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ESSAY-WRITING TIPS

AS WE KNOW THAT ESSAY WRITING IS MOST DIFFICULT TASK FOR CSS EXAM,AND MOST
OF ASPIRANTS TRAPPED IN THIS COMPLICATION SO AS TO I REVEAL SOME KNOWLEGE
WHICH I GET FROM A EFFICACIOUS BOOK FOR PREPARATION.THIS HINTS MAY HELP
BEGINNERS TO CLEAR THEIR CONCEPT ABOUT ESSAYWRITING
GENERAL PREPARATIONOne of the chief difficult most of us feel is the lack of matter. We do not easily find
anything to say about a subject. This is natural, because our experience and general
reading are limited. But it may be remedied by reading, and by training the power
of observation.
READING
In order to write an essay the student must have something to write about and so he
must endeavor to store his mind with ideas by reading. BECON SAYS "reading make a
full man; that is a person who reads much and widely stores his mind with a large
variety of facts, thoughts, illustrations and general information. if you want to write
good essays you must acquire love to reading...not simply reading stories
for amusement, but reading good books of history, travel, biography and science. Fill
your mind with fine thoughts and accurate information. by doing so you will become
"a full man" ,and "a full man" can always find plenty to say on most subjects.
OBSERVATION
Observation contributes alot in our day to day knowledge.All knowledge does not
come from books.we may learn much from the life around us--what we see and hear
observe for ourselves.Keep eyes and ears open ,and learn from your own
experience.practical writing short descriptions of what you see in building,street
scenes,trees and flowers,hillsand valleys,the habit of animals and birds.dont b
content with reading other people`s description of such things but see them for
yourself.it is surprising what a lot may b learnt from personal observation.
CONVERSATION
Books are written by men and women;and if we can learn from the books they
write ,we can learn also from the words they say,listen to the people`s conversation
get them to talk to u about the things they know,and discuss subjects that interest u
with your friends.in this way,also,you may learn much.
A writer reads,observe and gets people to talk and in these ways he is always

enriching his mind with ideas and knowlege ."we can take the example of journalists.
they exercise lots of things for accumulating information to complete their theme of
writing as like them we also have to persist for gather copious knowledge for writing
by discriminated ways"
DEFINING THE SUBJECT
It is very important that u should have a clear and accurate conception of the subject
of the essay before you attempt to write on it....what exactly it is and (equally
important)what it is not.some subjects are so simple that you can scarcely make a
mistake about them ..for example,"the influence of railway traveling on paksitani
social life."
Neither the subject is railway travelling nor it is the railway system of pakistan still
less the invention of the locomotive engine,and the history of railways.Yet some
students,carelessly reading the subject,might easily take up a large part of
their essay with such topics,you must come to the point at once and start away with
the real subjects,which in this case is the different ways in which the habit of
travelling by train is changing the social customs of the people of paksitan.it is
therefore very necessary that u should define the subject clearly in your own mind or
you may waste much time and paper in writing on more or less irrrelevant matters.
COLLECTING MATERIAL
when u have got the clear idea of yr subject,the next step will b to think of that what
can u say about it.some subject are so simple that a little reflection should supply u
with suffcient matterial for a short essay but,for others,special information will b
needed for which u may have to do some special reading,if u have to write about the
some historical subjects and extra knowledge seeking subject.u have to get hold of
some books and subject up.but in any case,do not attempt to write the essay before u
have given some time to thinking over what can say on the subject.the common habit
of beggining to write down the first thing that omes into one,s head,without knowing
what is to come next,is fatal to good essay-writing.
As u think over the subject,ideas,facts and illustrations will pass through yr mind.but
if u done catch them as they come,u may forget them just when u want them.so as u
catch birds and put them in a cage,(mean to say pick the idea and paste it on the
piece of paper),catch and cage these fleeting thoughts by jotting them down on a
piece of paper just as they come in to yr mind,without troubling yrself at this stage
about their order or suitablity,u can examine the birds thus caught at ur leisure later.
When u think u have colleted enough material of yr essay,or u cant think of any more
points,read over the notes u have jotted down to select points most suitable for yr
purpose (pick and choose more important and more efficacious point for yr essay).u
may find what they worth.u may find that some are mere repetitions of others and
others may b simply illustraions to b thought under main heads.this process of

selection will probably suggest to u in a general way the line of thought u may follow
in the essay.
LOGICAL ARRANGEMENT
Now should b ready to decide on the line of thought oss the essay i.e., the logical
order in which u can arrange the points u have selected.the necessity if thus
arranging yr thoughts according to some ordinary plan cant b too strongly insisted
upon.without it,the essay will probably b badly arranged,rambling,disproportioned
and full of reptitions and irrelevancies.
MAKING THE OUT LINE
Bearing yr subject definitely in yr mind and with yr purpose clearly before you,sketch
out a bare outline of the main heads, under which u will arrange yr various materials
in a natural,logical and convincing order.......from a brief introduction till an effetive
conclusion.
FALLING IN THE OUT LINE
Having thus mapped out the main points with which u are going to deal,arrange the
ideas you have collected each under its proper main head,rejecting all those not
really relevant to yr subject ot which simply repeat other thoughts and taking are
that each really belongs to the division in which u place it.
You will now have a full out line,which is to b a guide to u in writing the essay.but this
is not the essay,but only its well-articulated skeleton.u must now clothe the skeleton
with flesh,and most difficult of all breathe into it the breath of life,before u all yr
production an essay.

TOPICS WITH OUTINE AND COMPLETE ESSAY

GOOD GOVERNANCE
Since the draw of civilization man has been striving hard t manage his affairs
systematically. The desire to become systematic to the point and precise has led
human being to develop variety of disciplines . These disciplines with the march of
civilization failed to keep pace with the human driving force. Resultantly new avenues
are sought for governance. In the case of Pakistan mismanagement has become a
hallmark of out management. It is casting dark shadow son our , institutional setup,
our cultural norms and above all our credibility in the comity of nations.

Forced by the mismanagement, wide spread corruption and dis functioning of the
national institution different governments introduced a number of reforms to stem
the decline. For this purpose the Nawaz Sharif government initiated serious efforts.
But with the unseating of this, government and military taking over, this pace appeals
to have gathered pace. For better governance institutions were setup by the military,
which are making plausible efforts to achieve their objectives.
Good governance may be defined as that kind of government that is citizen friendly.
It has three major dimensions: Political, Economic and Civic.
In the political sense, governance may be defined as the will and the ability of the
government to protect and promote the fundamental rights and liberties of the
people.
In economic sphere, it is the manner in which power is exercised in the management
of a countrys economic and social resources for development.
In its civic sense, the good civic government is that which allows the society to
flourish. In a civil society the rights of an individual liberty, free speech, equal
opportunities, education etc. are guaranteed by the law .In a civil society collective
sense of responsibility prevails.
As the crisis of governance deepens and public confidence in government institutions
erodes, there is an urgent need for reform to reinforce the linkages between the state
and society. The reasons for this sense of urgency and sense of depression are not far
to seek. These may be enumerated as following:
Good governance is needed for sustaining and maintaining a sound political system in
a country. In Pakistan we can see that the failure of democracy is due to bad
governance. Every government failure of democracy is due to bad governance. Every
government comes with great slogans to serve the nation but once it gets charge, it
forgets it forgets its promises of serving the people. Every P.M. includes in his cabinet
the ministers of his own choice and grabs all the powers while managing the national
affairs. The P.M. and his ministers become to self serving. In this way they provide
handle to the opposition to stir up the angered public opinion. The aim of the
opposition is always to bring down the government. When the situation gets totally
out of control, it forces the Army to intervene often cutting the lifetime of the
government and democracy. All such actions lead to political instability. It seeks to
underline the need of good governance which in turn would yield political stability in
the country.
Good governance is needed to make both the public and private sectors effective. A
well governed country has also both these sectors well administered and in harmony
with each other. When a country is not politically sound its institutions will also be in
poor condition. Cohesion between these sectors is impossible in the absence of good
governance. In our country we can see the due to the bad governance our public and
private sectors are in a great mess.

Every institution of public sector is suffering from mal-administration and worst king
of corruption. The people reluctantly visit these institutions because they know the
truants and dishonest elements would not lend half an ear shoes palm is always
itching. Even for public utilities task, people have to offer bribe. Without any favour
or bribe it s very difficult to get any work done from the public offices. Moreover, due
to the malpractices of the public officials and misappropriation of public funds the
infrastructure of public institutions has become cracked and a situation like chaos is
prevailing all over the country, So, good governance is strictly needed in order to
make governmental machinery effective.
Whereas good governance is needed for the smooth running of public institutions, it is
also essential for maintaining the sovereignty of the country. If a country is poorly
governed and there is a political instability, its enemies find opportunities in this
situation and try to undermine it. While a badly governed country has many other
problems to solve, it can not ensure its security. A good governed country is
economically strong and all the departments of the country function smoothly. It
enables the rulers to strengthen the countrys security.
Good governance is essential to reap the fruit of globalization. As we all know that
globalization is a fast spreading phenomenon which also has negative aspects due to
the low quality products. The problem of law and order that is the outcome of bad
governance is also a hindrance in reaping the benefits of globalization.
In Pakistan, there have been repeated military interventions into political governance
from time to time. Although country has witnessed democratic regimes as well, but
there has been constant experimentation with democracy in the last 50 years. That is
shy no comprehensive system of governance could evolve.
This poetical chaos started with the dissolution of 1 constituent assembly in the most
undemocratic and arbitrary manner by Governor General Ghulam Mohammad in 1954.
Since then Pakistans internal strife has been plaguing including constitutional crises.
He replaced Khawaja Nazim-ud-Din by Mohammad Ali Bogra. Then foreign Ambassador
of Pakistan in the United States. In the second cabinet of Mohammad Alil Bogra,
Mohammad Ayub Khan, then C-in-C, was included. While paving the way of militarys
involvement in the countrys political affairs, culminating in the imposition of ML in
1958.
The first Martial Law was imposed by Ayub Khan in 1958 and lasted till 1969. He
abrogated the constitution of 1965. He introduced Presidential system with indirect
elections. His era was known as Decade of Development which later on proved to
be Decade of Exploitation as his policy of privatization widened the gap between
haves and have nots. The national wealth was concentrated into the Ayub also
created resentment among the students. Although economic indicators improved
significantly during Ayubs Martial lust for power prevented him from leaving his high
position with impossible and Ayubs regime resulted in total fiasco (confusion).

In April 1969 General Yahya assumed lasted control of the country and again Martial
Law lasted till 1971. He abrogated the constitution of 1962, banned all political
activates and dissolved National and Provincial Assemblies. Yahyas Military regime in
the history of Pakistan was something of loves labours lost because there was no
improvement or progress in any sphere of life. Rather there was a visible decline in
political, social and economic spheres. Above all the country, was dismembered and
the eastern wing broke away to emerge as an independent sovereign state of
Bangladesh. His only aim was to transfer power to an elected body by holding free
and fair elections. Yahya lived up to his promise of holding fair election which were
held in 970 but instead ofpaving the way of smooth transfer of power, the results of
the election sowed the seeds of disintegration which eventually led to the formation
of Bangladesh in 1971. The loss of East Pakistan in 1971 war and the dismemberment
of the country ill-reputed the Pakistan Army. The army rule could not continue and
Yahya had no alternative but to quit by handing over power to Z.A Bhutto.
Z.A Bhutto was the chairman of PPP, which secured majority in West Pakistan in
election of 1970. For the first time people of consequence, populist regime set in. the
success of Populist or Bonapartes leader depends upon its ability to manipulate
certain institutions like bureaucracy, army, etc. Bhutto possessed a charismatic
personality. He introduced the concept of Islamic Socialism. According to him
Islam is our faith. Democracy our policy, Socialism our economy and all power to the
people.
He raised the slogan of providing basic necessities to the people like Roti, Kapra and
Makan. His economic policy was totally different. In 1972, he undertook a massive
nationalization programme in which he nationalized all those industries set up in
the private sector. In first phase 31 units were nationalized which fell under 10
categories. They were iron and steel Industries, basic metals, heavy engineering etc.
In second phase 1073-74, he undertook second phase of nationalization which people
were not expecting. It created great panic among the industrialist, as they were not
expecting the nationalization was not an extensive exercise and could not arrest
inflation effectively as it was planned to do so. The PPP government public
enterprises were controlled by BIM.
The land reforms introduced by Bhutto also could not yield the desired results as
landlords anticipated such reforms in advance and transferred surplus land in names
of their other family member, relatives or even made lease-back arrangement with
tenants. However, his labour reforms in 1972-73 enhanced the prestige and status of
labour class and safeguarded their rights effectively. He was the only head go
government who was allowed to enjoy his tenure properly from 1970-1977.
Again Martial Law intervened in 1977 and the so-called popular leader elected by
common people through dubious elections was hanged. Whatever the circumstances
were, the step was unconstitutional. Zias Martial Regime was supposed to be the
shortest one but it turned out to be the longest in the history of Pakistan. Zia did not

abrogate the constitution o f1973 but suspended. At that point of time a strong
Pakistan from military point of view was needed because of Afghan problem and the
revolution of Iran. Both of then could have their repercussions beyond their
boundaries. Zias regime opened the gates of foreign aid in Pakistan as country was
going through adverse economic crises.
Besides, Zia undertook massive Islamic programme in order to seek legitimacy ofr his
prolonged rule. He issued various ordinances to bring existing laws in line with
principles of Quran and Sunnah. He decided to promulgate 1973 Constitution with
necessary amendments. He passed his famous 8 amendment curtailing the power of
head of government through article 58 2(b) and provided significant power to the
president who could dissolve National Assembly whenever he thinks that need has
arisen.
He held local elections in 1983 on non-party basis. Then he held referendum in 1984
and main aim was to seek public mandate for Zias various steps, which he had
already taken since 1977. In January 1985, he held general elections which were also
on non-party basis. It became difficult to choose P.M and C.M from elected
assemblies.
Hanpicked civilian Govt. of Mohammad Ali Khan Junejo was placed in but it found it
very difficult to work while country was still under Martial Law Regime. The
Government of Junejo was fired in 1988 through the special power enjoyed by Zia
because of 8 amendment. The government was dismissed on the plea of Ojhri Camp
disaster. Corruption charges were leveled against it and also due to the early signing
of the Geneva Accord by Junejo without the consent of President Zia. Holding of
Round Table Conference by Junejo also annoyed Zia in which various political parties
were invited. On 18 August 1988, president Zia airplane C-130 crashed near
Bahawalpur. He died along with top brass military generals on the spot. Thus another
military civilian regime ended in a tragic manner.
The General elections were held in 1988 on party basis by the president Ghulam Ishaq
Khan. Many ethnic, political and regional parties participated in these general
elections. The PPP bagged 93 seats followed by Islami Jamhoori Ittehad claiming over
60 seats in National Assembly. As a result, Benazir became PM of Pakistan on 1
December 1988. The govt. was dissolved in 1990 due to the corruption charges leveled
against her by president of that time.
Then next elections were held in October 1990 an this time Islami Jamhoori Ittehad
got majority and hence Nawaz Sharif became PM. This government was also dismissed
in 1993 by Ghulam Ishaq Khan on plea of corruption, nepotism and ethnic strife.
Again elections were held in 1993 and Benazir became PM but this government was
also dissolved on corruption charges in 1996.
Election were again held on 2 February 1997, and Nawaz Sharif came into power. The

results were amazing for everyone. The PML (N) made clean sweep in the elections
and got a wide majority. But in 1999 a military coup took place led by General
Musharraf. The Army was yet again in power promising again of smooth transfer of
power to grass root level within 3 years.
Causes of Bad Governance
Since the establishment of Pakistan Army has always had a strong desire to have a
permanent place in the political setup of country. The 4 military regimes are the
proof of this. Pakistans history is studded with coups and coup like actions that have
affected the character of the civilian governments and their working.
Its quite clear that four governments before the Ayub Regime and all the
governments after Zia were dismissed because they were guilty of corruption, mal
administration, nepotism, and ethnic strife.
All the Governments after Junejo were characterized by the royal style of the Prime
Minister that was true in case of Benazir and Nawaz Sharif because of their
extravagant style of living i.e. Raiwind Palaces and Surrey Palace respectively.
All the previous heads of governments both civilian and military and also the
politicians they exercised absolutism in style and mentality. They did not realize that
their foremost duty was to serve the people not just to misrule them. Politicians
during the last 50 years have not exhibited responsible attitude.
People elect the PM, his cabinet and the members of assemblies through ballot. But it
has often happened that an indirectly elected president comes and dismisses the
government who has secured the mandate from public. This is highly undemocratic,
unconstitutional, and it has been happening in our political history due to the 8
amendment passed by The Zia regime. Zia dismissed Junejos government; Ghulam
Ishaq dissolved Benazir and Nawaz governments respectively. Balance is not
maintained between powers of incompetent governance.
Our constitution does not provide an effective system of check and balance. That is
why when a civilian government is elected, it becomes omnipotent i.e. all powerful
which gives rise to corruption and mal-administration. There is no effective system of
governance which can keep check on the decisions and the steps taken by PM and his
cabinet. Judiciary must be made strong enough to keep a check over the legislation
by the government.
In Pakistan except Bhottos government, no government has completed its expected
life span. After Junejo, many governments were disbanded in the period of 9 years.
This game of power musical chair has seriously affected the economic and social
progress of our country.
The political chaos prevailing in the country has led to grave economic condition. Now
our country is on the verge of bankruptcy for some years and of being and of being

declared insolvent. A feeling of hopelessness is going o. Increasing unemployment has


led to brain drain which is alarming for the very survival of our dear homeland. This
continuously deteriorating economic situation is detrimental to effective and results
oriented governance the Present government has reversed this pattern.
People are also responsible for their misfortunes because they have not exerted
themselves. They have failed to participate in the affairs of the state. They have
allowed governments to misgovern and mismanage the economy.
In Pakistan, bureaucrats have also tried to gain political power. The examples of
bureaucrats turned politicians are present here. These bureaucrats exercise undue
influence and make politicians dance on their tunes. They have done enormous
changes to the previous government setups by giving rise to red tapes.
Political parties have not done their job properly of inculcating political awareness
among the masses. Most of the times they have failed to mobilize public opinion.
Instead of securing confidence of the people, they introduced horse trading which has
shattered the confidence of people in politicians and political parties. Moreover,
political parties led to extreme political polarization in the society which affected the
law and order situation in the country. Karachi provides the best example.
The people should be represented from the grass root to the highest level throng their
representatives. This democratic process should be fair to accommodate the
aspirations of the man in the street throng effective governance.
In order to attain quality of governance, people instead of the accountability of the
previous or failed rulers, must ask for participation in decision making and in the
execution of the policies evolved through a democratic consultative process.
In order to have an effect system of governance, participation of women should be
ensured as according to the latest count men: women ratio is 48:52 respectively. The
number of seats that are taken negligible; its almost non-existent at the moment.
For proper governance the role of army in the political setup of the areas of operation
of all institutions of the state like army, bureaucracy and the government.
Independence of judiciary must be maintained which can exercise an effective system
of check and balance and can prevent politicians from abuse of power.
Economic and political stability are deeply interlinked. Without one the other can not
be obtained.so government must evolve strait and requires a major re-structuring.
Then continuity of policy is required without which no result would be obtained.
People must be educated without which they can not protect their rights. Press can
play a vital role in creating awareness among people regarding their problems and
their solutions. In this way people would be able to demand their rights and will

perform their duties in a more organized way. Thus, we can say without proper civic
sense good and effective governance can not be obtained.
this is high time that consensus must be developed among the people that what
system of government can suit them better. Keeping in view the pluralistic society of
Pakistan, federal system of government can serve people better but sufficient powers
must be given to the provinces in order to tackle problems of the people in an
appropriate way. Direct system of election must be introduced and governments must
be allowed to complete their tenure.
The crucial importance of good governance can be witnessed by the experience of
East Asian countries. Between 1965 and 1990, the region registered the highest
growth rate in the world and combined it with high living standards. The single most
important factor in this economic miracle was the fact that these countries were able
to put in place sound and sustainable framework.
It is not that Swiss and Swedes are inherently blessed with grater honesty and
integrity than Pakistanis. But difference lies in the institutions, laws and traditions of
civil society that have been created by the law. The wrong doer there invites the
immediate wrath of law, receives a fair trial of law without adjournment and is
awarded appropriate punishment.

CHALLENGES OF THE 21ST CENTURY AND PAKISTAN

Dancing around the fire is not the solution to any problem. One should try to see
beneath the surface in order to grasp an idea about the basic issue. Despite a stream
of stung words and announcements made by the previous governments of Pakistan,
there is a woeful neglect in accepting the challenges of the present millennium rather
the situation has taken a quantum leap for the worse.
On the other hand there are the most exciting times in the perspective of progress
ever observed in the recorded history of mankind. All countries of the world are
making the progress in almost all aspects of life. These countries are working hard to
face the challenges of 21st century. The world in which we are living has become the
world of information and technology. The old concept of ruling the world with power
has completely changed by the disintegration of soviet union in the last decade of the
previous century. The progress speeds of many countries are remarkable.
China got independence two years after Pakistan but it has increased its speed of
development up to a great extent. Today china is enjoying the status of worlds

second fastest growing economy post Mayo, china has established an all time global
record in doubling its per capita income between 1977 and 1987. According to a world
Bank purchasing power parity (ppp) china has a GDP of just under $3.0 trillions which
is second largest after united states of America. If one accepts the projections of a
Rand study of 1995 china will become worlds largest economy by 2010 with GDP of
$11.3 trillions. China has managed to get a complete control over the markets of
many countries. Its trade abilities have captured a great foreign exchange reserve.
Now china has entered in the making of such a car which may be considered very well
prepared country to face the challenging environment of new millennium. It can also
be said that today no effort to regulate global trade can be succeeded if china is not
part of decreased exchange risk premium in interest rates and has increased
investment demands. The echo of single currency swept across the world with free
trade zones. Due to this wonderful success of Euro, many countries have inspired and
they also started their ball rolling in the same direction.
In Holland the Dutch people have innovated such a food for the cattle which helps the
cattle to grow at a very fast rate. The cattle is very important for Holland as it enjoys
a great position in the export of best quality milk, butter and meat. This earns a great
amount of foreign exchange for Holland. The Dutch people have also worked
successfully on a particular television which also provides all the facilities of a
computer as well. These examples show that the Dutch people are very well prepared
to face the challenges of the present millennium.
The world has become a global village. The distances have been reduced up to an
appreciable extent. In America the people have started a new practice. The high
officials do not go to the offices.
They control majority of their official matters through computers. This helps them a
lot in saving their precious times which they would have wasted in travelling.
The countries like Korea, Malaysia, Thailand and Vietnam are working very hard. This
hard work has enabled them to face the challenges of current millennium in a very
dignified way. These countries have made development up to this extent that it has
become a far cry for Pakistan to assimilate whit their stands. Korea has also attained
a significant position in the exporters of cars and other vehicles. In 1960s Malaysian
economy was very poor but through hard work they have strengthened their economy
up to a great extent. The Malayan television and other electronic instruments have
really captured the markets of many countries. These countries have achieved this

position of stabilization through their appropriate economic strategies, good


educational policies, sprit of patriotism and excellent foreign policies.
The rate of progress in order to face the challenges of new century is also very high in
India as compared to Pakistan. The Indian people have really done wonders in the
field of information technology. The Indian software engineers have achieved
remarkable successes. They have made exceptional innovations in this field. Indian
government has provided all the possible support to their people. They have
established a silicon Valley in Madras for this purpose. Through the export of software
programs India is earning a great deal of foreign exchange which has played a vital
role in reducing the economic distress in India. The Indian economy has become very
strong. India has also been benefited from the female employment ratio in the
country. The women are also working with the men in almost all the professions.
The world has made progress in many fields at a massive rate. In the above mentioned
facts and development made by the various countries, it can he easily analyzed that
where do Pakistan stand? How Pakistan has prepared itself to face the challenges of
the newly started millennium? Some efforts were also made in Pakistan to made some
progress in the last decade of the previous century but those could not become result
oriented due to self-centered access and sift handed complements from the advisors
of the rules.
The continuous change in the leadership of the country proved very harmful for the
growth in all the fields. In the beginning of 1990s the government of Nawaz Sharif
took some steps in order to improve the infra structure of the country. He established
the Motorway project in collaboration with the Daewoo company in order to improve
the means of communication. He also facilitated the people of Narwhal with a new
telephone exchange He also tried to introduce a self employment scheme in the form
of Yellow cab in which the taxi cars were provided to the educated youngsters on
very easy and affordable installments. The purpose was to enhance the employment
ratio in the country but this scheme also met the failure because many of his party
members utilized this scheme for their own benefit.
In 1930 when Mrs. Benazir Bhutto got the rule, she started a welfare program me for
general masses under the name of peoples programmed which act rally proved
worthless for the people as many politicians started personal aggrandizement through
this programmed. They got heavy funds which were never used for the welfare of the
people.

They got heavy funds which were never used for the welfare of the people. Similar
nothing valuable could be done in the next turn of Nawaz Sharif. The rolling
substitution of governments in the last decade proved as main obstacle in the way of
progress of our country. In 1999 during the argil episode Pakistan clearly witnessed
that no country was ready to support it Even our closest friend china refused to
helps . This shows the failure of foreign policy. So Pakistan needs to reform its foreign
policy on the following three grounds i.e. power, wealth and status. Power means the
capacity of Islamabad to influence the policies of super powers towards Pakistan.
Wealth means to increase the foreign exchange reserves of Pakistan . For this purpose
the exports should be increased by raising the standards of our products. Status
means to get a prestigious position for people of Pakistan in the world.
One more important sector which needs a great attention is the infra structure. The
unemployment has increased by leaps and bounds. It should be considered very
seriously .The deserving and educated candidates dont get the proper jobs. Instead
of deserving candidate dont get the proper jobs. Instead of deserving candidates
there is often a square peg in the round hole which frustrates the deserving
youngsters. This frustration gives rise to the crime rate in the country. So the merit
system should be improved. So far all the efforts to stabilize the economy and
infrastructure have proved to flog a dead horse. Pakistan also needs to improve the
health facilities. The efforts made in this regard are not more than a drop in the
ocean.
So conclude in this way that in spite of all those obstacles and slow growth rate of
progress. One may hope that the time will be changed. According to the policies made
by the Musharraf government it can be considered that now the time is not far when
Pakistan will bear the palm. Now the time has come that if we want Pakistan to rise
up to that extent which was dreamt by Quaid-e AZ am, then every Pakistani will have
to work up to his entire ability and diligence.

