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13.11.02

2002

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, , Fundamentals of press, Visits and negotiations\Conflicts, Elections,
Disasters, Economics.
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Contents
Fundamentals of press.....................................p.4
Visits and negotiations\Conflicts.p.13
Elections..p.18
Disasters..p.24
Economics...p.28
Appendix.....p.33
Bibliography list......p.34

Section 1
Fundamentals of press
Power of the Press, a power which may last, but a day;
by comparison little is heard of the power of books,
which may endure for generations.
Sir Stanley Unwin
Topical vocabulary
1.
2.

3.

4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

mass media the newspapers, television, radio

newspaper a set of large folded sheets of paper, containing news, articles, ads, etc.
a national paper a paper, that circulates all over the country
a local paper paper , that circulates in a town
a daily paper paper, that comes out every day
a weekly paper a paper , that is issued every week
magazine a sort of book with a paper cover and usually large pages, which contain
written articles,
photographs on a special subject or for a certain group of people
a weekly - a magazine , that is issued every week
a monthly - a magazine , that is issued every month
periodical a magazine, that is published at regular intervals
copy (n) a single example of a magazine
print (v) to issue a magazine, paper, etc
circulation the average number of copies of a newspaper, that are regularly sold
subscription an amount of money given in order to receive a magazine
subscribe (v) to pay regularly in order to receive a magazine, newspaper
article a separate piece of writing on a particular subject in newspaper
editorial/leader an article in a newspaper, giving the papers opinion on a matter, rather than the reporting
information and often given by the editor
run-over an article that is printed on several pages
a feature article a special long article in a newspaper
3

review a magazine article that gives a judgment on a new play, TV show, etc.
10. commentary (comment) on written opinion, judgment made about event, person, situation
comment on (v) to give an opinion
11. headline (n) the heading printed in large letters above a story in a newspaper
a splash (banner) headline a headline, printed in large letters
headline (v) to give a title to an article
12. column (n) an article by a particular writer on a particular subject that regularly appears in a newspaper
an editors column a column, that contains articles of an editor
13. item a piece of news
brief news items/news-in-brief brief description of events
14. page one side of a sheet in a book, newspaper
sports page page, that contains sport events
front page a head page
15. section a separate part of a page
home and overseas news section section, covering home and foreign news
political section section, that contains political information
16. spread/center-spread a newspaper article, covering one or more pages of a newspaper
a double page spread syn.
17. cover (n) the outer front or back page
cover (v) to report the details of an event for a newspaper
coverage (n) the amount of time and space given by TV, a newspaper to a particular subject
to give a full (wide) coverage of an event to present detailed coverage of events
18. editor a person who is in charge of a newspaper
edit (v) to prepare for printing, broadcasting
19. event a happening especially an important one
the latest events/ developments
current events
follow the events to keep up with news
20. news facts that are reported about a recent event or events
home news
foreign (world, international)news
21. advertisement smth. used for advertising things, such as a notice in a newspaper
22. cartoon a humorous drawing
23. weather report weather forecast
24. tabloid a newspaper, that contains many pictures , short accounts of the main points of the news
25. broadsheet a newspaper of a standard format and contains serious information
Activity 1. Translate the following sentences:
1. Usually the first page gives the major news story, which covers the main topic of the day and has a banner
headline.
2. The material, a newspaper publishes can be divided into reading matter (articles and news items),
advertisements, pictures (that can be illustrative and advertising) and cartoons.
3. In order to attract the reader the editor is aware of the use of different prints, the arrangement of the reading
matter, the abundance of pictures.
4. Newspapers use run-over in order to save space and to make the reader look through the paper.
5. Very often newspapers and magazines give their columns to a popular writer without limiting him to any
particular subject.
6. Some papers have a center spread. It makes the appearance pages more attractive. The spread might also
carry a photographic coverage of a subject, or an event.
7. The editorial or the leader expresses the official view on significant political and social questions. It is
never signed by the author. It is always a statement of opinion, often a critical review of a problem and
usually calls for some particular actions.
8. It is absolutely essential that the leader is up-to-date, so that although the general lines of the article may be
worked out before, the actual writing is left to the last minute to allow the writer to deal with the very latest
developments.
9. Feature articles are very diverse in the subject matter. The term features covers a wide range of subjects.
It generally covers reviews of books, criticisms on the theatre, on music, art, film and television, articles on
science, travel, sport events, etc.
10. The left-hand part is taken by the photo. The right-hand corner carries a small box with the motto of a
current political campaign.

Activity 2. Read, translate the text, compose a plan of it and retell according to the plan.
THE MASS MEDIA
The media the means of communication reach large numbers of people. Included in the media are
newspapers and magazines, radio, and TV. Most Americans get their national and international news from
radio and TV, national newspapers and magazines, local news comes from local newspapers and radio
stations.
Most news media are privately owned. The Constitution stipulates freedom of speech and the press and so,
newspapers are free to stand on issues and to decide what news should be printed. There is no official or agency
policing the news to insure accurate report. Members of the media that fail to report accurately are punished by a
loss of credibility in the public perception. The redress for libel is up to the individual, who considers himself an
injured party and brings suit against the offending member of the media requesting financial compensation for the
injury to his reputation. Even in what would seem to be a clear cut case of libel, the legal action is up to the injured
party; if he or she doesn't initiate action nothing happens.
A federal law, Federal Communication Act, regulates Radio and TV communication. This law states that only
radio and TV stations having federal licenses are permitted to broadcast, that is to use airwaves, which are
considered public domain. The reason given for allowing the government this extraordinary power over its citizens
is to prevent chaos when someone in another area broadcasts with so much power that it interferes with people's
reception of their local stations, or prevent several broadcasters from deciding to use the same frequency in a
particular area.
Newspapers and magazines carry a lot of advertisements. They subsist mainly on the revenue generated by the
advertising space they sell. About two-thirds of their income comes from advertising. Most newspaper
advertisements are run by local merchants. A newspaper editor plans and directs the operation of a newspaper. He
decides what news should be printed and where it should appear in a newspaper. An editor also edits newspaper
articles. He revises and corrects them. In addition, an editor expresses his personal view on current issues in
editorials which appear on the editorial page of the paper. The publisher and the editor are held fully responsible
for what appears in the paper and how the information is covered.
A typical daily paper contains more than 40 pages of news, editorials, interviews, cartoons, information about
sports, art, music, books, and general entertainment, including radio and TV schedules. Well-known writers and
news analysts write specific features: there is a business section, a family page, comics, general advertising, real
estate and employment ads (classified ads).
The most important news is usually printed in the right-hand column of the front page of a newspaper.
Newspaper columnists write regularly on specific subjects, such as politics, sports, and business. Complete news
coverage of an event must include all the information available. When a newspaper reporter covers a news event he
is responsible for obtaining the material and for presenting it objectively and unambiguously.
Headlines and the way they are printed are very important in a newspaper. Different headlines on different
pages are printed in various sizes of type. This helps to differentiate the material carried by the paper and draw the
reader's attention to various kinds of news as well as avoid monotony of format.
Among newspapers, and magazines there are both quality and sensational editions. The latter present news in a
way that tries to cause emotional reactions rather than careful thought. Responsible newspapers try to avoid
sensationalism though that doesn't exclude striking news which every paper wants to publish.
There are also daily tabloid newspapers. These are smaller in size and they typically use a terse and simple style
together with many pictures. The "New York Daily News" is the tabloid with the largest circulation.
The next two leading newspapers with the largest circulation are "The Los Angeles Times" which has a
circulation of over a million and the "New York Times" with a circulation nearly as large. They are "serious"
newspapers. "Time", "Newsweek" and "US News World Report" are popular news magazines that present national,
international news, stories of human interest, and reviews of new books movies, and plays.
In the USA the reader expects a newspaper to take a stand on political and other issues, particularly when they
are controversial. Actually, it is possible that a newspaper will print two or more views on a given subject, even
when these are different from the opinion of its own editor.
The major sources of newspaper news are wire services Associated Press (AP), United Press International
(UPI), and Reuters. The source of information is usually found at the beginning of a news story.
After radio and TV became established, newspaper publishers realized that news broadcasting was becoming
increasingly dangerous competition, and they began to purchase radio stations. Today newspapers own, completely
or partially, more than half of all radio and TV stations. But the Federal Communications Commission began to
restrict the purchase of TV and radio stations by newspapers or other broadcasting stations in the same
geographical area in an attempt to prevent monopolistic control of the news media.
Activity 3. Provide Russian equivalents for the following word-combinations and use them in the sentences of your
own.

