Capacitance Type 2 PART 1 of 2 ENG

CAPA
CAPACITANCE
CITANCE
1.
INTRODUCTION
2.
CAPA
CAPA CITANCE
CITANCE OF AN ISOLATED
ISOLATED CONDUCTOR
CONDUCT OR
When a conductor is charged its potential increases. It is found that for an isolated conductor (conductor
should be of finite dimension, so that potential of infinity can be assumed to be zero). Potential of the
conductor is proportional to charge given to it.
q = charge on conductor
V = potential of conductor
qV
q = CV
Where C is proportionality constant called capacitance of the conductor.

2.1
Definition of capacitance :
Capacitance of conductor is defined as charge required to increase the potential of conductor
by one unit.
2.2
Important points about the capacitance of an isolated conductor :
(i)
It is a scalar quantity.
(ii)
Unit of capacitance is farad in SI units and its dimensional formula is M1 L2 2 T 4
(iii)
1 Farad : 1 Farad is the capacitance of a conductor for which 1 coulomb charge increases
potential by 1 volt.
1 Farad =
1 Coulomb
1 Volt
1 F = 106 F, 1nF = 109 F
(iv)
or 1 pF = 1012 F
Capacitance of an isolated conductor depends on following factors :

(a) Shape and size of the conductor :
On increasing the size, capacitance increases.
(b) On surrounding medium :

With increase in dielectric constant K, capacitance increases.
(c) Presence of other conductors :

When a neutral conductor is placed near a charged conductor capacitance of conductors
increases.
(v)
Capacitance of a conductor do not depend on

(a) Charge on the conductor
(b) Potential of the conductor
(c) Potential energy of the conductor.
2.
POTENTIAL
POTENTIAL ENERG
ENERGY OR SELF ENERG
ENERGY OF AN ISOLATED
ISOLATED CONDUCTOR
CONDUCTOR
Work done in charging the conductor to the charge on it against its own electric field or total energy
stored in electric field of conductor is called self energy or self potential energy of conductor.
2.1
Electric potential energy (Self Energy) :

U=
1
qV
q2
=
CV2 =
2
2
2C
q = Charge on the conductor

V = Potential of the conductor
Successful People Replace the words like; "wish", "try" & "should" with "I Will". Ineffective People don't.
page 1
A capacitor can store energy in the form of potential energy in an electric field. In this chapter we'll
discuss the capacity of conductors to hold charge and energy.
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C = Capacitance of the conductor.
Self energy is stored in the electric field of the conductor with energy density (Energy per unit
volume)
dU
1
1
=
E2 [The energy density in a medium is 0 r E2 ]
dV
2 0
2
2.3
Ex.1
In case of charged conductor energy stored is only out side the conductor but in case of
charged insulating material it is outside as well as inside the insulator.
(i) When 10 coulomb charge is assigned to an isolated conductor its potential becomes 5 volt, find out
capacitance of the conductor?
(ii) If now further 20 coulomb charge is supplied to it then what is the new potential on conductor?
Sol.
(i)
C=
(ii)
Q
V
10
= 2 Farad.
5
V=
Q 30
=
= 15 volt.
C
2
Ex.2
An isolated conductor of 10 F capacitance is given 10 C charge. Find out stored energy and its
potential?
Sol.
Stored energy U =
Potential V =
Q. 1
1
CV2
2
1 (1C)2
1 Q2
.
.= .
2 10F
2 C
1C
= 0.05 J
20
1C
Q
1
=
=
volt.
10F
C
10
Potential of an isolated conductor is found to become 20 volt when a charge 20 C is given to it, answer
the following :
(i)
What is the capacitance of conductor ?
(ii)
If now further 40 C charge is added to it then find out potential of conductor now?
(iii)
What is the energy stored in two cases?
Ans.
(i) 1 F
3.
CAPA
CAPA CITANCE
CITANCE OF AN ISOLATED
ISOLATED SPHERICAL
SPHERIC AL CONDUCTOR
CONDUCT OR
(i)
(ii) 60 V
(iii) Ui = 200 J, Uf = 1800 J
If the medium around the conductor is vacuum or air.

CVacuum = 40R
R = Radius of spherical conductor. (may be solid or hollow.)
(ii)
If the medium around the conductor is a dielectric of constant K from surface of sphere to
infinity.
page 2
where E is the electric field at that point.
2.2
(iii)
8 similar charged drops combine to from a bigger drop. The ratio of the capacity of bigger drop to that of
smaller drop will be(A) 2 : 1
(B) 8 : 1
1/3
Sol:
(C) 4 : 1
Cbigger drop = (Csmall drop)n
....(1)
n=8
....(2)
(D) 16 : 1
Cbegger drop
2
C small drop = 1
Hence the correct answer will be (A).
4.
SHARING OF CHARGES
CHAR GES ON JOINING T W O CHARGED
CHAR GED CONDUCTORS
CONDUCT ORS
(i)
Whenever there is potential difference there will be flow of charge.
(ii)
Charge always have tendency to flows from high potential energy to low potential energy
when released freely.
(iii)
Positive charge always flows from high potential to low potential [if only electric force act on
charge].
(iv)
Negative charge always flows from low potential to high potential [if only electric force act
on charge].
(v)
The flow of charge will continue till there is potential difference between the conductors (finally
potential difference = 0).
(vi)
Formulae related with redistribution of charges.
Before connecting the conductors

Parameter
Conductor I s t
Conductor II nd
Capacitance
C1
C2
Charge
Q1
Q2
Potential
V1
V2
After connecting the conductors

Parameter
I s t Conductor
II n d Conductor
Capacitance
C1
C2
Charge
Q1'
Q '2
Potential
V =
Q1'
Q'
= 2
C1 C 2
Q1'
Q '2
C1
C2
page 3
Ex. 3
Cmedium
Cair / vaccum = K = dielectric constant.
Cmedium = 40KR
But,
Q1' + Q '2 = Q 1 + Q 2
Q1 + Q 2
C1V1 + C 2 V2
V = C +C =
C1 + C 2
1
2
Q 1' =
&
C2
Q 2' = C + C (Q 1 +Q 2)
1
2
page 4
C1
(Q1 + Q2)
C1 + C 2
Heat loss during redistribution :

H =
1 C1C 2
(V1 V2)2
2 C1 + C 2
The loss of energy is in the form of Joule heating in the wire.
Note : Always put Q 1, Q 2, V1 and V2 with sign.