WOMEN EMPOWERMENT IN PAKISTAN


West always raise fingers on suppressed women rights in Pakistan but before
discussing whether women have the rights or not in Pakistan we should first
understand that what actually the rights of women are.
DEFINITION.

The term women right refers to freedoms and entitlements of women and girls of all
ages. These rights may or may not be institutionalized
Pakistan is an Islamic society in which most of the practices are according to Islamic
teaching and Islam has given equal rights to both men and women, whether its
property or society in the eyes of Islam all humans are equal.
Islam has given equal right to women in getting education and the most important
right that Islam has given to women is that the women can not get married without
asking her will and consent.
Unfortunately in Pakistani society where we call ourselves Muslims but we are the one
who are far away from Islamic teaching. Orally we all can say that we are Muslim but
practically we are living our lives with out practicing Islamic teaching. If we want to
discusses the rights of women in Pakistani society than it is divided into two
categories.
URBAN WOMEN
RURAL WOMEN
WOMEN IN URBAN SOCIETY OF PAKISTAN
In 21st century women in urban society of Pakistan carries all rights, majority of
women are getting education, working in different field of there interest side by side
with men. Women in Pakistan are now working on the post of CEOS, GT pilot, high
post in Banks, doctors, engineer and what not women are free to go in any field now
and complete her dream without any fear.
Urban side of Pakistani is not anymore backward, urban areas women are said to be
called the super women they are not behind men in performing their responsibilities.
Urbanization contribute much in adopting change in Pakistani society and with change
the most important thing that happened is change in mind set of parents who
previously considered their daughters as burdens but now its not like that anymore
and due to parents encouragement and support women are working side by side with
men and sharing the burden of society as equal partner.
Trend of early marriages is changing due to alteration in parents mindset. Now
parents give their daughters the chance to live their life with freedom but in limits
and in my point of view limit are very important for protecting the values and norms
of our society.
Young girls in urban areas of Pakistan have passion to do something in their lives, to
make their own identity stand on their own feets and do not become burden on
parents after completing education. Most of the girls are working in different fields
and trend is changing that girl can only adopt the profession of medicine is not any

more.
Urban women are enjoying their rights although they have to face difficulties in work
places, buses and from some conservative mindset people but all women are ready to
cross all obstacles coming in there way of success and they all count these difficulties
as minor problems. Women of urban areas do not think that what others are saying for
them and they are on their way to success.
The rising inflation contributes much in women empowerment and now women are
working to support their families in this time of inflation. It is not the time that one
person can earn the bread for the whole family and remain dependent but now
women are sharing the burden equally with men. In urban areas women are
performing all duties with full responsibility and now society starts giving credit for
all the achievement today women are doing. Pakistani working women try to balance
between work and her family.
Because family is Allah blessing and to unite the family and look after for its need is
the responsibility of women and because of them only family system in Pakistan is
much stronger. In my point of view Pakistani women should be the best example for
others that how to maintain balance between work and family which is necessary for
making healthier and organized society.
WOMEN IN RURAL SOCIETY OF PAKISTAN
Pakistan rural areas are in hold of so called Zamindar, Jagirdars, Feudal lords who
suppressed the rights of women and considered them as their property. Rural women
are working in fields along with men and doing all household work but despite of all
the sacrifices and contribution she carries no right and has no share in anything and
her life remain property of men who are dominant member of society.
Women in rural areas of Pakistan are in worst condition may be there are 10 percent
of women enjoying their rights but I am talking about remaining 80 percent of women
those rights have been suppressed sometime on name of prestige, her life have been
sacrificed on the name of honor killing and other illegal customs which have no place
in Islamic teaching and are man made rules for women and make their life like hell.
These women have no education nothing they are fully dependents on their men and
this is the reason that they can not raise their voice against any injustice done with
them and if they will be educated than they can say no to the violence and cruelty
done with them on the name of so called manhood.
Rural men think that if they do not suppressed the rights of women and hold their
lives in their hands than how they can say themselves that we are MEN and he has all
the right to crushed the rights of women under her feet because women has given the
right to them to do injustice with them because they feed them and give shelter for
living. May be some of my readers will be against me that it is not true and if it is
wrong than what about the case of Mukhtara Mai she was gang raped, Tasleem Sulangi
and all such thousands of women killed on the name of honor are buried in Kari

Graveyard built to give lesson to other women that not to think about living life
according to your own will, and never raise voice in front of men for your rights and if
some one did so than this Kari Graveyard will be your final destination.
Whatever Taliban government was doing with women of Rural areas were totally
against Islamic teaching because Islam have given all rights to women and such
illiterate people who want to dominate are using the name of Islam for fulfilling their
evil designs.
Islam is such a religion in which women respect is so important that it can be proved
from the saying of Prophet Muhammad that PARADISE LIES UNDER MOTHER FEET
Lastly I can only say that women respect is necessary from every aspect and they
should be given equal rights whether its Pakistani society or western. West instead of
raising finger on violated rights of women in Pakistan should contribute its share in
raising the standard of living of rural women built schools for them so that they all get
education, vocational training should be established which can groom the inner
abilities and provide the opportunities of earning to women of rural areas. In my point
of view lack of earning opportunities and education is the main cause of violation of
women rights. If women will be empowered then next coming generation will be
educated and women can feel secure and can raise their voice against their rights
without hesitation and fear.
So this proves that women empowerment is very important for the progress of a
country and nation.

Is Democracy is the Best Form of Government System?


For the past 2500 years this question has been tossed up. Some said rule of one,
others preferred rule of few, while a third party was of the view that neither rule of
one nor of few but rule of majority is good. In this discussion, it would appear later
that democracy is either the most hated or the most admired form of government.
Rationally speaking, democracy, like every other system of governance, has its seamy
side. That it has becoming more an end in itself than a means to attaining such ends
as: freedom equality, rule of law and justice which are its underlying values without
which democracy loses its meaning. Unless accompanied by its underlying values
democracy is indistinguishable from any other system of governance and is as bad as
any other form of government could be. A dictator may rule democratically, and a
democratic government could be tyrannical and oppressive. It is therefore the
content, which makes democracy the most admirable form of government, rather
than the form by which Voltaire meant when he said that: it makes no difference to a
poor man whether he is devoured by a lion or hundred rats.

It is perhaps better to begin with definitions. Abraham Lincoln rendered a definition


of democracy in these words: a government of the people, by the people, and for the
people. By democracy it is meant that people should rule themselves; or rule of
people. Moreover democracy is a form of government in which members are elected
to rule by the consent of people and are accountable to people. Their rule is not
arbitrary but they have to conduct their business in accordance with the rules
enacted in constitution. This document which is called constitution defines
fundamental rights of people besides provides the framework through which
government is to run the affairs of state. However if government acts in
contravention with the rules people have inherent right to topple such a government
and institute a new one in its place.
The origin of democracy lies in the Athenian democracy of which Pericles, the leader
of democracy in Athens, boasted that; here, there is the government in which every
citizen renders his contribution however little it may be. But happy days of Athenian
democracy did not last long in the face of militaristic Spartans who defeated Athens
in Peloponnesian war. Socrates who witnessed all these developments was quick to
attribute failure to democracy which according to him was riddled with factionalism,
corruption and nepotism. This ultimately brought doom to Athens. Henceforth the
aging philosopher developed a particular contempt for democracy and declared it the
worst form of government. In a democracy, he says, pity party interests precede those
of the national interests. It seems that he did not see security in numbers and
declared that only knowledge has claim to power. When the War was finally over the
democracy which he condemned voted him to death.
Plato the faithful student of Socrates inherited his masters contempt for democracy
and wrote the Republic to prove that tyranny of Philosopher King is better than
democracy, by declaring that he went to other extreme: totalitarianism. However
Socrates and Platos hatred of democracy had some measures of truth in it. The
Athenian democracy was pervaded by corruption, factionalism and pity party interests
claimed precedence over the national interests. These were the reasons which caused
Plato and Socrates to despise democracy. Nevertheless, their contempt for democracy
reflected their hatred of national and regional politics of that time. To a large extent
their criticism is not based on rational grounds, although the democracy was not
without its faults but yet it was the best form of government for which Greeks
developed great love and respect. Because it guaranteed freedom of thought and
expression which Greeks boasted of, and therefore regarded all other civilizations as
barbaric. Even the giant Persians were looked down as uncivilized nation. The proof of
this is the fact that Platos theory of Philosopher king was received rather with
contempt by the freedom loving Greeks who regarded it as alien and barbaric. This

was precisely the reason which forced Plato to write Laws and Statesman in which
Law would be supreme and it was the second best ideal state of Plato.
For Aristotle the chief problem lies in the irreconcilable conflict between freedom
and authority. He was much closer to liberal democracy but stood diametrically
opposed to his masters theory of Philosopher King and regarded it as opposed to the
frailties of human nature. The conflict between freedom and authority was the actual
task which possessed him the most, and which culminated in the form of
constitutional government; be it democracy provided majority presents tasks and only
the experts render execution and implementation of those tasks. Implicitly this was
democracy at its best. Expounder of constitutionalism Aristotle did not contend his
masters words that only knowledge has claim to power.
From Greeks down to Dark and Middle ages democracy remained a ray of hope for the
distressed. It was regarded as an antidote to oppressive and despotic rule. It is an
effective weapon of all freedom loving nations to fight tyranny. In Europe, the Age of
Reason renewed the faith of people in democratic rule; therefore masses challenged
the traditional and ancient institutions which stifled freedom of people. It was this
renewed conviction that helped abolishing feudalism thereby paving the way for a
just system of governance. The Glorious Revolution in England marked the beginning
of the democratic age. It established representative government through sovereignty
of parliament. The other Europeans would follow the suit later.
Nonetheless the followers of Plato still haunted the democratic forces. They opposed
and mocked the people who were fighting for democracy and rule of law. Thomas
Hobbes was the first among them to oppose any changes in the existing governmental
system which kept people under perpetual slavery. However it would be clear by the
fact that Hobbes criticism of peoples rule stemmed from his emotional attachment to
the unity of England. Since the civil war plagued England before the revolution.
Hobbes believed that a strong hand is needed to subdue the uprising and therefore
preached the divine right of kings to rule. On the other hand stood John Locke whose
ideals were embedded in democratic values ; he supported the revolution which
culminated in the sovereignty of parliament.
The propounder of modern absolutism Machiavelli confronted similar issues in his
home land Italy where Papacy rule crippled the growth of society and kept people
under perpetual subordination. Besides It was in able to defend Italy against foreign
aggression. His opposition to democracy found expression in his book the Prince.
Prince according to him would be instrumental in restoring peace and glory to Italy
and defend it against any foreign intrusions. The integrity of Italy, It seems, was

sacred to him and thus he equipped his prince with unbridled powers to safeguard
that. However close observation would reveal that his philosophy of absolutism is a
product of particular circumstances which confronted Italy during that time and to
overcome them seems his immediate concern. He might have renounced it had he
lived to see Hitler.
It is an interesting question that what possessed people of Europe to stand against
well equipped oppressive regimes and what attracted them to seek salvation in
democracy. Masses suffered at the hands of religious and temporal rulers; the latter
were in alliance. Besides, economic exploitation and infliction of tyrannical rule left
people to virtual slavery. Submission to such rule anymore was death on the other
hand democracy offered freedom and equality for which the people of Europe
yearned. Who would ignore such presents. It was this reason that democracy found
ready appeal among the masses who rose and fought for it. The American and French
Revolution were the culmination of peoples quest for a free world where law, not the
discretion of kings, would rule. The independence of America and the subsequent
enactment of its constitution which ensured freedom, equality and rule of law,
marked the beginning of a new age in the history of democracy.
However it is an other question that the minority Negroes were suppressed in a
country whose constitution defined: all people created as equal. It is this question
the possibility of which confirmed that a democratic regime could also be oppressive
and tyrannical. Nonetheless the white majority was never short of arguments and was
quick to justify it; that when constitution speaks of equality it meant equality of all
whites. It was paradoxical. Here Rousseaus theory of General Will was in work
practically simultaneously confirming the doubts of Voltaire that General will or
Majority rule would tend to be more oppressive to dissenting minority. The issue
which questioned the primacy of democracy as being an ideal form of government.
These were the inherent weaknesses in democratic system which gave rise to
Communist manifesto: classless society. And it was the age of Hegel, the spiritual
father of Karl Marx, who was pleading his case of Dialectical Theory; thesis,
antithesis, synthesis, in Europe. The theory, through which Karl Marx was to prove
later the doom of democracy. Hegel suggested that every tendency breeds its
antithesis at the very moment it is born. The idea he applied to feudalism as thesis,
democracy as its antithesis and communism which Karl Marx was to declare later as
synthesis; the final destiny of humanity, and the best system of governance.
Communists were quick to attack capitalist democracy which according to them
encourages economic exploitation of working class by industrialists; hence effecting
concentration of wealth in to few hands. Which causes socio economic imbalance in

society . However communists fail to prove that under communism there will be no
such exploitation and masses would suffer less. It is at least implicit in the communist
manifesto. Their aim it seems was to bring one party, which they called Proletariat,
into power It will decide the destiny of ruled. None the less a dictatorship.
At least democracy offers safer options. However bad, democracy is better than
dictatorship, said someone .But the vexing issue was one that of sub-ordination of
minority at the hands of majority in democratic system . To reconcile these two
opposing tendencies was the task that occupied the attention of John Stuart Mill, the
father of Neo-liberalism. Who said that it is not necessary that a popular government
should also be a liberal government. Contradicting his own statement our philosopher
says that threat to democracy is not from government but from a majority that is
intolerant of diversity and uses its numbers to repress the minority. Therefore behind
every liberal government there should be a liberal society. Repression of black
population in America and South Africa may be viewed in this paradigm. Not to
democracy but tyranny may be attributed to an intolerant society.
One of the peculiarities of democratic system is that it affords an opportunity for
resolving issues through negotiations. It was through this means that Martin Luther
King was successful in his struggle against segregation against the blacks in America.
The firm belief in the democracy offered blacks an equal status in the society that
crippled their freedom formerly. However struggle is sine qua non for achieving ideals
ingrained in democratic values. Privileged class never gives up its privileges, you
have to fight for them, says Martin Luther King.
Similarly, the case of repression by the minority Whites against the majority blacks in
South Africa reflected the same dilemma of an intolerant society. Nelson Mandela the
leader of Blacks understood the perils if the majority Blacks came into power; the
danger was that of suppression of the minority Whites. Therefore the struggle he
launched against Apartheid ( a system of laws which stifled the freedom of the Blacks)
was directed against the system and institutions which chained the Blacks. It was
never against the Whites. Mandela acknowledged that, that he was laying grounds for
mutual co-existence between whites and Blacks after the freedom was won. Moreover
democracy helped South Africa achieving social, political and economic cohesion. On
the Contrary, Communist Revolution hardly achieved desired results. The imposition of
dictatorship soon after the fall of Czar regime resulted only in the national
disintegration ones the cold war was over.
In the same way the argument that democracy is a success in one society and its
failure in other is not enough to prove that democracy is not the ideal form of

government. To substantiate it the critics offer examples of third world democratic


countries such as Pakistan. The logical answer to the criticism is that for a liberal
democracy to succeed there should be a liberal society. The more a society is liberal
the greater are the chances of democracy to succeed. The words of Plato may be
relevant when he said: unless we have better men we could not have better society or
state. For a better democracy there must be a better society. Unless it is done society
can not avail itself the benefits a democratic system has to offer.
As it has frequently appeared in the course of discussion that democracy is not an end
itself rather is a means to achieve ends which are ingrained in the democratic values
such as; freedom equality and rule of law. However the Politics of Modern Times have
observed a paradigm shift from ends to means, the latter have become more
important to popular governments. Democracy is promoted but liberty is not Says
Fareed Zakria in his book the Future of Freedom. Similarly election is the first step
forward to achieving the ends in constitutional liberalism, and is an integral part
therefore of any democratic system. Viewed in any other perspective it has no
meaning of its own. Unfortunately, political parties lay greater emphasis on the
election campaigns and spend heavily to secure victory but pay little attention to the
goals set for a democratic government to achieve. Secondly the growth of illiberal
tendencies in democratic world should be a greater cause of concern for the modern
societies. The greater threat today to democracy is from illiberal democracy. Its
success depends largely upon the elimination of illiberal practices which stifle
freedom of society. To put it in a nutshell, if society is to avail what democracy has to
offer, it must direct its energies to fight illiberal democracy. And in doing that lays the
salvation of humanity. Otherwise ruin is at hand amidst Nuclear world

The Concept of Ideal Islamic State


Islamic rulership
The idealised Islamic state is not utopian, in that it does not espouse near impossible
themes that have little bearing to reality. Islamic states did once exist and can
function again in contemporary times, provided the requirements of a contemporary
Islamic state are understood and appropriately developed from the fundamentals that
already exist within the Islamic polity.
A comparison between the modern secular state and the ideal Islamic state is
unavoidable as an investigation of differences in the application of familiar themes in
both systems is a useful way of understanding the basis of an Islamic state.

Potency of politics in Islam


It is a well-known fact that Islam has a value-system applicable to government and
politics. This is a powerful theme that raises spontaneous opposition from the West
due to the West's own historical experience of the renaissance when the state and
church were painfully separated. However, there anumber of reasons which compel
Muslims, even those who are aware of the Western experience, to consider politics,
even modern politics, as being part of practical Islam. These are:
Islam does not separate the secular from the spiritual. It is a comprehensive way of
life. To this effect, it provides man with theoretical and practicalguidance covering all
aspects of life, of which the political aspect is but one. The world, in its view, is a
place of preparation of the soul for the hereafter and that this preparation fulfils the
purpose of creation of man. One cannot therefore consider parts of worldly life as
having no meaning with regards to that final purpose.
The majority of Islamic injunctions apply to the Islamic ummah rather than the
individual. The importance of society and laws governing social interaction in Islam
therefore becomes obvious. The rulership of such a society requires Islam to provide
guidelines for the establishment of a just government and the running of the state
machinery.
When Prophet Muhammad established the first Islamic state in the city of Madinah, he
personally laid down principles by which an Islamic state would run, including the
unity of religious, political and legal institutions. The idea of that original Islamic
state, governed by a perfect ruler enjoying direct communion with God has
remarkable potency for the Muslim even after fourteen hundred years.
The Islamic world was ruled for at least five centuries by some form of Islamic
government partly or fully based on the original idealised model. A vast amount of
material for such governship thus exists in the classical literature. There is a great
attraction in looking into these texts to find means of developing the methods then
used into something that would be applicable in contemporary times.
Sovereignty & legitimacy
The most fundamental principle of Islam is tawhid, which means unity or oneness of
God. This principle is the spirit behind all ideas and practices in Islam. Translated into
political philosophy, it asserts that sovereignty belongs only to Allah. This means that
the explicit commands of Allah, as laid down in the Qur'an cannot be changed and
must be adhered to by all. The principle of oneness further asserts that the
sovereignty of God is fulfilled by the vicegerency of a single person in each age,
called the Imam. It is a principle of faith that such an Imam, a divinely appointed
direct descendant of the Prophet, will always exist on the face of the earth. This is
the source of the political legitimacy for the leadership of the head of state, who is
charged to exercise divine authority within the limits prescribed by Allah.

Another principle that applies here is that of the khilafah, that is the representation
of the lordship of Allah as His trustee. Humankind is the recipient of a lordship over
other creatures of Allah and ultimately bears the responsibility towards Allah of how
this duty is executed. This responsibility is epitomised in a complete and perfect way
in the person of the Imam, who for that reason is also called the khalif. The later
term, popularly written caliph, commonly denotes the Imam in his capacity as the
successor of the Prophet and the head of the Islamic State.
Head of state
There can be no doubt that the type of government espoused by Islam is a form
of theocracy in which the head of state has ultimate decision-making powers. It is not
a theocracy of the kind that once existed in Europe, as the suzerainty of God is not
translated to an arbitrary rule of a priestly class but is invested in a single head whose
rule operates within the divine injunctions of revelation, that is the Qur'an and the
practice of the Prophet. He is the final interpreter and guardian of religion and its
very embodiment, one to be emulated and one who provides the moral basis for law.
His predecessor through an act of designation can only make his appointment.
The very basis for government in Islam is God-given morality and the ruler has to be
the embodiment of that notion. Such high standards are demanded of the ruler that
only such men as Prophets or Plato's Philosopher King in the Republic would do the
post justice. In the Shi'a Fatimi Isma'ili faith, the ruler, that is the Imam, is at once
the sinless and in-errant religious head of the ummah (Islamic community) and also
the khalif, its political ruler.
The Imam represents the Prophet and commands the same authority in so far as
obedience to him is concerned. The Qur'anic verses
"So accept what the Apostle assigns to you and deny yourselves that which he
withholds from you. And fear Allah; for Allah is strict in Punishment."(59:7)
"But no by your Lord they can have no (real) Faith until they make you judge in all
disputes between them and find in their souls no resistance against your decisions but
accept them with the fullest conviction." (4:65)
apply equally for the Imam. The Imam therefore provides the dynamics within religion
and law. He interprets religion in accordance with the requirements of the time. The
authority inherent in the Imam deals with the question of antiquity and irrelevancy of
historical perspectives or of developing classical Islamic institutions for a new age.
The Imam in an Islamic state would have the authority to adopt laws, even divine laws
and to enact constitutions and choose the administrative system to govern with
according to the prevailing circumstances and needs of the times.
The subject of administrative systems allowable in Islam is vast and

includes structure of government, taxation and wealth distribution, security etc. and
will not be dealt with in this dissertation. This dissertation will limit itself to the
judiciary, the philosophy of law and its ethics, the role of morality, human rights and
democracy in an Islamic state, as these are also the principles upon which a
contemporary secular state is based.
Essentials of a modern secular state
Almost all models of government all over the world follow the models that exist or
once existed in Europe, whether they are dictatorships, monarchies or democracies.
Western Europe defined nation-states and developed ideas that have shaped world
governments, international politics and virtually all machinery required to run a
contemporary state. There are a number of themes that such states aspire to. These
can be classified as follows:
Government should be based upon an elected parliament.
The judiciary should be independent of other centres of power.
A degree of egalitarian participation of the people in the running of the state, that
is, a form of democracy.
The protection of individual human rights and civil liberties.
This dissertation will investigate the role of each of these themes in an ideal Islamic
State.
One should note that these themes are not always fully applied even in the most
ardent of liberal democracies. Often, even a democratically elected government acts
against the wishes of the people for selfish or paternalistic reasons. In other cases, as
in the case of the trade union acts in UK, the judiciary gives extreme interpretation
to law and over-rules the intent of parliament. Prejudices sometimes allow different
interpretations of the same law to be applied for different sets of people. Democracy
often produces undesired governments and protection of one set of rights often lead
to violation of others.
The Shari'ah
Islam is most known through its application of the Shari'ah, which is commonly
interpreted as Islamic law and popularly associated with criminal law. This is an
inadequate definition as the Shari'ah is much more than that. There is undoubtedly a
pre-eminence of law in Islam, which stems from its view of revelation. This it regards
as the manifested Will of Allah. The proper response of humankind is therefore to
submit to this Will, accept the trusteeship inherent in this submission and be judged

by it. Thus, every act, however humble or private, whether sacred or not, becomes
charged with "legal" consequences. This judgement is based on a moral measure by
which there is, in Islam, the approved (halal) and the forbidden (haraam) for almost
all aspects of life.
The Shari'ah is however much more than law. It defines the way in which the
submission to Allah is to be done in every conceivable human situation. It provides a
means of understanding the Divine Will and a means of enacting that Will through an
action-based system, both for the individual as well as the society. It encompasses,
for example, the whole body of ethics and morality, rules of prayer and fasting and all
other aspects of religion to the extent that it is sometimes confused with religion
itself. The word literally means "way" and denotes an actualisation of Divine Will.
Some scholars correctly regard it as the most powerful theme in the genius of Islamic
monotheism precisely because it is a process by which the concept of tawhid in Islam
is given form.
There can therefore be no doubt that an idealised Islamic state would derive its
features almost entirely through the Shari'ah. In a short dissertation, the discussion of
Shari'ah has been limited to only to ethics and criminal law as it would take too long
to investigate all its aspects.
Shari'ah Ethics
There is an over-riding importance of ethics4 in Islamic law. So much so that the core
of Shari'ah is often described as nothing but ethics. The Qur'an repeatedly uses the
phrase "those who believe and do righteous works" to denote those who are to achieve
salvation, thereby showing that what is desired of man by God is not simply belief and
worship but also righteous deeds.
The 10th century encyclopaedic work, Rasa'il Ikhwan al-Safa, makes ethics virtually
the paramount purpose of existence of humankind5. There is no road to paradise
except this world and to pursue this world for itself is the height of ethical evil, but
to seek to realise value in this world is the height of ethical goodness. One of the
remarkable features of the single-minded striving of ethics is the definition of what
constitutes moral value. This is defined as the whole body of values, whatever they
may be. A definition of evil is to promote one set of values at the expense of another.
The realisation of the purpose of creation itself is the struggle to raise oneself to
embrace all value. The importance of this philosophy cannot be underestimated. It

means that moral values have an objective existence, which the Muslim is required to
seek out and adhere to without regard to its source. This is pluralism right at the core
of the Shari'ah, despite the supercedary status of morality themes revealed in the
Qur'an. Such is the importance of ethics in Islam that it would form a natural
cornerstone of the ideal Islamic state. It is conceivable that institutions of ethics and
morality would form part of an ideal contemporary Islamic state and the force of
morality would be relied upon much more than law for the running of society.
An important fact about Islamic ethics is that the theological and philosophical
theories that were constructed to support ethics during the classical phase of Islam
were based on Greek rationalism rather than any other eastern philosophy. This
relationship of Islam to western intellectual history has not been recognised in the
West and modern studies of ethics have largely ignored this period of its
development. This also means that ethics of state espousing Islamic values would be
amenable to analysis using contemporary tools developed by the West from Greek
philosophy.
Shari'ah Law and crime
The Sharia'h law encompasses all laws pertaining to inter-personal and society
relations, from marriage and inheritance to distribution of wealth and army etiquette.
In effect, it has the potentiality of dealing with all that is the purview of the law in a
contemporary state and more. Here, we shall deal with some aspects of Shari'ah law
that can be regarded as criminal law.
Criminal law in any society has just one ultimate purpose, which is to protect the
society from activity that society deems unacceptable for whatever reason,
principally the causing of injury to others. The process of meting out justice to the
crime may have a variety of reasons. The most liberal attitude would take the view
that human nature is itself not criminal and that crime is only a symptom of an
inequitable or unjust society. The criminal should therefore be punished only for
rehabilitation purposes as the real cause of crime is the society itself. The view at the
other extreme would be that crime is the responsibility of the perpetrator alone and
the first function of criminal law is to protect the innocent society from the criminal.
This group would favour capital punishment and jail sentences to prevent the criminal
from repeating the crime. Latent in both procedures is the requirement that the
aggrieved party should feel that justice has been done. Another element, especially
found in religious societies is that each crime itself should attract an equivalent