to take a stand on an issue

5

to ensure accurate reporting

loss of credibility

a redress for libel

to bring a suit against somebody

an injury to one's reputation

to initiate a legal action

to allow equal time

advertising space
to hold somebody responsible for something
to cover a news event (coverage of news events)
to present news objectively and unambiguously
a tabloid newspaper
a terse style

Activity 4. Scan the text for answers to the following questions:

1. What means of communication make up the media?
2. What is the possible outcome of inaccurate reporting?
3. Who takes up a legal action if there is an obvious case of libel in some information?
4. Why is the government entitled to regulate radio and TV communication?
5. How do parts of the media gain from advertising?
6. What makes up the general contents of a daily newspaper?
7. What are the functions and specifics of headlines?
8. Why are comic strips so popular with readers?
9. What are tabloid newspapers characterized by?
10. Why are purchases of TV and radio stations by newspapers or other broadcasting stations restricted?
Activity 5. Explain the meaning of the italisizes words:
1. ... newspapers are free to take stands on issues...
2. There is no official or agency policing the news to ensure accurate reporting.
3. Members of the media that fail to report accurately are punished by a loss of credibility...
4. The only time that they (the media) have to allow someone equal time is during an election
5. They (newspapers and magazines) subsist mainly on the revenue generated by advertising space.
6. When a newspaper reporter covers a news event he is responsible... for presenting it objectively and
unambiguously.
7. Current criteria include providing a target audience.
Activity 6. Listen to the message The national press. Answer the following questions:
What are two types of newspaper in Britain?
What is tabloid characterized by?
Would you describe broadsheet?
What do broadsheets editors do in order to be as popular as tabloids?
Activity 7. Match the definition with the word:
1. a paper that comes out every day
2. a magazine that is issued once a month
3. a paper that circulates all over the country
4. a magazine or a paper that is published at regular intervals
5. a printed notice about things to be sold or things that are needed
6. a caricature often satirical representing important events in politics of important public figures
7. the writing, publishing or broadcasting of news
8. a man who is responsible for publishing a newspaper or a magazine
9. a man who comments on some events
10. one who contributes to a newspaper, especially one employed to report news regularly from a
distant place
11. one who reports, a member of a newspaper staff whose duty is to give an account of public
events
6

words: reporter, editor, cartoon, a daily, a periodical, coverage, a monthly, advertisement,

correspondent, a national paper, commentator
Activity 8. Read the text and answer the questions.
The Sun.
All newspapers are peculiar, but the Sun is more peculiar than others. It actually prides itself on being a
sensational tabloid. The word tabloid was originally and still is used as a trademark in the drug business, and was
apparently first applied to news presented in concentrated or compressed form. The word has got away from its
copyright owners, and now generally refers to newspapers smaller than the usual size.
The Suns page measures 14 2/3 x 11 inches, about half the size of the standard newspaper. Each page
theoretically contains seven narrow columns, but the actual make-up of every page runs riot over these boundaries
in a jigsaw of headlines, cartoons, pictures, advertisements and editorial boxes. At first sight and until the reader is
used to it, the effect is one of tightly packed confusion. But the Sun readers soon get used to it, and learn to find
their way around in the smeary jungle of the papers 24-28 pages.
The first page is a show-window, to catch the eye. It always has a big black headline, often in letters two
inches high, and almost always an arresting photograph, taking up half the page or more. Occasionally, when the
Sun has something particularly emphatic to say, it drops the picture and spreads the editorial, in heavy type, all over
the front page. The other most important pages, by the Sun formula, are the two in the center (the center spread),
where the Sun usually puts on its act for the day the exposure of a scandal, pictures of a royal tour, a striking news
photograph of disaster, a sentimental story or picture of an animal or a baby. Each of the Suns regular features the
leader, the strip cartoon, etc. has its regular position in the paper, which the readers soon learn. News stories of
human interest are played up: other news is compressed to a paragraph of two. The Sun avoids run-overs. World
news is usually tucked in, in small type on the back page.
Activity 9. Check your understanding by answering the questions:
1. What is tabloid? Whats the origin of the word?
2. Why is the Sun more peculiar than others?
3. What can you say about the Suns make-up? What is so confusing about it?
4. What is considered a show-window of the paper? Why?
5. What are the other most important pages?
6. What is a news story of human interest?
7. Why does The Sun avoid run-overs?
Activity10 . Dwell on your likes and dislikes concerning broadsheet or tabloid reading.
Activity11. Act as an interpreter:
-What groups are the British papers divided into?
- .
-What do you mean by popular?
- , , , ,
, .
.
-What can you say about quality press?
- , ,
, .
-How does the popular press try to attract the readers?
- , ,
. ,
.
-Whats the origin of the word yellow press?
- ,
. 19 .
-Can you say a few words about some yellow paper and its peculiarities?
- The Sun. ,
, .
, - ,
.
Activity12. Dialogue composing. You are going to start publishing your own newspaper. Discuss with your partner
the basic peculiarities of your paper, i.e. the title, number of pages, spheres of human life, type (tabloid or
broadsheet).
Activity13. Read the following extracts from some newspaper. Choose one of them and finish it.
1. Hansoms daughter in hostage terror
7

2.

3.

