

r with the ope: r.ati his: va ILie.

ici a" hea I tl1 d soft pa

ths phygcian fiv@ sh kels in mo

n perform a 'Serio us peroticn 0 @ owner sha II p.aV th "5U r_gE!:cn ne-

eperatien 0" an ass r ~ and ki I itr fou rth of its v.a hoJ!!!.

d

226.. If a barb r, wittl out the knowle d e of tl j si,gn of a slave n a sl:ilve nat to be sold the" a shall b cut

ny on dece ive a barbe r, .3 nd h 'lie hi to r sa I wtth e sign of a slave, he s II be buried ." his h use. The barber shall s sha II be: gu i ltlass,

r bu ild a house for som shall g e him a fee of tw"o shekels i

229 If a bu i e r build a house for perly. a nd ttl e house w

its 0 ttl itt bu ild!!r s ha II be p

son of the owne r ttl e s

'Slave of the oWl'le r, t h ne r of ttl e hcuse,

od 5, tl!! shall I"I\aI k!! 00 m nsat i ine d. d ina'Smuch a'S he did n t con ~ h il:tl h bu lit an d it fe I t he shal re-e re

bu ild r bu i Id a ho Lise for some one. e

co m leted it If then the Us s

ke the wa lis 'SO lid from

ilde r b Llild a boat of si two she ke Is. I., men ev.

rb@r

not

comp et it, he r e h sar of

s not nd kill

~ has , the

shall

02(110F~~~

I I I

60 ..... *:-.

'- .. ~-

23S

CII beat for some ne, a nd do not ma me yea r that b at is sent away a ilder shall taka t @ beat a pOI rt 01 nd p n expense. The t gbt boat he shall g.

2 t to 01 sailor, an tha SOl i lor is ca r!!1

.and t he boat ls IN rec cr goes .agroun ,the sa ilor sh all g.

he boat a ethe r boat as co

r 01 nd his beat, a n provide it with co nd O1he r th i ng-s t he kin d needed f fitt I g it: If t sai lor I careless, the t is wrecked, an d i ton e nts rul n d, t"e n t e sailor sha II (0 pe nsate for t ne bel whi h was wr eked and II in it that h~ rui ed.

2 If a sa 110 IN reck a y one' s sh Ip. b ut saves it. he ~h.a II p

lue inm

219 r, he sha II pay h m six gu r of corn p

yea .

2 If.a I"I'l@'rc 01 ntrnan n ag..a mst .a Ie rry oat, and wreck it. t

ma r of th sh ip that was wrec ked sh II seek j uUice befo

G:I ; the mer of t e m erchantma n, wt1 ic h wrecked t fur boat mu compen te ttl e owner to the boat an d aU th

If any 0 e impres: on third of a mi";) in m

II pay four gur of co

t of he rd canl e h sha II pay th rse gu r of corn t the

one hire oil n ox or ;ilSSr oil nd oil lion kill it in tha @Id,

pen its owner.

one hire oxen, a d kill the m by bad treatrne 0 r hall compe nsate t ow nar, oxen fa r ox@n.

n tl ire a n ox. and brea k tu !e.g or cut the li,ga nt

nee k tl e sha II com pensa eo the owner wit" ox for ox.

one h ire an ox, a pLrt out its eye, he 'iha II pa the

half of its va lue.

If .a ny en!!! h ir@ .a n 0)(, din brsa k off a horn, or cut aff i rt its unle, he sh all pa one-to Lnth of ito:; val Lie in m

ene hire an ox, an

hired sha II 5W!!i1 r by G

n the sere et (ma rket) so can set up no claim in th

x be a gorl ng 0)(, a d it shewn that he is a go re .ra nd ind h is horns, or f ste n t he ox up, a nd ttl e O}ll a n oil nd k ill hi m, t owner sha II pay one-haff a

i II a man IS slave, tl sha II pay 0 newt" ird of a min I

one agree with a othe r to te nd h ls fie ld, giv him ~ a yoke of OKen 0 him, and bind him to Cll - te

or plants. a nd take ttl e off.

t ne field, if ne himself • ., is han

254. If he t.a k~ yoke of axe n, h seed-co rn,

25S. It he su b let th !! of oxe-n or stea I ths 5@ed· pia nting noth ing in h ~ fie • h 'Sha II be convicted, a nd for

one hundred ga h sha] p y gur of com.