punishment in the objective sense, in which justice is seen to have been done in the
eyes of God alone, regardless to its consequences to society.
The degree to which crime and punishment are to be viewed as being objective
shapes the type of criminal law implemented in a particular state. Where the liberal
and objective viewpoint outweighs the preventative, the state has necessarily to
expend heavy resources in proving the crime and meting out justice accurately as its
ultimate purpose is to identify the crime and deal with it accordingly. In a system
where the primary purpose is prevention of crime, the emphasis is on the punishment
that will have the highest deterring effect. The latter system is concerned more with
the pragmatism than of attaching a value to the crime and accepts that the
punishment may not always be commensurate with the crime. Although the former
appears more humane and the latter more regimental, in practice it is almost
impossible to practice the former which can lead to complicated and inefficient
systems that still allow mis-carriages of justice.
One would think that a religious law would be inclined to define crime and
punishment intrinsically; however Islam appears to do the opposite. What the Shari'ah
does is leave the choice of criminal activity, indeed any sinful or merit worthy
activity, to the individual by including ethics and morality within itself. The ideas of
sin and retribution put justice and the objectivity of crime and punishment firmly in
the spiritual domain, where Allah alone will apportion infallible justice. Punishing a
crime on earth is therefore a social activity rather than a spiritual one and thus Islam
attaches more importance to a practical and deterrent purpose to punishment than to
its rehabilitating value. This is done by a rigid code of punishment attached to each
crime, which is then deliberately rarely applied because of the following reasons:
The crime is made difficult to prove. For example, in the act of fornication, which is
punishable by public flogging or even death for the married fornicator, there needs to
have four witnesses to the act of sexual intimacy for it to be proven6. Showing only
that a couple live together or that they were found alone in a room from which sexual
sounds were heard or that three people saw the act being done would render the
crime unprovable and unpunishable. The effect of the system would therefore be to
castigate only prostitution and blatant sexual promiscuity as that would be the only
type of sexual crime that would be provable.
There is an in-built reluctance for a Muslim to judge even by a God-given law. When a
judgement is to be made, man does so reluctantly mindful of his own fallibility. This

reluctance is best demonstrated by the Prophet when someone unaccused, came to


him to admit to the crime of fornication. He refused to acknowledge it until the
person repeated his admission freely four separate times7.
The Islamic criminal system therefore relies heavily on ethics and moral teachings,
makes crime a private matter between the individual and his Maker, prefers not to
punish even those who would otherwise be found guilty and considers punishment
necessary for its deterring rather than rehabilitating value8. Thus even when the
crime is proven, the judge is instructed to look for mitigating circumstances or throw
doubt upon the evidence that would allow the commuting of the sentence. Moreover,
the sentence can be avoided if the injured party forgives the crime prior to taking the
matter to court or through some restitution. Besides that, the Imam has the absolute
authority to grant pardon. All these are overtures of mercy that are built-in within the
Islamic Shari'ah. The sporadic application of severe laws in modern times by some
regimes aspiring to implement Shari'ah law is not normative, goes against the very
ethos of Islam and is a by-product of the local political and social upheavals.
Miscarriages of justice are accepted in Islam as a manifestation of human weakness.
However, the believer does not see such miscarriages as miscarriages in the grand
scheme of things. An apparent miscarriage is considered to be the result of a different
previous crime that may have been committed by the perpetrator in secret, thereby
validating the impeccable justice of Allah and assigning an objective value, albeit in
the spiritual sense, to the crime9. Punishment, when applied is to be viewed by the
criminal as not only rehabilitative but also redemptive as crime punished on earth
shall not be punished in the hereafter. In this sense, mercy is in-built even in the
application of punishment.
Conclusion
In summary, the themes pertaining to crime in Islam have the practical effect of
limiting society's right to judge and attach stigma to crime and severity of punishment
carried out in public provides a powerful deterrent to crime. In a secular state, the
purpose and practical effect of the criminal law system is often unclear.
In a contemporary Islamic state, the courts could possibly operate with a system close
to the Western magistrate court model, allowing each side professional support, with
the exception that crime would be provable only upon the availability of the
prescribed witnesses and secondly, the decision as to whether a crime was committed

or not would not be delegated to a lay and dubious jury. The judiciary and police and
all other institutions connected to the criminal law system would probably be highly
streamlined, not only because crime instances would be fewer but also because the
stringent witness requirement would reduce the number of cases that can reasonably
be brought to court.

Failure of Democracy in Pakistan: Causes


and Solution
Pakistan came into being before 60 year almost but still endeavoring to
develop the institution of politics in its society. The founding father of this
country, Mr. Jinnah, achieved this country democratically and constitutionally.
Unfortunately destiny did not give enough time to him to draw the socio
economic, religious and political map of newly born state. During early 21 years
of its life - 1947 to 1969 - Pakistan was governed by civil military bureucracy
under oligarchic and authoritarian traditions. This was first chapter of
dictatorship. Second and third one were during 1979 to 1988 and 1999 to 2007
under military dictators.
First democratic election held in 1970 and a uninanimous constitution was
passed by parliament in 1973 in which, democratic parliamentarygovernment
system was introduced. So here started first democratic phase (1970 1979)
under the inspiring leadership of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto. Second and third phases of
democracy were between 1988 to 1999 and 2007 to the present date. So
democratic era in Pakistan is almost 24 years. During this time, elected leaders
proved themselves as a comprehensive failure and they were and they are
failed to deliver to the public. Why democratic traditions are not developed in
Pakistan up till now? What were and what are the major causes behind failure
of democracy here? Now I will explain it.
Causes of failure of democracy in Pakistan lies in our socio - political system.
Feudalism, illiterate and apathetic people, self imposed leaders and inherited
politics are a few salient features of this system. It's a feudal state where we
are living and most of our political leaders are just feudal lords and they and
have assumed and established their identity as political leaders. Feudalism has
been leading towards the traditions of inherited politics as well in this country.

In this feudal culture, millions of people are landless and illiterate peasants
and their social status is not more than a slave. In addition to this, such
landless peasants community is living in acute poverty. Auctoritas of this
community is not even accordance with the minimum standards of human
rights. How can such impoverished, deprived and economically marginalized
peasants community can express their will freely in a democratic process? The
essence of democracy lies in the general will of the public. So during election,
such community is supposed to express the will of the feudal lords. May be due
to their lack of knowledge or the fear of the landlord, landless peasants do so.
In such circumstances, can we expect from landless rural peasants that they
are able to evaluate the credibility of their so called leaders and
the manifesto of political parties before voting? I don't think so they are able to
do this. Almost 70% population of Pakistan leading life in such feudal and rural
traditions. Consequently, general election becomes a selection of a few based
upon the will of a few who are powerful and leading a privileged life. In this
way, democracy has been reduced to oligarchy and aristocracy in our country.
In our democratic set up, our elected leaders even visit their constituencies for
a for a few times as they have no any concern with the welfare of the deprived
communities. As a result, firstly they don't want to know about community
problems at grass root level and secondly, they are unable to find out solutions
of them.
So far as illiteracy is concerned, it is also a major root cause behind the failure
of democracy in Pakistan. Literacy is the very first and the most important pre
requisite for democracy. Accordingly the Census of 1998, literacy rate of
Pakistan was 43.92%.and literacy rate among rural community of Pakistan was
33.64% in 1998. But these are official and manipulated statistics which are
unable to paint the real picture of our population. Actual literacy rate is even
below than these figures particularly in rural areas. So maximum part of our
population is still suffering in the vicious cycle of illiteracy and they are unable
to contribute anything towards the development of Pakistan. Illiteracy also
leads to poverty. An illiterate and economically impoverished community has
only concern with bread and butter and they cannot comprehend and follow
the true spirit of democracy. As a result, such community gives guns in the
hands of monkeys by electing irrelevant persons who are not competent enough
to cope with the contemporary national and international challenges. On the
other hand, our leaders are always busy in pillaging the national resources and

throwing dust into eyes of ignorant and slave people. Another beautiful
manifestation of illiteracy is that most of our politicians contest election on the
base of fake degrees. In such morally corrupt and illiterate nation, how
democracy can flourish and become functional here?
I discussed two major causes of failure of democracy in Pakistan. So far as
current democratic government is concerned, it has been failed
comprehensively to deliver as well. Democracy is here now but in a failed and a
flopped form. It has become just a slogan of exploitation in Pakistan and
nothing else. A democratic government is required to do provide justice, social
welfare and security to the public. But in the present setup, government has
not perceived or made any such integrated package for the nation. On the
other hand, corruption and embezzlement are in full swing now. There is no
security for the citizens and people are being killed like rats on the name of
target killing. Suicide due to poverty and unemployment has become so
common now. Now in 2011, in Pakistan, maximum population comprising youth.
But there is no jobs and employment for them and they are being
underutilized. The sovereignty of our country and land has been simply
auctioned to the Uncle Sam and Pakistan has been reduced to a colony of
Ammerica. In such a way, all the state departments and institutions have been
failed from bottom to top. When Pakistani public is fed up with the governance
of corrupt democratic government, then sometimes they propagate that there
was enough prosperity during previous military regimes and there is no doubt,
military coups of the past were the consequence of failed democratic
governments.
But issue is that our democratic rulers are not divine and we as a nation elect
them. How we can challenge their aunthticity? Yes we cannot and they are our
representatives. When general public will be socially impoverished, deprived
and illiterate, it will produce incompetent, opportunist and corrupt leadership.
Such leaders just exploit people and they secure their vote bank on the name
of democracy. Our leaders assert that they are for the people but actually, they
entertain their vested interest only. Provision of social welfare, education and
justice is not their priorities. The priorities of our gluttonous leadership are to
secure Swiss Bank Accounts, flats in London and Saray Mahal only.
Unfortunately such attitude has become modus operandi of our politicians.
At the end, I want to give some recommendations and accoutrements which

are inevitable to make democracy a successful saga in Pakistan and to


strengthen the fraternity of the nation in general. Sweatshops of feudalism
should be closed and traditions of inherited politics must be abolished.
Education and social liberty should be given to the all nation in general and to
the rural community in particular. There should be social equality, justice and
rule of law across the country. Irrespective of their social status and level of
wealth, all the citizens should be considered equally accountable of their
deeds. Youth must be promoted and young, energetic and educated people
should be encouraged in every sphere of life. When our nation will be literate
and social freedom will be there, then genuine and competent leadership will
emerge from bottom of our society and it will focus on the social welfare and
security of general public and sovereignty of our land. A successful execution of
all these pragmatic measures may can lead towards a strong democratic
Pakistan in true sense and this task is not insurmountable. Otherwise game of
Chess between politicians and Military will continue as it was in the past.

The Concept of Ideal Islamic State


Islamic rulership
The idealised Islamic state is not utopian, in that it does not espouse near impossible
themes that have little bearing to reality. Islamic states did once exist and can
function again in contemporary times, provided the requirements of a contemporary
Islamic state are understood and appropriately developed from the fundamentals that
already exist within the Islamic polity.
A comparison between the modern secular state and the ideal Islamic state is
unavoidable as an investigation of differences in the application of familiar themes in
both systems is a useful way of understanding the basis of an Islamic state.
Potency of politics in Islam
It is a well-known fact that Islam has a value-system applicable to government and
politics. This is a powerful theme that raises spontaneous opposition from the West
due to the West's own historical experience of the renaissance when the state and
church were painfully separated. However, there anumber of reasons which compel
Muslims, even those who are aware of the Western experience, to consider politics,
even modern politics, as being part of practical Islam. These are:
Islam does not separate the secular from the spiritual. It is a comprehensive way of

life. To this effect, it provides man with theoretical and practicalguidance covering all
aspects of life, of which the political aspect is but one. The world, in its view, is a
place of preparation of the soul for the hereafter and that this preparation fulfils the
purpose of creation of man. One cannot therefore consider parts of worldly life as
having no meaning with regards to that final purpose.
The majority of Islamic injunctions apply to the Islamic ummah rather than the
individual. The importance of society and laws governing social interaction in Islam
therefore becomes obvious. The rulership of such a society requires Islam to provide
guidelines for the establishment of a just government and the running of the state
machinery.
When Prophet Muhammad established the first Islamic state in the city of Madinah, he
personally laid down principles by which an Islamic state would run, including the
unity of religious, political and legal institutions. The idea of that original Islamic
state, governed by a perfect ruler enjoying direct communion with God has
remarkable potency for the Muslim even after fourteen hundred years.
The Islamic world was ruled for at least five centuries by some form of Islamic
government partly or fully based on the original idealised model. A vast amount of
material for such governship thus exists in the classical literature. There is a great
attraction in looking into these texts to find means of developing the methods then
used into something that would be applicable in contemporary times.
Sovereignty & legitimacy
The most fundamental principle of Islam is tawhid, which means unity or oneness of
God. This principle is the spirit behind all ideas and practices in Islam. Translated into
political philosophy, it asserts that sovereignty belongs only to Allah. This means that
the explicit commands of Allah, as laid down in the Qur'an cannot be changed and
must be adhered to by all. The principle of oneness further asserts that the
sovereignty of God is fulfilled by the vicegerency of a single person in each age,
called the Imam. It is a principle of faith that such an Imam, a divinely appointed
direct descendant of the Prophet, will always exist on the face of the earth. This is
the source of the political legitimacy for the leadership of the head of state, who is
charged to exercise divine authority within the limits prescribed by Allah.
Another principle that applies here is that of the khilafah, that is the representation
of the lordship of Allah as His trustee. Humankind is the recipient of a lordship over
other creatures of Allah and ultimately bears the responsibility towards Allah of how
this duty is executed. This responsibility is epitomised in a complete and perfect way
in the person of the Imam, who for that reason is also called the khalif. The later
term, popularly written caliph, commonly denotes the Imam in his capacity as the
successor of the Prophet and the head of the Islamic State.
Head of state

There can be no doubt that the type of government espoused by Islam is a form
of theocracy in which the head of state has ultimate decision-making powers. It is not
a theocracy of the kind that once existed in Europe, as the suzerainty of God is not
translated to an arbitrary rule of a priestly class but is invested in a single head whose
rule operates within the divine injunctions of revelation, that is the Qur'an and the
practice of the Prophet. He is the final interpreter and guardian of religion and its
very embodiment, one to be emulated and one who provides the moral basis for law.
His predecessor through an act of designation can only make his appointment.
The very basis for government in Islam is God-given morality and the ruler has to be
the embodiment of that notion. Such high standards are demanded of the ruler that
only such men as Prophets or Plato's Philosopher King in the Republic would do the
post justice. In the Shi'a Fatimi Isma'ili faith, the ruler, that is the Imam, is at once
the sinless and in-errant religious head of the ummah (Islamic community) and also
the khalif, its political ruler.
The Imam represents the Prophet and commands the same authority in so far as
obedience to him is concerned. The Qur'anic verses
"So accept what the Apostle assigns to you and deny yourselves that which he
withholds from you. And fear Allah; for Allah is strict in Punishment."(59:7)
"But no by your Lord they can have no (real) Faith until they make you judge in all
disputes between them and find in their souls no resistance against your decisions but
accept them with the fullest conviction." (4:65)
apply equally for the Imam. The Imam therefore provides the dynamics within religion
and law. He interprets religion in accordance with the requirements of the time. The
authority inherent in the Imam deals with the question of antiquity and irrelevancy of
historical perspectives or of developing classical Islamic institutions for a new age.
The Imam in an Islamic state would have the authority to adopt laws, even divine laws
and to enact constitutions and choose the administrative system to govern with
according to the prevailing circumstances and needs of the times.
The subject of administrative systems allowable in Islam is vast and
includes structure of government, taxation and wealth distribution, security etc. and
will not be dealt with in this dissertation. This dissertation will limit itself to the
judiciary, the philosophy of law and its ethics, the role of morality, human rights and
democracy in an Islamic state, as these are also the principles upon which a
contemporary secular state is based.
Essentials of a modern secular state
Almost all models of government all over the world follow the models that exist or
once existed in Europe, whether they are dictatorships, monarchies or democracies.
Western Europe defined nation-states and developed ideas that have shaped world

governments, international politics and virtually all machinery required to run a


contemporary state. There are a number of themes that such states aspire to. These
can be classified as follows:
Government should be based upon an elected parliament.
The judiciary should be independent of other centres of power.
A degree of egalitarian participation of the people in the running of the state, that
is, a form of democracy.
The protection of individual human rights and civil liberties.
This dissertation will investigate the role of each of these themes in an ideal Islamic
State.
One should note that these themes are not always fully applied even in the most
ardent of liberal democracies. Often, even a democratically elected government acts
against the wishes of the people for selfish or paternalistic reasons. In other cases, as
in the case of the trade union acts in UK, the judiciary gives extreme interpretation
to law and over-rules the intent of parliament. Prejudices sometimes allow different
interpretations of the same law to be applied for different sets of people. Democracy
often produces undesired governments and protection of one set of rights often lead
to violation of others.
The Shari'ah
Islam is most known through its application of the Shari'ah, which is commonly
interpreted as Islamic law and popularly associated with criminal law. This is an
inadequate definition as the Shari'ah is much more than that. There is undoubtedly a
pre-eminence of law in Islam, which stems from its view of revelation. This it regards
as the manifested Will of Allah. The proper response of humankind is therefore to
submit to this Will, accept the trusteeship inherent in this submission and be judged
by it. Thus, every act, however humble or private, whether sacred or not, becomes
charged with "legal" consequences. This judgement is based on a moral measure by
which there is, in Islam, the approved (halal) and the forbidden (haraam) for almost
all aspects of life.
The Shari'ah is however much more than law. It defines the way in which the
submission to Allah is to be done in every conceivable human situation. It provides a
means of understanding the Divine Will and a means of enacting that Will through an
action-based system, both for the individual as well as the society. It encompasses,

for example, the whole body of ethics and morality, rules of prayer and fasting and all
other aspects of religion to the extent that it is sometimes confused with religion
itself. The word literally means "way" and denotes an actualisation of Divine Will.
Some scholars correctly regard it as the most powerful theme in the genius of Islamic
monotheism precisely because it is a process by which the concept of tawhid in Islam
is given form.
There can therefore be no doubt that an idealised Islamic state would derive its
features almost entirely through the Shari'ah. In a short dissertation, the discussion of
Shari'ah has been limited to only to ethics and criminal law as it would take too long
to investigate all its aspects.
Shari'ah Ethics
There is an over-riding importance of ethics4 in Islamic law. So much so that the core
of Shari'ah is often described as nothing but ethics. The Qur'an repeatedly uses the
phrase "those who believe and do righteous works" to denote those who are to achieve
salvation, thereby showing that what is desired of man by God is not simply belief and
worship but also righteous deeds.
The 10th century encyclopaedic work, Rasa'il Ikhwan al-Safa, makes ethics virtually
the paramount purpose of existence of humankind5. There is no road to paradise
except this world and to pursue this world for itself is the height of ethical evil, but
to seek to realise value in this world is the height of ethical goodness. One of the
remarkable features of the single-minded striving of ethics is the definition of what
constitutes moral value. This is defined as the whole body of values, whatever they
may be. A definition of evil is to promote one set of values at the expense of another.
The realisation of the purpose of creation itself is the struggle to raise oneself to
embrace all value. The importance of this philosophy cannot be underestimated. It
means that moral values have an objective existence, which the Muslim is required to
seek out and adhere to without regard to its source. This is pluralism right at the core
of the Shari'ah, despite the supercedary status of morality themes revealed in the
Qur'an. Such is the importance of ethics in Islam that it would form a natural
cornerstone of the ideal Islamic state. It is conceivable that institutions of ethics and
morality would form part of an ideal contemporary Islamic state and the force of
morality would be relied upon much more than law for the running of society.
An important fact about Islamic ethics is that the theological and philosophical

theories that were constructed to support ethics during the classical phase of Islam
were based on Greek rationalism rather than any other eastern philosophy. This
relationship of Islam to western intellectual history has not been recognised in the
West and modern studies of ethics have largely ignored this period of its
development. This also means that ethics of state espousing Islamic values would be
amenable to analysis using contemporary tools developed by the West from Greek
philosophy.
Shari'ah Law and crime
The Sharia'h law encompasses all laws pertaining to inter-personal and society
relations, from marriage and inheritance to distribution of wealth and army etiquette.
In effect, it has the potentiality of dealing with all that is the purview of the law in a
contemporary state and more. Here, we shall deal with some aspects of Shari'ah law
that can be regarded as criminal law.
Criminal law in any society has just one ultimate purpose, which is to protect the
society from activity that society deems unacceptable for whatever reason,
principally the causing of injury to others. The process of meting out justice to the
crime may have a variety of reasons. The most liberal attitude would take the view
that human nature is itself not criminal and that crime is only a symptom of an
inequitable or unjust society. The criminal should therefore be punished only for
rehabilitation purposes as the real cause of crime is the society itself. The view at the
other extreme would be that crime is the responsibility of the perpetrator alone and
the first function of criminal law is to protect the innocent society from the criminal.
This group would favour capital punishment and jail sentences to prevent the criminal
from repeating the crime. Latent in both procedures is the requirement that the
aggrieved party should feel that justice has been done. Another element, especially
found in religious societies is that each crime itself should attract an equivalent
punishment in the objective sense, in which justice is seen to have been done in the
eyes of God alone, regardless to its consequences to society.
The degree to which crime and punishment are to be viewed as being objective
shapes the type of criminal law implemented in a particular state. Where the liberal
and objective viewpoint outweighs the preventative, the state has necessarily to
expend heavy resources in proving the crime and meting out justice accurately as its
ultimate purpose is to identify the crime and deal with it accordingly. In a system
where the primary purpose is prevention of crime, the emphasis is on the punishment

that will have the highest deterring effect. The latter system is concerned more with
the pragmatism than of attaching a value to the crime and accepts that the
punishment may not always be commensurate with the crime. Although the former
appears more humane and the latter more regimental, in practice it is almost
impossible to practice the former which can lead to complicated and inefficient
systems that still allow mis-carriages of justice.
One would think that a religious law would be inclined to define crime and
punishment intrinsically; however Islam appears to do the opposite. What the Shari'ah
does is leave the choice of criminal activity, indeed any sinful or merit worthy
activity, to the individual by including ethics and morality within itself. The ideas of
sin and retribution put justice and the objectivity of crime and punishment firmly in
the spiritual domain, where Allah alone will apportion infallible justice. Punishing a
crime on earth is therefore a social activity rather than a spiritual one and thus Islam
attaches more importance to a practical and deterrent purpose to punishment than to
its rehabilitating value. This is done by a rigid code of punishment attached to each
crime, which is then deliberately rarely applied because of the following reasons:
The crime is made difficult to prove. For example, in the act of fornication, which is
punishable by public flogging or even death for the married fornicator, there needs to
have four witnesses to the act of sexual intimacy for it to be proven6. Showing only
that a couple live together or that they were found alone in a room from which sexual
sounds were heard or that three people saw the act being done would render the
crime unprovable and unpunishable. The effect of the system would therefore be to
castigate only prostitution and blatant sexual promiscuity as that would be the only
type of sexual crime that would be provable.
There is an in-built reluctance for a Muslim to judge even by a God-given law. When a
judgement is to be made, man does so reluctantly mindful of his own fallibility. This
reluctance is best demonstrated by the Prophet when someone unaccused, came to
him to admit to the crime of fornication. He refused to acknowledge it until the
person repeated his admission freely four separate times7.
The Islamic criminal system therefore relies heavily on ethics and moral teachings,
makes crime a private matter between the individual and his Maker, prefers not to
punish even those who would otherwise be found guilty and considers punishment
necessary for its deterring rather than rehabilitating value8. Thus even when the
crime is proven, the judge is instructed to look for mitigating circumstances or throw

doubt upon the evidence that would allow the commuting of the sentence. Moreover,
the sentence can be avoided if the injured party forgives the crime prior to taking the
matter to court or through some restitution. Besides that, the Imam has the absolute
authority to grant pardon. All these are overtures of mercy that are built-in within the
Islamic Shari'ah. The sporadic application of severe laws in modern times by some
regimes aspiring to implement Shari'ah law is not normative, goes against the very
ethos of Islam and is a by-product of the local political and social upheavals.
Miscarriages of justice are accepted in Islam as a manifestation of human weakness.
However, the believer does not see such miscarriages as miscarriages in the grand
scheme of things. An apparent miscarriage is considered to be the result of a different
previous crime that may have been committed by the perpetrator in secret, thereby
validating the impeccable justice of Allah and assigning an objective value, albeit in
the spiritual sense, to the crime9. Punishment, when applied is to be viewed by the
criminal as not only rehabilitative but also redemptive as crime punished on earth
shall not be punished in the hereafter. In this sense, mercy is in-built even in the
application of punishment.
Conclusion
In summary, the themes pertaining to crime in Islam have the practical effect of
limiting society's right to judge and attach stigma to crime and severity of punishment
carried out in public provides a powerful deterrent to crime. In a secular state, the
purpose and practical effect of the criminal law system is often unclear.
In a contemporary Islamic state, the courts could possibly operate with a system close
to the Western magistrate court model, allowing each side professional support, with
the exception that crime would be provable only upon the availability of the
prescribed witnesses and secondly, the decision as to whether a crime was committed
or not would not be delegated to a lay and dubious jury. The judiciary and police and
all other institutions connected to the criminal law system would probably be highly
streamlined, not only because crime instances would be fewer but also because the
stringent witness requirement would reduce the number of cases that can reasonably
be brought to court.

Does Pakistani society regard woman as an angel in house or source of all


evil?

OUTLINE
1.Introduction:
Woman is regarded as an angel in Pakistani society in house.
2.Historical Perspective:
a-Arabs regard for woman before Islam-Islam light for woman
3. Islamic regard for woman:
a-Mother-Paradise under her feet.
b-Daughter-Bless for her father.
c-Sister-a great helper.
d-Wife-Companion of her husbands life.
4.Woman in Pakistani society:
a-As mother
b-As daughter
c-As sister
d-As wife
5.Role and duties of woman in Pakistani society:
a-As mother-Awakes nights sleepless for her baby.
b-As daughter-Cares for respect of her father and herself and has great obedience.
c-As sister-helps in education and other activities.
d-As wife serves husband.
6.Consideration for woman as source of all evil due to misconceptions and
misunderstandings:
a-Karokari-because of self interests,
b-Sexual harassments-to fulfill ill will.

