Bicol University

College of Nursing
Legazpi City
A.Y. 2015-2016

COMPILATION
OF RESEARCHES
IN
BIOCHEMISTRY
Submitted by:
Mary Grace V. Fuentes
BSN 1-B

Submitted to:

Dr. Noemi R. Madrid

Professor in Biochemistry

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This Compilation of Researches in Biochemistry in itself is an
acknowledgement to the inspiration, drive, and technical assistance
contributed by it. This Compilation work would have never been
completed without the guidance and assistance that I received from
time to time during the whole research process.
I express my sincere gratitude to the following:
First and foremost, I would like to thank my parents, Mr. & Mrs.
Edwin & Marilyn Fuentes for support, encouragement and for providing
me financially, likewise our concerned relatives deserve exceptional
mention for their inseparable support and prayers.
I thank my fellow classmates for reminding and updating me
about the outgoing assignments, researches and notes.
My sincere thanks to the persons who help me to make this
compilation possible specially my friends.
Besides that person, I would like to express deepest gratitude to
my Professor Noemi R. Madrid for letting this Compilation possible
without your guidance and knowledge we will not come up with this
compilation.
Above all, I am grateful to GOD who showed me rays of light to do this
compilation together with the people who help me. Thank you

Grace

PREFACE
This Compilation is the outcome of researches (lectures and laboratory)
in Biochemistry for this semester. For the first part, it shows all the
researches in the lecture. The topics for the lectures are namely; The Cell,
Carbohydrates, Lipids, Nucleic Acid, Amino Acid, Proteins, Enzymes. For the
second part, it shows all the researches in Laboratory namely; Biological
Process of cell, Test for Carbohydrates, Test for Lipids, Test for Amino Acid
and Test for Proteins. Each researches and test is intended to be shown and
elaborated further with the help of notes inserted most in pages, along with
the other test/researches that related to main topic and the bibliography and
references are attached to for information. Also, in this compilation the
assignments, preparation are also attached. Besides, the Laboratory
Agreement and Laboratory Rules and Safety Precautions. Lastly, there is an
envelope/pouch attached were the index card can be found. This Compilation
of Researches serves as information for readers and for the researcher and
also a reviewer in the future.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page
Introduction
Acknowledgement
I.

LECTURE
i.

ii.

iii.

The Cell
a. What is Cell?
b. Types of Cell
Table with illustration, description, biological use and
location
c. Comparison of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
d. Cross Section of Cell Membrane
e. Comparison of Plant and Animal Cells
Carbohydrates
a. What is Carbohydrates?
b. Chemical Structure
c. Classifications of Carbohydrates
d. Function of Carbohydrates
e. Sources of Carbohydrates
f. Daily Requirement of Carbohydrates
g. How the Body uses Carbohydrates
h. Blood Sugar Level
i. Metabolism
j. Abnormalities
k. References
Lipids
a. What is Lipids?
b. Classification of Lipids according to chemical substances
c. Function of Lipids
d. Special treatment for cholesterol
e. Physical and Chemical Properties of Lipids
f. Physiochemical Properties of lipids
g. General classification of Lipids
h. Importance of Cholesterol
i. Metabolism of Cholesterol
j. Structural formula of Cholesterol

iv.

v.

vi.

vii.

II.

k. References
Nucleic Acid
a. What is Nucleic Acid
b. Types of Nucleic Acid
c. Sugars of Nucleic Acid
d. Bases
e. Phosphate
f. Biological Use
g. Mutation
h. Types of Mutation
i. Denaturation
j. Structural Formula
k. Repair Mechanisms
l. Essential and non essential Amino Acids
m. References
Amino Acid
a. What is Amino Acid
b. Structural Formula
c. Classification of Essential and Non-Essential
d. Biological Functions
e. References
Proteins
a. What is Protein?
b. Structural Level
c. Steps for Protein Synthesis
d. Destabilizing Factors
e. Example of Protein
f. Structural Protein
g. References
Enzymes
a. What is Enzymes?
b. History of Enzymes
c. Four types of Specificity
d. Characteristics
e. Enzymes acts as catalyst
f. Classification of Enzymes
g. Table
h. Naming of Enzymes
i. Types of Inhibitors
j. Common Types of Inhibitors
k. Factors affecting Enzymes
l. Major Classes of Mechanism for Multisubstrate Reaction
m. General Themes in Enzymatic Mechanisms
n. Enzymes Activators
o. Reference

Laboratory
i.

