NERVOUS SYSTEM:

Central nervous-brain and spinal cord

Peripheral-restof the body>splits into somatic-voluntary,
autonomic-sympathetic-involuntary>sympathetic-controls
organs in stress, parasympathetic-controls body at rest

RESTING POTENTIAL: Electric potential- # of +/- ionspumps move NA+ and K+ in- charge difference=resting
potential>polarized= - on inside, + on outsidethreshold=minimum stimulus to activate neuron
Interneuron=connects sensory/motor carries impulses-only
in CNS
Motorneuron=carry impulses from brain-muscle(effectors)
Sensory neuron=sense organs (receptors) to brain and
spinal (afferent)
Fasciles: groups of axons with their endoneurium arranged
in bundles.

REFLEX ARCH: 1.receptor 2.sensory 3.interneuron 4.motor

Parasympathetic: contracts pupils, stimulate spit, contracts
bronchi, slows heart, stimulates tummy, stimulates
gallbladder, contracts bladder
Sympathetic: dilates pupils, stops spit, relaxes bronchi,
heart faster, stops tummy, stimulates glucose release by
liver, relaxes bladder
IN CNS:
Astrocytes- found in gray matter, largest, most in neuroglia,
two types-support neurons, protect neurons by isolation,
create blood-brain barrier regulate growth in neurons,
maintain chemical environment, help in learning and
memory
Oligodendrocytes-form and maintain myelin sheath
Microglia-phagocytes ,remove cellular debri
Ependymal cells: line the ventricles of brain and central
canal of spinal cord. Produce monitor and circulate cerebral
spinal fluid, form blood cerebro spinal fluid barrier
Neuroglial cells: cns volume dvide in to above IN PNS:
Schwann cells: encircles pns axons. Form myelin sheath for
a single axon, participates in axon regeneration,
Satellites cells: surrounds PNS ganglion neurons. Regulate
material exchange between neuronalcell bodies and
interstitial fluid
GRAY MATTER: contains cell bodies, dendrites ,
unmyelinated axons, axon terminals and neuroglia, appear
grayish because nissl bodiesand little/no myelin, blood
vessels
WHITE MATTER: myelinated axons, white, blood vessels
SENSORY ORGANS:
Sensory receptors=specialized neuron detecting stimulus
1.mechanoreceptors=sensitive to mechanical stimuli
(deformation/bending/stretching of cells), sensations of
touch/pressure/vibration/ changes. 3. Nociceptors=respond
to painful stimuli (physical/chemical tissue damage) 2.
Thermoreceptors detect temp 4. Chemoreceptors=detect
chemical in mouth (taste), nose (smell) + body fluids 5.
Photoreceptors=detect light that strikes retina 6.
Osmoreceptors= detect osmotic pressure of body fluids;
skin receptors: C-fibers- unmyelinated, senses pain touch
pressure heat and cold, motor function
= contracting/dilating pupils, increasing/ decreasing heart
rate, contracting/relaxing bladder meissner corpusclesensitive to touch, their tactile receptors merkels disksfine touch, flattened free nerve endings, plentiful in
fingertips, hands, lips, external genitalia Pacinian corpusclein dermis and subcutaneous layer, vibration/pressure, A
delta fibersMyelinated, touch, pressure, position of joint and thermal
sensations

INTEGUMNTARY SYSTEM:
Functions: protection>physical>Keratin and glycolipids
=waterproof continuity prevents bacterial invasion, chemical
barriers> skin secretion and melanin regulates temp
cutaneous sensory receptors excretes/absorbs and has
metabolic functions (15-20 sq ft)
MEMBRANES: a. mucous membrane- lines cavity/tubes open
to outside b. serous membrane-line cavities with no outside
opening c. cutaneous membrane-skin, d. synovial membraneform inner lining of joint cavity secrete thick fluid (synovial
fluid)
LAYERS OF SKIN: epidermis :90% of cells keratinized,
melanocytes 8% Langerhans cells from red bone marrow>
epidermis immune responses merkel cells least numerous
deepest layer, give sensation of touch growth of epidermis
takes 4 weeks