7.Conclusion
Yes, Pakistani society regard woman as angel in house because Pakistani society is
based on the Islamic ideology and Islam is a religion of peace and regard for rights of
all human beings. Before Islam, the Arabs deprived woman from the rights and
humiliate her and there was regard for woman as source of all evil. Islamic education
converted the people from animals into humans. Islam gives full rights to woman
according to the shariah. Pakistan had got independence on the Islamic basis. In Islam
women are regarded as angels in house in the shape of mother, daughter, sister and
wife. The roles and duties which are performed by woman in Pakistani society confer
woman more than angels. Woman is also considered as source of all evils in some
areas of Pakistani but due to misconceptions and misunderstandings. Thus, Pakistani
society regard woman as an angel in house.
Islam has been playing vital role since beginning for the awareness of the people.
Before, Islam the Arabs used to humiliate woman by depriving them from their rights
in property or society. They were buried alive. Such type of injustices and immoral
activities vanished from those people who accepted Islam. Islam is blessing for the
woman rights.
Islamic shariah supports woman rights in economic, social and religious aspects of
life.Woman has been given 1/8 of the property as mother.The respect for a woman is
considered in Islamic society in the eyes of father,brother,husband,etc.The religious
education is necessary for woman to be given.Islamic shariah is freedom for woman
from evils of society.

Pakistan had got independence on the ground of Islam. Woman has same trainings and
learnings of Islamic society as Islam recommends. Woman has also been recognized
with the same status as she has in heavens. Woman as a mother has paradise under
her feet. As a daughter, she is blessing for her father. A sister for her brother is great
helper. As a wife, companions of her husbands life.Such kind of regards for woman
in Pakistani society are greatest of all other worldly societies.
Woman plays vital role and duties in Pakistani society in house which makes her above
the angelic regard. Woman as a mother sacrifices all her nights and days when she is
blessed a baby by Allah. What a great duty and role this is! As a daughter, a woman

serves her father and takes care of her respect and obeys all the decisions of her
father for his pleasure. A sister in Pakistani society is a great helper for her brothers.
She plays games with brothers and helps in other activities, like, education. The
above roles and duties make a woman more than angels in Pakistani society in house.
Woman is considered a source of all evil in some areas of Pakistan but this regard is
based on the misconceptions and misunderstandings created by the evil nature of
man. The activity of KaroKari is against law. In this woman is used to victimize a man
because in KaroKari, both the man and woman are killed.The illiterate people do this
activity to fulfill their financial, social or political purposes. Another, problem is
sexual harassment for a woman. In theoffices or organizations where she works,the
people of ill will for their need of sex,blame a woman to blackmail her.For this type
of misconceptionswoman in Pakistani society can not be regarded as source of all evil.
In simple words, Pakistani society regard woman as an angel in house because it is an
Islamic society. Analysis of historical perspective and Islamic light favors Islam as the
best for woman. The status, role and duties of woman played in house in Pakistani
society prove woman more than angelic regard. There are some misconceptions in
some territories of Pakistani society which are baseless to regard woman as source of
all evil. Woman is regarded as angel in house in Pakistani society.

Media in Pakistan:"When complaints are freely heard, deeply considered, and speedily reformed, then is
the utmost bound of civil liberty attained, that wise men look for."-- Milton
No power on this earth can block the truth as it is God who, being the truth Himself,
guards it. Nowhere in history could the truth ever be suppressed, it always revealed
itself in some other form and with dangerous consequences.
British philosopher John Stuart Mill underlined the need for free speech mainly for
three reasons. He believed that freedom to read or write is an important element to
expose and reveal the truth, to ensure self-development and self-fulfillment
of citizens and to help ensure participation of thecitizens in a democracy.
The Pakistani media is an enthusiastic member of the new warrior clan of the 21st
century and despite belonging to war-torn country, is playing active role in keeping
with the demands of the modern times. By airing divergent views and engaging in

cross questioning on significant national and social issues the media reflects and
informs public opinion and practically shares the task of the parliament.
Investigative reporting and live discussions can undermine the spell of many a
magicians.
This has facilitated public access to the hitherto unseen workings of the political and
bureaucratic set-up while simultaneously highlighting the injustices suffered by the
common man as a result of the shady practices of the elite.
After a significant role of media in restoring the judicial crisis, media has an
unprecedented ability to act as a catalyst in civil society efforts to strengthen
democratic polity.
The fundamental ingredient making democracy possible is the flow of information.
The media (plural of medium )electronic, print, cyber and internet ensures this flow
of information. If restricted, censored or hindered in any way the people will remain
ignorant, ignorant of events, ignorant of their rights, their duty to the State, their
needs and the role that they can play for the betterment of the society they live in
and the country as a whole.
Macaulay called the Press as Fourth Estate of the government, but the advent of
technology the media has gained new dimension, great strength and very sharp
transforming the present age into information explosion.
The media plays an extremely important role in transmitting the claims of social,
economic and political movements to the decision-makers and the public. A free press
and electronic media is an essential attribute today of a democratic polity because
only these sources of information can keep not only information flowing freely but
also help maintain a constant dialogue between the policy makers and the masses.
How did TV Channels Emerged in Pakistan:
Surprisingly, the free electronic media in Pakistan was initiated by a dictator General
Musharraf, though he had his own interests to present himself as ademocrat President
before the West.
Growth of Satellite system facilitated it technical side. President Musharraf to project
Enlightened Moderation and democratic image.
Multinationals advertisements provided huge income to make the business viable.

The peoples interest in watching their issues instead of traditional dramas and
movies.
The world after 9/11 and talk shows got the attention of the Pakistanis and the
Muslim world. Talented anchor persons became the voice of the people.
Less readership and more viewer ship due to busy life spread the culture of watching.
Availability of TV sets due to China imports and cheap manufacturing in Pakistan.
New local government system in 2001 and 2002 the urgency to provide electronic
media at the grass-roots level.
Allowing media freedom was not a choice for Pakistans establishments. It was their
compulsion. During the Kargil conflict the Pakistani establishment had learnt the
bitter lesson that PTV commanded only a limited audience. People watched Zee News
and other Indian channels to get the other side of the story.
In this backdrop it was decided the Pakistan needed its own independent electronic
media channels.
Western Media and need for local Media:
The Western Media Cover Iraq, or Afghanistan, WMD. A.Q. Khan, London bombings,
Popes remarks about Islam or Islamabad agreement with tribal elders in South
Waziristan, but with its own comments and showing one as Hero and other as Villain.
The world is in the grip of War of Media.
Johann Galtung, a distinguished journalist, maintains that media projects violence
without analyzing its causes for unresolved issues portrays one side as Evil and the
other as Liberator. Kevin Doyle quotes the theory of Propaganda Model and
explains that the modern Media promotes the division within the global village which
is enhancing insecurity.
The US controlled western media, is blaming Islam and Muslims as terrorists. If some
Muslims are terrorists, it does not prove over a billion Muslims are terrorists. Former
President CBS News, Richard Salient reveals,
Our job is to give people not what they want, but we decide they ought to have.

Miracles of Electronic Media:


Modern-day electronic media, on the other hand, has employed advanced technology
to wage a bloodless war in the form of investigative reporting and live debates.
The combined usage of auditory and visual sensory perceptions by the electronic
media can succeed in stimulating deep emotions and sensations.
Televised news is the most powerful medium today, especially in Pakistan where the
literacy rate is extremely low. Due to impact of TV channels, the people are more
informed. The electronic media, along with the print media, often criticize the
government for going against the spirit of the constitution, violating democratic
traditions and being unaccountable to the public at large for inflation,
unemployment, poverty, deterioration of the law and order situation and
highhandedness against opposition.
It can be used as a motivational force to bring consensus on vital issues like education
and health. The truth is that the significance of the media as a medium of
interconnectedness of human affairs cannot be undermined in an age of rapid
globalization.
It seems to have overtaken the press in forms of impact on the target population in as
much as it reproduces events and characters on the screen directly and promptly. The
advent of independent TV channels in the country substantially transformed our
culture and political discourse. Television is far more effective pervasive, intensive
and graphic than print media. Its impact on the public mind is substantially higher
than that of the print media. Live coverage on television not only provides us with the
most up-to-date information about events but also engages the viewer in a way that
print media cannot do the in the same way.
It is usually claimed that the job of the media is the dispassionate presentation of
facts. The fact is that the job of the media person is not to serve as a post office but
more importantly to educate the public through informed reporting so as to facilitate
as objective an opinion formation as possible. A free media that works conscientiously
can serve as the collective conscience at the national and international level. This,
however, is often easier said than done.
The reporter or journalist is after all human and endowed with biases and in some
cases prejudices and as with all power bases the media too is vulnerable to the

corruption of the absolute power. There will always be those in their ranks who can be
bought with cash or perks or promises of paradise. But then there will always be those
who are not purchasable because they know that their reporting can make or break
individuals, communities and nations -- a heavy burden indeed.
Positive Effects:
Political Analysis:
The skilled and bold personality of anchor person raises peoples voice and clearly
asks the real point of the crisis.
They analyze government actions, either in favor or against the masses and develop
the opinions of the experts.
Media is serving as true democratic notion of peoples participation. The general
peoples criticism, analysis, and comments are added. which also act as a catharsis.
The ruling feel shame while speaking bluff in live shows before the millions of the
citizens.
Media successfully informs the whole world against any injustice and shows world
criticism which compel the government to change its autocratic orders.
Economic Debate
Shows governments projects internationally to get foreign investment by projecting
the benefits of the enterprise.
Advertising to maintain competition among various companies which facilitates the
public. Like, mobile phones and their lowering prices.
It represents new business trends going in the world and offering the new
opportunities for the investors.
Performance of stock exchange keeps update the investors.
Spreads technical education to learn the working of the machinery.
Social Awareness:

Bring the world at doorstep


with its various trends, colors and life styles.
Changes moods and behavior of people from conservative to liberal.
Bold topics through dramas and talk shows to purify the society from superstitions,
evils and fake stories.
New household styles to upgrade the living standards.
Guides the youth for new opportunities and to compete with the world in all fields of
life.
Creates civic sense.
Religion Clarifications:
Authentic information by the competent scholars instead of narrow minded and
ignorant clerics who have changed the world into hell.
Solutions of answers of publics questions which remain unheared and unexplained.
Highlights religious events like Mohram, Eid, Mairaj and the holy ramazan.
Sectarian harmony is minimized by putting forward the views of competent and
enlightened Ulamas.
Negative Effects:
Political gimmick:
Blackmailing by the media persons to get personal gains as now practically, media is
not answerable before any institution.
Sensationalism of news to get cheap popularity.
To show one as Evil and other as Liberator by continuously repeating the comments or
visuals.

Social Evils:
Vulgarity due to inflow of foreign culture. The English and Indian channels are
affecting the moral of the youth.
Time wastage due to constant watching the dramas.
More materialism by diminishing simplicity.
Generation gap is increasing on account of fast approach towards life.
Religious impressions:
Weakening religious impressions due to foreign culture and time wastage.
Challenges to Media:

The violence stricken areas like FATA, Balochistan, the journalists are terribly
vulnerable. In 2008, almost 12 journalists were killed and 6 in 2009. It has curbed the
free flow of information.
Pakistan is facing conflict of ideologies between conservative and secular approaches.
Therefore media is cautious in debating on such sensitive issues
The government indirectly restricts media by withholding advertisements.
Media monopoly by big groups is also obstructing the expansion of smaller channels
PAMERA have frequently threatened to cancel the license. Also other government
agencies pressurize.
The political issues are so debated that other social, religious and psycholoigical
aspects are not properly addressed.
Though the media as an institution enjoys enormous power and influence, media
organizations are not charity houses: they operate as businesses and have commercial
interests. There is a natural tendency to indulge in corruption and malpractice when
an institution enjoys absolute power, particularly in the absence of a strong system of
accountability.

The Government verses Media


Our country is rapidly drifting towards destruction due to the ever-increasing
corruption and poor governance.
Since independence, corruption and mismanagement have become common norms.
Now media has to work hard to sweep the dirt. As a result, the government considers
it as humiliation and defeat. The anchors like Kamran khan, Dr Shahid Masood, Hamid
Mir, luqman Mubasher, Talat Hussain etc. have successfully criticized missing people,
steel mills case, Kerry Lugar bill, NRO, rental projectors, victimization by members of
the assemblies and the inside stories of DEALS with each other.
This government has no ability or a morally upright resource to take cognisance of it;
our attorney-general has resigned due to corruption charges, the minister for
parliamentary affairs has been named in a corruption case involving tens of million
rupees and it is needless to mention the conduct of our ex-chief justice Abdul Hameed
Dogar.
The banning of Meray Mutabiq is unacceptable to 170 million Pakistanis who believe in
the freedom of speech. This is an attack on free speech and the media by the current
regime which must be resisted. Dr Shahid Masood has been bringing the facts before
the nation. He is a professional journalist and must be allowed to continue his show.
PEMRA and Freedom of Media
The Authority is responsible for facilitating and regulating the establishment and
operation of all broadcast media and distribution services in Pakistan. The mandate of
PEMRA is ensure accountability, transparency and good governance by optimization
the free flow of information. But the ex-President Mushraf issued orders To seize
broadcast equipment or seal the premises. When journalist refused to be overawed
by indirect threats, a draconian law in the form of the Pemra (Amendment)
Ordinance, 2007, was promulgated. This law is on its face contrary to Article 19 to the
Constitution of Pakistan, 1973, which guarantees freedom of speech, expression and
the press. To raise the fine of violations tenfold and if required to suspend the
lincense.
Sensationalism in the Media:
What is sensationalism? Dog bites Man. This is old news. We already know the
outcome. Man bites Dog. This is sensationalism: it immediately stirs the listeners

mind and is the cause for great hype.


The dramatic background music, images of clashes between security officials and
civilians, and riots all form a part of sensationalism, enticing the viewer to turn on
the television set. Whatever the truth, does not matter, television is selling, making
money and that is the true motive.
On the other hand the growing trend in broadcast media for attracting anchors on
heavy remunerations, anchors who possess skills of creating sensationalism and who
spice news with hypothesis, is an example of how media channels are departing from
objectivity and balanced reporting.
Furthermore, the frequent switching of anchors from one channel to another mainly
for economic gains in utter disregard of the basic ethos of the journalistic profession
also supports the argument that broadcast media in Pakistan is headed for overcommercialization.
These channels sometimes most of the time have been guilty of over-doing things with
their moment-by-moment commentary. Give them some time (a decade at least!),
theyll mature over time.
Also they would just cut anybody, a politician would be there talking and they will cut
him in the middle saying buhat buhat shukriya app ka
During the Lal masjid episode she even once said to DG ISPR app qaum ko koi pegham
dena chahin ge. he said, BB main yahan apni duty de raha hoon, qaum ko pegham
dene nahin aya.
The claim of Sub se pehley has started a mad race.
The media has realized its power and ability to penetrate an innocent mind and they
are exercising it so savagely.
The private channels are owned by big investors with a purpose to enhance business.
They have to afford massive expenses, so, competition to excel others makes them
irresponsible. In order to attract more view ship and resultantly more commercialsthey even sometimes forget the damage caused to national interest.
A bold and blunt anchor person undermines the set standards. The petty events are
heightened. Tiny is made mighty and vice versa-on the grounds of personal grudges or
at the behest of the owners.

Moreover still, the mood of the public is not as mature as in the strong democracies
due to lack of education and weak sociopolitical and cultural norms.
Causes of Controlled Media:
The imperial heritage has been hallmark about politics. In Pakistan, not only the
dictators but also the civilians rulers took unconstitutional steps, covered their own
corruption along with their associates. Internal corruption of judiciary all were only
possible with a curbed media.
Narrow minded religious parties once the blue eyed boys of the military restricted
media freedom.
Media has been the fear of every general after taking over the government.
The illiterate masses have been exerting zero pressure on the policy makers.
The reason for different views are the investors. If a party or institution invests in the
media, they want to see their own views reflected. The views reflected are not
necessarily of the public, nor of the employees, rather, the views of those who pay
wages to these employees, in turn shaping not only their view, but also the public.
Corporate barons who own a large chunk of the Pakistani Media obeyed the official
orders to get monetary benefits.
Pakistan has failed to spawn a free and fair political culture attuned to the
expectations of its people. Journalists have been intimated and humiliated by the
denizens of power and their agents. The vigilantes of the political parties, tooespecially the religion-oriented ones-also contribute generously to making the lives of
journalists miserable. Everyone wants the journalists to obey their orders.
Suggestions:
The media as an institution and fourth estate is accountable to the public and
responsible for its actions. Media practitioners should stop thinking they are above the
law. Let the media introduce an internal scheme of checks and balances.
Undoubtedly, this is an uphill task.
Accountability of the media is not possible under the disputed regulatory regime.
Media organizations and civil society should jointly constitute a commission for this

task. The recent coming together of several leading TV channels to frame rules for
terrorism coverage is a step in the right direction. This move may help purge the
elements abusing the power of the media in violation of the public mandate.
The aim of media activism should be to strengthen the weak and vulnerable segments
of society. It is they who need our support, activism is not merely reporting but it
involves deep passion and research.
While covering a big story, especially in the war zones, the human sides of a conflict
are often ignored by the general media. Here media activism can play its true role in
reminding the world of the miseries and sufferings of the ignored segments of society.
In the same context the NRO has made even the highest office of the country
questionable. In such an environment it is the honest and straight-forwarded media
which can make some difference by acting as a pressure group and the recent action
of the government amounts to treason.
First and foremost, media must help in stabilizing the national institutions and
national socio-economic, political and administrative structure by pointing out the
flow and appreciating any rod work done by the Government or State institutions and
organizations in private sector. Serving the country honestly and sincerely must be
projected.
The need to strengthen our socio-cultural and ideological foundations was never so
great as it is today. There is cultural invasion from the West and Indian TV channels
and Cable TV networks. Our values are being attacked and are in danger. Media must
build our confidence and faith in our values.
We as viewer should mend ourselves, so that we may not be carried away with the
media hype. We should know when t o stop viewing the repeated hysterics.
Media going through a turbulent transition, with a new found liberties. It is hoped
they will settle to a saner posture in due course.
It must create a pride in our glorious past, our culture and our way of living. Pakistan
is the seventh atomic power in the world and the only Muslim country, which has
achieved this status. This is a matter of great pride and prestige. We have mat
beautiful normative and social value structure, which needs to be preserved,
promoted and strengthened.

Media must help sustain confidence in our national institutions such as parliament,
armed forces and our social structure. Erosion of such confidence in our institutional
set-up can be dangerous. All problems and issues such as relating to functioning of our
institutional framework have to be explained effectively to the people so that they
develop a positive opinion and attitude.
At present, we are living in a world, which is moving too fast. And in the ensuing din
and noise masses must be helped by the mass media to see things clearly so that they
are not misled.
The prime objective of media must be national stability in all its dimensions. A social
and political climate needs to be created in which people could engage-themselves in
positive and healthy activities and could contribute to the overall national
development.
The feelings of despondency, frustration and deviant tendencies need to be
neutralized. Only an effective media, can do this.
This also places far greater responsibility on the shoulders of those running its affairs.
The nature of their functions is such that all those involved in the process including
reporters, analysts, anchors, editorial staff and the management are required to
make difficult choice every day. It is essential for their credibility that they remain
visibly impartial, evenhanded and demand from the passions of the moment.
A system of journalistic accountability, both internal and external, is in place on the
news side, which leads to more responsible reporting and editing.
The sudden boom in the media has led to severe shortages of trained manpower, so
that people can be appointed to positions that require more journalistic experience
than they really have.
The print and broadcast media must make every effort to ensure that their coverage
is factual, balanced and informed. Live pictures must be responsibly broadcast.
Conclusion:
To summarize, media can help stabilize and strengthen the country by playing
educational and informative role and by imparting knowledge to the masses as
knowledge is power and only a well-informed society can develop a positive approach
towards fife.

The objective of media freedom can be realized only when public trust and
confidence reposed in the media is respected and protected by the media itself by
acting as a true watchdog, keeping an eye on the government on behalf of the public.
Freedom of conscience, of education, of speech, of assembly, is among the very
fundamentals of democracy and all of them would be nullified if freedom of the press
be successfully challenged, maintained US president Roosevelt.
This is an era of satellite televisions, internet connectivity, and mobile telephony. US
constitution categorically forbids: Congress shall make no law abridging the freedom
of speech or of press.

ETHNIC CRISIS IN PAKISTAN


Dancing around the first is not the solution to any problem. One should try t see
beneath the surface in order to grasp an idea about the basic issue .Despite a stream
of strong words and announcements and by the government ,various nongovernmental organizations and political institutions, nothing has been done
successfully in order eliminate the either crises in Pakistan .Rather the situation has
taken quantum leap for the worse .
The struggle for Pakistan was a unique historical experience with few parallels in the
annals of history .It transcended ethnic ,linguistic, cultural and regional differences
and coalesced into a powerful movement culminating in the creation of an
independent homeland for the Muslims of the sub-continent. It even defied the
geographic compulsions. In essence, it was an experience of a deep Muslim
consciousness which both inspiring and invigorating. However ,Pakistan after its
creation was, indeed ,and ethnically plural society.
Pakistan ,these days is passing through a crucial era of multifarious ethnic problems;
multi-lingual and regional; problems etc. The province of the Punjabi has three
distinct ethno-linguistic groups i.e . Punjabi ,Potohari and Saraiki speaking .Of late
,there has been a nascent rise of Saraiki consciousness with a demand for a separate
Saraiki Province comprising of Saraiki speaking areas .In Baluchistan the Baluch , Brohi
and Pakhtoons are dominated ethnoligual groups. The wide spread nationalist
consciousness of Balchusitan has cut across the tribal divisions. In the North-Western
Province of Pakistan ,apart from Pushtu,Hindku and Saraiki are also spoken in some
parts of this province .The Pustoons as an ethnic group are integrating with the
economic life of the rest of the country .The issue of Kalabagh Dam has arisen out of
the same ethnic issue and provincial disharmony of Pakistan in the province. Though
the proposed dam may play the role of key factor in the prosperity of the country and
may breath a new life in the agricultural and industrial life of Pakistan .Moreover the
ethnic groups of the province also demand regional and to rename the province as

Pakhtoonistan. Similarly the problem of ethnicity in Sindh is very complex. It is a web


of discards, clash of interest and the resultant sense deprivation between the
different ethnic groups. Overawed bewildered conditions, the inhabitants
themselves ,sometime become bewildered and the frequent out burst of violence
creates hysteria among the people which consequences which are damaging for the
peace and harmony of the province and also for the nation as a whole.
Briefly, the issue of ethnicity in Pakistan is closely linked with the social economic and
political elements of the state structures. The close linkage makes the problem all the
more intricate and complex.
The genesis of the issue can be traced to Mughal era. The Mughal ruled the subcontinent on a feudalistic pattern. When their grip softened ,this gave rise to the
tribal chiefs and Waderas to establish their own state. This political milieu gave
opportunity to the British to establish their rule through this system and establish
links with the Waderas through strong civil services.
Pakistan came into being as a result of a popular struggle and vote , but the Muslim
League which came into power was not a political party but a movement with Quaid
e Azam as a focal point. His early death was a great set-back to the nation and fruit
of independence could not reach the populace as in India ,but developed in the hands
of landlords pirs and the link. The categories did not have common philosophy for
themselves. Seeing this, the civil service assumed by the military and they ruled it
directly and indirectly. This created a sense of deprivation and frustration amongst
the people of Pakistan in general and in the people of smaller provinces in particular.
Unfortunately the politics of Pakistan has never been placed on some specific
philosophy ,program or principle . It has been in a negation of all the ingredients of a
true democracy .It has always been confined to prisons and personalities. Every since
partition the only motive behind the political alliances has been for personal gain ,
power and wealth .Political parties are the personal fiefdom of political leaders,
scions o f inter-related families of landlords, pirs, nawabs, industrialists, business
tycoons and generals. They conspire and intrigue with civil or military bureaucracy to
achieve ,retain and perpetuate power. This treacherous act of traditional politicians
overlapped the very sense of democracy and brotherhood of motherland.
The political and the administration structure with its highly centralized state power
completely failed in providing effective popular governance . It strongly resisted the
equitable distribution of power in which the elite protected its own interest
.Autocracy and centralized rule practiced by the past rulers both military and civil has
damaged democracy, destroyed national institutions and kept a healthy political
cultural from flourishing. It has created the sense of deprivation amongst between the
masses through the country and has widen the gap between the haves and have-nots.
The power sharing problem has played a vital role in the political scene of the country
.The most tragic outcome of this issue is the creation of Bangladesh which has

encouraged the sense of regionalism in the smaller provinces as well ethnic groups of
the country. The demand for Sindhudesh and the Saraiki province are closely linked
with the same ethnic sentiments of the province of Bengal now known as Bangladesh
which had been a wing of Pakistan up to its separate in 1971.
Provincial disharmony has risen out of the neglect and deprivation of smaller
provinces. The centralization of power has encouraged internal dissension and
disharmony. It has weakened the state and aggravated the multidimensional crises the
people face in their daily life. This has resulted in deteriorating political and social
fabric of the country . All the provinces were devoid of effective power and the
centre enjoyed the power in majority of the subjects. Most of these were required to
be decentralized and restored to the provinces and from there to grass roots level.
But no concrete effort was made by any military or democratic government of
Pakistan .
Prior to partition Hindus dominated urban population ,but the partition led to a
dramatic change in the demographic structure of the country especially in the
province of Sindh. A size able population of Muhajirs started to settle in the big
cities . Moreover a high rate of in country migration and from Bangladesh ,Sri Lanka ,
Afghanistan and Iran ., to Sindh province balance , has further contributed in
changing the already fragile ethnic balance between Sindhi and non- Sindhis.
Before partition, Sindh was a compact province linguistically when both Hindus and
the Muslims spoke Sindhi. The demographic changes compelled by the independence
shattered the linguistic homogeneity of Sindh . This development hurt local sensitive
and gave rise to inflamed feelings among the intelligentsia.
Large scale allotments of barrage land to Punjabis at the cost of landless peasantry of
Sindh itself created strong resentment against Punjabi farmers. It should be noted
here that one of the reasons for this settlement policy was that a Punjabi farmer, with
his tradition of hard work and commitment to land was though to be better equipped
to develop the virgin land of Sindh . But the imbalance in allotment of lands led to
improper distribution of facilities in agricultural sector. As a result all these factors
combined to create strong resentment against.
Ethnicism is not a peculiar phenomenon. It is a trend finding its full bloom and
expression in both the advance and the developing countries .As far as the case of
Pakistan is concerned a comprehensive plan need to be devised to bring ethnic
politics within the force of mainstream politics. Sustained efforts should be made to
cultivate faith in the constitutional means for redress of grievances and fulfillment of
basic genuine demands at large scale .
Of late, we witness a new trend , a nexus between ethnicism and the frequent use of
weapons. In fact , at times ethnic culture is symbolized with the use of lethal
weapons. Snipers and unidentified killers take over the streets at trivial excuse. There
is , therefore, a need to completely isolate the criminals from their ethnic moorings.