256. If h is rom placed in that fi

pay" fur him, then he 5 ha I be Ie (at we rkl,

257, If a ny one corn par year.

rar, ne sha II pay tl im eight r of

2S8. If anv one h per year.

259. It any one five shekels I., m

~el from t he fie kI. he 'iha I p.ay

260. If any one river or ca na I) or a

(U'Sf!d to draw wat@ r fro the II p.ay three 0; he kels in men ~

261, If any ene him aight g .... r of 0

10 r can Ie or sheep, he sh al pay

26~. If he kill the c compen sate th sheep,

that w@re given to him, ha ha II cattle for cattle and 5 hee for

fl

haw been e ived h is W.i3g~'5 .i3 S u mbe r of the cattle

r@ase by bi rth ieS'5. he shall rna k!! good i h wa'5 lo'St in the t rms of settlement,

264.. If a antrustad agreed uao

t who m cattle 0

man, to

e ntrusted, gu ilty of

natural ina a convicted .a

.a ud .a nd rnaka them for mcne ner ten time", the I

r sheep have be en lsa returns of the then s ha II he be

266. If tha

in the sta b Ie God ( din .a ccldent],

erdsm.an s ha II d tare h i'5 i nnoce nee r b ea rs ttl e ace Id e tin the "'table.

erlook '50 f'Il@'th i ,a nd an accident en the he rd'5man i-s; at fa Lilt for the ca used I n the ble, a nd he must p.

a me Lint of the hire

res hing, the" i r!! - tw"@nty ka of com.

I rna I for th res hing. the hire is ten k.a of

corn.

271. jf any tlundred an

n, ca It and d riv~ , h e sha II pay one corn per day.

272. If .any o day.

alo ne, he sha II pa forty k.a of co rn pe r

F

273. If any on l1ire a av laborer. he han pay h m New Y@;jJr until the fifth month (April to

10 ng a nd the rk ha rd si:-:: gera hs j" m

'SD:th month to the ye ar he s

~rdav·

274 I If il"V one ire a -sk led a rtiz:a"r !'e s all pay as ... five g@ra hs, 01'5. wa.g of t n@ potre r f' g@ra hs, 0 a ta 10 fN!! ger.ahs. of . .. erahs, ... of a ropema r four ge ahs • cf ....

gera hs, of a m rah s per day.

27S. H .a ny on h ire a errvboat, h@ sh mone-y pe-r day

2n. If any 000 ire a sh p ofs;ill'ty gu r, he 'S ha II pay

shekel in mone as its h pe r d flY.

278. If anyone- buy a m Ie or fema Ie sla e. a nd be

has elapsed ttl be n u~d ea se be develo , 11 e st1

-slave to tf1 e sel r, and wh leh ne

279. If any en by iii ale or female s claim it, the ~I er I'S Ilab e for the claim.

280. If wh i Ie! i -sl.ave belon.g in

return nome t if the rna Ie or Give the m back with out

country a rna he r of hi'§; ow the rna le or fe

281. If t ney are fr m.a neehe r country. t:t1!! mou nt of me @Y p:iI id t ha ro!!for to

th e Ie or fern al slave I

to his rna ~er: "Vou ma ste r Sih.a II cut off

lare

02(110F~~~

I I I

above a brought innabita gre~t go whose'St city; on and Akka deep wi inju~ th have In head, in heaven settle .111

THE EPILOG E

t he wi'5.@' king. statute did he ing king am I. I

hern Bel gave to me, I was not ing- pboo. 1 exhine upon th ~ m, k-hta rent ruste-d dowed me, wit h ted the ene my ued the earth. -security to the ir ames;.a d istu Jber was n pe rm itted. The me, 1 a m the sa at ion- ea ring s kephe rd, ig t, the good shade that spread over my I herl~h the in ha blta ts of he 13 nd of Su me r s niter I haw let tne re po e in peace; in my e e nclo!ied th em. T at the stro n.c might not

rder to protect th wido and orpha ns, 1

city where An u nd B raise h 1.8 h their

Temple, whese ndati ns sta nd firm as

order to be-s.pea j usn in t ne La nd, to

d hea I all injuries, up ese mv preoo us

my memorial sto e. re the I mage of

well

let among t he king n de red: there Is ., 0 w-js;do

cities am I. My like unto mine.