The 12-year-old daughter of a London millionaire was held hostage for ten hours yesterday by two
masked raiders who broke into her home. The terrified girl and a maid were kept captive as the men
lay in wait for her father, multi-millionaire Malcolm Hansom. When he returned home later in the
afternoon
Secret message for the Rev.Walton
When the Reverend Alan Walton was going to drive home after Sundays sermon at Meadow Lane
Church, Huntingdon, the boot of his car was badly smashed in and behind the windscreen wiper there
was a note which said
Foxes trapped in backyard
Early on Saturday morning when 10-year-old Jason Patel came down to have his usual bowl of
porridge in the kitchen, he couldnt believe his eyes when looked into the backyard. Two foxes were
running around the bushes, obviously trapped without any way of getting out. Jason

Activity14. Match the newspapers titles with their descriptions:

FHM, Childrens express, Friends of the Earth, FORBES, Cosmopolitan, The Daily Mail,
The evening standard, 19, New Woman, The Daily Telegraph
1. founded in 1827 and now Londons only
evening newspaper. It focuses on the top news
stories that will be in the national newspapers
the next day. Nearly half a million copies are
sold throughout the day from the first edition
at 9 a.m. to the evening final.
2. is an American weekly magazine with features
on business, finance, law and technology. Its
focus is national and international.
3 is a British news agency run by young people
aged 8-18. This charity was started in Britain in
1995 and has two bureaus: London and Newcastle
(in the northwest of England). It aims to give
young people a voice in the media. Over 50 articles
are published every year in the local and national newspapers.
4. one of the UKs leading pressure groups, focuses
on protecting and improving the environment,
present and future.
5. is a magazine which targets working women aged
25-34. It features articles on fashion, fitness, health
and psychology, as well as focusing on beauty
photojournalism. Over a quarter of a million copies
of the magazine are sold every month.
6. Over 2.2 million copies of the are sold every day.
The paper has won many awards for its campaigning,
its news reports, special features and design.
7. is a monthly magazine for women, published in
various international editions, which addresses
the issues that all women face in love or work
and in the world. Its UK edition sells over 405,000
copies every month.
8. For him magazine is a full-color magazine for men
with features on famous people, fashion, health, food
and travel.
9. is the best-selling of the four quality British newspapers,
selling over one million copies a day. The newspaper was
first published in 1855.
10. is a British monthly magazine for women (aged 19) with
features on life, style and entertainment.
Activity15. You are given extracts from the article and youre supposed to reconstruct the article and entitle it.
1. It all happened in a matter of seconds, said Dr. Cranston, the Zoos deputy superintendent. When I
arrived, she was all covered with blood and her right arm was on the ground in the cage.
2. The victim lapsed into shock while being rushed to a hospital, but doctors said she was resting comfortably
under heavy sedation. The doctor said the arm was too damaged to be sewn back.
8

3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Police quoted a witness as saying that Nicoletta Mangry was talking to the tigers with her hands on the iron
bars of the cage when one of the animals suddenly turned to her and dealt a blow with a paw.
Rome (AP)- A caged tiger attacked a 32-year-old woman in the Rome Zoo Sunday, severing her right arm,
police reported.
He said she had ignored the warning signs and entered the clearly marked danger zone.
The male Bengal tiger, born in the Zoo one and a half year ago, was described by Cranston as normally
tranquil and docile.
Miss Mangry, described as an amateur ethnologist, was visiting the Zoo with a boy-friend who apparently did
not approach the tiger cage with her.

Activity 16. Listen to the message about widely read gossip columnist Nigel Demster and answer the questions
suggested by the teacher.
Headlines
Activity 17. Newspaper headlines use a lot of distinctive vocabulary. They prefer words that are usually shorter and
generally sound more dramatic than ordinary English words. Here is the chart with commonly used words in
headlines. Learn them in order to be able to explain the meaning of the headlines.
Newspaper word
meaning
Newspaper word
meaning
Aid
Axe
Back
Bar
Bid
Blast
Boost
Clash
Curb
Cut
Gems
Go-ahead
Key
Link

help
cut, remove
support
exclude forbid
attempt
explosion
encourage
dispute
restraint, limit
reduction
jewels
approval
essential
connection

Ordeal
painful experience
Oust
push out
Plea
request
Pledge
promise
Poll
election, public opinion survey
Probe
investigation
Riddle
mystery
Vow
promise
Wed
marry

1.1 On the left there is a list of headlines. On the right there is a list of news topics. Match the headlines with the
appropriate topic.
1. PM BACKS PEACE PLAN
marriage of famous actress
2. MP SPY DRAMA
royal jewels are stolen
3. SPACE PROBE FAILS
person who saw crime in danger
4. QUEENS GEMS RIDDLE
proposal to end war
5. STAR WEDS
satellite is not launched
6. KEY WITNESS DEATH THREAT politician sells secrets to enemy
1.2 Explain what the following headlines mean:
Example: SHOP BLAZE 5 DEAD 5 people died in fire in the shop
1. MOVE TO CREATE MORE JOBS
2. GO-AHEAD FOR WATER CURBS
3. WOMAN QUITS AFTER JOB ORDEAL
4. POLL PROBES SPENDING HABITS
5. PRINCE VOWS TO BACK FAMILY
1.3 Look at the underlined words and explain what they mean:
Example: PM TO CURB SPENDING - limit
1. BOOK LINKS M15 WITH KGB
2. CHANCELLOR CUTS INTEREST RATES
3. BOMB BLASTS CENTRAL LONDON
4. PM PLEDGES BACKING FOR EUROPE
5. PRESIDENT HEADS PEACE MOVES
1.4 Choose any headline from exercise 2.2 and write your own article.

Section 2
Visits and negotiations\ Conflicts
Veni, vidi, vici.
Julius Caesar
Activity1. Match the English word-combinations on the left with their Russian equivalents.
1. to sponsor a conference

2. to convey (summon) a conference

3. upcoming conference

4. seating

5. to face a question

6. to advance (to put forward) a proposal

7. to reject a proposal

8. draft resolution

9. summit (talks, negotiations)

10. bilateral talks

11. multilateral talks

12. treaty

13. to conclude a treaty

14. to sign a treaty

15. to ratify a treaty

16. a working visit

17. a reply visit

18. a friendly visit

19. to be on a visit to

20. to head (lead ) delegation

21. an exchange of visits at the highest level

22. in the course of discussion

23. to interrupt negotiations

24. to resume negotiations

25. round-table negotiations

26. to grant status

27. to settle the conflict

28. to impose sanctions on

29. to assume responsibility

30. top-level

Study the following word-combinations and compose sentences of your own:
10

---------- TREATY---------basic treaty , a binding t. , a boundary t.

, a non-aggression t. , a non-proliferation t. ,
peace t. , Strategic Offensive Arms Limitation T.
, a t. of alliance , a t. of friendship, cooperation and mutual assistance
, , a t. of mutual security
, t. on the establishment of diplomatic relations , a
t. of neutrality , breach of an international t. ,
the coming of a t. into force , to accede to a t. - , to adhere to a t.
, to prolong the validity of a t. , to sign a t.
, to violate a t. , to withdraw from a t.
---------- NEGOTIATIONS--------arms-control n. , bilateral n. , cease-fire n. -
, multilateral n. , top-level n. , n. on a wide range of
issues , a new round of n. , breakdown in the n.
, completion of n. , an outcome of n. , by
means of n. , in the course of n. , to break off n.
, to enter into n. , to resume n. , to torpedo (to wreck) n.