Only an even-handed administration can come up to this serious task.


The role of some foreign powers can s be glassed over. Our avowed stand on Kashmir
and Afghanistan provided all the more reason to take into account counter strategies
by outside forces. This should be a high priority item on agenda.
There should be frequent exchange of students of high academic caliber between
provinces to provide opportunities to promote friendship and understanding between
local and educated young ones , most of them have been caught in the ethnic web of
sectarian and terrorist groups . They may be brought back to the track by providing
the skilled education and granting small loans for their self- employment.
There is an urgent need to review fiscal, industrial and commercial policies to reverse
the present demographic trends. This must be done before the present apprehensions
and resentments turn into violent agitation in the rural areas. After making the rural
areas economically viable to live the process of migration would slow down. Industrial
development within the boundaries of metropolitan cities should be discouraged and
the same should be encouraged in the rural areas by offering suitable incentives like
establishment of tax free zones.
The devolution of power plan presented by the present military regime sounds well
and it is a real effort to minimize the ethnicity in the country. By giving the power to
the people where it actually belongs, the further well being ,stability and unity of the
nation will be enhanced. It may help the government in strengthening the federation
removing disharmony and restoring national cohesion. It will restore real democracy,
provide speedy justice, eradicate corruption, ensure law and order and active
participation of masses in all tiers of governance. Successful direct government will
play a big role and lasting political order in the country .Moreover by dismantling the
existed colonial system of authority it has filled a vast gap between the masses and
the state authorities at large. The development plan may be proved as a milestone in
shaping an ethnic- free state, Pakistan only if it is implemented in letter and spirit.
So conceived in this way that the processes of migration, political structure and highly
centralized state power are various modes responsible for introducing diversity and
ethnicity in an otherwise homogeneous society. Ethnicism tends t draw lines between
the regions and various social groups. The objective reality should , therefore, be
taken into account an important input for further policy formulation. The policy
planners should readily accept, recognize and start from this promise so that ethnic
variations are not only accounted for but they are moulded in such a cast that they
help the nation building process.

POPULATION EXPLOSION

Dancing around the fire is not the solution to any problem.One should try to
see beneath the surface in order to grasp an idea about the basic issue. Despite
a steam of strong words and Family Planning Programmed introduced by the
governments of many countries of the world, population is still increasing at an
alarming especially in the third world countries.
Pakistan is also facing the dragon of over population. This problem has given
rise to multidimensional problems in our country. At present we are scarce in
resources and it has become difficult for the government to meet the rapidly
growing needs of the huge population with its scarce resources. The growth
rate of Pakistan is very high and is among the highest in the world. Since
partition in 1947, the population of Pakistan has become more than tripled.
Every year almost four million people are added to already over burdened
economy. This yearly increase in our population is equal to the total
populations of any countries. This rapidly growing population has really created
an obstacle in the way of our economic progress. The massively increasing
population has almost outstripped the resources in production, in facilities and
in job opportunities.
It is estimated that if the present growth rate prevails, then the population of
Pakistan will be double by the year 2020. This is , in fact, an alarming
situation, Even today at the population of 140million it has become difficult for
us to provide basic necessities of life to the majority of the population. A
great number of people have no access to the health services. The safe
drinking water is also not available at many places, many people do not have
the sanitation facilities, a lot of children are not provided the primary
education and illiteracy rate is very high among the adults. According to a
report issued by united Nations about four million people are living below the
poverty line.
The genesis of the situation reflects some obvious reasons. A major reason is
the tradition of having joint family system. This system puts less burden of
bringing up of children on the parents. As the parents have minimum
expenditure so they tend to produce more children.
Another important factor is that majority of the population of our country lives
in the rural areas. In these regions agriculture is the only profession and in
agricultural processes, children are considered very helpful for the parents.
This factor encourages the parents to have more children.
Then there is the question of male child in our society. The male baby is
welcomed more warmly rather than a baby girl. This creates a desire for having

a male baby at least, This factor acts an incentive for more and more children
till suitable number of male babies is achieved.
In addition to these the early age marriages in the rural areas, prove
potential large size family makers. It has been observed that such marriages
produce at least seven children.
Then it comes to the Islamic laws. According to these the widows are allowed
to marry again and thus continue to act as procreation agents. Along with this
the polygamy is also allowed and is practiced in Islam. This gives rise to an
obvious result of multiple issues.
The Islamic viewpoint of the people is also one of the major causes for the over
population. It is a matter of faith with the Muslims that Almighty God provides
the needs of every child and the parents are having no obligation in this regard.
The Muslims are staunch believer in fate and so they do not follow family
planning programmes. These programmers are considered against the spirit of
Islam. At many places most of the elders in the rural areas categorize it as an
instrument of vagrancy and waywardness. They are of the view that such
programmes give rise to immorality among the young boys and girls.
Another reason can be considered is the hot and pleasant climatic conditions of
Pakistan. The environment of our country helps the early maturity of boys and
girls and they become capable of raising a family at an early stage. Along with
this the recreational facilities are almost non-existent. Conjugal recreation is
the only alternative for married people.
The rapidly growing population is having a lot of adverse effects on our
country. All over the country poverty as increased and people do not have the
basic necessities of life.
There is a shortfall in educational institutions and class rooms are over
crowded. It has become very difficult to get the child admitted I government
schools. Due to this fact high fee charging intuition spring up. These intuitions
implement their own syllabus which is completely different from the course of
government schools. This creates a clear distinction between the students of
government and private schools. This also gives rise to tow educational systems
working simultaneously in the county.
Due to high growth rate of population the health care facilities have become
inadequate. Child and maturity centers are also lacking. The standards of food
have been fallen and due to this the number of patients has increased.

Another problem which results from over population is that ever increasing
population creates housing and settlement problems. It becomes very difficult
for the individual and the society to overcome them.
The great number of people is responsible for making the parks and gardens
ugly spots. The reactions facilities are decreasing in this way.
The unemployment increase. It becomes very difficult for the employer to
provide social fringe benefits to the employees. These employees are often
deprived off from their rights like pensions, medical facilities childrens
education etc.
The high growth rate of population makes our society a consumption oriented
society. This is because more natural resources are to be consumed for more
people. These resources once used, cannot be renewed. So we have to import
these terms at the cost of foreign exchange which increases our import bill thus
widens the gap between imports and exports.
The increase in population means an increase in the crime rate. When the
people do not get the jobs, when they do not get the proper facilities, they get
frustrated and become revengeful against the society. Due to this factor the
crime rate increases. The rise in crimes makes an atmosphere of fear. The
people are oscillating between uncertainty and fear.
Dens traffic on roads cause a lot of accidents in which many precious lives are
being lost. Due to high growth rate of population the unlawful settlements are
formed. These type of settlements give rise to many problems . As no health
facilities are available the are , so many disease are caused.
In late 1990s the government of Pakistan started two programmes to control
the over population. These were names as primary health care and population
planning. These were implemented through the Ministry of Health and Ministry
of Population Welfare respectively. These are planned to proveddoor to door
services especially in the rural areas. Many lady workers have been given jobs
for this purpose. These women have been provided sufficient trainings. The aim
of these programmes is to create awareness about the family planning
programmes. For this purpose about ten thousands persons have already been
inducted by population welfare departments.
As the dragon of over population is digesting our already scarce resources at a
massive speed. So our government should go for the remedial measures. In this

regard the following suggestions may prove very fruitful and result oriented.
Late age marriages should be encouraged and the early age marriages should
be condemned very seriously. This will become very useful because the early
age marriages usually gives rise to large families.
The services of ulemas should be utilized in order to convince the people that
family planning programmes are not contrary to the Islamic values. In rural
areas the people are highly under influence of the religious leaders so their
words spoken in the favor of family planning may yield the desire results.
As the girls today are to become mothers in future so the high literacy rate in
females may become very important. An educated female will be aware of the
consequences of over population. In this regard the sex-education should be
provided to all the graduates so that the problem of over population can be
countered in a comprehensive manner.
Conferences another programmes to creates awareness in the general public
should be held at all levels. These programmes willbecome very helpful in
explaining the adverse effects of over population to the people. This might
make the brain wash of the people.
The electronic media should also be utilized. The advertisements through
television might convey the message very easily. Along with this nongovernment organizations should do some activities which may become helpful
in conveying the message to the general public.
A day should be celebrated at National level with the name of National
Population Day. This should be done on the pattern of the World Population
Day which is being celebrated on the 11th of July each year. These types of
activities play an important role in creating awareness about the subject
matter.
So, conclude in this way that the dragon of population has become a serious
threat for the prosperity of our country. Now the time has come that if we
want to make Pakistan a State where integrity, solidarity and prosperity will be
all around, then we should not leave any stone unturned in reducing the
population growth rate. This reduction in population will lead the country
towards a stage where it will be able toprovide all basic nece
DEVOLUTION OF POWER

Dancing around the fire is not the solution to any problem. One should try to
see beneath the surface in order to grasp an idea about the basic issue. Deposit
a stream of strong words and announcements made by the past rulers of
Pakistan, nothing concrete has been done to introduce a proper economy
revival plan. Rather the situation has taken a quantum leap for the worse. The
problem of centralization of power has been the most crucial issue in Pakistan.
The idea of the decentralization that is transfer of power to the provinces and
form there to the Districts, Tehsil Councils and Union councils is a welcome
step.
Decentralization of power at the grass roots level leads to better provision of
social and civil services, restoration of the real democracy in the country and a
more active and beneficial interaction and participation of the masses in all
tiers of governance,. Successful District government will play a big role towards
the establishment of a truly democratic and lasting political order in the
country.
Devolution of power is an internationally tested mode of governance. It will go
a long way towards helping the present military regime to achieve its declared
goals of strengthening the federation, removing provincial disharmony and
restoring National Cohesion. Headway in these critical areas will facilitate the
achievements of the goals on the agenda points ensuring law and order,
providing speedy justice and accountability and eradicating corruption.
The existing political and administrative structure with its highly centralized
state power is incapable of providing effective popular governance. The
prevailing system strongly resists equitable distribution of power in which the
rich protect their own interests. Autocracy and centralized rule practiced by
the past rules, both military and civil, has damaged democracy, destroyed
National Institutions, and kept a healthy political culture from developing.
By giving the power to the people, where it actually belongs, the future well
being, stability and unity of the nation will be enhanced. The decision to bring
the voters age down from twenty one to eighteen years has increased
the number of voters and has brought youth in the mainstream of national life.
Local governments can enable the local monitoring communities to manage
their primary social and civic tasks. To make the devolution of power effective,
the district governments have to be granted vast financial and administrative
powers.
They must have the power to levy and collect revenues. Devolution without
enabling the local governments to raise and manage funds from their own

resources is not likely to enable the people to run their own affairs.
Since effective lower judiciary is an important part of the system of
devolution, new local judicial institutions have to be created and existing ones
strengthened to provide cheap and immediate justice. Arbitration and
conciliatory courts at union council level will also help to avoid expensive
litigation whereas according to the present set up the common man has to run
to the provincial capital or to Islamabad to obtain justice, which in many other
countries, are the responsibility of local authorities.
Effective decentralization of authority is essential to ensure peoples
involvement in government from the village to the National level. Only through
active participation of the masses and strong and united nation.
An accessible infrastructure of quick and better solution will be provided for
the day to day problems of the people through the Union Councils. Tehsils, and
District government. Decentralization will ensure the provision of better civic
and utility services, as they will be controlled by local elected representatives.
The people will thus have a far more responsible government,. Social welfare,
public works, public transport, education and health services along with law
and order will be the responsibility of the local government. They must
therefore be granted financial and administrative powers for effective control
and management.
The genesis of the present situation is that in Pakistan politics has never been
based on some specific philosophy, programme or principles. It has been in
negation of all the ingredients of democracy. It has always been confined to
prison or personalities. Ever since partition the only motive of alliances has
been for personal gain, power and wealth. Political parties are the personal
fiefdom of political leaders; scions of inter related families of Landlords, Pirs,
Nawabs, industrialists, business tycoons and Generals. They conspire and
intrigue with civil/ military bureaucracy to achieve, retian and perpetuate
power.
Provincial disharmony has arisen out of the neglect and the deprivation of the
smaller provinces. The centralization of power has encouraged internal
dissension and disharmony. It has weakened the State and aggravated the multi
dimensional crises the people face in their daily life. This has resulted in
deteriorating political and social fabric of the country. Therefore,
decentralization of power will make the government more responsive to the
aspiration of the poor as their participation in governance would increase. Till
now all the provinces are devoid of effective power and the center has enjoyed

power in majority of subjects. Most of these required to be decentralized and


restored to the provinces and from thence to the Districts. As there was no
system to grant more provincial autonomy so, the local autonomy was always
lacking in our country. Hence the process of decentralization was long overdue
because autonomy can not be introduced without ensuring and safeguarding
provincial autonomy.
The historical background of the issue irradiates that our provincial and
national politics have been helpless victims of the power hogging syndrome.
Whoever reaches the throne, sets about misusing all the power that he can lay
his lands on, whether, it is covered by the rules or not. However, the local
government was degenerated into an instrument for perpetuating the British
Raj. Bureaucracy was imposed on the peoples representatives, Deputy
commissioners were the pillars of British Empire. Nothing much changed after
independence in the year 1947. Pakistan inherited a highly centralized political
system. Even the idea of federation envisaged by the successive reconstitutions
was negated by the preponderance of the central governments power in
legislative, financial , administrative and political fields. The ruling classes
confirm to the colonial traditions of governing the entire country from a strong
centre.
Rapidly changing governments with programmes mainly for their perpetuation
led to the neglect of development of local government. Suppression of
the local government has been a common phenomenon. Bureaucratic
dominance led to internal conflicts. Administrators frequently replaced the
elected representatives. The power sharing problem has played a vital role in
the political scene of the country. The most tragic outcome of this issue is the
creation of Bangladesh.
The devolution of power plan introduced by the Chief Executive sounds very
well but one major aspect that has not yet built the system is an internal
control mechanism. The only political check on the powers of the Nazim is the
District Assembly. However, this check comes in the form of a no confidence
motion or voting on a decision making powers of the Nazim.
Local government should be evolved and developed by the local people
according to their own experiences and aspirations. That is what happens
in United States and other developed countries. The public representative
elected in this way might misuse his power. This hazard can be eliminated in
this way that there must be a three or five member standing committee, to be
elected by the assembly, to share powers with the Nazim. This committee is
usually provided in most elected assemblies in the world. In our country, such a

committee is either never elected, or if it is, the chief or the Mayor makes sure
that it is not effective. This committee is actually meant to be a political check
for the Mayor and the political system. In our case, this is probably the time to
write in ironclad clauses to ensure that it functions and performs the role of a
watchdog.
In order to ensure that the committee is elected in transparent manner,
election of this committee should be handled by the Election Commission
simultaneously with the elections of the Nazim. Thus the Nazim and the
assembly will know form the very beginning that the committee has to be
taken seriously and that it will be the supreme decision taking body. Experience
has shown that the committees are less vulnerable to corruption than
individuals.
Another major issue is the exact extent of power to be exercised by the civil
servants and the elected representatives at the district level. It is not enough
to say that the District officers will be subordinate to the district Nazim. Since
these officers shall be appointed by the provincial government, they will
continue to report in some matters and some ways to the provincial
governments. For instance, a scheme that is costlier than a prescribed amount
may be required to be cleared by a higher authority in this case the district
officer will have to send it to the provincial government. In such cases, exact
powers for each department and each layer of the hierarchy will have to be
defined.
Essentially it boils down to the distribution of powers between the provincial
government and the district for the government functionaries we are talking
about are really the functionaries of the provincial governments. However, the
method and extent of control over the provincial vivil servants by the district
and provincial governments will be crucial to the success of the devolution
plan.
If the district representative is made all powerful, he might begin to misuse his
authority over the civil servants. Similarly, if the civil servant knows that the
district representative has negligible control over him, the devolution exercise
may prove of not much democratic worth.
It is therefore, necessary to decide the issue with great carte. An extensive
exercise is required before the question of powers and their sharing can be
decided. We must firs decide the quantum of work and the exact amount of
funds that will be placed at the disposal of the district governments. At the
same time, we need to decide exactly how the files would move in the district

government hierarchy. Who will sanction a scheme, which will prepare it and
who will check it before it is approved. The answers of these questions will
determine the level of officers required in different positions in the district.
In some departments, it may not be necessary to have senior officers. In these
cases, like planning and finance, it may be necessary to have at least a couple
of senior officers to scrutinize a project or other work before being put up to
the Nazim or the Assembly. Such officers, although subordinate to the Nazim
will have to be under some form of indirect control of the chief secretary and
the provincial government so that decisions on important matters are subject
to some supervision at a higher level.
So, conceived in this way that the concept is workable and is already working
in the advanced and highly developed countries. In our country illiteracy may
prove a major impediment in this conceptual change. In developed countries
the literacy rate is high and temperament is tolerant. A number of bottlenecks
are likely to doom the envisaged devolution of power at the grass roots level to
failure. This in turn may have serious implications for the country as a whole
and for the army in particular. Conceptually it is not a bad idea. But it can be
analysed that this hen is not likely to lay the golden egg, unless the present set
of government continues for another minimum of ten years. This is because the
seed being sown now has yet to sprout, grow into an adult plant, bear the fruit
and than the quality, taste and flavor of this fruit is to be monitored for a few
years to establish its palatability. If meanwhile the gardener changes, the next
one may even uproot that plant finding it not to his taste.
ECONOMICS CRISIS OF PAKISTAN
Dancing around the fire is not the solution to any problem. One should try to
see beneath the surface in order to grasp an idea about the basic issue. Deposit
a stream of strong words and announcements made by the past rulers of
Pakistan, nothing concrete has been done to introduce a proper economy
revival plan. Rather the situation has taken a quantum leap for the worse.
At present the sorry state of the economy, tops the problems facing the
country. Seeing the horrible economic distress, some still suggest restoring to
the begging bowl and further subjugation of donor agencies as the only solution
to it. Such an approach can not provide a way out; it aggravates the situation
and amount to commit suicide. Therefore, the present leadership has realized
that there is not option but to reshape the economic strategy altogether.

The economy of Pakistan has fallen up to this extent that it requires serious
attention and endeavor to revive its state. The revival of economy means to
bring the economy on track whereby country becomes self sufficient and
economy self sustained to meet its internal demands and fulfill foreign
obligations. Sustained economy provides a balance in trade, potential of paying
back foreign loans and gradual growth in gross domestic and national product.
Rise in foreign exchange reserves, minimum inflation rate, strong local
currency are a few indicators of a sustained economy whereas better social
indicators reflect its civic effects.
Developed economies are movers, developing economies are the followers and
the underdeveloped economies have no say in the scheme of things. All
economic conditions are the certain result of policies. No economy can itself
produce positive results. It is the people and their actions which steer the
effects. The economy of Pakistan was not doomed for disaster. It has become
the victim of eccentric policies of our past rulers. It has been mismanaged up
to this extent that the country has virtually become bankrupt and made to
dance on the tunes of donor agencies as Pakistan has bartered its freedom with
them.
For the last thirteen years there has been no noticeable addition to basic
industries and the economic infrastructure of the country. Instead
thenumber of sick industrial units increases each year. The public sector is
shrinking and suffering losses. Although agriculture has helped the nation to
survive but the sector itself is faced with crises. In regard to oil, retrogression
has set in after a good progress.After attaining one third self sufficiency in the
countrys oil requirements, advancing steps have been retracted and the
annual import of oil has increased. Exports could not be enhanced despite
repeated devaluation of the rupee.
External debt are touching new heights and the irony is that new loans are
obtained simply to pay back a portion of the earlier loans.
According to the genesis of the present situation the deterioration in economic
activity is mainly caused by weak performance of large scale industry, erratic
behavior of agriculture, decline in real investment, macro economic instability
that includes large fiscal deficit, large bank barrowing, using interest payments

on domestic debts double digit inflation and personal aggrandizement.


The economic situation of Pakistan at the time of independence was also very
bleak but it improved over the years. Its economic policies were exemplary and
countries like Korea had learned the tricks of economics from Pakistan in 60s,
while Pakistan revived meager financial resources at the time of independence,
it was deprived of Kashmir. Ever since, the Kashmir issue has been haunting
Pakistan for which Pakistan has fought several wars with India and each war
had its price paid by Pakistan. It had to maintain a large armed forces causing
huge burden on economy.
Agriculture has always been neglected. Feudalism is in vogue even today and
about six thousand families posses forty percent of the total cultivable land.
There is no retrieval policy in regard to the agricultural inputs. The cost of
seed is four times higher than its cost of production. Irrigation system is also
upset. Per acre productivity of East Punjab and Haryana is four times higher
than that of West Punjab and Sindh. The level of land and human efforts are
the same but the difference in policies, facilities and other factors account for
the disparity. Pakistan may become self sufficient in agriculture within two to
three years but at present twenty percent of total imports comprise food
cereals. On the one hand, there is the common cultivator who finds it difficult
to meet his expenses, on the other, there is a particular class that not only rolls
in wealth but also upholds the oppressive and unjust system.
As we are very heavily dependent on borrowing to meet the resource gap, our
major donor International Monetary Fund insists upon narrowing the revenue
expenditure gap to under five percent of the gross domestic product. Since
other lenders follow the policies of International Monetary Fund, Pakistan has
no choice but to enhance its taxes and revenues. These foreign lenders and
donors also demand that we reduce taxes on international trade which means
the reduction in the custom duties which has always been the main source of
our revenues. This puts further pressure on the other taxes to make up for the
loss caused by the reduction in the custom receipts.
Prepare GMAT
The real issue of our economy is how to achieve higher productively, and to
strengthen and develop the infrastructure. For this purpose the foremost need
is to restore the confidence of our businessmen, cultivators and industrials to

engage them in product processes. In the past, various Government of Pakistan


have made some efforts to build up infrastructure and productive potential of
the economy, through the process of many plans which was the beginning to
prepare for future advancement. It was started by launching a six year
Development Program in in 1951. The plan was suspended two years before its
completion due to the repercussions of the Korean war. Besides this plan, five
other five years development plans were drawn up. These efforts did not prove
successful due to economic, social cultural and administrative obstacles.
As majority of the people in Pakistan are poor and backward, they have always
been preoccupied mainly in meeting the basic needs. They live in unhygienic
conditions. Electricity is a luxury for them. Health services havebeen
thinly spread in the country. Floods, drought or diseases affect people and the
livestock. The combination of malnutrition, illiteracy, diseases, high birth rate,
unemployment and low income has closed the avenues of escape from serious
economic crises. The most unfortunate aspect of these serious economic crises
and pathetic state of affairs is not because of the lack of natural resources but
due to inefficient use of the key factors of production.
The socio cultural attitude of the people is also an obstacle in the way of
economic development of Pakistan. More than 50 % people are illiterate. They
are ignorant of what is happening in their own country and the world at large.
The majority of the people are extravagant. Pakistan, in fact, has a
consumption oriented society. The native culture and are generally not
receptive to new foreign methods of production. The caste system functioning
mostly in terms of occupations like tailoring, carpentry, jewelry etc. restrict
occupational and geographical mobility.
For accelerating the rate of economic development, there should be political
stability in the country. If there is a change in the government set up due to
election, or of dictatorship, the planning projects initiated by the previous
government should not be altered or given up altogether. The planning
machinery and all others involved in administration should be loyal to the
country. They should be competent and honest in the performance of the
duties assigned to them. In Pakistan, since its inception, there have been rapid
changes of governments. Each government which came in power condemned
the planning work done by the previous governments. They introduced their
own plans, formulated their own strategies of development and left the chain

without achieving the targets of their plans. A history of planning shows that
with the exception of fifth five year plan, all other plans have failed to achieve
their objects and have proved mere rigmaroles.
Now the time has come to adopt some practical means to set aside the barriers
to economic development. It is a big challenge to the planners. According to
the above mentioned circumstances the following suggestions can be
recommended in order to raise the economic development of Pakistan:
Export Promotion Bureau and Embassies/ High commissions abroad should
explore markets for Pakistans products through trade shows, business
delegations and international advertising. Moreover the export base should be
broadened by exporting software handicrafts, fresh fruits, vegetables, fish,
livestock and flowers etc. Suitable arrangements for processing or packaging of
fish, fruits and vegetables should be made.
In order to counter the huge debt a debt management committee comprising
Ministers of Commerce and Finance, Chairman Privatization Commission and
Governor Sate Bank of Pakistan should be formed. This committee will develop
debt retirement instruments independently having power to implement them in
letter and spirit. The committee should draft two separate policies for short
term and long term debts.
The difference of US Dollar and Pakistani rupee in official and open market rats
should be kept minimum and confidence of the overseas Pakistanis may be
restored which was shaken after freezing of foreign currency accounts in May
1998. Steps may be taken to attract investment from overseas Pakistanis and
international investors.
New dams should be constructed to increase availability of water for irrigation
purposes, as irrigation water has a vital importance for better agricultural
production. The quantity and quality of irrigation water should be improved
through desalting and other water conservation techniques.
The of electricity for agriculture purpose should be lowered to ensure at least
40
% share of agriculture sector in consumption of power.

The health facilities provided by private and autonomous hospitals are not
within the reach of the poor. The government should discourage
commercialization of health and ensure availability of adequate health
facilities to all segments of society at reasonable rates.
In the field of education a new policy broadly aiming at increasing literacy rate
by universalizing basic education, enforcing compulsory primary education
encouraging private investment and increase in total expenditure on education
up to 4 per cent of gross national product is required to be implemented.
The construction of deep sea port at Gawadar and its connection to the rest of
the country should be taken up at the earliest to facilitate exports from
Balochistan to provide transit for trade of Central Asian States and to get
suitable share in international trade, making use of ideal geographical location
of Gawadar.
Another important recommendation is regarding information technology policy.
This policy mainly emphasized on human resource development and providing
infrastructure, should be announced and implemented at the earliest.
So, conceived in this way, although a critical look at Pakistans economy,
presents a gloomy picture. The above mentioned measures are hoped to
stabilize the ship. Today not only the country is burdened with heavy debt, it
has also reached a stage where it can not simply move forward. Growth is
stagnant. All other indicators too, look quite disappointing. Exports are not
satisfactory and revenue from taxation is not sufficient. Unemployment is
rapidly increasing. The overall scenario presents a dismal situation. This could
be seen from the fact that many times a default situation emerged and it had
to be faced by making great sacrifices of national sovereignty and in addition a
further rise on the debt servicing front.
In spite of al these cataclysmic facts, one may hope that with newly introduced
economy revival plan, the time will be changed and the economic development
rate will be enhanced. Now the time has come that if we want Pakistan to rise
up to that extent where the prosperity, integrity, solidarity and economic
stability will be all around, (then) every Pakistani will have to work as far as
dedication in him lies. By working with whole concentration and conviction we
may achieve that much a strong Pakistan dreamt by Quaid-e-Azam, and by

working this way that day will not far away when Pakistan will bear the palm
and it will show its mettle to rest of the world.