Ex. 4
Sol.
A and B are two isolated conductors (that means they are placed at a
large distance from each other). When they are joined by a conducting
wire:
(i)
Find out final charges on A and B ?
(ii)
Find out heat produced during the process of flow of charges.
(iii)
Find out common potential after joining the conductors by conducting wires?
(i)
Q A' =
3
(6 + 3) = 3C
3+6
Q B' =
(ii)
1
3F.6F
1
.
. 2
2
2 (3F + 6F)
(iii)
Q. 2
VC =
6
(6 + 3) = 6C
3+6
3
1
3
. (2F) . = J
2
2
2
3C + 6C
= 1volt.
3F + 6F
When two isolated conductors A and B are connected by a conducting wire positive charge will flow
from.
(A) A to B
(B) B to A
(C) will not flow
(D) can not say.
Ans.
B.
Q. 3
A conductor of capacitance 10F connected to other conductor of capacitance 40 F having equal

charges 100 C initially. Find out final voltage and heat loss during the process?
Ans.
(i) V = 4V
5.
CAPA
CAPA CITOR
CIT OR :
(ii) H = 225 J.
(i)
When uncharged conductor is brought near to a charged conductor, the charge on conductors
remains same but its potential decreases resulting in the increase of capacitance.
(ii)
In capacitor two conductors have equal but opposite charges.
(iii)
The conductors are called the plates of the capacitor. The name of the capacitor depends on
the shape of the capacitor.
(iv)
Formulae related with capacitors

(a)
Q = CV
C=
QA
QB
Q
=
=
V VA VB VB VA
Q = Charge of positive plate of capacitor.

V = Potential difference between positive and negative plates of capacitor
C = Capacitance of capacitor.
(b)
Energy stored in the capacitor

U=
1
Q2
QV
CV 2 =
=
2
2C
2
This energy is stored inside the capacitor in its electric field with energy density
dU
1
1
=
E 2 or 0 r E 2 .
dV
2 0
2
(v)
The capacitor is represented as following:

,
(vi)
(vii)
(viii)
Based on shape and arrangement of capacitor plates there are various types of capacitors.
(a)
Parallel plate capacitor.
(b)
Spherical capacitor.
(c)
Cylindrical capacitor.
Capacitance of a capacitor depends

(a)
Area of plates.
(b)
Distance between the plates.
(c)
Dielectric medium between the plates.
Capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor (air filled) is given by following formula

C=
0 A
d
where A = area of the plates.

d = distance between plates.
(ix)
Electric field intensity between the plates of capacitors (air filled )

E = /0 = V/d
(x)
Force experienced by any plate of capacitor

F = q2/2A0
6.
CIRCUIT
CIRCUIT SOLUTION
SOLUTION FOR
FOR RC CIRCUIT
CIRCUIT AT
AT t = 0 (INITIAL STA
STATE)
page 5
A capacitor or condenser consists of two conductors separated by an insulator or dielectric.

Charge on the capacitor does not change instantaneously or suddenly if there if a resistance in the
path (series) of the capacitor.
(ii)
When an uncharged capacitor is connected with battery then its charge is zero initially hence
potential difference across it is zero initially. At this time the capacitor can be treated as a conducting wire
(iii)
The current will become zero finally (that means in steady state) in the branch which contains
capacitor.
page 6
Note : (i)
Ex.4
A capacitor of capacity 1F is charged to a potential difference of 1KV. The energy stored in the capacitor will
be(A) 0.5 joule
(B) 1 joule
(C) 0.5 erg.
(D) 1 erg.
CV 2
10 6 10 3 10 3
=
= 0.5 Joule.
2
2
Sol.
U=
Ex.5
Find out current in the circuit and charge on capacitor

which is initially uncharged in the following situations.
(a) Just after the switch is closed.
(b) After a long time when switch was closed.
Sol.
For just after closing the switch:

potential difference across capacitor = 0
QC = 0
i=
10
= 5A
2
After a long time

at steady state current i = 0
and potential difference across capacitor = 10 V
QC = 3 10 = 30 C
Ex.6
Find out current i1, i2, i3, charge on capacitor and
dq
of capacitor in the
dt
circuit which is initially uncharged in the following situations.

(a) Just after the switch is closed
(b) After a long time when switch is closed.
AND AT
AT t = (FINAL STA
STATE)

Initially the capacitor is uncharged so its behaviour is like a conductor
Let potential at A is zero so at B and C also zero and at F it is . Let
potential at E is x so at D also x. Apply Kirchhoffs st law at point E :
page 7
x
x0
x0
+
+
=0
R
R
R
3x
=
R
R
x=
1 =
2
/ 3 +
=
3R
R
2 =
3R
3 =
3R
Qc = 0
Alternatively
i1 = R
=
eq
i2 = i3 =
2
R = 3R
R+
2
i1
=
3R
2
at t = (finally)
capacitor completely charged so their will be no current through it.
2R
2 = 0, 1 = 3 =
Ve VB = VD VC = (/2R)R = /2
Ex.7
QC =
C
,
2
dQ
= 2 = 0
dt
Time
t=0
1
2
3R
3R
Finally
t=
2R
3R
2R
Q
0
C
2
dQ /dt
3R
0
At t = 0 switch S1 is closed and remains closed for a long time and

S2 remains open. Now S1 is opened and S2 is closed assuming
that capacitor is initially uncharged find out
(i) The current through the capacitor immediately after that moment
(ii) Charge on the capacitor long after that moment.
(iii) Total charge flown through the cell of emf 2 after S2 is closed.
Sol.
(i) Let Potential at point A is zero. Then at point B and C it will be

(because current through the circuit is zero).
VB VA = C( 0)
Sol.

Charge on capacitor = C( 0) = C
and charge on it will not change suddenly)
current through the capacitor =
( 2 )
3
(B to D)
=
R
R
(iii) after a long time i = 0
page 8
Potential at A is zero so at D it is 2.
VB VA = VD VA = 2
Q = C (2 0) = 2C
The charge on the lower plate (which is connected to the battery)

changes from C to 2C.
Ex.8
Sol.
this charge will come form the battery,
charge flown from that cell is 3C downward.
A capacitor of capacitance C which is initially uncharged is connected with a battery. Find out heat dissipated in the circuit during the process of charging.
Final status
Let potential at point A is 0, so at B also 0 and at C and D it is . finally, charge on the capacitor
QC = C
Ui = O
Uf =
1
1
CV2 =
C2
2
2
work done by battery
= pdt
w =
idt
= idt
=.Q
= . C
= 2C
(Now onwards remember that w.d. by battery = Q if Q has flown out of the cell from high potential and w.d.
on battery is Q if Q has flown into the cell through high potential)
Heat produced = W (Uf Ui ) = 2C
Ex.9
1 2
C 2
C=
.
2
2
A capacitor of capacitance C which is initially charged upto a potential difference is connected with a
battery of emf such that the positive terminal of battery is connected with positive plate of capacitor. Find
out heat loss in the circuit during the process of charging.
Sol.
(ii) Now S2 is closed and S1 is open. (p.d. across capacitor
Here no charge will flow in the circuit so heat loss = 0
Ex.10
Sol.
A capacitor of capacitance C which is initially charged upto a potential difference is connected with a
battery of emf /2 such that the positive terminal of battery is connected with positive plate of capacitor. After
a long time
(i)
Find out total charge flow through the battery
(ii)
Find out total work done by battery
(iii)
Find out heat loss in the circuit during the process of charging.
Let potential of A is 0 so at B it is
. So final charge on capacitor = C/2

2
Charge flow through the capacitor = (C/2 C) = C/2

So charge is entering into battery.
finally,
Change in energy of capacitor = Ufinal Uinitial
2
1
2C
= C
2 2
2
Work done by battery
1 2
1 2
3 2C
C
C =
8
2
8

2
2
2C
4
Work done by battery = Change in energy of capacitor + Heat produced

Heat produced =
6.
3 2 C
2C
8
4
2C
8
DISTRIBUTION OF CHARGES
CHAR GES ON CONNECTING TW
T WO CHARGED
CHAR GED CAPA
CAPACITORS:
CITORS:
When two capacitors are C1 and C2 are connected as shown in figure
page 9
Since the initial and final charge on the capacitor is same before and after connection.

