The Effect of Olive - Seed Oil Fuel On Diesel Engine

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org/
International Journal of Ene rgy Scie nce (IJES) Volume 3 Issue 1, Fe bruary 2013
The Effect of Olive Seed Oil Fuel on Diesel

Engine
Charalampos Arapatsakos*1
Department of Production and Management Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace
V. Sofias Street, 67100, Xanthi, Greece
*1xarapat@agro.duth.gr
Abstract
Air pollution is a major problem that it cannot be ignore d in
nowadays, as it affects the human health and mainly the
bodys respiratory system, the cardiovascular system, plants
and property. Some important pollutants that take part in
causing the air pollution are carbon monoxide , nitrogen oxide
and many othe r compounds that contain the carbon in large
amounts such as organic compounds. These toxic compone nts
mixe d with air of the environme nt and make the air pollute d.
Fue l quality has ve ry strongly influe nces in die se l e ngine
emissions like HC, CO, NOx and particulate emissions. This is
due to the fact that fue l emissions de pe nd on the formation
and the combustion of the mixture . At the prese nt pape r will
be e xamine d the behavior of gas e missions in a four stroke
e ngine whe n changes the te mperature of fue l. The
tempe ratures of fue l that has been use d for the e xpe rime nt
we re 10C, 20oC, 30oC, 40oC, 50oC and 60oC. In addition, it has
bee n use d the following mixtures of fue ls: die se l-5% olive see d
oil, diese l-10% olive see d oil, die se l-20% olive see d oil, die se l30% olive see d oil, die se l-40% olive see d oil, die se l-50% olive
see d oil. For the above tempe ratures, it has been measure d the
gas emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC),
nitroge n monoxide (NO) and smoke . Also it has bee n
measure d the gas emissions tempe ratures and the fue l
consumption is examine d too.
Keywords
Gas Emissions; Olive Seed Oil; Biofuels; Fuel Temperature
Introduction
Air pollution is called the addition of harmful substances
to the atmosphere resulting in damage to the
environment, human health, and quality of life. Air
pollution
originates
from
both
natural
and
anthropogenic sources. Many of our daily activities
release chemicals and particles into the air we breath.
For example, m otor vehicles release chemicals from their
38
exhausts, particles and other chemicals are released out

of the chimney when we use fires and log burners to
heat our homes. The amount of air pollution in the air
depends on the amount of pollution produced and the
rate at which the pollutants disperse[1,2,3,4]. Moreover,
in areas where the wind is very strong, pollution is
dispersed and blown away. In areas where there is little
or no wind air pollution accumulates and concentrations
can be high. However, local factors such as topography
(hills and mountains), proximity to the coast, building
height and time of the year all affect local wind
conditions and can play a role in increasing air pollution
levels[5,6,7,8]. Vehicle exhaust emissions are a major
source of air pollution, as vehicles emit a series of air
pollutants, including carbon monoxide, sulfur oxides
and nitrogen oxides, through the tailpipe gases due to
internal combustion of various fuels. A recent study
estimated that 399 people will die prematurely each year
because of vehicle air pollution. Biofuels are the best
way of reducing vehicle emissions. Furthermore, biofuel
in its most natural form can be used in many different
things including cars, trucks, tractors and just about
anything that has a combustible engine. Its most
commonly used as an additive in the production of
diesel fuel. When it is used as an additive, it helps to
eliminate a percentage of the harmful products of
burning diesel such as carbon monoxide and
hydrocarbons. There are many types of biofuels,
including vegetable oils, biodiesel, bioalcohols, ethanol
and biogas[9,10,11].
Biodiesel is a common biofuel that is used throughout
the world. It is made through a process, in which it
breaks down the different types of oils and fats.
Bioalcohol is very common biofuel too. It is produced
International Journal of Energy Scie nce (IJES) Volume 3 Issue 1, Fe bruary 2013
during the natural fermentation process that takes place