Character formation:as an object of education


Education is one of the most important issues for the Governments worldwide.
For everybody knows that a way to progress for any nation is through the path
of education. Governments as well as the NGO"s are desperate to raise their
literacy rates.And it should be for education is one of the very basic needs and
rights of a man.
What is education? Is it a way of getting knowledge about everything,is it a
mechanism to prepare forces of doctors, engineers or any other
technicians.Education is inf act a life long process.It include not only the
knowledge of the things surrounding,of hidden truths bu it is also a process
which differentiate man from animal life.From the jungles and caves man has
progressed to this advance and modern world.Is it what we all mean with
education.The answer given by any ordinary man would be a simple 'NO'. For
the scope of education is not just linked with the scientific discoveries or
inventions,no doubt these are the very important aspect, but education on the
other hand is very much linked with the progress of the moral world of man.It
deals with the advancement of ideas which has brought tremendous changes in
the moral,social,political in short in all fields.It is related with the thoughs and
values as well as the behaviour of the educated person which he reflects in his
daily routine life.
Character formation as being the object of education is indeed a very deep and
complex issue.It deals with individual and the whole system of his thoughts,
believes, habit, values and all those part of his personality which are reflected
in his behaviour.What is character? It is the most presentable part of our
personalities.Though it is characterized by the individual's personal values
,thoughts and moral conduct but it also depends on the individual's ability to
reflect all these things into his daily life.The example is very obvious. If
someone believes in something but is unable to bring it into practice the same
cannot be called the part of his character,for he is not exhibiting it in his daily
interactions.For human beings are judged by how they present themselves for
the inner self is not seen from outer shell.So character formation demands not
mere including some basic principles,values or ideas but to bring these certain
ideas into daily practice.

So as we see the Education s a process which is not a medium of giving some


philosophical or technical ideas but it should be first and for mostly related to
the object of character formation.And this process continues till death.For
once we are able to know the importance of education the desire to rise above
and above increases.Education taken in the most formal way adopts such
patterns as to suit or link itself with the particular environment,needs plus the
age of recipient.It on a formal level is divided between primary
education,secondary education and higher education.AT primary and secondary
level it concerns itself with the introduction of some basic universal values to
the children at the same time introducing simple and most obvious fact and
principles of different important fields like mathematics, social sciences,and
language studies and with the progress of phase it deals more with the deeper
and deeper issues till higher education which concerns itself more with the
particular field chosen and making one proficient with its intricasies and depths
enabling him to carry out his own research basing it on the work of his
predecessors and thus finding new horizons of these fields. So education no
doubt deals with the advancement of different fields but its basic object is to
build character on certian bases os that to produce overall better human
beings.
The value of education and its role in human life can be understood when we
see the importance Islam has given to it.Education has a very prominent place
in Islam.Islam gives primary importance to education and asks its followers to
educate themselves through out their lives.For human life is always in
continuous process which ends with death.It is more like a journey where one
passes from different phases each phase teaches you something.Sometimes one
observe and learn from others and sometimes one has to earn the learning at
hard process through experience.So its a never ending process like life and
ends with it.Islam raises the status of humanity and calls man the deputy of
God on earth.And this status has been awarded for no other ability than his
knowledge and ability to educate himself.Infact there are numerous verses in
Holy Quran where the importance of education is emphasized calling Muslims to
educate themselves. In fact a person who died in a struggle to acquire
education is called a martyr. Muslims are asked to acquire education even if
someone has to travel far off for it.Here it must be kept in mind that that when
islam asks muslims to get education it is because of the benefits that can be
achieved in practical life and the changes it brings in the personality of a
person.The first and foremost object of education according to Islam is
character building for it is cleared that ideas devoid of practice are of not
value.No matter how much knowledge a person has aquired but if it does not
reflect from his character and daily conduct it better had not been
acquired.The very personality of Holy Prophet(PBUH) is a source of inspiration

for the muslims,for here we see not mere theories but the practical application
of the professed values in all circumstances.It shows that no matter how
circumstances gather against you but one,if equipped with knowledge is never
deviated from the path of truth and virtue.From Islamic percpective education
is not related to some ideas of beliefs but it encompasses almost every
thing,behaviours,dealing with others in all sort of matter from personal to
business,with the rights nd the duties of a person in different spheres of life
being a citizen,a family member and the skills and expertise that helps man to
satisfy his needs of knowing about world as well as to earn a respectable living.
In fact Quran urges the man to interpret the signsthat God has created for him
so that he can understand the creativity of his God.Islam being
a practical religion related itself with the physical as well as the spiritual life
of its followers and shows how by getting knowledge man can exalt himself in
both spheres.
So education, being so important for nations,countries and states, what are the
areas that it covers?First of all it deals with the individual telling him the basic
answers of the questions he needs.It on the other hand links him with his
respective family and gradually from particular areas society,region,country
continent to the entire universe.It tell him the basic principles and values of
living with others in relating him with others it clears some of his duties and
rights as well as of the others.It characterizes the collective thinking of a
society,draws some codes of conductand in a way form a collective behavior.It
also imparts to individual knowledge in different fields enabling him to earn as
well as to make his own and of many others lives more comfortable.That is the
key to human progress till now.Each subsequent generation do its part of work
basing it on the ground of its previous generation's work and thus they should
make their lives better materialistically as well as spiritually.For if confined to
the mere one of these aspects it fails in its objectives.So these are the areas
that it covers but still the most important part of education remains to form
better human beings.For many a scholars averred that the purpose of education
is not only to create better doctors ,engineers,politicians but above of these all
to create better human beings.To base their character on such lines of
universal values and principles es that they are better in all ways as compared
to an uneducated person.
But if these objectives of education were understood and practiced then
certainly we would have been living in a different world.Materialistically man
has progressed well but where do we stand morally.Are we better human beings
or citizens or better responsible member of our society.Had the character
building aspect of education practiced and applied than surely our societies
would be glowing with the shining personalities embodiment of ideas and

practice.But it is not the reality that we see around us.


Reality on the other hand is much bitter and worse.We are civilized as we have
evolved the civilized way of satisfying our base desires.Our society may have
more but not less vices that were found in previous so called dark ages.Our
society overall is devoid of such values of tolerance,
patience,discipline,truth,honest and righteousness.Their is no difference
between the so called educated men of our society and the ignorant.It can be
easily analysed by conducts usually exhibited at roads and in lines.Education if
tell the difference of right and wrong then why are their so many mercenary
officers as they are more educated .the fact is that the more one is educated
the better he knows the ways to whiten his black money.The only picked the
things that help them to disguise their base values.We are more prone to the
acts of intolerance and impatience than our previous generations.SO what is
the reason of this deplorable fact are we forgeting the real objectives of
education.
The main reason behind this situation seems to be the objectives we have
attached to education.Education in our society is a character building tool
anymore we are more concerned with the other benefits that are achieved
through education.This include the tint of materialism which has coloured our
views and ideas.Education is a greatest mean to earn more handsome. the main
objective tagged with education is to achieve the materialistic benefits that it
offers o.On a very simple level it is more a routine.
This trend can be verified from the number of students excelling in fields like
medicine,engineering other physical sciences but no change in character
building has been seen.Money earning is being given the supreme
importance.No doubt money is one of the important realities of our lives but its
mere one aspect of life and not life itself.
If we put this objective of money earning at a side then what we see is a loss of
objectives. Beside money earning no more objectives are usually attached
consciously to education.It has become more like a routine.There may be
somewhere in the back of our minds a view of tracing our children to
differentiate between right and wrong but that usually is not the driving force
nor we ensure the same for them.Gaining more prestige can also be a motive
beside other things as an educated man do has a kind of respect of his own in
our society.
Now comes the question of the responsibility.who is responsible for this
deplorable state of affairs.why are we unable to recognize and render

importance to the most needed objective of education which is character


formation.There are several factors responsible for this condition.
At this age of machine and speed we simply have no time to ponder over and
device some objectives for ourselves.We have a trend incur society where we
may plan our future in material term but give no importance to what we want
our children to be like a human being some years after.What kind of a society
member or a citizen he will be .There is a wide spread lack of such
considerations.
Again just to be with the pace of time materialistic views have overshadowed
everything else.The social values has been hijacked by class privileges and
social status.Society is clearly divided among different classes,upper,middle
and lower and these classes are defined in terms of their materialistic
status.Rich are busy in gaining more and consolidating their position,poor are
busy in making their both ends meet as well as to earn as much as they can for
their respectable existence.for in this society Respect has been somewhat
closely associated with money.So in such a materialistic society ideas and
values are not seemed to be much important.
But still if education(so wide spread)should have done something to improve
the situation and if it has failed then their must be some problem in
formulating its policies and patterns.
Educational system can be to some extent hold responsible for its its
responsibility to impart education along with its all objectives and
purposes.And it is failed in this purpose due to many reasons.One is that it has
been yet failed to device the proper curriculum to achieve such noble
objectives as character formation.Though there had been some frequent
changes (miner ones not drastic)but the overall pattern has remained the
same.we have been witnessing the same curriculum for years without any
improvement though we can see that the same is insufficient for character
building purpose of education.There is a lack of practice.Our examination
system are thus advised that importance is given to theory and ideas as how
well they are memorized and its more a test of memory.Our examination
system has raised a custom of cramming.Students are required to crame and
reproduce some important points but no importance is given to the practical
application of these ideas.For this teachers are also responsible to some
extent.The children learn more from what they see than what they are
told.Mere caming some values as honesty,truth,love,humbleness brotherhood
will not do anything unless student see the practice of these ideas before their
own eyes.

Teahcers have always been the ideals of student but we are really lacking those
dedicated and devotional teachers who with all their might tried to bring up a
better generation.Teachers today are more concerned about their own futures
and lives than understanding the fact that they have been entrusted with the
most precious treasure of society.The lack of coordination between what they
teach and what they practice fails to inculcate in the young minds the practical
application of these value in day to day life.Then there is no uniform system of
education.Especially in our country education has become a thing that can be
attained at different prices. There are many different levels of educational
institutions to suit one's pocket.Private institutions have made this noble
purpose a business to earn more and more.There are English medium as well as
urdu medium schools but both has failed to achieve the basic objective of
character formation.
Because of these many reasons education has lost its real value and
significance.Now there come the question that hjow to improve this
situation.First of all realization of the problem is very important.If we assume
that there is no problem then of course circumstances will continue to move in
descending direction.We need to understand the importance off education
right from the beginning in a very new way.It has to be understood that the
purpose of eduction is not to gain the ability to earn more.Though we cannot
reject this objective categorically but it is not teh primary objective.It may be
an important benefit of education but the primary objective of education is
and should be to inculcate such universal values and virtues in such a way that
they become part of one's character and are translated in their daily lives.If it
does not bring a positive change in the mind and behaviour of human being that
it is not fulfilling its real purpose.
Curriculum needs to be devised on altogether new lines to cater this
objective.There should be more stress on moral values and their application. It
should be made more interesting and up to date for the coming generations.
Teachers should realize their role in this scenario and must understand their
duties as well as the graveness of thier work.They need to adopt a behaviour
with children that furthur educate them and in fact present the practical
embodiment of the values they are teaching.They should inculcate the values
of tolerance,honesty and discipline in the future generation.
Examination system are to devised in such way that instead of testing the
craming abilities of the students they are to test their understanding of the
curriculum.

So education if devoid of its purpose of character formation is of no value


whatsoever.We ,at this age of machine and technology are left far behind in
field of morals and human values.Its high time to consider this problem and
make strenuous efforts to right this wrong.Its a great duty incumbent on our
generation towards later generations.A human character is the most important
subject of education and by making our educational system able enough to
perform its due role in the making of societies we would render the greatest
service to the world than all discoveries and inventions.Education must be
separated from the materialistic values and desires.Its the most needed change
in our society as it is lacking in the required values of tolerance and honesty.By
achieving these values collectively we will advance on the path of progress as a
proud and able nation

Clash of Civilizations (Islam versus West)


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Introduction
Present scenario of bloodshed, prejudices, and misconceptions
Causes behind this overstated Thesis of Civilizations
US led war on Terror and its negative implications on the Muslim world
Islamic Civilization is pluralistic and believes in interfaith harmony
Suggestions to make this world a Heaven
conclusion

Harvard Professor Samuel P. Huntington caused intellectual explosion by


publishing his article Clash of Civilizations in the American journal Foreign
Affairs in1993. He asserts Cavitations are the largest aggregates that
command human loyalties and account for much of the bloodshed in the
recorded human history. Cold war marked a brief departure from it but now old
enemies could go to the past time, waging wars against each other. The
biggest threat to the west at present comes from China and Islam. He argues
that now the cold war had ended, future conflicts in the world politics would
be less between states and more between civilizations or coalitions of culture.
There is now a danger of hot war of religion to succeed the cold war of
ideologies, the new trend between America and its allies, on the one hand, and
Muslim countries such as Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, Libya, Sudan, and Somalia, on

the other hand. Both American capitalism and Russian Communism were born
out of European culture.
Present Gloomy Scenario:
The 9/11 attack was termed as beginning of clash of civilization, when Tony
Blair exclaimed as, They have attacked on our civilization. President Bush
declared war against Afghanistan as Crusades.The question arises whether the
significance of September 11,2001, the attacks on the US, the devastation of
Afghanistan, the Israeli onslaught on the Palestinians homeland and Lebanon,
the plans to divide Iraq and invade Iran Somalia, and Sudan, all add up to an
unfolding conflict between the United States and its closest allies(Israel and
UK) on the one hand, and more and more Muslim countries, on the other hand.
The tumult caused by the publication of the caricature of the Holy Prophet in
the Norwegian Newspaper. The growing phenomenon of linking fundamentalism
to extremism and extremism to Islam and Islam to terrorism sent a shocking
weave to Enlightened Muslims.
Causes of Clash of Civilazations:
This thesis was an inspiration for the Jews. They have worked hard to convert
their war against Palestine into a US war against Islam, thus have successfully
engaged their historic enemies- Islam and Christianity. The humiliation in
crusades by Zangi and Ayubi are still a poignant reminder for the west, also
9/11 attack was labeled as Crusade by President Bush. Still the westerns are
embracing the religion of Islam, surprisingly 45,000 westerns after 9/11
accepted Islam. Thus Pope Benedict could not keep himself from speaking
rough language against Islam and the Holy Prophet. The Muslims have been
denied of their legitimate rights in their social(wearing of HIjab),
political(execution of Sadam),geographical(Palestine and Kashmir)_ and
religious(blasphemous cartoons) and economic(capturing of Middle East oil)
freedom
The west perceives that the Muslim world with its huge economic potential,
demographic explosion, nuclear capability and a larger scale migration to its
countries, may challenge its hegemony as an alternative system. Fear that
Islamic wants to overcome the West. On the contrary, the Muslims perceive
that the West is determined to uproot the Muslim Civilization.

Clashes of civilization are also wars of images and control of opinions through
Media. The world is in the grip of War of Media, whose headlines are like
Three Israelis Killed but never a headline which says Hundreds of Palestinians
feared killed by Israelis. Johann Galtung, a distinguished journalist, maintains
that media projects violence without analyzing its causes for unresolved issues,
portrays one side as Evil and the other as Liberator. Kevin Doyle quotes the
theory of Propaganda Model and explains that the modern Media promotes the
division within the global village which is enhancing insecurity. The US
controlled western media, is blaming Islam and Muslims as terrorists. If some
Muslims are terrorists, it does not prove over a billion Muslims are terrorists.
Former President CBS News, Richard Salent reveals, Our job is to give people
not what they want, but we decide they ought to have. Taliban story of
women oppression does not generate the positive Islamic images- that Pakistan,
Bangladesh, and Turkey had a woman Head of State. That the streets of Muslim
cities like Tehran, Cairo, and Riyadh are far safer from muggers and rapists
than the streets of New York, and Washington. Some misguided and frustrarted
Muslims are equally responsible for creating this chaos in the name of Islam.
For their vested interests, they take advantage of poverty stricken and illetrate
Muslim yoth in developing them as terrorists.
Hidden Objectives under this Theory:
A clash of culture did occur when President Bush used to Taliban, the Language
of ultimatum over surrendering of Usam , Just hand over Usama Bin Laden and
his thugs. There is nothing to talk about. It shows he was trying to get the
Taliban to say NO, so that Bush could embark on his long awaited military
action to capture Afghanistan. The threat of weapons of mass destruction from
North Korea is more real than that of Iraq, but till now 6,00,000 Iraqis have
been butchered with their President hanged. For Greater Israel Hezbollah,
Iran and Syria are on the hit list as their culture of Violence in the words of
Bush, Put future threats to the security of America.
Pluralistic Dimensions of Islamic Civilization:
Islam was not spread by sword, as misinterpreted by Pope, the living evidence
is Arab Land itselsf where millions of Christian and the jews are practicing their
fiath with complete liberty. Ruthless killing of innocent citizens coomited by

Napolean, Chengiz khan and observed in the world wars are much greater than
by Saddam or any other Muslim Despot.
In the Muslim world, the women are awarded more dignity than in the west, far
less prostitution than in the west, no beauty competitions. Sons in the Muslim
world respect their mothers more than sons in the west.There was an ethnic
cleansing which displaced thousands of Palestinians to make room for the Jews.
An ideology was formed in which some one from the Ukraine who claims to
have had a Jewish ancestors two thousands years ago had more rights under
Israels Law of Return than a Palestinian who ran away from Israeli borders in
1948.The Warrior US Presidents:George Washington, soldier turned Head of
State, inspires every US President, who wants the experience of ordering at
least one military action by American Forces.
Wrong Notions of Huntingtons Thesis:
Richard Nixon has dismissed the theory, That nightmare scenario would never
materialize. The Muslim world is too large and diverse. The Huntingtons
thesis failed to account many features of the Muslim world. It has no large
differences with the Christian west unlike Communism. That was why many
Muslim countries preferred to align with West during cold war. The Muslim
world is in a process of acquiring scientific knowledge following western model
of development, there may be political differences but by no means
differences of civilization. Clash of Civilization is in fact clash of economic
interest.
Suggestion to make this world a Heaven:
The present ongoing clash is not a physical phenomenon and does nor requires
use of force, which has proved a big failure, even after using Hi-Tech weapons.
Rather it demands intellectual and collective effort by all responsible scholars,
Heads of States, Soldiers and Politicians. Inter faith dialogue to create harmony
because Islam gives high esteem to all other religions of book and their
prophets. True Muslim scholars in collaboration with other Priests, can hold
joint Seminars to generate harmony and shed clouds of ignorance and
prejudice. The world body UN should fear the dreadful end of League on
Nations, so it needs vitality and firmness to implement its fair decisions,
irrespective US influence which has divided the world. Media power can be

used for bridging the gulf among biased nations and cultures.. Education
system is a basic tool in polishing individuals with qualities of compassion and
Humanism.
Finally the world finds engulf amongst fears of hunger, natural disasters,
diseases, nuclear holocaust, population explosion and collapse of religious and
moral values, it requires joint constructive strategy rather than bloody clashes.

Education in Pakistan

Education is the third eye of a man


Education is only the weapon by which one can fight and conquer the battle of life.
The education has been a very essential part of the different civilization of the world
in historical perspectives. In olden times, cave men had no ideas regarding
communicating themselves with one another; the first step was taken in this regard
was the formation of language, and it had become the very inceptive source of
communication in the earliest history of mankind. They came to know that they had
already been bestowed upon a tongue as a source of communication by the Allah
Almighty, and now, it was their emphatic job to be civilized and moral etiquettes
were required to be shaped.
Then, the early sages made a format of alphabets and thoroughly worked on philology.
Thus, gradually grammar was made up, in which, different bifurcations were made;
as, man could easily operate the language as a source of communication.
Since then, the world has witnessed the outflow of knowledge that has crossed the
boundaries of the different regions and made a world like a global village in recent
times, all it was done by the untiring efforts of mankind that has been imparting
valuable contributions in different walks of life especially EDUCATION.
Here, it is necessary to focus on the system of education in Pakistan; and how long
this department has been a victim of negligence by the people from different strata
of our society and it will be observed, being an individual, who is responsible for the
downfall of education in the country.

Before independence, in 1875, a Primary School was established at Ghazipur, (India)


by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, later a High School was established at Aligarh by the same
mighty man. But through out India, Muslims were denigrated and the basic needs of
life were denied to them by the English. Keeping this in view, Sir, Syed Ahmed Khan
aimed at to open a college for the Muslims of India so that they may be able to get
the best in higher education. In 1876, Mohammadan Anglo College was established at
Aligarh as to meet the demand of education of Muslims of India.
The college was affiliated to the Culcuta University; degrees were conferred upon the
graduates by Culcuta University for about 43 years, and in 1919, the colleges was
upgraded upto a university level and renamed as Aligarh University. The university
produced thousand of graduates who spread throughout India and started to champion
the cause of un-educated and fought for the freedom for a separate homeland.
The Muslims of India, of course, were backward in education than their
Hindu counterparts. The Muslim could not follow the way that was directed by the
English and the Hindus, as, it was against their religion. The poor type of education
made the Muslims unable to get good jobs in English offices; hence, they remained
out of politics for they had the scarcity of consciousness. This came to them through
the light of education and they went successful in getting the freedom of Pakistan.
Standard of Education in Pakistan:
In Pakistan, unfortunately the people have been introduced the double standard of
education. The one, which prevails through out the country is related to public sector
and the other is an out come of private investors.
Let us examine that how far the public sector has fulfilled the requirement of the
people of Pakistan by providing them in education. The country had got independence
58 years ago, since then, the contribution imparted by this sector is a little bit worth
to be mentioned. The result produced by the sector is very poor and the quantity has
outdone quality as far as the contribution and creation is concerned. The education
system in Pakistan faced enormous problems after independence. A little attention
was paid in this respect. The education has remained an orphan child in our society by
facing double standard and has created an atmosphere of frustration among the young
ones.

Government has established schools, colleges and universities throughout the country
that have been imparting education in different respects and studies of life. The
students from these departments are wandering due to lack of opportunities.
Everywhere they are denied services because they bear a label of government
academies. Now one can imagine that why the government system of education is
being neglected throughout the country and why the establishment has allowed
private sector with its tails up to introduce another standard of education.
Parents are scared about their children and they even do not allow their children to
be admitted in public sector school, they prefer their child to geteducation in private
sector as, it suits them more. This does not mean that public sector schools are not
producing the cream of the future, most of our genius and sages who are imparting
their valuable services, are out come of public sector schools. The only submitted
reason by their parents is lack of management in public sector schools. The well
management is offered at private schools.
The relation between teacher and student is sacred. Children are taught social and
moral etiquettes with more comfort at private schools, the behaviour of teachers is
quite frank and the student can come in direct contact to their teachers. On some
scale, this is true that contact between learner and learned lacks in public sectors but
the thing they are learning must be the same for both sectors, I mean the curricula.
The Curriculum Board has been established but it has allowed private sector to run
their own syllabus. Now, the degrees are same but the scope of knowledge got by the
two is too different to be compared. Here, students face many complications by
studying under different curricula. This has created a big rift between the two
sectors.
Causes of Downfall:
There are enormous causes for the downfall of education in Pakistan which are
discussed under different sub-headings.
Economical Negligence:
Since its inception, Pakistan has remained a weak economy of the world for it has got
nothing in its just assets that were aggressively snatched by India. The conflict
between the two countries over Kashmir issue has hardly allowed the government to
consider and allocate funds in budget for other sectors, the education is not an

exception in this regard. Still, only 2% of GDP is allocated for the welfare of
education, which is quite inappropriate to meet the demands of education. And it is
worth to note that this allocation budget is too not spent for educational purposes,
the whole money is taken away by using unfair means by the concerned officials. All
these funds are not given through a proper channel so that a false audit report is
submitted that the utilization of funds has been spent on requisite purposes.
Rapid growth in poverty:
According to 2002 Economic Survey of United Nations, Most of the inhabitants of
Pakistan are poor and 40% of them live under poverty line, about 70% of its population
dwells in villages. About 300,000, young ones are jobless. They have no access to good
education. The reports shows that how much difficulties and troubles have been
faced by this poor and suppressed class of the country. Their main occupation is
agriculture and its yearly out put cannot meet their daily and basic needs of life. It is
worth to note that only 1% landlords hold almost 95% of lands in Pakistan. This unjust
division of land further creates economical problems not only for the poor but also
the government does not get the lions share in this respect.
Political Negligence:
If you want to destroy the future of any nation, no need to wage war with them;
defunct their education, they will remain no more live on the map of the world.
No politician has paid attention in improving the standard of education so far, as far
as the question of history of development of education in Pakistan is concerned. In
case of Sindh, in early 1970s, lingual riots took place and a new cancer of copy
culture was introduced and boosted up by politicians to prevail among the people. No
official steps were taken in curbing this fatal disease. Now, the result is that
throughout the country Sindhi students are understood the out come of copy culture
and basic rights in every walk of life are denied to them, because however, they may
be genius and creators but the fact remained that they lack in management and
unable move the economy of the country just because they bear a title of COPY
CULTURE. It was a political conspiracy based on totally bias. Being a Sindhi, I do not
favour Sindhis that they are not given a proper share in different walks of life,
whatever is happening to them is the only out come of wrong and misled policies
which have been blindly followed up by them. Patriotism is the very hinge for all
virtues, living in the same country every one at first is Pakistani then Sindhi,

Punjabee, Balochee and or Pathan, respectively. So, now it is our turn to turn a new
leaf and pace with our other provincial brothers to improve the management of our
beloved country Pakistan, believing in united we stand, divided we fall. Education
has become a question of survival for us; less developed man cannot bring the change
in improving the skills that are vital for the uplift of the education.
Irrelevant Induction of Staff:
It has been a dilemma of our educational system that it has embodied irrelevancy in
inducting its staff; broadly speaking, I personally have come across enormous
experiences in my minute observation, as it has been generally observed that if a
person has some specialization in some particular subject but he seems to be teaching
something else. More openly, if some one has got his/her masters in English
Literature, he seems to be teaching Mathematics to his/her students. The fact
remains that students cannot learn first hand and ground information regarding their
subjects. Nepotism is kept on priority while inducting staff, the induction of staff on
quota system has made impotent the working format of the education system,
ministers choose their relatives for induction without thinking that either they could
serve better or will create complications for others.
Misconception of Purpose:
It is also a dreadful fact that todays young ones have changed their motives
pertaining to acquiring education. Actually, the education should be for the purpose
of getting education as it has been wisely said; but, we have changed the slogan,
education should be for the purpose of getting jobs. If, we keep on remaining this
theory in mind then we will be digressed from our way and education will be out of
our reach. By getting education we come to the ways that how we could be able to
lead our lives in the best and a possible way.
Unemployment:
Unemployment is on full swing throughout the country. Country has been facing huge
economical setbacks since its independence. The poor economy of the country cannot
meet at once the demand of employment of the countrymen at once. On the one
hand the disappointed youth, keeping their degrees in hand, wander the whole day in
search of job but No-Vacancy sign boards inflate their disappointment on the other.
This situation creates negative creation of thoughts in their minds; concluding, they

come out as dacoits to waylay and let their names to be enlisted in criminal list; and
society faces much more troubles through this kind of misshapenness.
Remedies:
Every one of us takes things differently, so there is a room for different suggestions.
All of us should aim at to abreast and pace ahead to take the task of improving the
education system in a systematic way by implementation different programmes.
Awareness should be created amongst un-aware fellows, the importance of education
must be expounded in real terms but in an easy way, different literacy programmes
should be commenced throughout the country in order to provide assistance
pertaining the impediments faced by the poor. Government should take an active eye
and spend much more money for the improvement of primary, secondary and higher
education. More schools, colleges and universities, medical and engineering colleges
are needed to be opened. Special attention must be paid on the development of
scientific and technical education so that the settled trend of people in getting
academic education may be diverted to the technical education. Subject relevancy
must be paid in mind while induction of staff for the concerned posts. Politics must
eliminated from education department. Student should pay attention much more on
their studies than chalking walls in propagation of different leaders, by doing so they
are just wasting their time; nothing can be got by nefarious means. Honesty of
purpose and quality in work should be our motives. Every one of us (parents,
students, teachers and the supreme government) should root out the copy culture
from top to bottom from educational system that has been eating away the fresh
brains of our youth for the times unknown. The education must be got for the purpose
of education not for getting jobs. Text books must be updated with current topics and
rapidly changing of the scenario of the world must be given in the textual books.
These suggestions are not enough but whatever has come in my mind I have honestly
jotted down; there is a room for suggestions as already has been mentioned. In the
last but not the least let us work together for bringing revolutionary changes for the
effective function of educational system in the country. Let us pray to Allah Almighty
may He enable us to bring and get our desired results by putting our entire efforts in
this respect.