Biological Process of Cell

a. What is Biological Process?

ii.

iii.

iv.

III.

b. Difference between Passive and Active Transport

c. Sodium-Potassium Pump
d. Dialysis
e. Osmosis
f. Diffusion
g. Surface tension
h. Hydrolysis
i. Reference
Test for Carbohydrates
a. Molisch test
b. Benedicts test
c. Barfoed test
d. Seliwanoffs test
e. Osazone test
f. Bial test
g. Iodine test
h. Fehling test
i. Reference
Test for Lipids
a. Copper acetate Test
b. Burchard Test
c. Unsaturation Test
d. Acrolein Test
e. Physical test
f. Grease Spot Test
g. Emulsification
h. Saponification test
i. Test for glycerol
j. Dichromate test
k. Salkowiskis test
l. Reference
Test for Amino Acid and Protein
a. Ninhydrin Test
b. Xanthoproteic Test
c. Lead Sulfide Test
d. Millons test
e. Sakaguchi Test
f. Hopkin cole test
g. Biuret Test
h. Solubility test
i. Stability to alkali
j. Ehrlich test
k. Nitroprusside test
l. Sulfur Test
m. Paulys test
n. Bradford Assay
o. Reference

ASSIGNMENTS

a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
IV.

Direct conversion of Fahrenheit to Kelvin and Kelvin to Fahrenheit

Mass of Photon
Three Type of osmotic pressure
Functional Groups of Inorganic Compound and its structure
Functional group of polyhydroxyl aldehyde ketone
Functional Groups of Hydrocarbon
Comparison of Saturated and Unsaturated Fats
Biological Functions of Amino Acids
Codons of each Amino Acid
Amino Acid essential and non-essential

Movie Notes
a. Lorenzos Oil
b. My Sisters Keeper
c. Gattaca

V.

VI.
VII.
VIII.
IX.

Laboratory Experiments
a. Process in Biochemical Systems
b. General Reactions of Carbohydrate
c. Specific reactions of Carbohydrates
d. Properties of Lipids
e. Properties of Proteins
f. Enzymes
Laboratory Agreement
Laboratory Rules and Safety Precautions
Bibliography
Index Cards

I.
LECTUR
E

II.
LABORAT
ORY

ASSIGNME
NTS

MOVIE
NOTES

LABORATOR
Y RULES
AND SAFETY
PRECAUTIO
NS

LABORATOR
Y
AGREEMENT

BIBLIOGRAPHY
THE CELL
Essenfeld, Bernice E., et.al. Biology Addison Wesley Publishing
Company
Keeton, William T. Elements of Biological Science
Mader, Sylvia S. Student study guide to accompany Human Biology.
Ninth Edition Boston:
McGraw-Hill, 2007.
- - - Student study guide to accompany Human biology, tenth edition New York [NY - McGrawHill 2008
VanPutte, Cinnamon L., et al. Seeleys Essentials of Anatomy and
Physiology, Ninth Edition: McGraw- Hill Education International Edition
References:
http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/C/cellmem.html
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:CellMembraneDrawing.jpg
http://www.dscc.edu/sites/default/files/bwilliams/Handouts/04%20The
%20Cell.pdf
biology@tutorvisit.com
Enchantedlearning.com
http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/C/cellmem.html
BIOLOGICAL PROCESS OF CELL LABORATORY