when sugar and microorganisms are mixed together.
Ethanol is produced from agricultural crops or from
recycled wastes and residues. It can be put to use petrol
engines as a substitute for gasoline or it can be mixed
with gasoline in any ratio. The quality of fuel affects
diesel engine emissions (HC, CO, NOx and particulate
emissions) very strongly. The fuel that is used in diesel
engines is a mixture of hydrocarbons and its boiling
temperature is approximately 170oC to 360oC
[12,13,14,15]. Diesel fuel emissions composition and
characteristics depend on mixture formation and
combustion. In order to compare the quality of fuels the
following criteria are tested: ketene rating, density,
viscosity, boiling characteristics, aromatics content and
sylph content. For environmental compatibility, the fuel
must have low density, low content of aromatic
compounds, low sylph content and high ketene rating
[16,17]. The question that arises is how a four-stroke
diesel engine behaves on the side of pollutants and
operation, when it uses diesel olive seed oil mixtures as
fuel in different fuel temperatures[18].
Intrumentation and experimental resu lts
Specifically it has been used the following fuel mixtures:
diesel-5% olive seed oil (Pyrin5%), diesel-10% olive seed
oil (Pyrin10%), diesel-20% olive seed oil (Pyrin20%),
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diesel-30% olive seed oil (Pyrin30%), diesel-40% olive

seed oil (Pyrin40%), diesel-50% olive seed oil (Pyrin50%),
at different temperatures: 10 oC, 20 oC, 30 oC, 40 oC, 50 oC
and 60 oC in a four-stroke diesel engin e with volume
377cc, maximum power 8.2hp/3000rpm, who was
connected with a pump of water centrifugal.
Measurements were made when the engine was
functioned on 1000, 1500, and 2000rpm.
During the experiments, it has been measured:
The percent (%) of CO
The ppm (parts per million) of HC
The ppm (parts per million) of NO
The percent of smoke
Fuel consumption
Gas emissions temperature
The measurement of rounds/min of the engine was
made by a portable tachometer (Digital photo/contact
tachometer) named LTLutron DT-2236. Smoke was
measured by a specifically measurement device named
SMOKE MODULE EX HAUST GAS ANALYSER MOD
9010/M, which has been connected to a PC unit. The CO
and HC emissions have been measured by HORIBA
Analyzer MEXA-324 GE. The NO emissions were
measured by a Single GAS Analyser SGA92-NO.
PICTURE1. EXPERIMENTAL LAYOUT
39
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o
fuel temperature 40 C
fuel temperature 10oC

25
25
20
20
Diesel
Pyrin 5%
15
Pyrin 10%
Pyrin 20%
10
Pyrin 30%
Pyrin 5%
smoke %
smoke %
Diesel
15
Pyrin 10%
Pyrin 20%
Pyrin 30%
10
Pyrin 40%
Pyrin 40%
5
0
1000
1500
2000
1000
rpm
2000
FIGURE 4 THE SMOKE AVERAGE VALUE VARIATION ON

DIFFERENT RPM REGARDING TO THE DIESEL-S EED OIL
MIXTURES AT 40O C FUEL TEMPERATURE
fuel temperature 50o C
25
25
20
20
10
Diesel
Pyrin 5%
Pyrin 10%
Pyrin 20%
Pyrin 30%
Pyrin 40%
Pyrin 50%
15
Pyrin 10%
Pyrin 20%
smoke %
Diesel
Pyrin 5%
smoke %
1500
rpm
FIGURE 1 THE % OF SMOKE AVERAGE VALUE VARIATION ON

Pyrin 30%
10
Pyrin 40%
Pyrin 50%
15
0
1000
0
1000
Pyrin 50%
1500
2000
1500
2000
rpm
rpm

FIGURE 5 THE % OF SMOKE AVERAGE VALUE VARIATION ON

25
25
20
15
Pyrin 10%
Pyrin 20%
Pyrin 30%
10
smoke %
Pyrin 5%
smoke %
20
Diesel
Pyrin 5%
15
Pyrin 10%
10
Pyrin 20%
Pyrin 30%
Diesel
Pyrin 40%
Pyrin 40%
Pyrin 50%
5
0
1000
1500
2000
rpm