Pakistans Balochistan Problem: An Insurgencys


Rebirth
By ::: Aurangzaib Alamgir

Early in 2012, a small group of US congressmen looking for alternatives to the


Obama administrations AfPak policy made recommendations for two changes in
the region. The first, that instead of fantasizing about incorporating the Taliban
into the Afghan political system the United States ought to rearm the Northern
Alliance, had been discussed previously. The second recommendation was more
novel and controversial: instead of trying to normalize relations with Pakistans
corrupt government and hostile military, the US ought to support the creation
of a separate state of Balochistan in the southern part of Pakistan. US
Representatives Dana Rohrabacher, Louie Gohmert, and Steve King went so far
as to introduce a bill stating that the Baloch nation had a historic right to
self-determination and called for Congress to recognize Baloch independence.
Although the congressmen involved are not seen as influential members of
the foreign affairs establishment, the idea of dismembering the largest of
Pakistans four provinces, consisting of nearly half of the countrys land mass
and having a profound strategic importance because of a shared border with
Afghanistan on the north, threw Balochistan into the US foreign-policy calculus
almost overnight. Journalists and think tanks began to examine the Baloch
nationalist movement and its heterodox idea that because ethnic identity
trumps religious identity Muslim Pakistan is therefore not a nation. The
controversy that has divided leaders of the Baloch nationalist movement
greater autonomy versus outright succession from Pakistanbegan to receive
new scrutiny. As with other sudden policy enthusiasms, however, the subject
quickly got ahead of itself, racing past the deeper understanding of
Balochistans history and its place in Pakistani nationhood that is required to
bring the independence movement into clear focus and understand the
implications of its demands.
Among the ancient inhabitants of the central Caspian region, the Balochs were
an independent tribal union until the nineteenth century. In 1893, the British
drew the Durand Line, which divided British India and Afghanistan, as well as
the Pashtun and the Baloch tribes on both sides of the new border. Indian
independence in 1947 gave the tribes the choice of joining either Pakistan or
India. Baloch leaders agitated for a third way: independence. Lord
Mountbatten, the last viceroy of India, believed that Balochistan would not be
able to survive on its own and forced it to join Pakistan. One of the Baloch
leaders at that time, Suleiman Khan, later said: We had no desire to be part
of Pakistan but we were ignored and the agreement was eventually forced
down our throats. Till the very last moment, they kept us in the dark. All the

time we were assured that the Baluch would keep their independent state but
instead we were sold down the river.
The alignment with Pakistan was initially based on an agreement that
Balochistan would be autonomous and retain authority over land, resources,
and political matters while the Pakistani government would oversee currency,
foreign relations, and defense. But almost from the beginning, the central
government aimed at control, leading to violence between
Baloch guerrillas and the Pakistani army sent into the province to subdue them.
One of the more dramatic confrontations came in 1963 when Baloch leader
Sher Mohammad Marri resisted the central governments intention to establish
military bases in the province, giving rise to an insurgency ranging over fortyfive thousand miles. The insurgency ended after five years with a cease-fire
agreement that promised greater political autonomy for Balochistan. But these
promises were not kept and Baloch separatists mounted another insurgency in
1973, fighting for greater social and political rights and an end to exploitation
of Balochistans resources. Pakistans military operations in the area, supported
by forces of the Shah of Iran, exacted a high toll on Baloch insurgents. In 1973,
an assault by the Pakistani Air Force ordered by General Tikka Khan, later
referred to as the Butcher of Balochistan, led to the deaths of five
thousandguerrillas and more than three thousand soldiers.
A truce finally came after Pakistani President Zulfikar Ali Bhutto fell to a coup
by General Zia-ul-Haq. General Zia initiated a policy of development that
temporarily quelled that insurgency of Balochistans people. But after three
decades of unfulfilled promises for more effectivelocal government and a
greater share of state resources, another one broke out in 2005 and has yet to
be contained.

It is obvious why the central Pakistani government has been obsessed with
keeping tight control of Balochistan. It is not only the largest province in
Pakistan in terms of area, with a population of roughly seven and a half million,
but it has vast natural resources, especially energy resources, including an
estimated nineteen trillion cubic feet of natural gas and six trillion barrels of
oil reserves.
The central government controls tourism, environment, population, labor,
welfare, the newspapers, and even the educational curriculum, which
rigorously excludes the use of the Balochi language, which Pakistans political

elites ridicule as primitive.


Not surprisingly, Balochistans literacy is the lowest among the four provinces.
Despite being the major supplier of natural resources to other Pakistani
provinces, the Balochs are behind the rest of the country not only in terms of
education, but also in social development. They have the lowest per capita
income among the four provinces, with sixty-three percent living below the
poverty line, eighty-five percent lacking safe drinking water, and eighty
percent without electricity. There are very few government civil servants from
Balochistan working in Islamabad, moreover, and not even one Baloch in the
Pakistani Foreign Service.
This deprivation has fueled the ongoing spirit of insurgency, whose causes
scholar Frederic Grare summarizes as three-fold: expropriation,
marginalization, and dispossession. Expropriation relates to the Balochs claim
that their resources are exploited by the Punjabi-dominated central
government. Marginalization particularly relates to discrimination against
Baloch labor in ongoing development projects, with workers often imported
from the other provinces rather than hired locally. Dispossession is an issue
because Balochs see the best of their land being taken over by foreigners
from Islamabad.

The province is now in the middle of its fourth major episode of insurgency,
following major outbreaks in 1948, 196369, and 197378. The central
government has always claimed that these eruptions were the result of
conspiracies to dismember Pakistan between Baloch leaders, the Soviet Union,
and Iraq. It has used military force to deal with the guerrillas who have
damaged gas pipelines, blocked coal shipment to Punjab, and made life tough
for the Pakistani army in the mountains despite numbering at best some fifty
thousand against the armys force of more than eighty thousand.
The current wave of insurgency began with the gang rape of a female doctor by
army officers. The late veteran politician Nawab Akbar Khan Bugti voiced his
anger and demanded punishment of the rapists. In response, the army launched
an attack on Dera Bugti, the countrys largest natural gas reservoir.
Baloch guerrillas countered by firing rocket launchers at then President General
Pervez Musharrafs helicopter during a visit to Quetta, Balochistans largest
city. A full operation by the Pakistani army then began in the province,
particularly in Kohlu and Dera Bugti, in 2005. Several Bugti and Marri militants
were killed, further fueling an insurgency that had already been complicated

by the simultaneous rise of the Taliban, the War on Terror, and the decline of
law and order in Punjab and Karachi. Taking advantage of the rapidly changing
(and deteriorating) situation, the Baloch movement gained momentum,
popularity, and support, locally and internationally, setting up a government in
exile in 2006.
As the Balochs have gotten more serious about independence, the central
government has responded with an heavier display of force. Nearly four
hundred bullet-ridden bodies of Balochs have been recovered from mountains
and roadsides in recent yearsmost likely, casualties of ISI, the powerful
Pakistani intelligence service, which has been active in the province. Others
suspected of ties to the insurgency have been disappeared, according to the
Baloch Missing Persons Forum, which claims that some ten thousand individuals
are assumed to have been confined and tortured by the Pakistani secret service
agencies before being killed.

Over the past few months, a faction of American congressmen, minority Afghan
groups, Baloch nationalists, and supporters have outlined a framework for an
alternative US policy to Southwest Asia. US advocates for an independent
Balochistan have yet to receive wide support, but their campaign, which now
centers around secession, is receiving more attention among policymakers
particularly because of three recent high-profile events: the congressional
hearing on Baluchistan; the introduction of a Baloch self-determination bill in
Congress; and a highly publicized meeting of the Balochistan National Front in
Berlin earlier this year.
Supporters of the new approach note redrawing of Southwest Asias political
borders through Balochistan independence would advance American interests
on several fronts, especially by creating valuable new economic opportunities
that could offset the costs of the failed wars in Afghanistan and Iraq and spur
economic growth after the global recession.
Meanwhile, the insurgents, particularly those in the government in exile, are
reinventing themselves to attract more attention from the US. In its earlier
phases, the insurgency was dominated by a Marxist ideology and to some
extent (enough to be an irritant to Islamabad, but not enough to involve an
expensive commitment) supported by Russia. Many of the leading figures
studied in Russia and styled themselves Marxist-Leninists. However, the latest
outbreak of hostilities occurred after the death of the Soviet Union and has
looked toward India, Great Britain, and especially America for support. That it

now sees itself as a democratic movement is reflected in the recently drafted


Charter for the Liberation of Balochistan: Article 1 stipulates one person one
vote.
There is also a new sophistication about international opinion on the part of
the insurgencys leaders, especially Allah Nazar Baloch, the forty-four-year-old
leader of the Balochistan Liberation Front. The eponymously named rebel
trained as a medical doctor and is part of a new generation that has taken the
cause of independence global, successfully espousing the cause in the British
House of Lords and the American Congress.
The liberation movement has also been buoyed by the tides of war in the
region. Pakistans hidden agenda has always involved secretly supporting the
Taliban for its own strategic purposes. But the Karzai government in
Afghanistan has found a chance to pay it back by providing safe haven to the
Baloch guerrillas who shelter and train in camps there.
Pakistan today is facing unprecedented challenges: economic turbulence and
rising poverty, a stalemated army operation in the Northern region, law-andorder issues in Sind and Punjab, an increasingly cold collaboration with the US
in the War on Terror, spillover effects of Afghanistans insurgency, and, of
course, the enduring rivalry with India. It cannot afford Balochistans
insurgencies, whichowing to the provinces vast land, hostile terrain, arid
climate, and a population unreconciled to Islamabads discriminatory and
exploitve policieshave been difficult to suppress. Pakistan has attempted to
drown the voices of the Balochs for more than sixty years, but they appear to
be growing louder and more demanding with each passing day.

Aurangzaib Alamgir is a Ph.D. student at the Asia-Europe Institute


at the University of Malaya in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

Making the Bomb: Pakistans Nuclear Journey


By ::: Shehzad H. Qazi
DOWNLOAD in Pdf

Developed in secrecy and tested in defiance, Pakistans nuclear weapons


program has been a point of pride for Pakistanis, a worrisome portent for
Indians, a source of profit for nuclear proliferators, and a security concern for
US policymakers. While much is feared, little is really known about Pakistans
nuclear program. Retired Brigadier General Feroz Khans Eating Grass (the title
comes from a 1965 statement by Pakistans then Prime Minister Zulfiqar Ali
Bhutto proclaiming that if India acquired the bomb, so would Pakistan, even if
it had to eat grass, or leaves or even go hungry) is important because it
presents a complete account of Pakistans quest for nuclear weapons, with
close focus on the roleplayed by culture, personality, domestic, regional, and
global politics, and technical challenges in the development of the Islamic
Bomb.
The books author is a former Pakistan Army officer and senior official in the
National Command Authority. Khan was not only a key policymaker in Pakistans
nuclear command and control system, but played important roles in
negotiations with American and Indian officials over the nuclear program,
especially regarding Pakistans force posture.Drawing on primary and secondary
sources, his own experiences, and numerous interviews with decisionmakers
and former scientists who were intimately involved in the program, Khan
recapitulates Pakistans nuclear journey. He analyzes key decisions by its
leaders that shaped the trajectory of Pakistans strategic capabilities and its
foreign relations, bureaucratic disputes over the program, and competition
between actors in the scientific community trying to put their individual stamp
on the bomb.
Eating Grass begins in the 1960s, during General Ayub Khans military
dictatorship, when many Pakistani leaders were reluctant to pursue nuclear
weapons because they felt the country could not afford them. The author then
provides a blow-by-blow account of several major decisions that created a
weapons program, and then the cold tests in 1983, and finally the testing of
the bomb itself in 1998.
Inside this chronology, Khan also explores the technological and capacity
challenges Pakistani scientists faced, especially as the global nonproliferation
regime made nuclear trade increasingly difficult. He details how they
developed uranium enrichment and plutonium production capabilities and the
secret procurement networks to supply the clandestine program. Along the
way, Khan reveals the intense rivalry that developed between the Pakistan
Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) and the Khan Research Laboratories to
develop and claim credit for the weapon.

The role of foreign countries was a significant part of this nuclear journey.
Once Canada stopped supplying nuclear technology, Pakistan received loans and
investments worth hundreds of millions of dollars from Libya, along with
yellowcake from Niger and uranium from Chad. China provided high enriched
uranium and a bomb design, and helped in missile production.
No history of Pakistans march toward nuclearization would be complete, of
course, without the sub-narrative of complications caused in relations between
Pakistan and the US, which was initially strongly opposed to the nuclear
program, but later became covertly complicit in it, only subsequently to punish
Pakistan and ultimately grudgingly accept its membership in the international
nuclear club.
Khan also discusses Pakistans nuclear doctrine, the development of its
command and control system, and the way the notorious scientist A.Q. Khan
became the governments proliferator in chief, selling Pakistans nuclear
innovations to the North Koreans, Iranians, and others.
The fundamental question driving this book is why Pakistan decided to acquire
nuclear weapons in the first place. Khan attributes this decision to Pakistans
unique strategic culturethat is, the beliefs, values, and historical
experiences of the ruling elite that influenced how it perceives and responds to
the security environment. He contends that the defeat and dismemberment of
Pakistan in the 1971 war and Indias 1974 nuclear tests, which altered the
balance of power, became central components of Pakistans strategic culture,
leading to the perception that nuclear weapons were a national necessity.
But between the lines of the book is a slightly different story: that domestic
politics rather than national security per se was key to the decision to go
forward with a nuclear program. As Scott Sagan, a renowned scholar of nuclear
weapons, has argued, countries acquire nuclear weapons because individuals
within the nuclear energy establishment and research laboratories (who benefit
financially and in terms of prestige), the military, and political leaders become
chief advocates for acquisition of these weapons, seeing them as tools to
accomplish parochial political or bureaucratic goals.
In the case at hand, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, the prime minister (197377) who made
the decision to go nuclear, already belonged to a coalition comprising PAEC
scientists and some foreign-ministry bureaucrats who had been strongly
advocating such a capability since at least 1965. By the time he took office, the
military was also on board. Thus the desire to pursue nuclear weapons
predated the 1971 war or Indias 1974 tests. In Khans own words, with Bhuttos

rise, the bomb lobby was now in power.


According to weapons specialist Bhumitra Chakma, Pakistans nuclear program
has faced two key challenges: the absence of a formally declared nuclear
doctrine, including ambiguity about the redline risks that could prompt use,
and the lack of an institutionalized and transparent command and control
system.
Pakistans ten-point nuclear doctrine is India-focused, and has three major
principles: minimum credible deterrence, nuclear first use, and massive
retaliation. While arguing that counterforce targeting is increasingly becoming
a principle for both Pakistan and India, Khan also reports that Pakistan is
operationalizing its minimal deterrence concept by continually improving its
delivery means, by inducting ballistic and cruise missiles, and by developing a
second-strike capability.
Whats missing in this book is an investigation into Pakistans redline risks
beyond what is already known. Khan states that the nuclear program has two
objectives: deterring India from overwhelming Pakistan with a conventional
attack and using nuclear weapons in the event of an Indian invasion, the sizable
destruction of its armed forces, or Indian-perpetrated political destabilization
and economic strangulation. While Khan acknowledges that these criteria are
deliberately imprecise, the ambiguity, he argues, is a non-issue because with
the unlikelihood of Pakistans accepting a no-first-use policy, the doctrinal
puzzle of the Pakistani nuclear program is put to rest.
But the author does provide an insightful analysis of the most critical issue:
Pakistans nuclear command and control architecture. Since 2000 the National
Command Authority, composed of chief civilian and military leaders, has been
responsible for decisionmaking on the programs policy, planning, procurement,
and use. Nevertheless this oversight and control system was developed almost
forty-five years after the weapons program began. The author attributes A. Q.
Khans ability to erect an alternative universe of proliferation to this absence
of oversight, explaining that Khans significant autonomy in secretly procuring
nuclear technology for Pakistan and immunity from regularly reporting to a
government body allowed his private and illicit operations to go undetected.
In the aftermath of the Khan Network fiasco, Pakistan revised its export
control laws, while the Strategic Plans Division (SPD) began using assessment
tools, such as Personnel and Human Reliability Programs, to screen personnel,
and created a security force with an intelligence unit to counter assaults,
espionage, and other threats against nuclear installations and weapons.

But while the author describes the reforms in command and control, explains
that Pakistan undertakes a variety of assessments to ensure the secrecy,
dispersal, and survivability of its strategic weapons against foreign attacks,
and mentions that safety measures are in place for weapons storage and
transport, he inexplicably fails to address directly the threat of terrorists
acquiring Pakistans nuclear weapons and materials, perhaps the greatest
concern among US and international policymakers today.
There has been a steady accumulation of books on Pakistans nuclear weapons
program, ranging from accounts by former Pakistani military officers giving
their views about why Pakistan sought the bomb, to academic analyses
exploring nuclear deterrence and stability in South Asia, to journalistic
accounts focusing on Pakistans covert acquisition of nuclear technology, the
Khan Networks proliferation, and Americas secret compliance in exchange for
assistance during the Soviet-Afghan war and the War on Terror.
Khans book is a bit of all of this, framed by an insider account of Pakistani
decisionmaking that can help policymakers better understand how Pakistani
leaders thought through some of the most crucial decisions of the countrys
history, what assumptions they made, and how they view the world. A nuanced
narrative accessible to a general readership, Eating Grass is a comprehensive
study on how and why Pakistan went nuclear.

An Institutional Graveyard
THERE is good news from Islamabad. Some 80 potential donors met in the city
and pledged over $6 billion to help the country recover from the ravages of the
earthquake of October 8. Most of the funds raised are to be used to
rehabilitate the more than three million people left homeless and without
economic assets. If money was the only constraint, this would spell the end of
the countrys travails. But that, unfortunately, is not the case.
Faced with this enormous burden to reconstruct an economy on which some 10
million people depend, the Pakistani state will also need to rebuild itself. Over
the last 60 years, the state has been weakened to the point that it barely
functions.
In the last couple of columns, I have drawn comparisons between the Indian
and Pakistani situations to make the point that there are things about India

that gives it enormous advantage over Pakistan in many fields. This is


particularly the case in the effort by the two countries to develop and
modernize. India will succeed in spite of the fact that some of the economic
and social problems it faces are more serious than those that we face. After
all, India is much more crowded than Pakistan.
With some 15 to 20 per cent of the worlds poor, the burden of poverty it
carries is also much heavier. There is great inequality not just among its more
than one billion people. Some of the Indian states in the countrys north and
east have a per capita income that is one-fourth of the average achieved by
some of those in the west and south. There are serious social and political
problems in the country that the various systems in play are barely able to
handle.
In many parts of the country, women still face great discrimination. Wife
burning to punish young women for not bringing sufficient dowry for the
grooms household is sufficiently common to worry sociologists and social
workers. The system of roads, railways, bridges and ports is straining under the
impact of a rapidly growing economy. India has done even less than Pakistan to
improve the physical infrastructure it inherited from the British. The Indian
bureaucrat, in spite of all the investment the country has made in its fabled
Institutions of Management, continues to believe that his job is to obstruct
rather than to facilitate. And yet, India now has the reputation of a country
that works; Pakistan that of a country poised on the edge of an abyss.
There are many reasons for this of which I count four as being really important.
The Indians do a much better job of representing themselves outside the
country than we do.
This helps to bring in foreign capital, technology and management expertise.
They have also invested much more and much more intelligently than we
have done in creating a highly skilled and well informed work force. I
commented on these contributors to Indias growth in last weeks article. Today
I will write about one other difference between the two countries a
difference that gives India a better chance of succeeding than Pakistan in the
new global economic and political order.
India today has a much stronger institutional base than we do. Over the last
half century certainly after the assumption of power in 1971 by Zulfikar Ali
Bhutto Pakistan has systematically destroyed the institutions it inherited
from the British Raj. India did the opposite by significantly improving upon its
institutional inheritance.

In the institutional graveyard we find in Pakistan, tombstones carry such names


as the civil administration and the system of governance; the judicial and legal
systems; political parties, and the political system; the systems for formulating
and implementing economic and social strategies; colleges, universities and the
system of education.
Two institutional structures that have survived are the military and the press,
the latter because of the relative tolerance displayed by a numberof recent
administrations, especially the current one. However, I will suggest in a later
article that a free press without a political system that represents all segments
of the people cannot do its job adequately. It can only point out the blemishes
that exist in society but cannot correct them.
Why have we created this graveyard of institutions?
The question has been asked and answered several times. Unlike leaders and
leadership groups in India, those who have ruled Pakistan came to believe that
the institutions that were in place stood in the way of their ability to reach
their goals. Some of the time the goals were personal enrichment or
concentration of power in a single pair of hands. Even when the rulers aim was
to improve the welfare of common citizens, most institutions were regarded as
bumps in the road to be traversed.
The process of institutional decay began the moment Pakistan gained
independence. The countrys first generation of rulers did not have a firm
political base. Not prepared to trust the masses, it bypassed them. Thus began
the tradition of rule without consultation, discourse or representation. At the
same time, the urgent need to rehabilitate and resettle millions of refugees
who had arrived from India led to the use of unconstrained state power.
Evacuee property the assets left by the departing Hindus and Sikhs was
disposed off at the will of administrators whose actions could not be easily
questioned in the courts. The seeds of corruption that was to mar the Pakistani
landscape in the decade of the 1990s were, in fact, planted in the soil
immediately after the country was founded.
The first seven years of President Ayub Khans administration were committed
to the economic development of the country, a goal that was achieved with
considerable fanfare at home and celebration abroad. For some time, Pakistan
was feted as the model of development.
Nonetheless, Pakistans first military ruler did not appreciate the important

point that the process he had begun could not be sustained without a
functioning judicial system, representative politics and freedom of expression.
In this approach he was encouraged by a number of development theorists who
believed at that time that strong military governments led ably by visionary
leaders could deliver their countries from economic and social backwardness.
There was not much point in consulting the people with the help of a
representative system of government or giving them voice with the help of a
free press. Even an independent judicial system was seen as obstructing the
path to rapid economic development.
Ayub Khan came down hard on the judicial system, on the development of
political parties, on developing a representative system of government, and on
the press. On the other hand, he developed a sound system of economic
planning and management, a local government structure that brought the state
closer to the people and an educational system that began to improve the level
of human development. Had he not suppressed the first set of institutions he
and his government would not have fallen so easily to the predatory designs of
an ambitious general who was much less well equipped to govern.
Ayub Khan would not have succumbed had he allowed the press to freely report
on some of the economic tensions that were caused by his model of
development, had he put in place a political system that could find relief for
those who felt that they had been left behind by the fast pace towards
reaching economic goals that were once believed to be unachievable, had he
permitted the judges and the judicial system to keep the fast moving economic
and social systems within legal bounds. Ultimately, the institutions he did not
build, or those that he did not develop, destroyed those he had created with
tender loving care.
The destruction of institutions continued under Ayub Khans successors, General
Yahya Khan and Zulfikar Ali Bhutto. The two together put away the system of
bureaucratic management. That system may have had many faults but it also
attracted high quality human resource to its ranks and provided reasonably
good governance. It worked well in the area of economic management. And
Bhuttos heavy hand fell on the system of education, bringing politics into
college and university campuses. Bhutto also continued the Ayubian practice of
suppressing the freedom of expression and manipulating political processes to
achieve personal goals.
Once again, as had happened to Ayub Khan and Yahya Khan before him, the
institutions that could have saved him from being dislodged by the military

were simply absent when they could have served a useful purpose for him. In
fact, tragically, Bhutto was sent to the gallows by an institution the judiciary
that he had himself subverted.
President Ziaul Haq continued to show not only the same disdain for institutionbuilding that was shown by his predecessors. He went one step further and
began to use the state to bring religion into politics, the economy and society.
In doing so, Zia was not responding to public demand: he, like some of his
predecessors, was putting in place what he thought the people needed or
should require.
Zias Islamization programme left a legacy with which the country is still trying
to come to terms. While bringing religion into many spheres of public life, the
Zia administration did practically nothing to resurrect the institutions without
which societies simply cannot develop. The political system remained largely
unrepresentative, political parties continued to be manipulated to serve the
ruling master, the judiciary was forced into submission and the legal system
atrophied.
Eleven years of civilian rule interspersed with five general elections
underscored one important point about institutional development: that
periodic reference to the people, without the support of institutions, is not a
recipe for the development of a representative form of government. The two
mainstream political parties that were given the opportunity to govern made
no effort to prepare the ground for erecting a permanent structure of
governance in which people would openly participate. That had been
accomplished in India; given the chance once again, the Pakistani leaders let
the country down once more. Theirs was total failure which once again
encouraged the military to step in.
My assertion in the first article of the present series that the military takeover
saved the country from plunging into a political and economic abyss has been
contested by some of my friends who were very active in politics at that time. I
continue to believe that a break was needed in the trajectory the country was
pursuing at that time. But the question is whether progress has been made
since October 12, 1999.
The answer has to be in the negative. Once again there is a belief that
institutions are not important; what are needed are the leaders goodwill,
determination and vision. Under President Pervez Musharraf there has been no
progress in terms of developing civilian institutions, improving the state of the
judiciary, strengthening the legal system, developing the capacity to do

strategic thinking in economic affairs, forcing the development of political


parties, and laying down rules for succession. And by requiring the military to
enter not only politics but also many civilian activities, he may have hurt the
one institution that had survived the general decay in the countrys
institutional foundation.