Morth JP, Pedersen BP, Toustrup-Jensen MS, Sorensen TLM, Petersen J,

Andersen JP, Vilsen B, Nissen P. Crystal Structure of the SodiumPotassium Pump. Nature 2007; 450: 1043-1049
Sadava, Hellens, Orians, Purves, Hillis. Life: The Science of Biology. 8th
ed. Gordonsville: Sinauer Associates; 2008.
Campbell AM. Sodium Pump Alpha and Beta Assembly. Wired [Online].
Avail
from:
http://bio.davidson.edu/Courses/Molbio/26aa/alphabeta.html [2000]
Lemas VM, Hamrick M, Takeyasu K, Fambrough DM. 26 Amino Acids of
an Extracellular Domain of the Na, K-ATPase Alpha-Subunit are
Sufficient for Assembly with the Na, K-ATPase Beta-Subunit. The Journal
of Biological Chemistry 1994; 269(11): 8255-8259
Kim D. ATPases: Sodium/Potassium Pump (E2-2K*Pi Configuration).
Wired
[Online].
Avail
from:
http://www.doembi.ucla.edu/~yeates/153AH_2009_project/kim.html [2009]
http://www.biology4kids.com/files/cell2_activetran.html
Etymology of "osmosis" :
Henri Dutrochet, L'Agent Immdiat du Movement Vital Dvoil dans sa
Nature et dans son Mode d'Action chez les Vgtaux et chez les
Animaux [The immediate agent of living movement, its nature and
mode of action revealed in plants and animals] (Paris, France: Dentu,
1826), pp. 115 and 126.
The intermediate word "osmose" and the word "osmotic" were coined
by Scottish chemist Thomas Graham. See: Thomas Graham (1854) "VII.
The Bakerian Lecture On Osmotic Force," Philosophical Transactions
of the Royal Society (London), vol. 144, pp. 177288; see especially pp.
177, 178, and 227. See also: Thomas Graham and Henry Watts,
Elements of Chemistry: Including the Applications of the Sciences in
the Arts, 2nd ed. (London, England: Hippolyte Bailliere, 1858), vol. 2, p.
616.
The word "osmosis" first appeared in: Jabez Hogg, The Microscope: Its
History, Construction, and Application..., 6th ed. (London, England:
George Routledge and Sons, 1867), p. 226.
The etymology of the word "osmosis" is discussed in: Homer W. Smith
(1960). "I. Theory of Solutions: A knowledge of the laws of solutions"
(PDF). Circulation 21: 808817 (810). doi:10.1161/01.CIR.21.5.808.
Jump up ^ Kramer, Eric; David Myers. "Osmosis is not driven by water
dilution".
Trends
in
Plant
Science
18
(4):
195197.
doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2012.12.001.
Jump up ^ Kramer, Eric; David Myers. "Five popular misconceptions of
osmosis".
American
Journal
of
Physics
80
(694).
Bibcode:2012AmJPh..80..694K. doi:10.1119/1.4722325.
Jump up ^ Kosinski, R. J.; C. K. Morlok (2008). "Challenging
misconceptions about osmosis.". Association for Biology Laboratory
Education 30: 6387.