Before connecting the capacitors
st
C ap ac ito r II
C a pac ita nc e
C1
C2
C h arg e
Q1
Q2
Po te ntia l
V1
V2
nd
After connecting the capacitors
(a)
Param eter
I s t C ap ac ito r
II n d C ap ac ito r
C a pac ita nc e
C1
C2
Ch arg e
Q 1
Q 2
Pote ntial
Common potential :
By charge conservation of plates A and C before and after connection.
Q 1 + Q 2 = C1V + C2V
Q1 + Q 2
C1V1 + C 2 V2
Total ch arg e
= Total capaci tan ce
V = C +C =
C
+
C
1
2
1
2
(b)
Q 1' = C 1V =
C1
(Q 1 + Q 2)
C1 + C 2
C2
Q 2' = C2 V = C + C (Q 1 +Q 2)
1
2
(c)
Heat loss during redistribution :

H = Ui Uf =
1 C1C 2
(V1 V2)2
2 C1 + C 2
The loss of energy is in the form of Joule heating in the wire.
Note : (i)
When plates of similar charges are connected with each other (+ with + and with ) then put
all values (Q 1, Q 2, V1, V2) with positive sign.
(ii)
When plates of opposite polarity are connected with each other (+ with ) then take charge and
potential of one of the plate to be negative.
Derivation of above formulae :
Let potential of B and D is zero and common potential on capacitors is V, then at A and C it will be V
C1V + C2V = C1V1 + C2V2
page 10
C ap ac ito r I
Pa r am ete r
C1V1 + C 2 V2
C1 + C 2
H=
1
1
1
C1V12 + C2V22
(C1 + C2)V2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1 (C1V1 + C 2 V2 )
C1V12 +
C2V22
(C1 + C 2 )
2
2
2
1
2
1 C1C 2
(V1 V2)2
2 C1 + C 2
H =
1 C1C 2
(V1 V2)2
2 C1 + C 2
C12 V12 + C1C 2 V12 + C 2 C1V22 + C 22 V22 C12 V12 C 2 V22 2C1C 2 V1V2
C1 + C 2
when oppositely charge terminals are connected then
Ex.11
C1V1 + C2V2 = C1V1 C2V2

V=
C1V1 C 2 V2
C1 + C 2
H=
1 C1C 2
(V1 + V2)2
2 C1 + C 2
Find out the following if A is connected with C and B is connected with D.

(i) How much charge flows in the circuit.
(ii) How much heat is produced in the circuit.
Sol.
Let potential of B and D is zero and common potential on capacitors is V, then at A and C it will be V
3V + 2V = 40 + 30
5V = 70
V = 14 volt
Charge flow
= 40 28
= 12 C
Now final charges on each plate
(ii)
Heat produced =
1
1
1
2 (20)2 +
3 (10)2 5 (14)2
2
2
2
page 11
V=

= 400 + 150 490
= 60 J
Note 1. When capacitor plates are joined then the charge remains conserved.
Note 2. We can also use direct formula of redistribution as given above.
Repeat above question if A is connected with D and B is connected with C.
Sol.
Let potential of B and C is zero and common potential on capacitors is V, then at A and D it will be V
page 12
Ex.11
2V + 3V = 10
V=2
Now charge on each plate

Heat produced = 400 + 150
1
5 42
2
= 550 10
= 540 J
Note : here heat produced is more. Think why?

Ex.13
A 20F capacitor is charged to potential of 500V and then connected in parallel to another capacitor of
capacity 10F. If the potential of 10F capacitor is 200 Volt then the common potential of two will be (1) 100 V
Sol.
V=
(B) 200 V
(C) 300 V
(D) 400 V
C1V1 + C 2 V2
C1 + C 2
20 10 6 500 + 10 10 6 200
20 10 6 + 10 10 6
= 400 V
Ex.14
Three capacitors as shown of capacitance 1F, 2F and 2F are charged upto potential difference 20 V, 10
V and 15 V respectively. If terminal A is connected with D, C is connected with E and F is connected with B.
Then find out charge flow in the circuit and find the final charges on capacitors.
Sol.
Let charge flow is q.

Now applying kirchhoff's voltage low
(q 20)
(30 + q)
30 q
=0
2
2
1
2q = 25
q = 12.5 C
Final charges on plates
= 550 490
page 13
In the given circuit find out the charge on each capacitor. (Initially they are uncharged)
Sol.
Let potential at A is 0, so at D it is 30 V, at F it is 10 V and at point G potential is 25V. Now apply kirchhoffs

Ist law at point E. ( total charge of all the plates connected to 'E' must be same as before i.e. 0)
(x 10) + (x 30)2 + (x + 25)2 = 0

5x = 20
x=4
Final charges :
Q2F = (30 4)2 = 52 C
Q1F = (10 4) = 6C
Q2F = (4 (25))2 = 58 C
7.
COMBINATION
COMBINATION OF CAPA
CAPA CITORS
CIT ORS :
7.1
Series Combination :
(i)
When initially uncharged capacitors are connected as

shown in the combination is called series combination.
(ii)
All capacitors will have same charge but different potential difference across then.
(iii)
We can say that

V1 =
Q
C1
V1 = potential across C1
Q = charge on positive plate of C1
C1 = capacitance of capacitor similarly
V2 =
(iv)
V1 : V2 : V3 =
Q
Q
, V3 =
........
C2
C3
1
1
1
:
:
C1
C2
C3
We can say that potential difference across capacitor is inversely proportional to its capacitance in
series combination.
Ex.15

1
C
(v)
V1 =
V2 =
V3 =
1
C1
1
1
1
+
+
+ ......
C1 C 2 C3
1
C2
1
1
1
+
+
+ ......
C1 C 2 C 3
1
C3
1
1
1
+
+
+ ......
C1 C 2 C 3
Where V = V 1 + V 2 + V 3
(vi)
Equivalent Capacitance :
Equivalent capacitance of any combination is that capacitance which when connected

in place of the combination stores same charge and energy that of the combination.
In series :
1
1
1
1
=
+ C + C .......
C eq
C1
2
3
Note : In series combination equivalent is always less the smallest capacitor of combination.
(vii)
Energy stored in the combination