----------- TO NEGOTIATE-------to n. a loan , to n. a treaty , to n. terms of peace

, to n. for cease-fire , to n. for truce
, to n. from a position of strength .
--------------AMBASSADOR---------ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary , resident a. ,
the newly appointed a. , to exchange a-s , to recall an a. , a. at
large -
---------------IMMUNITY--------------consular i. , diplomatic i. , deprivation of parliamentary i.
., immunity of a deputy , i. f
residence , to accord i. .
Activity 2. Translate the following sentences into English:
1. .
2. , .
3. .
4. .
5. .
6. .
Activity 3. Translate the following sentences into Russian:
1. An important treaty was signed between Russia and Ukraine.
2. Both sides decided to negotiate for peace on top level.
3. The terrorists negotiated with the government for giving them money.
4. They negotiated a contract of delivering steel to their country.
5. The USA decided to cancel an agreement because of Mexicos unfair affairs.
6. Countries signed a treaty of debt payment.
7. They could sign a contract only if the other side would follow all their orders.
8. The leaders of CIS states climbed to the summit in time.
Activity 4. Complete the sentences:
1. PM signed a treaty about
2. Bilateral negotiations were interrupted because
3. UN imposed sanctions on Iraq
4. The conflict in Afghanistan could be settled
5. Prosperity of the country depends on
Activity 5. Render the article below:

11


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Activity 6.

Read the article and do the exercises presented after it.

Conflict in Mideast.
For decades, Israelis have built communities on Arab land seized in the Six-Day War of 1967. Long the crux
of Palestinian frustration, today these settlements are increasingly becoming the front line in the low-intensity war of
attrition between Israelis and Palestinians.
In the ongoing violence, assailants bombed an armoured Israeli school bus in the Gaza Strip, killing two
adults and injuring nine others, including at least four children. The bus was shuttling between Gaza settlements
fortified communities home to some 6,000 Israelis who live among more than a million Palestinians.
The attack was claimed by three pro-Palestinian groups. The Palestinian Authority denied responsibility but
promised an investigation. Israel launched a two-hour missile attack on Palestinian targets in Gaza in retaliation.
Then, on Nov. 22, an Israel ambush in Gaza killed four Palestinians, and a car bomb exploded near a bus in the
Israeli town of Hadera, killing at least two people and injuring about 29.
The Nov. 20 attack on the school bus focuses new attention on Israels policy of support for the settlements.
Because they are built on land seized by force, they are considered illegal under international law. The Gaza
settlements are the tip of an iceberg.
Nothing seems to be working to end the conflict in the Middle East. With the continuing violence in Israel,
Gaza, and the West Bank, Palestinians appear to have few options other than sullen capitulation or the continuation
12

of fruitless conflict and their present unhappy, oppressed state. Few Arab or Muslim countries, despite their rhetoric,
are prepared to go war with Israel. And the Palestinians are at hopeless disadvantage in the face of overwhelming
Israeli power.
But what would happen if they turn to non-violence?
Imagine if you can, that Palestinians laid down their stones and rifles, and, possibly joined by other Muslims,
marched peacefully and silently in a human wave toward Jerusalem or sought, in similar fashion, to form human
cordons around the Jewish settlements. What would the Israelis do?
The Israelis, who would see such a tactic as a threat to their very existence, may be less reluctant than the
British or Americans to use force against an unarmed population.
They begin with their history as victims and their strong belief that the Arabs only understand force. In
isolated instances in the past when Palestinians have tried passive resistance, such as the antitax revolt in Christian
suburbs of Beit Sahour in 1989, Israeli action has been swift and punitive.
Passive non-violence may not be an easy option in the Mideast. But as long as escalating retaliation blocks
negotiations, it is difficult today to see any other path that might shift the power balance in this tragic conflict.
(Based on the articles Level of fighting in Mideast rises and Imagine a peaceful wave of humanity in Israel by
Cameron W. Barr, that were published in The Christian Science Monitor 11, 12 2000).
1.1 Provide English equivalents for the following words and word-combinations and compose sentences of your
own:
-
- ,
-
- ,
-
-
-
-
-
- , .
1.2 Points for discussion:
1. Terrorist acts, conducted by Palestinians, are justified.
2. Only UN troops can solve the problem in Mideast.
3. Israel should keep on bombing Palestinian territory.
4. Conflict in Mideast can provoke global war between the Muslems and Christians.
5. Propose your solution to this problem.
Activity 7. Dialogue-composing: One of you is a minister of foreign affairs, another one is a president. The minister
has failed at negotiations. His task is to persuade the president that it wasnt his fault in order not to resign.
Activity 8. Speak on the possible reasons for conflicts and ways of their solution.

13

Section 3
Elections
Politics is so expensive,
it takes a lot of money just to get defeated.
Will Rogers
Activity 1. Read the text about the electoral system of England and present its merits and imperfections. Prepare a
mini-report The electoral system of Ukraine.
The Electoral system
The system of voting
The simple majority system of voting is used in parliamentary elections in Britain. This means that the candidate
with the largest number of votes in each constituency is elected, although he or she may not necessarily have
received more than half the votes cast. It is thought that this system favours two-party competition, particularly
when the parties support is concentrated geographically. It does not favour parties whose support is spread evenly
across constituencies, as they tend to accumulate relatively small numbers of votes in each constituency and
consequently do not win many seats. It is calculated that the Liberal Democrats are underrepresented in Parliament
for this reason. Voting is by secret ballot.
The party system
For over 150 years Britains system of parliamentary democracy has been based on organised political parties
competing to form government. Political parties are neither registered nor formally recognised in law, but the system
depends on the existence of at least two parties in the House of Commons, each of which is capable of forming a
government. Most candidates in elections and almost all winning candidates belong to one or other of the main
political parties. Candidates who are members of smaller political parties or groups, or who do not belong to any
party, may also stand. Since the Second World War the great majority of MPs have belonged to either the
Conservative or the Labour party. The leader of the party that wins most seats at a general election, or which has the
support of a majority in the new House of Commons, is by convention invited by the Monarch to form a
government. He or she becomes Prime Minister and chooses the ministers who will together form the Government.
Voters
Who may vote All British citizens may vote provided they are aged 18 years or over and are not legally barred
from voting. Subject to the same conditions, citizens of other Commonwealth countries and the Irish republic who
are resident in Britain may also vote at parliamentary elections. All voters must be registered as resident in a
constituency on a specified date. British citizens living abroad may apply to be registered to vote for up to 20 years
after leaving Britain. They must register to vote in the constituency in which they were last resident. British citizens
who are working overseas as British Government employees also have the right to vote, regardless of how long they
have been abroad. Voting in elections is voluntary. On average about 75% of the electorate votes.
Who may not vote The following people are not entitled to vote in parliamentary elections: the Monarch, peers,
and peeresses in their own right, who are members of the House of Lords; foreign nationals, other than citizens of
Commonwealth countries and of the Irish Republic resident in Britain; people kept in hospitals under mental health
legislation; people serving prison sentences; people convicted within the previous five years of corrupt or illegal
election practices; young people under eighteen.
Candidates
Any person aged 21 or over who is British citizen, or citizen of another Commonwealth country or the Irish
Republic, may stand for election to Parliament, providing they are not disqualified. Those disqualified include:
people who are undischarged bankrupts; people sentenced to more than years imprisonment; clergy of the Church
of England, Church of Scotland, Church of Ireland and the Roman Catholic Church; members of the House of
14