40
Pyrin 50%
5
0
1000
1500
2000
rpm
FIGURE 6. THE SMOKE AVERAGE VALUE VARIATION ON

0.08
0.08
0.07
0.07
0.06
Diesel
0.06
0.05
Pyrin 5%
0.05
Pyrin 10%
0.04
Pyrin 20%
0.03
Pyrin 30%
0.02
Pyrin 40%
CO %
CO %
Diesel
Pyrin 5%
Pyrin 10%
0.04
Pyrin 20%
Pyrin 30%
0.03
Pyrin 40%
0.02
0.01
0
1000
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Pyrin 50%
0.01
0
1500
2000
1000
rpm
1500
2000
rpm
FIGURE 7 THE CO AVERAGE VALUE VARIATION ON


MIXTURES AT 40OC FUEL TEMPERATURE

0.08
0.08
0.07
0.07
Diesel
0.06
Pyrin 10%
0.04
Pyrin 20%
CO %
CO %
0.05
Pyrin 30%
0.03
0.04
Pyrin 20%
Pyrin 30%
Pyrin 40%
Pyrin 50%
0.02
Pyrin 50%
0.01
0.01
0
1000
0.05
0.03
Pyrin 40%
0.02
Diesel
Pyrin 5%
Pyrin 10%
0.06
Pyrin 5%
1500
0
1000
2000
1500
2000
rpm
rpm


0.08
0.08
0.07
0.07
Diesel
0.06
Pyrin 5%
0.05
0.05
Pyrin 10%
0.04
Pyrin 20%
Pyrin 30%
0.03
Diesel
Pyrin 5%
Pyrin 10%
0.04
Pyrin 20%
Pyrin 30%
Pyrin 40%
Pyrin 50%
0.03
Pyrin 40%
0.02
Pyrin 50%
0.02
0.01
0.01
0
1000
CO %
CO %
0.06
1500
2000
rpm

0
1000
1500
2000
rpm

41
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250
250
200
200
Diesel
Pyrin 5%
150
Pyrin 10%
Pyrin 20%
100
Pyrin 30%
HC (ppm)
HC (ppm)
Diesel
Pyrin 5%
150
Pyrin 10%
Pyrin 20%
Pyrin 30%
100
Pyrin 40%
Pyrin 40%
50
0
1000
1500
0
1000
2000
rpm
1500
2000
rpm
FIGURE 13 THE HC AVERAGE VALUE VARIATION ON


o
250
250
200
200
Diesel
Diesel
Pyrin 5%
150
Pyrin 10%
Pyrin 20%
Pyrin 30%
100
Pyrin 5%
HC ppm
HC (ppm)
Pyrin 50%
50
Pyrin 40%
Pyrin 10%
Pyrin 20%
100
Pyrin 30%
Pyrin 40%
50
Pyrin 50%
Pyrin 50%
50
0
1000
150
1500
2000
1000
rpm
1500
2000
rpm


250
250
Diesel
Pyrin 5%
Pyrin 10%
Pyrin 20%
Pyrin 30%
Pyrin 40%
Pyrin 50%
Pyrin 5%
150
Pyrin 10%
Pyrin 20%
Pyrin 30%
100
Pyrin 40%
0
1000
150
100
Pyrin 50%
50
50
1500
2000
rpm

42
200
Diesel
HC ppm
HC (ppm)
200
0
1000
1500
2000
rpm

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3000
3000
2500
2500
Diesel
2000
Pyrin 5%
Pyrin 10%
1500
Pyrin 20%
Pyrin 30%
1000
NO (ppm)
NO (ppm)
Diesel
Pyrin 40%
Pyrin 5%
Pyrin 10%
1500
Pyrin 20%
1000
Pyrin 40%
Pyrin 30%
Pyrin 50%
500
0
1000
2000
500
1500
0
1000
2000
rpm
1500
2000
rpm
FIGURE 19 THE NO AVERAGE VALUE VARIATION ON