Jump up ^ Borg, Frank (2003). "What is osmosis? Explanation and

understanding of a physical phenomenon". arXiv:physics/0305011.
Jump up ^ Nelson, Philip (December 16, 2013). Biological Physics. W.H.
Freeman. ISBN 978-0716798972.
Reference:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_process
hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/biology/nakpump.html
http://www.doe-mbi.ucla.edu/~yeates/153AH_2009_project/kim.html
CARBOHYDRATES LECTURE
Gibbons, B.J., Roach, P.J., and Hurley, T.D., Crystal Structure of the
autocatalytic initiator of glycogen synthesis, glycogenin. J. Mol. Biol.
319:463-477, 2002.
The Merk Index, Ninth Edition, 2000.(book)
Gonzles Canga, A., et al., Glucomannan: Properties and Therapeutic
Applications, Nutr. Hosp., 19(1) 45-50, 2004.
J. P. Roubroeks, R. Andersson, D. I. Mastromauro, B. E. Christensen and
P. man, Molecular weight, structure and shape of oat (13),(14)-b-Dglucan fractions obtained by enzymatic degradation with (14)-b-Dglucan 4-glucanohydrolase from Trichoderma reesei, Carbohydr. Polym.
46 (2001) 275-285.
Baudier KM, Kaschock-Marenda SD, Patel N, Diangelus KL, O'Donnell S,
et al. (2014) Erythritol, a Non-Nutritive Sugar Alcohol Sweetener and
the Main Component of Truvia, Is a Palatable Ingested Insecticide.
PLoS ONE 9(6): e98949. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0098949
http://www.symptomfind.com/nutrition-supplements/10-healthycarbohydrate-sources/
CARBOHYDRATE LABORATORY
http://www.namrata.co/category/practical-biochem
http://www.namrata.co/category/chemistry-of-carb
Sadava, Hellens, Orians, Purves, Hillis. Life: The Science of Biology. 8th
ed. Gordonsville: Sinauer Associates; 2008.(book)
Campbell AM. Sodium Pump Alpha and Beta Assembly. Wired [Online].
Avail
from:
http://bio.davidson.edu/Courses/Molbio/26aa/alphabeta.html [2000)
General Texts
Any general biochemical text will have most of this information but the
following have good
descriptions.
LIPID LECTURE
-Lipid biochemistry: An introduction M. I. Gurr, J. L. Harwood and K. N.
Frayn. (2002)..
-Molecular biology of the cell B. Alberts, A. Johnson, J. Lewis, M. Raff, K.
Roberts and P. Walter. (2002).. Chapter 10.

-Biochemistry. J. M. Berg, J. L. Tymoczko and L. Stryer. (2002). Chapter

12
-Molecular Cell Biology. H. Lodish, A. Berk, L. Zipursky, P. Matsudaira, D.
Baltimore and J. Darnell. (1999). Chapter 5
More advanced/specialist references
-Handbook of lipid research 4-the physical chemistry of lipids from
alkanes to phospholipids , by
Donald M. Small, Plenum, New York, 1986.
-Liposomes: A Practical Approach by R.R.C. New Oxford University
Press, USA, 1990,
-Lipid distribution and transport across cellular membranes. seminars
in cell & developmental
biology T. Pomorski, S. Hrafnsdttir, P. F. Devaux and G. van Meer.
(2001).. 12. 139-148.
-Biomembranes:- Molecular Structure and Function Gennis RB. 1989..
Springer- Verlag, New York.
-Micelles, monolayers and biomembranes Jones MN, Chapman D.
1995..: Wiley-Liss.
Lee AG, editor. 1995. Biomembranes: JAI press inc.
www.wikipedia.com/lipids
AMINO ACID LEC
http://www.imagerynet.com/amino/classification.html
Branden C and Tooze J (1991) Introduction to Protein Structure.
NewYork: Garland Publishing. Creighton TE (1993) Proteins, 2nd edn.
New York: WH Freeman. Hamaguchi K (1992) The Protein Molecule.
Tokyo: Japan Scientific Societies Press.
Hecht SM (1998) Bioorganic Chemistry: Peptides and Proteins. New
York: Oxford University Press.
Higgins SJ and Hames BD (1999) Post-translational Processing. New
York: Oxford University Press.
Berdanier, Carolyn D. (1998). CRC Desk Reference for Nutrition. Boca
Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Briggs, George M., and Calloway, Doris Howes (1979). Bogert's
Nutrition and Physical Fitness, 10th edition. Philadelphia, PA: W. B.
Saunders.
Johnston, T. K. (1999). "Nutritional Implications of Vegetarian Diets." In
Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease, 9th edition. M. E. Shills, et al,
eds. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins.
Robinson, Corrinne H. (1975). Basic Nutrition and Diet Therapy. New
York: Macmillan.