Lords; and a range of public servants and officials, specified by law, which includes judges, civil servants, some
local government officers, full-time members of the regular armed forces and police officers, and British members
of the legislature of any country or territory outside the Commonwealth. Candidates do not have to live in the
constituencies for which they stand. Candidates must be nominated on official nomination papers, giving their full
name and home addresses. A political or personal description of up to six words may be included. Ten electors must
sign the nomination paper. At the same time a sum of 500 pounds must be deposited on behalf of each candidate:
candidates who receive less than 5% of the votes cast in the subsequent election lose this deposit. Candidates from
the main parties very rarely lose their deposits. However, smaller political parties or groups also put forward
candidates, and individuals without party support also stand.
Activity 2. Put each of the following words in its proper place in the passage below:
election campaign support polling day ballot box vote predict opinion poll
polling station candidate
People sometimes try to _______ the result of an election weeks before it takes place. Several hundred people are
asked which party they prefer, and their answers are used to guess the result of the coming election. This is called an
______. Meanwhile each party conducts its _______ with meetings, speeches, television commercials, and party
members going from door to door encouraging people to ______ their party. In Britain everyone over 18 is eligible
to _____. The place where people go to vote is often known as _______ and a day people vote at is called______.
The voters put their votes in a _______ and later they are counted. The _______ with the most votes is then declared
the winner.
Activity 3. Explain the difference between:
a) pro- and antib) an election and a referendum
Activity 4. Listening.
1.1 You are going to listen to a radio interview with Geraldine Faulkes, a politician. She is talking about
future trends and her partys policies if it wins the general election. Listen and tick the points below
which she mentions.
Falling unemployment
rising trade surplus
Greater provision for healthcare
more money for foreign trade
Lower interest rates
closer links with Europe
Reduction in income tax
more action on global warming
Lower rate of inflation
more action on poverty
Reduction in mortgage
more money for medical research
1.2 Work in pairs. Can you remember what Geraldine Faulkes actually said about the points you ticked?
Activity 5. This task includes a series of extracts from speeches and public comments made by famous people. Your
task is to listen to them and recognize their function, ticking the columns.
EXTRACT NUMBER
FUNCTION
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
11
12 13
14
15
Denial
Promise
Expressing an
opinion
Warning
Paying a
tribute
Resignation
from a post
Acceptance of
a post
Reassurance
Activity 6. Presidential elections. Two students of the group have to run for presidency. Their task is to compose the
election campaign speech and address to the group. The task of the group is to choose the president.
Activity 7. Put one of the following words in each space in the sentences below.
With for against to in between
a) I voted_______ the Liberal candidate
b) Put your voting papers______ the ballot box
c) He is very right-wing, so hes ______ the socialists
d) She belongs _____ the Communist party
15

e) The Liberals formed an alliance_______ the Social Democrats

f) Theres a split ____the two parties
g) Theres a split ______ the party
Activity 8. Put each of the following words in its proper place in the passage below:
Cabinet alliance right-wing prime minister split coalition majority left-wing opposition one-party
states
In most countries, except _______, there are several different political parties. The one with the _______ of seats
normally forms the government, and the parties which are against the government are called the _______.
Sometimes no single party wins enough seats, and several parties must combine together in a ________ to form a
government. The principal ministers in the government form a group called the _______. The leader of this group,
and of the government, is the _______. Of course there are many different kinds of parties and governments. A
socialist or communist party is often described as ______. A conservative party on the other hand is usually said to
be _______. Political situations are always changing. Sometimes in a party or between two parties there is a big
argument or deep difference of opinion. This is called a _____. When, on the other hand, two parties work together,
this is sometimes called an ________.
Activity 9. Render the article.
.
?
.
,
-. :
.
.
. . ,
, , .
.


538 .
: ,
.
270. ( 25
). , 271.
, .
. ?
.
.
.
.
1955 .
.
, -2000 .
- . ?
,
.
Activity10. Define the department, reading its function:
1. . handles all peaceful dealings with other countries, issues passports to American citizens who wish to
travel abroad.
2. . manages government finances, collect taxes, mints coins and prints paper money.
3. . responsible for the nations security..
4. . is headed by the attorney general, who acts for government in legal matters and moves against violators
of federal laws.
5. . protects and develops the nations natural resources and manages the national parks.
6. . aids food production and looks after the interests of farmers.
7. . is concerned with the working conditions, safety and welfare of the nations non-farm workers.
8. . helps develop domestic commerce as well as trade with other countries.
9. . addresses the nations growing energy problems.
10.. administers and coordinates more than 150 federal aid-to-education programs.
The Department of Labor
The Department of Justice

The Department of Defense

The Department of State
16

The Department of Commerce

The Treasury Department
The Department of Energy

The Department of Agriculture

The Department of the Interior
The Department of Education

Activity 11. Listen to the dialogue Elections and answer the questions suggested by the teacher.
Activity 12. Work in pairs. Work out at least 5 reasons why people should vote.
Activity 13. Match the word combinations with definitions:
1.civil disobedience
6. a radical
2. a conformist
7. self-determination
3. a dictatorship
8. the establishment
4. the head of state
9. a license
5. a middle of the road
10. the civil service
-

if you are this, then technically you rule the country

if you are one of those, you believe in complete political change
if you are this, you like to behave in the same way as everyone else
this consists of powerful people and organizations who support the social order
this is an organized campaign involving breaking the law
you might need one of these to get married, to drive, to own a gun
this is a right for people to decide about their future for themselves, rather than let a colonial power do it for
them
if you live under one of these, then you live in a state controlled by one powerful person
if you this, you have no strong political opinion
the various departments of government

Activity 14. Choose the right variant of the word

1. By the early evening most people had administered\cast\selected their votes.
2. The government has decided to hold\introduce\organize an early election.
3. Voting for strike action must be done by secret ballot\electorate\poll.
4. Each Member of Parliament represents a specific candidate\constituency\convention.
5. Before the election, each party published its election brochure\manifesto\synopsis.
6. Mark Brown has been delegated\nominated\represented for the post of honorary treasurer.
7. Its impossible to predict which way the election will go because there are so many
indefinite\undecided\unknowing voters.
8. My sister has decided to candidate\put in\stand for parliament in the next election.
9. The partys election campaign\movement\struggle proved to be successful.
10. The National Party won the election with an increased majority\percentage\score.
Activity 15. Listen to the message concerning the petitioning and answer the questions, suggested by the teacher.
Activity 16. Render the article. Present some interesting facts about Ukrainian politicians.
.
, ,
. .
, 2000 .
,
: 1820 , 20
.
,
. 20 , .
.
20 .
, 1841 .
1860,
. .
.
.
. 1880- .
.
1900 -. .
. - : .
.
.
17

 1940-
-. , . ,
. !
.
1960- . .
, 1980- .
, . ,
, 1978- . ,
. - .
, .
: , , ?
: .
Activity 17. Write an essay A perfect politician.