Ucombination =
Q2
Q2
Q2
+
+
2C1
2C 2
2C 3
Ucombination =
Q2
2C eq
Energy supplied by the battery in charging the combination

Ubattery = Q V = Q .
Q
Q2
=
C eq
C eq
Ucombinatio n
1
=
Ubattery
2
Note : Half of the energy supplied by the battery is stored in form of electrostatic energy and half of the energy
is converted into heat through resistance.
Derivation of Formulae :
meaning of equivalent capacitor
page 14
Note : In series combination the smallest capacitor gets maximum potential.
Ceq =
page 15
Q
V
Now,
Initially, the capacitor has no charge.
Applying kirchhoffs voltage law
Q
Q
Q
+
+
+ V = 0.
C3
C
C1
2
1
1
1
+
+
V = Q
C1 C 2 C 3
1
1
1
V
+
+
=
C1 C 2 C 3
Q
1
1
1
1
+
+
=
C eq
C1 C 2 C 3
in general
1
C eq =
Ex.16
C
n =1
Three initially uncharged capacitors are connected in series as shown in circuit with a battery of emf 30V.
Find out following:(i) charge flow through the battery,
(ii) potential energy in 3 F capacitor.
(iii) Utotal in capacitors
(iv) heat produced in the circuit
1
1
1
1
3 + 2 +1
=
+
+
=
=1
C eq
6
2
3
6
Sol.
Ceq = 1F.
(i)
Q = Ceq V = 30C.
(ii)
charge on 3F capacitor = 30C

energy =
(iii)
Utotal =
30 30
Q2
=
= 150J
23
2C
30 30
J
2
= 450 J
(iv)
Heat produced = (30 C) (30) 450 J

= 450 J.
Ex.17
Two capacitors of capacitance 1 F and 2F are charged to potential difference 20V and 15V as shown in
figure. If now terminal B and C are connected together terminal A with positive of battery and D with negative
Sol.
( 20 + q)
30 + q
+ 30 = 0
1
2
40 2q 30 q = 60
3q = 10
Charge flow = 10/3 C.
7.2
Parallel Combination :
(i)
W hen one plate of each capacitors (m ore than one) is

connected together and the other plate of each capacitor is
connected together, such combination is called parallel
combination.
(ii)
All capacitors have same potential difference but different charges.
(iii)
We can say that :

Q 1 = C1V
Q 1 = Charge on capacitor C1
C1 = Capacitance of capacitor C1
V = Potential of across capacitor C1
(iv)
Q 1 : Q 2 : Q 3 = C1 : C2 : C3
The charge on the capacitor is proportional to its capacitance
QC
(v)
Q1 =
C1
Q
C1 + C 2 + C 3
Q2 =
C2
Q
C1 + C 2 + C 3
Q3 =
C3
Q
C1 + C 2 + C 3
Where Q = Q 1 + Q 2 + Q 3 ......
Note : Maximum charge will flow through the capacitor of largest value.
(vi)
Equivalent capacitance of parallel combination

Ceq = C1 + C2 + C3
Note : Equivalent capacitance is always greater than the largest capacitor of combination.
(vii)
Energy stored in the combination :

Vcombination =
=
1
1
1
C1V2 + C2V2 + .... =
(C1 + C2 + C3 .....) V2
2
2
2
1
C V2
2 eq
Ubattery = QV = CV2
page 16
Now applying kirchoff voltage law
terminal of battery then find out final charges on both the capacitor

Ucombinatio n
1
=
Ubattery
2
Note : Half of the energy supplied by the battery is stored in form of electrostatic energy and half of the energy
is converted into heat through resistance.
Q = Q1 + Q2 + Q3
= C1V + C2V + C3V
= V(C1 + C2 + C3)
Q
= C1 + C2 + C3
V
Ceq = C1 + C2 + C3
In general
n
C eq =
n =1
Ex.18
Sol.
Three initially uncharged capacitors are connected to a battery of 10 V is parallel combination find out
following
(i)
charge flow from the battery
(ii)
total energy stored in the capacitors
(iii)
heat produced in the circuit
(iv)
potential energy in the 3F capacitor.
(i)
Q = (30 + 20 + 10)C
= 60 C
1
6 10 10 = 300 J
2
(ii)
Utotal =
(iii)
heat produced = 60 10 300 = 300 J
(iv)
U3F =
1
3 10 10 = 150 J
2
Ex.19
In the given circuit find out charge on 6F and 1F capacitor.
So.
It can be simplified as
Ceq =
18
= 2F
9
charge flow through the cell = 30 2 C

Q = 60 C
Now charge on 3F = Charge on 6F= 60 C
Potential difference across 3F
= 60/ 3= 20 V
Charge on 1F = 20 C.
page 17
Formulae Derivation for parallel combination :

Mixed Combination :
The combination which contains mixing of series parallel combinations or other complex
combinations fall in mixed category.
There are two types of mixed combinations
(i)
(ii)
Complex.
Simple Mixed Combination :

Combinations which can be easily converted in series parallel combination.
Ex.20
The given combination is neither a series nor a parallel combination but C2 and C3 are in parallel and
that is in series with C1 and C4.
Ex.21
Two condensers of same capacity are first connected in parallel and then in series. The ratio of resultant
capacities in two cases will be(A) 1 : 4
Sol.
(B) 4 : 1
(C) 1 : 2`
(D) 2 : 1
CP = C + C = 2C
CS =
CC
C
=
C+C
2
CP
2C
4
CS = C / 2 = 1
Hence the correct answer will be (B).
Ex.22
The equivalent capacity in the adjoining figure between the point X and Y will be-
(A) 4.5 F
Sol.
(B) 9F
(C) 1 F
(D) 6F
Equivalent circuit ( all capacitors are connected between same p.d. x and y )
All the three condensers are connected in parallel, hence the resultant capacity
=3+3+3
= 9F
Ex.23
In the adjoining diagram if the capacity of each condenser is 1F then the resultant capacity between the
points P and Q will be -
page 18
7.4
Simple
7.3
page 19
(A)
Sol.
(B) zero
(C) 2F
(D) 8F
The different branches of the condensers have number of condensers in G.P., hence the equivalent capacity
C = 1 +
C =
1
1
1
1
1
+
+
+ ......
8
2
4
1 = 2F..
2
Hence the correct answer will be (C).
7.5
Complex Mixed Combination :
Ex. 24
The given combination can not be simplified by series or parallel combination such a combination is
solved by using kirchhoff's law and other techniques. A special case of this combination is Wheatstone
bridge.
7.6
Wheat store bridge :