........... .....-rlla nd of Sham ash, t h great dge

r htsousaess &0 forth in the: I nd: by the: order lord. let no destruct i " beta II y me u me nt. In • I lova, lat my na m be e'lt r r@p ted; lat t @ he has a ea S~ at la come nd sta before t my i 8 a kl ng of righteou'_"ne~ ; let him rea d t e Inscriptl and nd rs (I nd my pre-cious wo 5: the I sen ptl wi II e~p I his c @!: im; he will tind out w tis ju and hi h@oartwill

glad. tha he will say:

I is a ruler, y..rf'1o is as a father to his ords of M arduk in f r MarciuL over the n

o Ma nh,l k. his lord. w r on t1 is su biects, a., has e

02(110F~~~

I I

ubjects, W 0 d

6' ..... ::"

'- ..

fl

Ha m mu abiJ t he ing of rig contar rjght ( 1aw);jJ m deeds a e not e ua ted; to

words. eurses, whit:h I efface

order a !!b@ Ilio n ni[ h his win cI of he ove rt row of hi yea rs of nis; rule groa nin da rknes without light, de may he B@ I) ord r wit h his

c itv, the di~pe rsl of his SU j . ttl c

remova I of nis na e a I'IId m mo f great M her, W 0'5e cern Dian 0 mpus), ~ition . in the dest~nyl tu rn his,

of nis la d, tne d life lik!!

02010 ~~~

I I I

ir sou rees, a nd not allow h is land, May Sha sh, o 5iU pporteth all lif@rt:C'I.IraG!!, sh tter h is dcrn inion,

h is law. dest r h ls way. ma ke va in the ma rch of his t

h s v ions fore carts ttl e uprooting

to u ndatio ns rone a nd of th destruction of hi

gods, ta k!! aw

put upon hi 101Ne r tha n he

bu rd!!n of do

lord of fnJ·

wit ntl ok:! fro .n from heave te r

fro m the sprt royi ng his la nd may

ha ra.ce- might his dty, ;iI nd m !! his la nd i nto floo • h ills

(heaps: of ru ie,' esl, May za rna a. th e great w.ar· ,the

fl rst- born son E~K r, who goeth at right na nd, s ha r hls

wea PO"S on t fie I of battle, tu rn into n igl'rt 10 r hi ,a nd

lat his foe triu h r h im, May Is r, the goddess of f ting

and war. wh e rs my wea pon , my gracious pro..: cting

""P I nt, whe 10 domin io n, curs ni~ kingdom in her ngry

tl eart; in "er th, e ha nge h is race into evil. a.,d 'So ane r

h is wea pon s n the place of fighting an d wa r. May s ha r!!at@

disorder and itic for him, strl Ire d INn his w.a rrlors, th t the

ea rt h may d I th Ir blood. an d h row down the pi es of

corpses of !, is. 0 n the field; m y s"e not grant h i a life

of merry, d@ ~ r a nd

imprison hi im n he a nd of his enem i s. Mav Nerga I. the iJ:!:ht among ttl e g d • w ose eeneest is i sl""tib le, w no gran s me

10 ..... ::".

'- ..

victory, n h is great igh turn up nis su jetts like a s Ie nd e

reed stal • cut off his Ii bs ith his m i.e h shatta

him like an earthen i ge. ay Ni.,·tu. rsss

otha r d@ny him

na me, ve him no su cess r a mons, n, Mav N in-

da ughte of An IJ. wh ad] dges grace to

u PO" hi member.; in ·h r igh fever.

nat ba @al!:~d, wh n.at r@ the ph ici n d O@S no u nda r

sta nd, h lch he can n t tre t IN ith d res ing wh id'l. I ike he bit of deat mov d. u ntil the h ve 'Sa p ped way h· Me.

May he la me nt th e I 5'S of h is lif~-po gods of eaven and ea h. t e Anunaki. [l"d evi I upon the co i nss of ttl e te m Ie, ttle wa lis boa rra {t eo Su n temple of Si para I, u po his domi nion, h i~ wa rr rs, his su bj s, .a n h is troops, Ma Be I cu rse t he pot nt c LU''5eSi of hi mo th that can ot a ttered. tney to e UPO" hjm f nt1

;5 /of free O't fo,gotte~ ooks. Of9;

Babylonia and A

Folk-lore

the Blade MIni f Min

on

e pmnsylvanla Germ

oftier onJine at:

Of .JJmDzon..com

Code of Hammmrabi

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