Section 4
Disasters
So when any of the four pillars
(religion, justice, counsel, treasure)
of government are mainly shaken or weakened,
men have need to pray for fair weather.
18

Fransic Bacon
Activity1. Study basic vocabulary list:
Earthquake - a sudden shaking of the Earths surface
Hurricane/ tornado/ typhoon a violent storm with a strong fast circular wind
Volcano a mountain with a crater at the top through which lava, gases escape with explosive force
Explosion an act of exploding
Major accidents smth. damaging that happens unexpectedly or by chance
War/ civil war armed fighting between nations / people of the same country
Flood the covering with water of a place that is usually dry
Drought dry weather, when there is not enough water
Famine extreme lack of food for a very large number of people
Epidemics - diseases affecting large numbers of people
A. Verbs connected with these words:
- A volcano has erupted in Indonesia. Hundreds are feared dead.
- The flu epidemic spread rapidly throughout the country.
- Millions are starving as a result of the famine.
- A big earthquake shook the city at noon today.
- The area is suffering its worst drought for many years.
- Civil war has broken out in the north of the country.
- A tornado swept through the islands yesterday.
Remember: injure (people), damage (things):
200 people were injured and dozens of buildings were damaged in the hurricane.
B.

Words for people involved in disasters:

The explosion resulted in 300 casualties (dead and injured people).
The real victims of the civil war are the children left without parents (those who suffer the
results of the disaster).
There were only three survivors. All the other passengers died instantly (people who live
through a disaster).
Thousands of refugees have crossed the border looking for food and shelter.
During the battle, the dead and wounded were flown out in helicopters.

C.

Headlines:
Rabies out of control in many parts of Asia (disease can be caused by bite from a dog, fox,
etc).
Yellow fever figures drop (tropical disease; skin goes yellow).
New malaria drug tested (usually caused because of mosquito bite).
Minister says fight against leprosy goes on (terrible skin disease).
Cholera and typhoid injections not needed says Tourism Minister (diseases causing
sickness).

Activity 2. What type of disaster from the vocabulary list are these sentences about?
Example: The lava flow destroyed three villages volcano
1. The earth is cracked and vegetation has withered.
2. The tremor struck at 3.35 p.m. local time.
3. People had boarded up shops and houses during the day before and stayed indoor.
4. Shelling and mortar fire could be heard all over the town.
5. Witnesses said they saw a fireball fall out of the sky.
6. People were stranded in the upper floors and sometimes on the roofs of their homes, unable to move about.
Activity 3. Complete the missing items in this word-class table:
verb
Noun thing or idea
Noun-person
..
explosion
-----------..

survivor
injure
..
.
starve
.
..
erupt
.
-------------

19

Activity 4. Fill in the gaps using vocabulary from Ex B:

1. Another 50 people died today, yet more . of this terrible famine.
2. The government has agreed to allow 3.000 trying to escape the civil war to enter the country.
3. It was the worst road accident the country has ever seen, with over 120..
4. Were there any .. when the ship sank?
5. The .andwere simply left trying on the battlefield, it was a disgrace.
Activity 5. Which diseases are we talking about?
1. One that can be caused by a mosquito bite.
2. One that leaves the skin badly deformed.
3. One you can get by drinking infected water.
4. One you can get from an animal bite.
5. One that makes the skin go yellow.
Activity 6. Translate the article:
.
17 1998 , ,
, - ,
. 7,1 .
Scientific American, 30
. ,
, .
, - ,
. .
3 . , .
, ,
. 14 ,
, - Science News.
, , 2 500 .
, ,
: 230 .
Activity 7. Put each word or phrase into a box with words of a similar meaning. Then write sentences of your own,
using these words.
molten
a shriek
to spew out
terrific
devastation
to whine
to plot
havoc
to strike
an impact to track
appalling
to chart
1. follow a course on a radar
screen
4. terrible

2. noises

3. to hit

5. collision

6. destruction

7. chaos

8. vomit

9. melted

Activity 8. Three groups of students each read a different article about asteroids and meteors. Then they prepare and
present a talk or radio show, which can be serious or amusing, about asteroids or space exploration.
Group A
Ring around the Earth
There is undoubted risk that an asteroid will one day strike this planet and when it does the damage would be
appalling. It is precisely this danger that has led the US Congress to instruct NASA, the National Aeronautics and
Space Administration, to establish the Near Earth Asteroid Detection Workshop. The Workshop has recommended
that a network of six observatories be set up around the Earth to provide early warning of a potential asteroid strike.
The network would take between 10 and 15 years to plot the movements of the 2.000 asteroids thought to move near
the Earths orbit around the Sun. Only about 100 of these have been charted so far. At a cost of $60 million the
network would track asteroids in their orbits and begin predicting their movements around the Sun and particularly
where and when they would cross the Earths orbit. If a collision with an asteroid were predicted early enough, the
impact might be prevented by firing nuclear weapons at it. Large asteroids narrowly missing the Earth have been
observed over the past few years. In March 1989, one asteroid half a mile wide was observed passing within
400,000 miles, which in astronomical terms is a very close shave indeed.
20