If
C3
C1
C 4 = C 5 or C1C5 = C3C4 then
(i)
Such combination is called balanced Wheatstone bridge.
(ii)
In this case VB = VD .
(iii)
Change on C2 = 0
(iv)
The equivalent can be converted in to given circuits:
or
(v)
Ceq =
(C1 + C 4 )(C3 + C 5 )
C1 + C 2 + C3 + C 5
C1C 3
C 4C5
= C +C + C +C
1
3
4
5
(vi)
If C1 = C4 = C3 = C5 = C
then Ceq = C
page 20
Ex.25 The equivalent capacity between the points X and Y in the following circuit (Figure) will be -
(A) 6 mF
Sol.
(B) 1 F
(C) 24 F
(D) 3 F
Because the bridge is balanced, hence the central capacitance between Z and T is ineffective. C1 and C2 are
connected in series, hence their resultant C =
their resultant C =
C
= 3F similarly C3 and C4 are connected in series, hence
2
C
= 3F. Now the two branches are connected in parallel
2
Ceq. = 3 + 3 = 6F
7.7
Other important circuit solving techniques :
(Applicable in both capacitive and resistive networks).
(a) Equipotential Technique

All the junctions which are at equal potential (such as junctions connected by a connecting wire) can
be replaced by a single junction. So redraw the circuit to get it simplified
(b) Infinite Circuits

Assume equivalent capacitance/resistance to be Ceq /Req of whole network, then add one more branch
(repetitive) in infinite network. Calculate equivalent of this new circuit. It should again be equal to
Ceq /Req.
Note:- If all the resistance/capacitances of a circuit are made K times then equivalent will also become
K-times.
Ex.26
In the adjoining figure, the effective capacity of the group of condensers will be-
(A) nC
Sol.
(B)
(C) zero
(D) 0.62 C
As the combination is spreading upto infinity, hence the capacity will remain same at last but one step also.
Let the capacity of the combination is C.

1
1
1
=
+
C
C
C + C
or
C2 + 2CC CC C = 0
or
C2 + CC C2 = 0
This is a quadratic equation in C
C =
CC 5
2
Negative capacity is impossible
C = 0.62 C
Hence the correct answer will be (D).
(d) Kirchhoff's Laws

(i) Junction Rule
Sum of charges present on the plates of capacitors connected at a junction is equal to zero (If initially
all the capacitors are uncharged) (while adding charges of different plates battery can be neglected as
net charge on battery is zero).
(ii) Loop Rule
In any closed loop the algebraic sum of potential drops across different elements is equal to zero.
8.
CHARGING
CHAR GING AND DISCHARGING
DISCHARGING OF A CAP
C APA
APACITOR
CIT OR
8.1
Charging of a condenser :
(i)
In the following circuit. If key 1 is closed then the condenser gets charged. Finite time is taken in the
charging process. The quantity of charge at any instant of time t is given by q = q0[1 e(t/RC)]
Where q0 = maximum final value of charge at t = .

According to this equations the quantity of charge on the
condenser increases exponentially with increase of time.
(ii)
If t = RC = 1 then
1
q = q0 [1 e(RC/RC)] = q0 1
e
or
q = q0 (1 0.37) = 0.63 q0
= 63% of q0
(iii)
Time t = RC is known as time constant.

i.e. the time constant is that time during which the charge rises on the condenser plates to 63% of
its maximum value.
(iv)
The potential difference across the condenser plates at any instant of time is given by
V = V0[1 e(t/RC)] volt
(v)
The potential curve is also similar to that of charge. During charging process an electric current flows
page 21
C+2C
1
=
C[C+C]
C

= 0[e(t/RC)] ampere
According to this equation the current falls in the circuit exponentially (Fig.).
If t = RC = = Time constant
0
= 0.37 0
e
= 0e(RC/RC) =
= 37% of 0
page 22
(vi)
i.e. time constant is that time during which current in

the circuit falls to 37% of its maximum value.
Derivation of formulae for charging of capacitor
it is given that initially capacitor is uncharged.

let at any time
Applying kirchoff voltage law
iR
iR =
i=
q
=0
C
C q
C
C q
CR
dq
C q
=
dt
CR
dq
=
dt
C q
CR
CR
. dq = dt.
C q
q
dq
C q =
dt
RC
ln (C q) + ln C =
ln
t
RC
C
= et/RC
C q
C q = C . et/RC
q = C(1 et/RC)
RC = time constant of the RC series circuit.
in the circuit for a small interval of time which is known as the transient current. The value of this
current at any instant of time is given by

1
q = C 1
e
Current at any time t

i=
t / RC 1
dq

= C e
dt
RC
t / RC
e
R
Voltage across capacitor after one time constant V = 0.63

Q = CV
VC = e(1 et/RC)
Voltage across the resistor

VR = iR
= et/RC
Heat (by energy conservation = work done by battery Ucapacitor )
1 2
( 0)
2
= c() (
1 2
c
2
Alternatively :
Heat = H =
i Rdt
2
2t
RC
R dt
2
=
R
2
=
R
2 t / RC
dt
2t
e RC
2 / RC
2RC 2 t
RC
2R e
2C
2
In the figure time constant of (2) is more than (1).
page 23
C (1 0.37) = 0.63 C.
After one time constant
page 24
Without using the formula of equivalent. Find out charge on capacitor and current in all the branches as a
function of time.
Applying KVL in ABDEA

iR =
R 2CR
i=
q
2C
2C q
2CR
dq
dt
=
2C q
2CR
dq
dt
=
2C q
2CR
q
0
(2C q) dq =
t
2CR
2C q
= et/2RC
2C
q = 2C (1 et/2RC)
q1 =
q
= C (1 et/2RC)
2
i1 =
et/2RC
2R
q2 =
q
= C (1 et/2RC)
2
i2 =
et/RC
2R
Alternate solution
by equivalent
Time constant of circuit = 2C R = 2RC
maximum charge on capacitor = 2C = 2C
Hence equations of charge and current are as given below
q = 2C (1 et/2RC)
q1 =
q
= C (1 et/2RC)
2
i1 =
et/2RC
2R
q2 =
q
= C (1 et/2RC)
2
i2 =
et/RC
2R
Ex.27
Ex.28
A capacitor is connected to a 12 V battery through a resistance of 10. It is found that the potential difference
across the capacitor rises to 4.0 V in 1s. Find the capacitances of the capacitor.
Sol.
The charge on the capacitor during charging is given by
Q = Q0(1 et/RC).
Hence, the potential difference across the capacitor is
V = Q/C = Q0/C (1 et/RC).
Here, at t = 1 s, the potential difference is 4V whereas the steady potential difference is Q0/C = 12V. So,
1
3
or,
1 et/RC =
or,
et/RC =
or,
t
3
= n = 0.405
RC
2
or,
RC =
or,
C=
2
3
t
1s
=
= 2.469 s
0.405
0.45
2.469s
= 0.25 F..
10
Ex.29
Initially the capacitor is uncharged find the charge on capacitor as a function of time, if switch is closed at
t = 0.
Sol.
Applying KVL in loop ABCDA

iR (i i1) R = 0
2iR + i1R = 0
Applying KVL in loop ABCEFDA
q
=0
C
iR i1R
q
2 i1R 2i1R
=
C
2
C 3i1RC = 2q
C 2q = 3
q
dq
C 2q =
dq
. RC
dt
t
dt
3RC
0
C 2q
t
1
ln
=
C
3
RC
2
q=
C
1 e 2 t / 3RC
2
page 25
4V = 12V(1 et/RC)