3000
3000
2500
2500
Pyrin 10%
1500
Pyrin 20%
Pyrin 30%
1000
Pyrin 40%
Pyrin 50%
2000
Pyrin 5%
1500
Pyrin 10%
Pyrin 20%
Pyrin 30%
1000
500
0
1000
Diesel
Pyrin 5%
NO ppm
NO (ppm)
Diesel
2000
Pyrin 40%
Pyrin 50%
500
1500
2000
rpm
1000

o
1500
2000
rpm

3000
3000
2500
2000
2500
Pyrin 10%
1500
Pyrin 20%
Pyrin 30%
1000
Pyrin 40%
Pyrin 50%
500
Pyrin 5%
Pyrin 10%
Pyrin 20%
Pyrin 30%
Pyrin 40%
Pyrin 50%
2000
1500
1000
500
0
1000
Diesel
Pyrin 5%
NO ppm
NO (ppm)
Diesel
1500
2000
rpm

0
1000
1500
2000
rpm

43
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The dies el-seed oil mixture has different viscosity due

to different content of seed oil. If stands for
viscosity, then it is [9]:
pyrin5%< pyrin10%< .< pyrin40%< pyrin50%
Also, the viscosity varies with the temperature, so it is
[9]:
pyrin5%(10 oC) > pyrin5%(20 oC) > . > pyrin5%(60 oC)
pyrin50%(10 oC) > pyrin50%(20 oC)>. > pyrin50%(60 oC)
As far as the consumption is concerned, it has been
observed small changes with the change of
temperature, but because the difference is minor there
is no need to mention it.
The change in the fuel temperature in the various
mixtures, has the following results:
Smoke:
In terms of smoke emissions, diesel presented the
best behavior than mixtures of diesel-olive seed oil.
CO:
Pyrin 10%: The best behavior is observed in the
case of 10oC fuel temperature.
Pyrin 50%: The best behavior is observed in the
case of 20 oC, 30 oC, 40 oC, 50 oC, 60 oC fuel
temperature.
HC:
Pyrin 5%: The best behaviour is observed in the
case of 10C fuel temperature.
Pyrin 30%: It has been observed better behavior in
the cases of 20 C, 30 C, 40 C, 50 C fuel
temperatures.
However,
when
the
fuel
temperature is 60C diesel presented the best
behavior.
REFERENCES
C. Arapatsakos, D. Christoforidis, A. Karkanis., The
Pyrin 10%: The best behaviour appeared when the

fuel temperature was 20 C, 30 C, 40 C, 50 C and
60 C in all rpm.
Pyrin 20%: The best behaviour appeared when the
fuel temperature was 10 C in all rpm.
Conclutions
Moreover, air pollution is made up of many kinds of
gases, droplets and particles that reduce the quality of
44
the air. During the past hundred years and especially

with increasing urbanization and industrialization,
humans started to release more wastes into the
atmosphere than nature could cope with. As a result,
air pollution is created and has become a major
persistent problem too. Two of the main human-made
sources of air pollution in urban areas are
transportation and fuel combustion in stationary
sources, including residential, commercial and
industrial heating and cooling. Summarizing all the
above, it can be said that the fuel temperature
influences the viscosity of the fuel and gas emissions
too. Each one is influenced in a different way, and no
one can determine that in a specific temperature will be
observed variations in all gas emissions (smoke, CO,
HC, NO). Also it should be taken into consideration
that the fuels that have been used were diesel-seed oil
mixtures with different contents and viscosity in the
same temperature. In any case, it is important to
mention that the fuel temperature influences the
concentration of gas emissions. The temperature of gas
emissions has not been influenced either from the fuel
temperature, or from the use of different mixtures of
diesel-olive seed oil too. Finally, it is important to
mention that during the use of mixtures of diesel-olive
seed oil, it has not been presented malfunction in the
engine or increase of fuel consumption. Renewable
fuels, will replace petroleum-based fuels in the near
future because petroleum reserves are not sufficient
enough to last many years. Also, the severe
environmental problems around the world will
eventually lead to the use of more environmentally
friendly technologies.
fue l
tempe rature impact in the diese l e ngine whe n mixtures of