If such an object struck the Earth on a continent, it would drill right through to the molten magma layer and
spew out billions of tons of debris with the force of million-megaton bomb. It would certainly suffocate most life
forms on the Earth. If it landed in an ocean, it would create the mother of all tidal waves that would cause equal
havoc.
Group B
Life destroyed by asteroids
All life on the surface of the Earth has been destroyed at least once be asteroids, claims a team of NASA
scientists, and they suspect that a giant crater in Mexico may have been caused by the asteroid, which wiped out the
dinosaurs 65 million years ago. During the 1 st thousand million years of history, asteroids frequently crashed into the
Earth, the largest of them bringing unimaginable devastation; causing fireballs the size of continents and boiling
away the first 1.000 feet of water from the ocean. All life as we know it, including humans, may therefore be
descended from the primitive organisms that were protected from destruction by several miles of ocean water above
them. Such hypotheses come from studying not the Earth, where in time the atmosphere and life cover over the
damage, but the moon where craters as much as thousands of miles wide remain unchanged for thousands of
millions of years. Identifying similar craters on the Earth is made difficult by their sheer size. Under investigation as
possible craters are Hudson Bay, the Gulf of Mexico and the Bay of Bengal. More recent impacts include the
meteorite, which fell on Tunguska, Siberia in 1908 with the force of 1.000 Hiroshima-sized atom bombs, and
destroyed 750 square miles of forest.
Group C
Visitor drops in from outer space
Arthur Pettifer, 80, escaped with his life when a one-and-a-half pound meteorite crashed into his garden
missing him by feet. The meteorite may have been around for more than four billion years, most of which time it has
probably spent in orbit describing circles around the Sun before becoming part of Mr.Pettifers rockery. It is the 5th
meteorite known to have fallen in Britain since 1945. I heard this terrific whining and shrieking noise in the air. I
looked up and saw the top of the conifers waving. I had no idea what it was, he said. Asteroids are tiny planets
scattered around the solar system, the main belt orbiting between Mars and Jupiter, though some do on occasion
cross the Earths orbit. Smaller, boulder-sized bodies are called meteoroids, while true asteroids can be anything up
to the size of a small planet. The largest even have names such as Vesta at 150 km across, Pallas, 540 km and Ceres
940 km. Asteroids of this size are relatively easy to visit in spacecraft and may be a rich source of metals and other
raw materials in the future. Asteroids are classified according to their composition, S-type being made of silicates
mixed with iron or nickel and M-type being mainly iron or nickel.
Activity 9. In groups of three, answer as many of these questions about asteroids as you can.
1. What are asteroids and how are they different from meteorites and meteoroids?
2. Where do asteroids come from?
3. Can the movements of asteroids be tracked and predicted?
4. What is an asteroid made of?
5. How big are they?
6. Where do scientists get their information on asteroids?
7. Have asteroids struck the Earth in the past? If so, how often do they strike, and what happens when they
do?
8. Could asteroids be dangerous to passers-by?
9. Could they be dangerous to the Earth and life on it?
10. If they were dangerous, how could we protect ourselves from them?
Activity 10. Work in groups of four.
Choose one of these tasks for presentation to the class:
- Prepare an Asteroid Defense plan to present to the Pentagon for funding. The presentation should last
not more than 7 minutes and can be either serious or amusing.
- Prepare a four-minute piece of news on asteroids and meteorites for a radio program. It should be clear,
informative and entertaining.
- Prepare a talk arguing your point of view about spending money on space research. You
can attack or
support expenditure on such projects as asteroid defense, planetary exploration, satellites, space stations.

21

Section 5
Economics
Enough money is always a little bit more
than you have.
Jay Slabaugh
Activity1. Present Russian equivalents for the following word-combinations:
- to pull out of economic crisis - to resolve the crisis
- to suspend reforms to prevent reforms from being carried out
- volume of personal consumption an amount of goods per a man
- to eke out a living to make just enough money to live on
- to live below a poverty line to be very poor
- income gap difference in amount of money earned
- to diversify the economic base to invest money into economy
- means of payment - money
- stock market a market where stocks and shares are bought and sold under fixed rules, but at prices
controlled by supply and demand (syn. securities exchange)
- labor exchange a place where people are offered a job
- commodity exchange a place where raw materials and some manufactured goods are bought and sold for
immediate or future delivery
- produce exchange a place where agricultural products are bought and sold
- currency market a place where currency is bought and sold
- staple commodities the most necessary goods
- supply and demand the amount of goods available and the amount wanted by customers
- joint-stock company a business formed by a group of people using money provided by them all
- cost of living enough income to pay for the necessities of life (syn. living wage, subsistence minimum)
- value added tax a tax charged at 20% of the price of goods and services
- gross domestic product the annual total value of goods produced and services provided by a country
- surplus assets reserve capital
- board of directors a group of directors who are responsible for running a company and usually have legal
responsibilities to it
- board of shareholders meeting of stockholders
- competitive ability ability to compete with other business companies
- seniority official advantage coming from the length of ones service in an organization
- turnover of staff situation when workers leave a company and new ones are employed
- to launch a new enterprise to start the activity of a new company
- excise taxes the government tax on certain goods produced and used inside a country
- tax exile a wealthy person who leaves a country to avoid paying high taxes and goes to live in another
one
- to freeze import to cancel import
- to pay tax to submit taxes
- to generate a tax to get taxes
- compete with smb. in smth. v to try to get benefit in competition with other business companies
- purchase (v) to buy
- transaction (deal) the act of doing business or carrying out a business deal
- tax return a statement of a persons income for the past year, including any claims for tax relief
- consumption the purchase and use of goods and services to satisfy human wants
- conspicuous consumption the tendency of the wealthy to buy goods and services to impress others
- break-even point point at which income from sales equals fixed and variable expenses
Activity 2. Translate the sentences:
1. The relations between the states were aggravated and the freezing of import served the pretext to it.
2. Its difficult to survive in conditions of the transitional period if you ignore the experience of developed
countries.
3. The deputy dwelt on the commercial activity of privatized enterprises.
4. The aid worth $10 mln. was transferred to International Charitable Fund.
5. All the commercial enterprises paid taxes to state budget, those, which didnt do it, were carefully
checked by the tax inspection of the city.
6. The employees are responsible for carrying out general office duties, filling in forms and keeping
statistics.
Activity 3. Insert the words into their correct places:
accounts expenditure quarter bottom line fiscal
loss
earnings
profit