Method for objective :
q = Qst 1 e t / ; Qst = steady state charge on capacitor (has been found in article 6 in this sheet)
= Reff. C
8.2
Discharging of a condenser :
(i)
In the above circuit (in article 8.1) if key 1 is opened
page 26
Reffective is the resistance between the capacitor when battery is replaced by its internal resistance.
and key 2 is closed then the condenser gets discharged.

(ii)
The quantity of charge on the condenser at any instant

of time t is given by q = q0 e(t/RC)
i.e. the charge falls exponentially.
(iii)
If t = RC = = time constant, then

q=
q0
= 0.37q0 = 37% of q0
e
i.e. the time constant is that time during which the charge on condenser plates discharge process
falls to 37%
(iv)
The dimensions of RC are those of time i.e. MLT1 and the dimensions of
1
are those of freRC
quency i.e. M0L0T1.

(v)
The potential difference across the condenser plates at any instant of time t is given by
V = V0e(t/RC) Volt.
(vi)
The transient current at any instant of time is given by = 0e(t/RC) ampere.

i.e. the current in the circuit decreases exponentially but its direction is opposite to that of charging
current.
Derivation of equation of discharging circuit :
Applying K.V.L.
+
q
iR = 0
C
i=
q
q
CR
dq
q =
dt
CR
0
In any circuit when there is only one capacitor then

q
t
=+
Q
RC
ln
q = Q . e t / RC
dq
Q t / RC
=
e
dt RC
page 27
i=
Ex.30
At t = 0 Sw is closed, if initially C1 is uncharged and C2 is charged

to a potential difference 2 then find out following
(Given C1 = C2 = C)
Sol.
(a)
Charge on C1 and C2 as a function of time.
(b)
Find out current in the circuit as a function of time.
(c)
Also plot the graphs for the relations derived in part (b).
Let q charge flow in time 't' from the battery as shown.

The charge on various plates of the capacitor is as shown in the figure.
Now applying KVL
q
q 2C
iR
=0
C
C
q
q
+ 2 iR = 0
C
C
3 =
2q
+ iR
C
3 iR =
2q
C
3 iRC = 2q
dq
RC = 3C 2q
dt
q
0
dq
=
3C 2q
t
0
dt
RC
ln(3C 2q)
t
=
2
RC
3C 2q
2t
ln
=
3
C
RC
3C 2q = 3C e 2 t / RC
3C (1 e2t/RC) = 2q
q=
3
C (1 e2t/RC)
2
Ans.

dq
3 2t/RC
=
e
dt
R
Ans.
on the plate B
= 2C
3
3
C + C e2t/RC
2
2
C
3
+
Ce2t/RC
2
2
C
1 + 3e 2t / RC
2
Ex.31
The electric field between the plates of a parallelplate capacitance 2.0 F drops to one third of its initial
value in 4.4 s when the plates are connected by a thin wire. Find the resistance of the wire.
Sol.
The electric field between the plates is

E=
Q0
Q
=
et/RC
A 0
A 0
E = E0et/RC
or,
In the given problem, E =
1
E at t = 4.4 s.
3 0
4.4s
RC
Thus,
1
=e
3
or,
4.4s
= In 3 = 1.1
RC
or,
R=
4.4s
= 2.0 .
1.1 2.0F
Miscellaneous Example :
Ex.32
Two parallel conducting plates of a capacitor of capacitance C containing charges Q and 2Q at a distance
d apart. Find out potential difference between the plates of capacitors.
Sol.
Capacitance = C
3Q
Electric field = 2A
0
V=
3Qd
2 A 0
3Q
3Q
2
V=
=
2C
C
page 28
q = 2C q
i=
CAPA
CAPA CITORS
CIT ORS WITH DIELECTRIC
In absence of dielectric
page 29
(i)
E=
(ii)
When a dielectric fills the space between the plates then molecules having dipole moment align
themselves in the direction of electric field.
rb = induced charge density (called bound charge because it is not due to free electrons).
* For polar molecules dipole moment 0
* For non-polar molecules dipole moment = 0
For non-polar molecules the molecule of substance arranged as given below :
(iii)
C=
Capacitance is presence of dielectric

A
=
V
AK 0
AK 0
A
=
=
d
d
.d
K 0
Here capacitance is increased by a factor K.

C=
(iv)
AK 0
d
Polarisation of material :
When nonpolar substance is placed in electric field then dipole moment is induced in the molecule.
This induction of dipole moment is called polarisation of material. The induced charge also produce
electric field.
b = induced (bound) charge density.

Ein = E Eind
0 0
8.
It is seen the ratio of electric field between the plates in absence of dielectric and in presence of dielectric is
constant for a material of dielectric. This ratio is called 'Dielectric constant' of that material. It is represented
by r or k.
(v)
b = 1
K
If the medium does not filled between the plates completely then. Electric field will be as shown in
figure
Case : (1)
The total electric field produced by bound induced charge on the dielectric outside the slab is zero because
they cancel each other.
Case : (2)
(vi)
Comparison of E (electric field), (surface charges density), Q (charge ), C (capacitance) and F

(force between the plates) before and after inserting a dielectric slab between the plates of a parallel
plate capacitor.
C=
0 A
d
Q = CV
E=
V
d
Cv
=
0
A 0
C' =
A 0K
d
Q' = C'V
E' =
Cv
=
K 0
A 0
V
also
d
page 30
= K
0