Stratum Corneum: 25-30 rows of dead flat keratinocytes

water/microbe/.injury barrier Stratum Lucidum: only thick
skin, 3-5 rows of clear flat dead keratinocytes, thick plasma
membranes Stratum Granulosum: 3-5 rows of flattened
keratinocytes disintegrating organelles transition between
dead and living, lipid rich secretion(contains lamellar
granules) =water sealant Stratum Spinosum: 8-10 layers of
keratinocytes, spine like projections on cells provides
strength and flexibility has melanocytes and Langerhans cells
Stratum basale(germinus)- cuboidal/ columnar keratinocytes,
melanocytes, Langerhans, merkels, tactile discs rate of cell
division increases during injury DERMIS: connective tissue.
First layer= papillary layer- superficial portion contains
dermal papillae that house capillaries, corpuscles of touch
and free nerve endings areolar connective tissue- Second
layer-reticular layer-4/5 of dermis and dense irregular
connective tissue, containing collagen/elastic fibers provides
skin with strength/elasticity contains hair follicles, nerves,
sebaceous/ sudoriferous glands elastic fiber not found
HYPODERMIS(SUBCUTANEOUS): attaches skin to underlying
organs/tissues connective and adipose(subcutaneous fat for
insulation) tisssues -skin color=genetic factors,blood
volume ,environment SKIN MARKINGS: friction ridgesfingerprints, allows to manipulate objects more easily flexion
lines-skin is tightly bound to deep fascia -freckles:flat
melanized patches moles(nevus)-elevated patch of
melanized skin, mostly harmless aging: stemcell activity
declines, skin thins, epidermal dendritic cells decrease,
reduce immune response D3 production reclines glandular
activity declines, blood dermis declines, dermis thins fat
deposits less hair drier skin and saggy skin

NAI
L: Nail Growth Nails grow all the time, but their rate of
growth slows down with age and poor circulation. Fingernails
grow faster than toenails at a rate of 3mm per month. It
takes 6 months for a nail to grow from the root to the free
edge. Toenails grow about 1 mm per month and take 12-18
months to be completely replaced.Nail Structure The
structure we know of as the nail is divided into six specific
parts the root, nail bed, nail plate, eponychium (cuticle),
perionychium, and hyponychium. Nail Root The root of the
fingernail is also known as the germinal matrix. This portion
of the nail is actually beneath the skin behind the fingernail
and extends several millimeters into the finger. The fingernail
root produces most of the volume of the nail and the nail bed.
The edge of the germinal matrix is seen as a white, crescent
shaped structure called the lunula. Nail Bed The nail bed is
part of the nail matrix called the sterile matrix. It extends
from the edge of the germinal matrix, or lunula, to the
hyponychium. The nail bed contains the blood vessels,
nerves, and melanocytes, or melanin-producing cells.

BRAIN:
Wrapped in 3 layer of connective tissue=meninges>pia ,
cerebro spinal fluid: clear liquid protects brain from
mechanical injury(shock absorber), arachnoid, dura ,
produced in choroid plexuses PARTS: cerebrum=control
center of brain 85% of weight voluntary activities
intelligence, learning, judgment, language thought memory,
personality, vision/other sensations> two hemispheres
left/right cerebral hemispheres connected in corpus callosum
linked by tract: tells each half of brain what other half is
doing ridges=gyri grooves=sulcus right= creativity /artistic
ability left=analytical/ mathematical cerebellum: backof skull
coordinates muscle movements controls blance posture and
coordination involuntary ,pons: white matter provides length
between cerebral cortex and cerebellum, 2.5 cm made of
nuclei and tracts medulla: lowest part of brain stem white
matter conducts impulses between spinal cord and brain
controls breathing blood pressure heart rate digestion
swallowing coughing; RAS> reticular activating system>
keeps brain alert and conscious midbrain: contains tracts
and nuclei, regulation of heart rate, respiration, pain
perception and movement brain stem: connects brain to
spinal cord mantains life support systems vital body
processes coordinates/integrates all incoming info
diencephalon: contains thalamus, hypothalamus, and
epithalamus basal ganglia: 3 nuclei(masses of gray matter)
deep within each cerebral hemisphere, receive input from
cerebral cortex, provide output to motor cortex, extensive
connections with one another, regulate initiation and
termination of movements subconscious contraction of
skeletal muscles cerebral cortex: thin outer layer pf gray
matter on cerebral hemisphere. Mammillary glands: in
hypothalamus, serve as relay stations related to sense of
smell Blood brain barrier: specialized brain capillaries,
prevent passage of materials to CSF and brain. Reticular
formation: broad region where white matter and gray matter
= net upper spinal cord, brain stem and into lower
diancepalon; sets priorties thalamus: motor functions; brains
switchboard; major relay station for most sensory impulses
relays nerve impulses between different areas the cerebrum,
regulates autonomic activities and maintains consciousness
hypothalamus:-> mammillary region, tuberal, supraoptic and
preoptic ; major regulator of homeostasis; controls/integrates
ANS; produces hormones regulation of: emotional/ behavioral
patterns, eating/drinking, body temp, circadian rhythm and
states of consciousness pituitary gland master gland of the
body, starts all other glands and secretes 13 different
hormones LOBES: frontal> controlling movement+ planning
and coordinating behavior occipital> process visual info
parietal>sensory processes attention and language temporal:
auditory perception, speech, and complex visual perception