die se l-soy oil are use d as fue l, Inte rnational journal of
heat & technology 29 (2011) 101-105.
Ke ith Owe n and Tre vor Coley ''Automotive Fue ls Re fe re nce
Book'' Second Edition, Publishe d by SAE, 1995.
Fre d Schafer and Richard van Basshuyse n " Re duce d
Emissions
and Fue l
Consumption
Engines" Publishe d by SAE, 1995.
in
Automobile
Mitche ll J F. B (1989) .The gree nhouse e ffect and climate
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. Jacques, P. Lyons, R. Ke lsall, The alcohol te xtbook,

Nottingham Unive rsity Press, Nottingham, 1999, pp. 386-
change . Revie ws of Ge ophysics 27.

C. Arapatsakos, A. Karkanis, P. Sparis, Me thanol ble nds as
motor fue ls, WSEAS transactions on e nvironme nt and
de ve lopme nt 4 (2008) 857-876.
Harrington, I.A.; Shishu, R.C.: A Single -Cylinde r Engine
Study of the Effects of Fue l Type , Fue l Stoichiome try and
Hydroge n-to-Carbon Ratio on CO, NO and HC Exhaust
Emissions, SAE-Pape r 730476
390.
P. Hansson, B. Mattsson, Influe nce of De rive d Ope rationSpe cific Tractor Emission Data on Results from an LCI on
whe at production, The International Journal of Life Cycle
Assessme nt 4 (1999) 202-206.
C. Arapatsakos, A. Karkanis, P. Sparis, Gas emissions and
e ngine be haviour whe n gasoline -alcohol mixtures are
use d, Environme ntal technology 24 (2003) 1069-1077.
Arapatsakos C., Karkanis A., and Sparis P., ''Environmental
C. Arapatsakos, K. Papastaurou, Expe rime ntal measureme nts
Contribution of Gasoline Ethanol Mixtures'' issue 7,
of biorthanol use in four stroke gasoline engines,
volume 2, July 2006, ISSN 1790-5079.
International journal of heat and te chnology 27 (2009)
Pollution Scie nce Edite d by Ian L. Pe ppe r, Charls P. Ge rba,
119-124.
C. Arapatsakos, P. Sparis, Twc life e xte nsion via catalyst
Mark L. Brusseau, 1996.

Christoforidis,
mounting invertion under full load conditions at 1000rpm,
Anastasios Karkanis.The fue l te mpe rature influe nce in
International Journal of Heat & Technology 16 (1998) 92-
die se l e ngine using as fue l mixtures of diese l & olive seed
102.
Charalampos
Arapatsakos,
Dimitrios
oil Inte rnational journal of heat and technology Vol 29,

No 1,pp. 107-111, 2011.
C. Arapatsakos, A. Karkanis, P. Sparis, Environmental
pollution from the use of alte rnative fue ls in a four-stroke
e ngine , Inte rnational
journal
of
e nvironme nt
and
pollution 21 (2004) 593-602.

C. Arapatsakos, A. Karkanis, P. Sparis, Tests on a small four
e ngine using gasoline -e thanol mixture s as fue l, Advances
in air pollution 13 (2003) 551-560.
C. Arapatsakos, P. Sparis, Twc life e xte nsion via catalyst

mounting inversion unde r full load conditions at
diffe re nt e ngines spee ds, Inte rnational Journal of Heat &
Technology 18 (2000) 47-50.
Charalampos
Arapatsakos,
Dimitrios
Christoforidis,
Anastasios Karkanis.The fue l te mpe rature influe nce in

die se l e ngine using as fue l mixtures of diese l & olive seed
oil Inte rnational journal of heat and technology Vol 29,
No 1,pp. 107-111, 2011.
45