Here potential difference between the plates,
Here potential difference between the plates
V
d
E=
V
d
'
V
= K
d
0
V
=
d
0
Equating both
'
=
0 K 0
' = K
In the presence of dielectric, i.e. in case IInd capacitance of capacitor is more.
(vii)
Ex.33
Energy density of a dielectric =
1
0 r E 2
2
If a dielectric slab of thickness t and area A is inserted in between the plates of a parallel plate capacitor of
plate area A and distance between the plates d (d > t) then find out capacitance of system. What do you
predict about the dependence of capacitance on location of slab?
C=
Q
A
=
v
v
t1
t 2
t
V = + K +
0
0
0
( t1 + t2 = d t)

t
= t1 + t 2 +
k
0
Note
V=
Q
A

t
=
dt+ =
C
C
0
k
C=
0 A
d t + t /K
(i) Capacitance does not depend upon the position of dielectric (it can be shifted up or down still capacitance
does not change).
(ii) If the slab is of metal slab then
C
Ex.34
A 0
dt
Find out capacitance between A and B if two dielectric slabs of dielectric

constant K1 and K2 of thickness d1 and d2 and each of area A are inserted
between the plates of parallel plate capacitor of plate area A as shown in
figure.
page 31
E=
Ed
Ed = V
d1
d2
A
; V = E1 d1 + E2 d2 = K + K =
V
1 0
2 0
0
d1 d2
+
1 k2
d1
d2
1
C = AK + AK
1 0
2 0
A 0
C= d
d
1
+ 2
K1 K 2
This formula suggests that the system between A and B can be considered as series combination of two capacitors.
Ex.35
Find out capacitance between A and B if two dielectric slabs of dielectric constant K1 and K2 of area A1 and
A2 and each of thickness d are inserted between the plates of parallel plate capacitor of plate area A as
shown in figure.
C1 =
A 1K 1 0
A K
, C2 = 2 2 0
d
d
E1 =
1
2
V
V
= K , E2 =
= K
d
d
1 0
2 0
1 =
K 1 0 V
d
2 =
K 20 V
d
1
2
=
K1
K2
1
1b = 1(1 k )
1
1
2b = 2(1 k )
2
The combination is equivalent to :
C1 + C2
page 32
C=
Sol.
Find out capacitance between A and B if three dielectric slabs of dielectric constant K1 of area A1 and
thickness d, K2 of area A2 and thickness d1 and K3 of area A2 and thickness d2 are inserted between the plates
of parallel plate capacitor of plate area A as shown in figure. (Given distance between the two plates d =d1+d2)
Sol.
It is equivalent to
page 33
Ex.36
C = C1 +
C 2C3
C 2 + C3
A 2K 2 0 A 2K 3 0
.
A 1K 2 0
d1
d1
C = d +d +
A 2K 2 0 A 2K 3 0
1
2
+
d1
d2
A 1K 1 0
A 22K 2K 3 0
= d +d +
A 2K 2 0 d2 + A 2K 3 0 d1
1
2
A 1K 2 0
A 22K 2K 3 0
= d +d +
K 2 d2 + K 3 d1
1
2
Ex.37
A dielectric of constant K is slipped between the plates of parallel plate

condenser in half of the space as shown in the figure. If the capacity of air
condenser is C, then new capacitance between A and B will be-
(A)
Sol.
C
2
(B)
C
2K
(C)
C
[1 + K]
2
(D)
This system is equivalent to two capacitors in parallel with area of each plate
2[1 + K ]
C
A
.
2
C = C1 + C2
=
0 A / 2 0 ( A / 2)K
+
d
2
0 A
[1 + K]
d
C
[1 + K]
2
Hence the correct answer will be (C).

In the adjoining figure two dielectrics of constants K1 and K2 are filled in a
parallel plate condenser. The capacity of the condenser will be :
2K 1K 2 0 A
(B) C = d(K + K )
1
2
0 A
d
2(K 1 + K 2 )
(C) C = 2K K A
1 2 0
Sol.
2K 1K 2
(D) K + K
1
2
page 34
(A) C =
Two capacitors, each of area A and plate separation
C=
d
, are connected in series.
2
C1C 2
C1 + C 2
C1 =
2K 1 0 A
d
C2 =
2K 2 0 A
d
C=
2K 1K 2 0 A
d
2K 1K 2 0 A
C = d(K + K )
1
2
Ex.39
The capacity of a parallel plate capacitor in air is 50F and on immersing it into oil it becomes 110 F. The
dielectric constant of oil is (A) 0.45
(C) 1.10
(D) 2.20
C
K= C
0
Sol.
K=
Ex.40
110
11
=
= 2.20
50
5
Two parallel plate condensers with capacities C and 2C are connected in parallel and are charged to potential
difference V. Now the battery is removed and a dielectric of constant K is inserted between the plates of
condenser C. Now the potential difference across each condenser will be(A)
Sol.
(B) 0.55
V
K+2
(B)
2V
2+K
(C)
3V
2+K
(D)
2+K
3V
C = C + 2C = 3C
q = CV = 3CV
When dielectric is inserted
C = KC + 2C
= (K + 2) C
the potential difference across the capacitors
Vf =
total charge
total capacitance
3CV
q
3V
=
=
C(2 + K )
C"
2+K
Ex.38

A parallel plate condenser is charged to a certain potential and then disconnected. The separation of the
plates is now increased by 2.4 mm and a plate of thickness 3 mm is inserted into it keeping its potential
constant. The dielectric constant of the medium will be(A) 5
Sol.
(B) 4
(C) 3
(D) 2
As charge and potential of the condenser both are constant in two cases, hence its capacity must also
remain constant
Ex.42
C0 = C
or
0 A
=
d
or
1
d = d t 1
K
or
1
(d d) = t 1
K
or
1
2.4 103 = 3 103 1
K
or
K=5
page 35
0 A
1
d't 1
K
1
1
= 0.8 or
= 0.2
K
K
Three dielectric materials are filled in a parallel plate condenser as shown

in figure. A potential difference is applied between the plates of the condenser. If the area of each plate is S and distance between parallel plates
is d then the capacity between the point X and Y will be -
(A)
K 2K 3
0S K1
+
d 2 K2 + K3
Sol.
C1 =
K 1 0 S / 2
d/2
C2 =
K 2 0S / 2
d/ 2
K 30
C3 =
(B)
0S
d
(C)
0 SK 1K 2K 3
d
(D)
0 SK 2K 3
d
S
2
d
2
C2 and C3 are in series

C =
C 2C3
C 2 + C3
C1 and C are in parallel

C = C1 +
C =
C 2C3
C 2 + C3
K 1 0 S
K 3K 2 ( 0 S ) 2 / d 2
+
K 20S K 3 0S
2d
+
d
d
Ex.41

K1
K 2K 3
+
2 K2 + K3
0S
d

Force on a dielectric due to charged capacitor
page 36
(viii)
If dielectric is completely inside the capacitor then force is equal to zero.
Case I - Voltage source remains connected

V = constant.
U=
1
CV2
2
2
dU
= V
F =
dx
2
xb 0K
0 ( x )b
+
d
d
where C =
F=
dC
dx
0b
[Kx + x]
d
0b
(K 1)
d
F=
0b(K 1)V 2
= constant (does not depend on x)
2d
C =
C=
xb 0K
0 ( x )b
+
,
d
d
dU
Q2
dC
=
F=
2 . dx
dx
2C
=
Ex.43
U=
Q2
2C
0b
dC
=
(K )
dx
d
Q 2 dC
.
2C 2 dx
Find V and E at : ( Q is a point charge kept at the centre of the nonconducting neutral thick sphere of inner radius 'a' and outer radius 'b')
(i) 0 < r < a
(ii) a r < b
(iii) r b
Sol.
q and +q charge will induce on inner and outer surface respectively