U.S. Department of Agriculture (1986). Composition of Foods. (USDA

Handbooks 815.) Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Wardlaw, Gordon M., and Kesse, Margaret (2002). Perspectives in
Nutrition, 5th edition. Boston: McGraw-Hill.
AMINO ACID LABORATORY
https://www.google.com.ph/#q=qualitative+test+for+proteins+bioche
m
http://www.imagerynet.com/amino/classification.html
Branden C and Tooze J (1991) Introduction to Protein Structure.
NewYork: Garland Publishing. Creighton TE (1993) Proteins, 2nd edn.
New York: WH Freeman. Hamaguchi K (1992) The Protein Molecule.
Tokyo: Japan Scientific Societies Press.
Hecht SM (1998) Bioorganic Chemistry: Peptides and Proteins. New
York: Oxford University .
Higgins SJ and Hames BD (1999) Post-translational Processing. New
York: Oxford University .
Berdanier, Carolyn D. (1998). CRC Desk Reference for Nutrition. Boca
Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Briggs, George M., and Calloway, Doris Howes (1979). Bogert's
Nutrition and Physical Fitness, 10th edition. Philadelphia, PA: W. B.
Saunders.
Johnston, T. K. (1999). "Nutritional Implications of Vegetarian Diets." In
Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease, 9th edition. M. E. Shills, et al,
eds. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins.
Robinson, Corrinne H. (1975). Basic Nutrition and Diet Therapy. New
York: Macmillan.
U.S. Department of Agriculture (1986). Composition of Foods. (USDA
Handbooks 815.) Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Wardlaw, Gordon M., and Kesse, Margaret (2002). Perspectives in
Nutrition, 5th edition. Boston: McGraw-Hill.

ENZYMES LECTURE
Biochemistry (5th ed.). San Francisco: W.H. Freeman. ISBN 0-71674955-6.
Schomburg I, Chang A, Placzek S, Shngen C, Rother M, Lang M,
Munaretto C, Ulas S, Stelzer M, Grote A, Scheer M, Schomburg D
(January 2013). "BRENDA in 2013: integrated reactions, kinetic data,

enzyme function data, improved disease classification: new options

and contents in BRENDA". Nucleic Acids Research 41
Radzicka A, Wolfenden R (January 1995). "A proficient enzyme".
Science 267 (5194): 90931. doi:10.1126/science.7809611. PMID
7809611.
Callahan BP, Miller BG (December 2007). "OMP decarboxylaseAn
enigma persists".Bioorganic Chemistry 35 (6): 4659.
doi:10.1016/j.bioorg.2007.07.004.PMID 17889251.
de Raumur RA (1752). "Observations sur la digestion des oiseaux".
Histoire de l'academie royale des sciences 1752: 266, 461.
Williams HS (1904). A History of Science: in Five Volumes. Volume IV:
Modern Development of the Chemical and Biological Sciences. Harper
and Brothers.
Manchester KL (December 1995). "Louis Pasteur (18221895)chance
and the prepared mind". Trends in Biotechnology 13 (12): 5115.
doi:10.1016/S0167-7799(00)89014-9.PMID 8595136.
http://www.chem4kids.com/files/bio_enzymes2.html
http://www.britannica.com/science/enzyme
http://www.examstutor.com/biology/resources/studyroom/biochemistry
_and_cells/enzymes/inhibition.php
Bennett, T. P., and Frieden, E.: Modern Topics in Biochemistry, pg. 4345, Macmillan,
London (1969).
Holum, J.: Elements of General and Biological Chemistry, 2nd ed., 377,
Wiley, NY (1968).
Martinek, R.: Practical Clinical Enzymology: J. Am. Med. Tech., 31, 162
(1969).
Harrow, B., and Mazur, A.: Textbook of Biochemistry, 109, Saunders,
Philadelphia (1958).
Pfeiffer, J.: Enzymes, the Physics and Chemistry of Life, pg 171-173,
Simon and Schuster,
NY (1954)
LIPIDS LECTURE
General Texts
Any general biochemical text will have most of this information but the
following have good
descriptions.
-Lipid biochemistry: An introduction M. I. Gurr, J. L. Harwood and K. N.
Frayn. (2002)..
-Molecular biology of the cell B. Alberts, A. Johnson, J. Lewis, M. Raff, K.
Roberts and P. Walter. (2002).. Chapter 10.
-Biochemistry. J. M. Berg, J. L. Tymoczko and L. Stryer. (2002). Chapter
12

-Molecular Cell Biology. H. Lodish, A. Berk, L. Zipursky, P. Matsudaira, D.