The Effect of Olive - Seed Oil Fuel On Diesel Engine

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The Effect of Olive Seed Oil Fuel on Diesel

exhausts, particles and other chemicals are released out

during the natural fermentation process that takes place

diesel-30% olive seed oil (Pyrin30%), diesel-40% olive

PICTURE1. EXPERIMENTAL LAYOUT

fuel temperature 10oC

FIGURE 4 THE SMOKE AVERAGE VALUE VARIATION ON

fuel temperature 50o C

FIGURE 1 THE % OF SMOKE AVERAGE VALUE VARIATION ON

FIGURE 2 THE SMOKE AVERAGE VALUE VARIATION ON

FIGURE 5 THE % OF SMOKE AVERAGE VALUE VARIATION ON

FIGURE 3 THE SMOKE AVERAGE VALUE VARIATION ON

FIGURE 6. THE SMOKE AVERAGE VALUE VARIATION ON

fuel temperature 40oC

fuel temperature 10oC

FIGURE 7 THE CO AVERAGE VALUE VARIATION ON

FIGURE 10 THE CO AVERAGE VALUE VARIATION ON

fuel temperature 20oC

fuel temperature 50o C

FIGURE 8 THE CO AVERAGE VALUE VARIATION ON

FIGURE 11 THE CO AVERAGE VALUE VARIATION ON

FIGURE 9 THE CO AVERAGE VALUE VARIATION ON

FIGURE 12 THE CO AVERAGE VALUE VARIATION ON

FIGURE 13 THE HC AVERAGE VALUE VARIATION ON

FIGURE 16 THE HC AVERAGE VALUE VARIATION ON

FIGURE 14 THE HC AVERAGE VALUE VARIATION ON

FIGURE 17 THE HC AVERAGE VALUE VARIATION ON

FIGURE 15 THE HC AVERAGE VALUE VARIATION ON

FIGURE 18 THE HC AVERAGE VALUE VARIATION ON

FIGURE 19 THE NO AVERAGE VALUE VARIATION ON

FIGURE 22 THE NO AVERAGE VALUE VARIATION ON

fuel temperature 20oC

fuel temperature 50oC

FIGURE 20 THE NO AVERAGE VALUE VARIATION ON

FIGURE 23 THE HC AVERAGE VALUE VARIATION ON

FIGURE 21 THE NO AVERAGE VALUE VARIATION ON

FIGURE 24 THE NO AVERAGE VALUE VARIATION ON

The dies el-seed oil mixture has different viscosity due

C. Arapatsakos, D. Christoforidis, A. Karkanis., The

Pyrin 10%: The best behaviour appeared when the

the air. During the past hundred years and especially

tempe rature impact in the diese l e ngine whe n mixtures of

Engines" Publishe d by SAE, 1995.

Mitche ll J F. B (1989) .The gree nhouse e ffect and climate

. Jacques, P. Lyons, R. Ke lsall, The alcohol te xtbook,

change . Revie ws of Ge ophysics 27.

Arapatsakos C., Karkanis A., and Sparis P., ''Environmental

C. Arapatsakos, K. Papastaurou, Expe rime ntal measureme nts

Contribution of Gasoline Ethanol Mixtures'' issue 7,

of biorthanol use in four stroke gasoline engines,

volume 2, July 2006, ISSN 1790-5079.

International journal of heat and te chnology 27 (2009)

Pollution Scie nce Edite d by Ian L. Pe ppe r, Charls P. Ge rba,

Mark L. Brusseau, 1996.

mounting invertion under full load conditions at 1000rpm,

Anastasios Karkanis.The fue l te mpe rature influe nce in

International Journal of Heat & Technology 16 (1998) 92-

die se l e ngine using as fue l mixtures of diese l & olive seed

oil Inte rnational journal of heat and technology Vol 29,

pollution 21 (2004) 593-602.

C. Arapatsakos, P. Sparis, Twc life e xte nsion via catalyst

Anastasios Karkanis.The fue l te mpe rature influe nce in