surplus deficit ledger tax break even

22

A company writes its each year to show its (the money it spends) and its (the money that comes into
company). The accounts are written in a book called a . If the company earns more than it spends, then the
of the ledger shows aor a . If it spends more than it earns, then the company makes a and the
bottom line shows a . If earnings and expenditure are equal, then the company will the company pays a
percentage of its profit to the government in . The period of one year on which tax is calculated is called the
year. Often the company also draws up accounts every (every three months).
Activity 4. Social trends.
Use the words below to complete the sentences, putting the verbs into the correct tense. Note that sometimes
more than one answer is possible.
rise decrease lower decline fall raise deteriorate reduction boom drop improve go up
increase reduce go down double
1. We welcome the recent________ in taxes announced in the Chancellors speech.
2. To the relief of the government, unemployment___________ last month by 90 000.
3. The_______ in drug-related crime is very disturbing.
4. Relations between the two countries have__________ since the refugee crisis started.
5. the number of divorces has nearly _________ from 10 000 to 19 000.
6. An _______ of 20% in the number of people claiming pensions over the last ten years has left
governments wondering what they can do.
7. Most people admit that there has been a worrying _______ in broadcasting standards.
8. The government is thinking of _______ the school leaving age by one year to seventeen.
9. In spite of higher import duties, the demand for foreign luxury goods is still ________ after three years
of recession.
10.Bike thefts are on the ________ despite police warnings.
Activity 5. You are going to listen to an extract from news program and decide whether the sentences below are
T(true) or F(false)
1. More people are immigrating to Britain than four years ago.
2. The quality of food is improving.
3. People are eating fewer potatoes than ten years ago.
4. Last year the average Briton watched more than seventeen hours of TV per week.
5. Most people go on holiday twice a year.
6. Improvements in diet have helped to extend life expectancy.
7. More women are opting to stay at home to look after their families rather than going out to work.
8. The number of single mothers has risen sharply.
9. The income of the poorest tenth of the population has fallen.
10.The income of the richest tenth has risen sharply.
Activity 6. Read the article and express your opinion concerning the necessity of cooperation between Ukraine and
IMF.
The IMF and the LDCs: Friend or Foe?
Less than century ago Latin America nations that failed to pay their debts were likely to be confronted by the
British Navy or the United States Marines. Then, under the watchful eyes of the occupying troops, the country
would be forced to pay its bills.
The International Monetary Fund, established after World War II, extends credit to financially troubled countries.
Nevertheless, the IMF is sometimes accused by people in the countries it is trying to help with being a tool of
imperialism, or a bodyguard of the big New York banks.
The reason for this hostility is that in return for its loans, the IMF often demands that the countries impose certain
restrictions on their economics. The purpose of the restrictions, or austerity programs as they are called, is to prevent
a repeat of the events that led to the financial problems in the first place. To a Mexican peasant, however, austerity
could mean that flour will cost more. To an Argentine factory worker it could mean a reduction in real wages, or to a
Brazilian retiree it could mean a smaller government pension.
The current problems faced by many less developed countries began with the oil crisis of the 1970s and the global
recession of the 1980s. After OPEC quadrupled its prices in 1973, a number of the developing countries borrowed
from private banks to pay their oil bills. Those developing nations with large oil reserves found themselves suddenly
enriched by the increase in prices and borrowed to finance expensive industrial developing projects.
By the 1980s oil prices began to slide, and international trade slowed. As a result, many of the debtor nations
found themselves unable to repay their loans. Private banks were no longer willing to extend additional credit. That
left it to the International Monetary Fund to keep the debtor nations afloat.
As a result, the IMF has tried several strategies to help the countries in difficulty repay their loans.
23

Lend the debtor nation the money it needs to meet its payments
Ask debtor countries to adopt austerity measures that would give them enough money to repay their debts
Require the lending banks to reduce the interest rates on their loans and extend the time borrowers have to
pay
Adopt some combinations of the three strategies above as a solution to the international debt problem
Despite the disagreement over the proper role of the International Monetary Fund in the currant crisis, virtually
everyone would agree that they would rather see the IMF looking for solutions than the British fleet or the United
States Marines.
Activity 7. Render the article.
. .
-
, . , , ,
. , ,
, , .
2002 ( .)
. .
.
, ,
, .
150 .
250 ,
. .

, , , .
, - ,
, , , ,
. ,
11%, 22%,
25%, 25,5%.

, .
, , .
,
-
.
.
, 1 .
, ,
, ,
.
( 20, 17 2001 ).
Activity 8. Choose an appropriate substitute for the italicized words:
aid budget capital cash currency finance fund loan reserves subsidies
1. The yen is the type of money in Japan.
2. Could you give me money in notes and coins for this cheque?
3. How much is next years agricultural estimated expenditure and income?
4. We got the necessary money for this particular purpose.
5. The company is starting a pension stock of money.
6. How much is the money needed to start the company?
7. The farmers received milk money from the government to help them sell cheaply without making a
loss.
8. We had $5,000 borrowed money from the bank to buy new equipment.
9. The country has not got enough money to pay other countries for its imports.
10. The industrial nations give help in the form of money to the developing countries.
Activity 9. Listen to these people talking about their jobs. Decide what each person does.
Activity 10. Now think of a job. Prepare a short description of it without stating directly what it is. Then, give your
description to the rest of the class and your classmates have to guess what job you meant.
Activity 11. Listen to the conversation and fill in the chart.
24

CANDIDATE SPECIFICATION
Job title:
Sex:
Essential
Working experience
-5 years experience in
industry
-

Age range:
Desirable
-

Educational record

-business diploma

Personal details

-resident in area
-

Non-working life

-ability to mix well

with people
-

-solitary pursuits

-creative, enthusiastic

Attitudes

Undesirable
-over-specialized
experience
-business diploma
but no science
degree
-someone with no
ties

Activity 12. Translate the article.

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, :
* 15 30 .

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,
.
*
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,
, ` -
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. ,
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.
Appendix
How to render a newspaper article.
Rendering of a newspaper article consists of three main parts: introduction, the basic part, and conclusion.
Each of the above-mentioned parts has its own peculiarities. The first part, that is introduction, contains the basic
facts about an article itself, i.e. the title of the article, its author, and newspaper or magazine it was published in, the
main problems of an article. This article should contain the following scheme of presentation: The article under
consideration is entitled (headlined)and written by . It was published in . The article deals with (tackles upon,
devoted to, touches upon, dwells on), The key problem of the article is (The article treats the wide range of topics,
The article deals with the problem) this sentence should highlight the basic problem of the article, i.g. This
article deals with the political crisis in Japan, that influenced the economical sphere of the country; negotiations
held in Palestine, parliamentary elections in Ukraine
Then, the second part contains the most important and interesting information that is given in the article. In
this part the following constructions and clichs can be used: It should be noted (stressed, pointed out, emphasized,
mentioned) that; The author stresses (points out, writes, states, notes, condemns, reveals).
The final part of the rendering contains a students opinion concerning the problem of the article and can be
expressed with the help of such constructions as The article aboutmade me think about (made me feel because),
In the conclusion I want to point out that Conclusion should be written in one or two sentences.
25

Bibliography list
.., .. .
.: - , 1992. 41.
2. ., ...
. .: , 1999. 416.
3. .., . . ? .: .., 1998. 334.
4. . .: , 2001. 24.
5. Brigs David and Dummett Paul. Listening and Speaking, Advanced. Heinemann Publishers (Oxford) Ltd,
1998. - 106 p.
6. Driscoll James. Britain. Oxford Publishing House, 1999. 95 p.
7. Krayon Thomas. Economic consideration. Editor Publishers, 1994. 135p.
8. Nickolson Michael. Parliamentary elections in Britain. London: Foreign and Commonwealth office, 1998.
24p.
9. Norman Susan. Financial English. - -, 1994. 172 .
10. Vaugham - Rees Michael. In Britain. - , 1997. 115.
11. Dictionary of English language and culture. Addison Wesley Longman Press, 1998. 1568 p.
12. Oxford dictionary of business English. - Oxford University Press, 1993. 491 p.
1.

Internet addresses of the newspapers

for getting additional information
Daily mail www.dailymail.co.uk
The Daily Telegraph www.telegraph.co.uk
Evening Standard www.standard.co.uk
The Guardian www.guardian.co.uk
The Independent www.independent.co.uk
Herald Tribune www.iht.com
The Observer www.guardian.co.uk
The Sunday Times www.sunday-times.co.uk
The Sydney Morning Herald www.smh.com.au
Forbes www.forbes.com
26

Newsweek www.newsweek.com
U.S. news www.usnews.com
Cosmopolitan www.cosmomag.com
TV channel www.novy.tv
TV channel BBC news www.bbc.world.com
TV channel 1+1 www.1plus1.tv

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