Baltimore and J. Darnell. (1999). Chapter 5
More advanced/specialist references
-Handbook of lipid research 4-the physical chemistry of lipids from
alkanes to phospholipids , by
Donald M. Small, Plenum, New York, 1986.
-Liposomes: A Practical Approach by R.R.C. New Oxford University
Press, USA, 1990,
-Lipid distribution and transport across cellular membranes. seminars
in cell &developmental
biology T. Pomorski, S. Hrafnsdttir, P. F. Devaux and G. van Meer.
(2001).. 12. 139-148.
-Biomembranes:- Molecular Structure and Function Gennis RB. 1989..
Springer- Verlag, New York.
-Micelles, monolayers and biomembranes Jones MN, Chapman D.
1995..: Wiley-Liss.
Lee AG, editor. 1995. Biomembranes: JAI press inc.
AHRENS EH., Jr Seminar on atherosclerosis: nutritional factors and
serum lipid levels. Am J Med. 1957 Dec;23(6):928952. [PubMed]
ANDERSON NG, FAWCETT B. An antichylomicronemic substance
produced by heparin injection. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1950
Aug;74(4):768771. [PubMed]
BEVERIDGE JM, CONNELL WF, MAYER GA. The nature of the substances
in dietary fat affecting the level of plasma cholesterol in humans. Can J
Biochem Physiol. 1957 Apr;35(4):257270. [PubMed]
BIGGS MW, FRIEDMAN M, BYERS SO. Intestinal lymphatic transport of
absorbed cholesterol. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1951 Nov;78(2):641643.
[PubMed]
BRONTE-STEWART B, ANTONIS A, EALES L, BROCK JF. Effects of feeding
different fats on serum-cholesterol level. Lancet. 1956 Apr
28;270(6922):521526. [PubMed]
BYERS SO, FRIEDMAN M. Bile acid metabolism, dietary fats, and plasma
cholesterol levels. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1958 Jul;98(3):523526.
[PubMed]
www.wikipedia.com/lipids
LIPID LABORATORY
Devlin TM (1997). Textbook of Biochemistry: With Clinical Correlations
(4th ed.). Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-17053-2.
Stryer L, Berg JM, Tymoczko JL (2007). Biochemistry (6th ed.). San
Francisco: W.H. Freeman. ISBN 978-0-7167-8724-2.
van Holde KE, Mathews CK (1996). Biochemistry (2nd ed.). Menlo Park,
California: Benjamin/Cummings Pub. Co. ISBN 978-0-8053-3931-4.
www.wikipedia.com/lipids

NUCLEIC ACID LECTURE

Source: Boundless. DNA and RNA. Boundless Biology. Boundless, 08
Jan. 2016. Retrieved 23 Jan. 2016 from
https://www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biologytextbook/biological-macromolecules-3/nucleic-acids-57/dna-and-rna306-11439/
Encyclopedia.com:
http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Nucleic_acids.aspx
Wikipedia:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleic_acid
Encyclopdia Britannica:
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/421900/nucleic-acid
BOOK;
"Why Nature Chose Phosphates",
authored by F. H .Westheimer, which appeared in the March 6th, 1987
issue of Science.
http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/ebook/9780854043675#!
divbookcontent
AMINO ACID LECTURE AND LABORATORY
http://www.imagerynet.com/amino/classification.html
Branden C and Tooze J (1991) Introduction to Protein Structure.
NewYork: Garland Publishing. Creighton TE (1993) Proteins, 2nd edn.
New York: WH Freeman. Hamaguchi K (1992) The Protein Molecule.
Tokyo: Japan Scientific Societies Press.
Hecht SM (1998) Bioorganic Chemistry: Peptides and Proteins. New
York: Oxford University Press.
Higgins SJ and Hames BD (1999) Post-translational Processing. New
York: Oxford University Press.
Berdanier, Carolyn D. (1998). CRC Desk Reference for Nutrition. Boca
Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Briggs, George M., and Calloway, Doris Howes (1979). Bogert's
Nutrition and Physical Fitness, 10th edition. Philadelphia, PA: W. B.
Saunders.
Johnston, T. K. (1999). "Nutritional Implications of Vegetarian Diets." In
Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease, 9th edition. M. E. Shills, et al,
eds. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins.
Robinson, Corrinne H. (1975). Basic Nutrition and Diet Therapy. New
York: Macmillan.
U.S. Department of Agriculture (1986). Composition of Foods. (USDA
Handbooks 815.) Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Wardlaw, Gordon M., and Kesse, Margaret (2002). Perspectives in