E(0 < r < a) =
KQ
r2
E (r b) =
E (a r < b) =
KQ
r
KQ
r2
Kq
r2
KQ
rr 2
1
q = Q 1
r
V (r b) =
KQ
r
(a r b) VA = VP +
r
V (r a)VB = VC +
Ex.44
KQ
r
a
KQ
r
2
( dr ) =
kQ kQ 1 1
+

b
r r b
kQ 1 1
1 1
( dr ) = kQ +
+ kQ
a
b
b
r a
r
What is potential at a distance r (<R) in a dielectric sphere of uniform

charge density , radius R and dielectric constant r..
Sol.
VA = VB +
WB A
q
page 37
When charge on capacitor is constant
Case II :
Q
V = 4 R +
0
( dr )
0 r
Voutiside =
KQ
r
9.
COMBINATION
COMBINATION OF PARALLEL
PARALLEL PLATES
PLATES
Ex.45
Find out equivalent capacitance between A and B.
Sol.
Put numbers on the plates The charges will be as shown in the figure.
V12 = V32 = V34
so all the capacitors are in parallel combination.
Ceq = C1 + C2 + C3
Ex.46
Sol.
These are only two capacitors.

Ceq = C1 + C2
Ex.47
Sol.
The modified circuit is
page 38
Q
(R 2 r 2 )
= 4 R +
3 0 r
0
2C
3
Other method :
Ceq =
Q
V
2xA
V
V = V2 V4 = (V2 V3) + (V3 V2)

xd
2xd
3 xd
= + =
0
0
0
Ex.48
Sol.
Ceq =
3 xAx 0
2 A 0
2C
=
=
.
3 xd
3d
3
C=
A 0
d
1
1
2
5
= +
=
C eq C 3C 3C
Ceq =
3C
3 A 0
=
5
5d
Alternative Method :
C=
x+y
Q
=
VAB
V
page 39
Ceq =
page 40
C=
x+y
Q
= V
V
AB
Potential difference between 1 and 4 is same
y
2x
=
A 0
A 0
y = 2x
2y + x
V = A d
0
C=
Ex.49
Sol.
( x + 2x )xA 0
3 A 0
=
.
(5 x )d
5d
Five similar condenser plates, each of area A, are placed at equal distance
d apart and are connected to a source of e.m.f. E as shown in the following
diagram. The charge on the plates 1 and 4 will be-
(A)
0 A 2 0 A
,
d
d
(B)
0 A 2 0 AV
,
d
d
(C)
0 AV 3 0 AV
,
d
d
(D)
0 AV 4 0 AV
,
d
d
Equivalent circuit diagram Charge on first plate

Q = CV
Q=
0 AV
d
Charge on fourth plate

Q = C(V)
Q =
0 AV
d
As plate 4 is repeated twice, hence charge on 4 will be Q = 2Q

Q =
2 0 AV
d

Spherical capacitor :
This arrangement is known as spherical capacitor.
C=
KQ
KQ
a
b
Q
Q
=
KQ
KQ
V1 V2
a
b
C=
page 41
KQ KQ
KQ KQ
V1 V2 =
b b
a
b
ac
K(b a)
4 0 ab
ba
4 0 ab
ba
If b >> a
C = 40a
C=
4 0 r2 ab
ba
Cylindrical capacitor
There are two co-axial conducting cylindrical surfaces
>> a
>> b
where a and b is radius of cylinders.
C=
= 2Kn a
b
4 0
= 2n b
a
2 0
= n b
a
Capacitance per unit length =
2 0
b
n
a
F/m
10 . OTHER TYPES OF CAPA

CAPA CITORS
CIT ORS
Electric potential energy (Self Energy) :
For dicharging circuit :
i=
For a parallel plate capacitor :
F=
0 A
d
C=
n
C
n =1
4 0 ab
ba
Capacitance of a cylinderical capacitor per unit

length :
In parallel combination :
C=
Ceq =
Q 2 dC
.
2C 2 dx
Capacitance of a spherical capacitor :
In series combination :
1
C eq =
0 b(K 1)V 2
2d
When battery is not connected
F=
E = /0 = V/d
When battery is connected
Capacitance of an isolated spherical shell :
C=
Force on a dielectric :
CVacuum = 40R
Q max t /
e
Energy density :
1
E2
2 0 r
q = Qmax e t / ; = Reff. C
q2
1
qV
=
CV2 =
U=
2C
2
2
20
b
n
a
n=1
For charging circuit :
q = Qst 1 e t / ; = Reff. C
i=
Q st
e t /
page 42
SUMMARY

Capacitance Type 2 PART 1 of 2 ENG

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Capacitance Type 2 PART 1 of 2 ENG

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CAPA

Where C is proportionality constant called capacitance of the conductor.

Important points about the capacitance of an isolated conductor :

Unit of capacitance is farad in SI units and its dimensional formula is M1 L2 2 T 4

1 F = 106 F, 1nF = 109 F

Capacitance of an isolated conductor depends on following factors :

(b) On surrounding medium :

(c) Presence of other conductors :

Capacitance of a conductor do not depend on

Electric potential energy (Self Energy) :

q = Charge on the conductor

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What is the capacitance of conductor ?

What is the energy stored in two cases?

(iii) Ui = 200 J, Uf = 1800 J

If the medium around the conductor is vacuum or air.

where E is the electric field at that point.

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Cbigger drop = (Csmall drop)n

Hence the correct answer will be (A).

Whenever there is potential difference there will be flow of charge.

Formulae related with redistribution of charges.

Before connecting the conductors

After connecting the conductors

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Heat loss during redistribution :

The loss of energy is in the form of Joule heating in the wire.

Note : Always put Q 1, Q 2, V1 and V2 with sign.

Find out final charges on A and B ?

Find out heat produced during the process of flow of charges.

(C) will not flow

(D) can not say.

A conductor of capacitance 10F connected to other conductor of capacitance 40 F having equal

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In capacitor two conductors have equal but opposite charges.

Formulae related with capacitors

Q = Charge of positive plate of capacitor.

Energy stored in the capacitor

The capacitor is represented as following:

Parallel plate capacitor.

Capacitance of a capacitor depends

Distance between the plates.

Dielectric medium between the plates.

Capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor (air filled) is given by following formula

where A = area of the plates.

Electric field intensity between the plates of capacitors (air filled )

Force experienced by any plate of capacitor

A capacitor or condenser consists of two conductors separated by an insulator or dielectric.

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(C) 0.5 erg.

Find out current in the circuit and charge on capacitor

For just after closing the switch:

After a long time

Find out current i1, i2, i3, charge on capacitor and

circuit which is initially uncharged in the following situations.

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At t = 0 switch S1 is closed and remains closed for a long time and