Nutrition, 5th edition. Boston: McGraw-Hill.
ENZYMES LECTURE AND LABORATORY
Biochemistry (5th ed.). San Francisco: W.H. Freeman. ISBN 0-71674955-6.
Schomburg I, Chang A, Placzek S, Shngen C, Rother M, Lang M,
Munaretto C, Ulas S, Stelzer M, Grote A, Scheer M, Schomburg D
(January 2013). "BRENDA in 2013: integrated reactions, kinetic data,
enzyme function data, improved disease classification: new options
and contents in BRENDA". Nucleic Acids Research 41
Radzicka A, Wolfenden R (January 1995). "A proficient enzyme".
Science 267 (5194): 90931. doi:10.1126/science.7809611. PMID
7809611.
Callahan BP, Miller BG (December 2007). "OMP decarboxylaseAn
enigma
persists".Bioorganic
Chemistry
35
(6):
4659.
doi:10.1016/j.bioorg.2007.07.004.PMID 17889251.
de Raumur RA (1752). "Observations sur la digestion des oiseaux".
Histoire de l'academie royale des sciences 1752: 266, 461.
Williams HS (1904). A History of Science: in Five Volumes. Volume IV:
Modern Development of the Chemical and Biological Sciences. Harper
and Brothers.
Manchester KL (December 1995). "Louis Pasteur (18221895)chance
and the prepared mind". Trends in Biotechnology 13 (12): 5115.
doi:10.1016/S0167-7799(00)89014-9.PMID 8595136.
http://www.chem4kids.com/files/bio_enzymes2.html
http://www.britannica.com/science/enzyme
http://www.examstutor.com/biology/resources/studyroom/biochemistry
_and_cells/enzymes/inhibition.php
Bennett, T. P., and Frieden, E.: Modern Topics in Biochemistry, pg. 4345, Macmillan,
London (1969).
Holum, J.: Elements of General and Biological Chemistry, 2nd ed., 377,
Wiley, NY (1968).
Martinek, R.: Practical Clinical Enzymology: J. Am. Med. Tech., 31, 162
(1969).
Harrow, B., and Mazur, A.: Textbook of Biochemistry, 109, Saunders,
Philadelphia (1958).
Pfeiffer, J.: Enzymes, the Physics and Chemistry of Life, pg 171-173,
Simon and Schuster,
NY (1954)

Bicol University
College of Nursing
Legazpi City
S.Y 2015-2016

Research No.
(LECTURE)

Proteins
Submitted by:
Mary Grace V. Fuentes
BSN1-B
Submitted to:
Mrs. Noemi Madrid

INTRODUCTION
This compilation contains information and researches about the
different topics in Biochemistry drawn from the latest information and
researches conducted by different person and fields that are scientifically
proven.
The compilation is arranged by Topics. Each topic is covered in a clear
and complete manner. You can quickly scan through the compilation and
focus on the topic given by. It gives a wealth of interesting and valuable
information of importance of Biochemistry in your everyday life.
In addition to the compilation there are other information you can get
and can help you to increase the knowledge you have.
The compilation proves to be extremely valuable source of information,
important and you should be fully understand it while reading it: This
compilation is not intended to be a substitute to any materials that we use in
school. Dont attempt to do the experiment given in the compilation so that
you cant cause any damage in school and home. Seek for help in the
appropriate persons that have knowledge in the experiment.
Please enjoy the compilation and I wish you the very best.