Judicial Activism Using SUO MOTU


by Barrister Ahmed Uzair

1. INTRODUCTION
The question of judicial activism is of an increasing relevance to us in
Pakistan; more so following the judicial revolution epitomized by the
restoration of the Chief Justice of Pakistan. Judicial activism derives its
existence from the judgments of the Chief Justice of the US Supreme Court
John Marshal in the early 19th century. In the landmark case of Marbury vs.
Madison, it was declared that an act [of another branch of government]
repugnant to the Constitution is void. The term judicial activism derives its
origin in American political and legal discourse of the 1950s where Arthur
Schlesinger Jr. in an article titled "The Supreme Court: 1947 profiled the nine
Justices as either judicial activists or champions of self restraint.
2. JUDICIAL ACTIVISM AND JUDICIAL RESTRAINT
As observed by Arthur Schlesinger Jr., two schools of thought emerged, i.e.
those that ascribe a much limited role to the judiciary (they being the
champions of self restraint), and those that argue in favour of greater judicial
scrutiny (the judicial activists).
The champions of self restraint, jurists such as Alexander Bickel, John Hart Ely,
highlight the anti-majoritarian nature of the judiciary, the fact that it is
appointed and not directly accountable to the people and that by actively
questioning the measures taken by the executive; the judiciary is usurping the
power of the elected branches of the State. Since the judiciary is not elected it
does not have any legitimacy to over-rule (let alone set) government policy,
unless an action is in direct conflict with the Constitution.

On the other side of the scale, the followers of judicial activism justify going
beyond and even against the intentions of those who have drafted the law.
They argue that this greater role of the judiciary is vital to ensure a stronger
democracy and a just and stable society. In other words; it is necessary to keep
a check on transient majoritarianism (protection of minority rights and the
underprivileged), and that it is necessary for the protection of liberty, property
and life. The Judiciary does not act outside the democratic setup, rather it is a
part of it, and its decisions are always under scrutiny by the people.
There is no denying that checks on the executive authority are absolutely
essential for effective running of a democratic society. The question then is
that of degree, extent and scope. Of particular interest to this author is the
suo motu use of judicial powers in aid of judicial activism. It may be observed
that judicial activism is by no means a recent phenomenon in Pakistan but suo
motu exercise of judicial power is.
3. SUO MOTU
Judicial activism is invariably (but not necessarily) expressed in cases of
judicial review i.e. people versus the State where an aggrieved person or group
seek the courts intervention against an action or lack thereof on part of the
State. Exercise of suo motu can be classified as an extension of judicial review.
However, and more crucially, in cases of suo motu the judge takes cognizance
of a matter on his/her own initiative. On other occasions, simple applications
filed in the court are converted into/deemed to have been filed as petitions.
Another distinction may be drawn here. The courts, being a creation of the
Constitution, derive their authority from the Constitution or other laws that
confer jurisdiction. The Supreme Court of Pakistan has been expressly
conferred powers under Article 184 (3) of the Constitution to take suo motu
action for the enforcement of any of the Fundamental Rights conferred by
Chapter I of Part II of the Constitution. The said article reads as follows:
(3) Without prejudice to the provisions of Article 199, the Supreme Court
shall, if it considers that a question of public importance with reference to the
enforcement of any of the Fundamental Rights conferred by Chapter I of Part II
is involved have the power to make an order of the nature mentioned in the
said Article.
No such power is conferred to the High Courts by the Constitution i.e. to take
suo motu action against the executive. The Constitution in fact goes so far as

to state in Article 175 (2) that:


(2) No court shall have any jurisdiction save as is or may be conferred on it by
the Constitution or by or under any law.
Therefore while a lot of the arguments for and against judicial activism in
general, and suo motu in particular, are also applicable to the apex court, I will
restrict my observations to the suo motu exercise of judicial power by the High
Court.
4. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE: THE CONSERVATIVE VIEW
In the 1956 Constitution Article 170 defined the scope of the jurisdiction of
the High Court conferred upon it; the Article read as follows:
Art 170: Notwithstanding anything in Article 22, each High Court shall have
power, throughout the territories in relation to which it exercises jurisdiction,
to issue to any person or authority, including in appropriate cases any
Government, directions, orders or writs, including writs in the nature of habeas
corpus, mandamus, prohibition, quo warranto and certiorari, for the
enforcement of any of the right conferred by Part II and for any other
purpose.
The Supreme Court has long maintained that the High Court is not competent
to commence proceedings and issue directions suo motu. In the Supreme Court
case of Tariq Transport Company, Lahore vs. Sargodha-Bhera Bus Service and
other, while interpreting Article 170 (above) Chief Justice Muhammad Munir
observed that high court, therefore, is not competent merely on
information or of its own knowledge to commence certiorari proceedings or
other proceedings of a similar nature under [Art. 170] .... Mr. Justice
Shahabuddin in the same judgement also observed that; The normal
procedure is to' move a Court by a petition, or a complaint or a plaint and in
cases where power to act suo motu is given it is specifically conferred as in S.
115, Civil Procedure Code, and S. 435, Criminal Procedure Code. I can see no
ground for thinking that the intention of the Constitution was to empower,
'the High Courts to send for the records of any of the proceedings before any
executive or quasi-judicial authority and satisfy themselves that every department of the Government is functioning satisfactorily. Mr. Justice Cornelius
made similar observation, holding that, I cannot conceive that the Article
[175] can ever be thought to include a general power in the High Court to
conduct searching enquiries into the internal working of such an institution as

the R. T. A.
The reservations of the Supreme Court in this case were clear. If the High
Courts started conducting inquiries into the affairs of government departments
in order to satisfy themselves the State machinery would grind to a halt.
In two subsequent cases the Supreme Court reiterated the above mentioned
position; first in the case of Fazle-e-Haq, Accountant-General, West Pakistan
vs. The State and then in the case of Islamic Republic of Pakistan vs.
Muhammad Saeed
In the 1962 Constitution the jurisdiction of the High Courts was defined in
Article 98 that made it even more explicit that issuance of writ were subject to
applications by aggrieved party; in case of certiorari and mandamus or any
person in case of habeas corpus and quo warranto.
In the land-mark judgment titled Shahnaz Begum vs. The Honourable Judges of
the High Court of Sindh and Balochistan and another the Chief JusticeHamoodur-Rahman in respect of the Constitution of 1962 observed that; under the
1962 Constitution a High Court has been given the power of judicial review of
executive actions by Article 98 in certain specified circumstances but even in
such a case the High Court cannot move suo motu for, it is specifically provided
in each of the sub-clauses (a), (b) and (c) of Clause (2) of Article 98 that only
"on the application of an aggrieved party or of any person," the High Court may
make the orders or issue the directions therein specified.
The Supreme Court made it clear that it is of the utmost importance to
remember that a superior Court should not allow itself to be influenced by
sensational reports in newspapers or by what he may have heard or read
outside the Court, for in the first case it may unwittingly be encouraging a trial
by the press and in the other case unnecessarily be exposing itself to criticism
that its actions are motivated by bias.
Again the reservations of the Supreme Court are clear and they cannot be truer
in this day and age when media organizations are in competition with each
other over viewership and the reporting is invariably sensationalized.
The provisions on powers of the High Courts in the present Constitution more or
less resemble those in the 1962 Constitution. The Supreme Court therefore
reiterated its declaration of law in 1982 that the High Court does not have suo
motu powers observing that It is settled law that in writ proceedings, the
relief must be confined to the prayer made in the writ petition and the High

Court cannot issue a writ suo motu."


5. POST-CONSERVATIVE POSITION
The above referred position is representative of self restraint; at-least so far as
the High Court is concerned and has held fort for quite some time. However,
since the judicial revolution, it is clear that the judiciary sees a wider role
for itself in the affairs of the State. In the last 5 years there have been many
instances of suo motu actions by the High Courts, most notably, the Lahore
High Court. The majority of the public has welcomed this development and has
brought with it astronomical expectations from the judiciary. A number of cases
were taken up suo motu by the previous Chief Justice of the Lahore High Court
Mr. Justice Khuwaja Muhammad Sharif. These cases ranged from the negligence
of doctors resulting in death, increase in bus fares, the governments decision
to withdraw the promotion of prison department employees, the ZARCO
Exchange fraud and the suo motu notice on the sugar price hike28 just to name
a few.
Mr. Justice Sharif reportedly remarked that suo motu powers of the judiciary
[i.e. of the High Courts] was an effective way to check violations of law by the
executive and to protect the rights and the lives of the poor in the country and
that I will take notice of every matter in which the executive is showing
slackness, as justice should be dispensed at all costs.
Supporters of the post-conservative judicial activism highlight the inefficiencies
of the other branches of government and state that people harbor greater
expectations from the judiciary as most [government] departments have failed
to deliver on what was expected of them.
Justice Shri V.R. Krishna Iyer of the Indian Supreme Court, on the question of
judicial activism observed that the true strength and stability of our polity is
the societys credibility in social justice, not perfect legalese, and this does
not disclose any difference to this fundamental value. This in effect
represents the essence of post-conservative jurisprudence at the Lahore High
Court. i.e. to do away with legal hurdles as justice is to be dispensed at all
costs.
Another important aspect of the modern approach is the perception of
dispensation of justice. An Executive that is constantly looking over its
shoulder is starting to albeit at a snails pace think twice before usurping
the public trust.

Finally, the proponents of judicial activism can argue that there is a tacit
consent on the part of the people of Pakistan when they (twice) took part in
the campaign for the restoration of the judiciary.
6. JUDICIAL RESTRAINT IN PAKISTAN
With the advent of this post conservative trend a school of thought has
emerged that opposes this development. They warn against greater judicial
activism and by extension suo motu exercise of judicial power. They highlight
the jurisprudence of the last five decades.
Secondly, they are argue that the High Courts, by taking suo motu notice, are
discouraging people from following the due process of the law i.e. the right of
an aggrieved person to move the Court when his/her right is being
infringed/violated.
Thirdly, cases that are already pending before the courts are delayed even
further. As of 30th June 2010 there are nearly 1.65 million cases pending in the
Courts in Pakistan, out of which more than 85,000 are before the High Courts.
While the High Courts take suo motu notice of issues in the news, these cases
are reprioritized]. Why would one - as a litigant - want to spend long and
arduous years in courts following the procedure prescribed by law?
Fourthly, if the justification for suo motu action is justice delayed is justice
denied, do those litigants whose cases are already pending before the High
Court not have the same right
Then there is the question of practicality. It is simply not possible for the High
Court to take suo motu notice of every indiscretion of the executive. Therefore
the High Court is - in effect - choosing which matters to take notice of and
which not. What is, in that case, the criterion for such a selection? What of
those citizens whose plight is not taken up by the High Court?
Finally they argue that how can an unrepresentative and unaccountable body
or person decide on policy matters that should be the exclusive purview of the
elected officials? Clearly it is an inherent contradiction to the concept
democracy that policy is determined by the judiciary.
In this regard the example of the suo motu notice taken by Lahore High Courts
Divisional Bench of the high price of sugar may be mentioned. The Court
ordered the price of sugar to be fixed at Rs. 40 per Kg. This level of micro-

management of public policy is quite alarming. The outcome has been that
neither the price has been fully stabilized nor fully floated, as there is constant
risk of artificial interference. Wouldnt a long-term solution aimed against
hoarders, by enforcement and strengthening of anti-trust and anti-monopoly
laws be more effective?
7. CONCLUSION
Therefore it may be concluded that notwithstanding the nobility of the
objective, it is simply not possible for a Court of Law to ensure effective
running of each and every department of the government. Even with its
widening sphere of influence - which is a reality - the judiciary must not
overwhelm itself by this ever greater public expectation and not let itself get
embroiled in micro-managing the affairs of the executive, or for that matter,
the legislative. If the judiciary decides on policy matters such as the price of
sugar or carbon levy, it should then expect to share the responsibility should
things dont go according to plan.
The judiciary cannot endeavor to cause a reformation of the society. It is not
its role and for this reason that the Supreme Court, in the recent judgment on
the National Reconciliation Ordinance observed that if the Court attempts
to become the arbiter of what is good or bad for the people, it will inevitably
enter the minefield doctrines such as the law of necessity or salus populi
suprema lex.
While one cannot categorically state that there has been greater vigilance on
the part of the executive, or that there will be any lasting effect of the suo
motu use of judicial power, as only time will tell. The judiciary however needs
to recognize its own limits and strike a balance. No rule ought to be laid down
as to whether or when or to what extent judicial power may be exercised suo
motu. It is my opinion that neither should there be an absolute bar, nor should
it be unbridled authority and it is for the High Court for itself to recognize and
lay down its own limitations.

JUDICIAL ACTIVISM IN PAKISTAN

OUTLINES:
1. Introduction

2. What is Judicial Activism?


3. Origin of Judicial Activism
Marbury Vs Medison case
Macquillun VS Maryland Case
4. Judicial Activism in Pakistan
A. Historical Background
eg. Moulvi Tameez ud din case, Dosso case, Nusrart Bhutto Case
B. Current scenario
5. Is it a Judicial Activism or Judicial Adventurism in Pakistan?
6. Causes of Judicial Activism
a. Mal performance of executive
eg. Sugar crisis, Punjab Bank scam, missing person issue
b. Mal performance of legislature
eg. NRO, 17th amendment, ambiguity in laws
c. Corruption/ No accountability
d.Violation of Fundamental Rights of people
e. Role of strong civil society
7. Repercussions/impacts of Judicial Activism
a. Protection of Fundamental Rights of people
b. Check on extra-constitutional acts of administration
c. Political adventurism
d. Public awareness against injustices
8. Legal status of Judicial Activism
a. Suo moto notices U/A.184(3)
b. Judicial Review Power
c. Supreme Court is guardian of Fundamental Rights of people
d. Precedents..eg USA and India
9. Judicial Activism Vs Parliamentary Sovereignty

10. Conclusion
The SC cannot be the forum to make the final arbitration. It can interpret the
constitution but cannot take away the rights of the people
Since its creation, Pakistan witnessed multiple military coup dtats that
obstructed the growth of democracy. None of the elected parliaments could
complete their term. Either the head of the state or the military dissolved
parliament. The then governor-general dissolved the first Constituent Assembly
in 1954 when the drafting of the constitution reached a final stage. Tamizuddin
Khan, the president of the Constituent Assembly, challenged the governorgenerals action in the Sindh High Court. The Sindh High Court accepted the
writ and after a proper hearing declared the action of the governor-general
illegal, who appealed against the judgment to the Supreme Court (SC) of
Pakistan. The country fell into a deep constitutional crisis. Ignoring protocol,
the governor-general reportedly went and met Chief Justice Munir at his
residence. The SC in its judgment validated the action of the governor-general
under the infamous doctrine of necessity. The same person had earlier
dismissed the prime minister on the ground that he had lost the confidence of
the people. It was true that the dismissed prime minister became unpopular in
the eastern wing of the country but it was the job of parliament to have a noconfidence vote to remove him from office. The governor-general was
supposed to act on the advice of parliament. His successor Iskander Mirza
followed the same path. He dismissed Prime Minister Hussain Shaheed
Suhrawardy on the pretext that he no longer enjoyed the confidence of the
people but did not allow him to test the confidence of parliament. Two years
later, the same Iskander Mirza dissolved parliament, abrogated the recently
promulgated constitution and handed over power to General Ayub Khan. This
marked the beginning of the dismemberment of united Pakistan.
General Ziaul Haq took charge of the country in the backdrop of a mass
movement launched by the opposition parties, protesting the rigging of the
parliamentary election in 1977. The government of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto tried to
contain the movement by force but that did not help. The movement turned
violent and caused large scale destruction of life and property. General Zia
seized the opportunity and overthrew the government. Bhutto was detained on
the charge of the attempted assassination data copied from vu solutions dot

com of Ahmed Raza Kasuri. The Lahore High Court found Bhutto guilty and
sentenced him to death. The verdict of was challenged in the SC. The full
bench of the SC gave a due hearing and by a narrow margin upheld the verdict.
This judgment of the highest court gave rise to controversy, casting a shadow
on the independence of the judiciary in Pakistan.
Benazir Bhuttos government was dismissed by the president in 1996 on the
ground that it was corrupt and failed to uphold the rule of law. The dismissal of
the government was challenged in the SC, which upheld the decision. The crux
of the matter is that people elect members of parliament and the party
winning the majority seats becomes eligible to form the government. As long as
the party in power commands the confidence of parliament, it has the right to
govern the country. In the event the president reserves the authority to dismiss
the government on the ground of poor performance or being involved in
corruption, it denies the very principle of governance of the people. Should the
government fail to perform up to the expectations of the people or drifts away
from its commitment, it is the people who should decide the fate of the ruling
party in the next election. They will either re-elect the party or give a chance
to another party to form the government. In the same vein, the SC cannot be
the forum to make the final arbitration. It can interpret the constitution but
cannot take away the rights of the people. The elected government represents
the majority members of parliament and thereby represents millions of people
in the country. The SC, regardless of the depth of knowledge on the law of the
land and the constitution, cannot overrule the choice of millions of people. If it
does, it will dismiss the very essence of democracy the government is of the
people, by the people and for the people.
The judiciary in Pakistan came under turmoil during the regime of General
Pervez Musharraf. In the year 2000, a good number of judges of the high courts
and the Supreme Court had to leave because of their refusal to take oath under
an ordinance issued by the office of the president. The situation improved after
the last parliamentary election. The Chief Justice and judges sacked by the
military regime were reinstated. This was a healthy move and people expected
that the judiciary would again be the forum of last resort to seek justice.
The SC of Pakistan on June 19, 2012 disqualified Prime Minister Yousaf Raza
Gilani, declared his membership of parliament void and declared him ineligible
to participate in elections for the next five years. Earlier the SC had found Mr

Gilani guilty of contempt of court. The court observed that since no appeal was
filed against the judgment, the conviction had attained finality. It noted that
the Speaker should not have gone beyond her authority to find faults in the
judgment of the apex court.
The issue that has shaken the country and cost Mr Gilani the job of the prime
minister centres round the money allegedly transferred to Swiss banks by
President Asif Ali Zardari. After the dismissal of Ms Benazirs government, Mr
Zardari was arrested and kept in jail for nearly eight years. The administration
could not prove any of the charges of foul play allegedly committed by him and
failed to get him convicted in court. Judged in this backdrop, the attempt of
the highest judiciary to dismiss the prime minister and thereby his government
on the issue involving the president seems untimely. It has added to political
instability when the country is facing the wrath of the superpower. People
cannot ignore the reality that a government deeply troubled by economic and
security problems cannot effectively confront an international challenge. On
the other hand, the action of the SC has come as a reminder to the politicians
that they do not have the licence to play with the resources of the country.
Apart from being accountable to the people, they should conduct themselves to
the highest standards. People in Pakistan have now the reason to contend that
at last the judiciary is in the pursuit of recovery of their assets siphoned abroad
by the powerful elite. The judiciary gave birth to the infamous doctrine of
necessity in the past and this did not help the nascent democracy to grow.
Successive military dictators took advantage of that, overthrew elected
governments and destroyed political institutions. The hope is that the
judiciarys action will not precipitate a crisis that will put the democratic
process again in jeopardy. At a time when long-term dictators in the Middle
East have acceded to the peoples choice, the process cannot be impossible to
reverse in Pakistan. The people of Pakistan deserve democracy and nothing
short of democracy will keep them resolved to meet the challenges, be it from
the superpower or from across the border.

Islam and Liberal Democracy


The end of the Cold War and the demise of the Soviet communist empire have
shown the dominance of liberal democracy and capitalism over all other
possible alternatives. The emerging ``New World Order`` has been

characterized by the collapse of communism and the global demand for


democracy. Fukuyama even went as far as declaring the ``end of history``:
`what we may be witnessing is not the end of the Cold War, or the passing of a
particular period of postwar history, but the end of history as such: that is, the
end point of mankinds ideological evolution and the universalisation of
Western liberal democracy as the final form of human government. However,
after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, and indeed before that, the
attention of many scholars and government officials has been directed towards
the lack of democracy in the Islamic states and the reasons for it. Many
scholars while trying to explain the rationale why the Muslim world is not
successful in the development of pluralism, liberalism and other democratic
values `have concluded that it must have something to do with culture, and
more particularly with Islam. The results of the Freedom House report in 2005
identified three Muslim countries as free, 20 states as partly free and 23 as not
free at all. (Freedom in the world 2006) The table on Islam and democracy
shows that democracy has not found a home in the region and the
authoritarianism continues to be a strong force in Muslim domains. Here states
with an Islamic majority comprise one in two of the worlds authoritarian
regimes.
The increasing level of interest towards democracy within the Muslim world is
growing dramatically. People are no longer willing to support dictatorships. `
Muslims have recognized that democratic revolution may be the only way to
deliver them from the hands of the dictators and despots that rule their
states.` (Milton-Edwards, 2004: 116) Nevertheless the incompatibility of Islam
with the notions of liberal democracy has been stressed by many scholars,
although it is strongly argued by the majority that Islam and democracy can coexist and allow the societies to prosper. This essay will try to analyze the
complex relationship between Islam and democracy. The essay will identify
trends within Islam that can be related towards democratic governance, as well
as trends that underline Islams irreconcilability with the liberal values of
democracy. Also, some of the views of the Islamic intellectuals within the
Muslim community and their relationship to the processes and experiences of
democratization will be analyzed.
Islam and Democracy.
`In Islamic history, there are a number of very important concepts and images
that shape the contemporary visions of what a just human society should be.`
(Esposito and Voll, 1996: 23) However, the interpretations of such concepts and
images vary and there are some considerable discrepancies about the definition
of a just society in the Muslim countries. Just like in Christianity, the various

elucidations of Islamic customs can lead to the support for authoritarianism as


well as liberal democracy. This essay will try to analyse the relationship from
both perspectives. First some concepts that clearly challenge democracy will
be identified. In this context Abu al-Ala al-Mawdudi stated that the `political
system of Islam has been based in three principles, viz: Tawheed (Unity of
God), Risalat (Prophethood) and Khilafat (Caliphate).` (Mawdudi, 1967: 40)
While Risalat is not particularly important to this study and will be mentioned
briefly, the other two may dramatically contradict each other, depending on
interpretation.
The first principle emphasizes that the unity and sovereignty of Allah is
foundation of the Islamic system. There can be only one sovereign and that is
God who delegates His authority to umma. Here the first contradiction with
democracy arises as the Tawheed principle raises the question whether the
sharia limits the freedom of people. According to the scholar al-Turabi `it does
not since all the people believe in the principles and details of sharia law, and
apply them wholeheartedly as an expression of their free will.` (in El-Solh,
1993: 60) However democratic, secular values are based on the principle of
popular sovereignty, power of the people and the separation between religion
and politics. But how can there be democracy in the Islamic society if the
concept of sovereignty of the people conflicts with the sovereignty of God?
How can secular principles be adopted if there is no separation between the
state and the mosque, public and private, religion and politics? For Mawdudi a
perfect Islamic state is the one governed by Sharia, while the single ruler is
only selected to represent God and Muslims. The concept of Risalat may come
in here as Prophet Mohammad combined religious leadership as well as being a
political ruler of his people. Mawdudi sees that as the only way to rule an
Islamic state, `the kingdom of God`. (Mawdudi, 1976: 159) This view was
supported by Ayatollah Khomeini who underlined the fact that the Islamic state
is not a dictatorship because the leader rules according to Divine law, not his
own will. He later explains that the Islamic state cannot be a democracy where
people make their own rules because: `It is the rule of the Divine law as
interpreted and applied by the Just Faqih the duty of the people is to obey in
accordance to the Koran.` (in Zubaida, 1993: 17) Also, it is important to note
the notion of fatalism in Islam, as described by Voigt (2005). The concept of
ultimate sovereignty of God implies fate as the determination of any persons
future. From this perspective the liberal democratic traditions of
representation are not valid as the people are not the masters of their own
future but fate and the will of God govern the outcome of every action. For
democracy to be successful `relevant parts of the population need to be
convinced that to a considerable degree their individual actions, not fate,
determine their lot.` (Voigt, 2005: 68)

The second important concept is Khilafah. The early theories of the caliphate
identified the leader as the `caliph`, however the contemporary debates
discovered a new meaning of the term. In this sense human beings are
interpreted as Gods agents, or His representatives on earth. This proposes
equality among all of the people in the eyes of God, which according to
Esposito and Voll (1996) makes any human hierarchy impossible and condemns a
hierarchical, dictatorial system as non-Islamic. (This theory, however is argued
by La Porta, Lopez-de-Silanes, Shleifer and Vishny (1997) And as His vicegerents
people are `required to exercise Divine authority in this world within the limits
prescribed by God.`, that is live according to Islamic system of rule. (Mawdudi,
1967: 42) The principle of Khilafah brings Islam closer to liberal democracy in
two ways. First, just like in the democratic states, people are equal. Second,
the identification of ``caliph`` with humanity as a whole, rather just with a
single ruler encourages the caliphate to reach a certain level of selfgovernance which will be reflected in the process of mutual consultation
(shura) and consensus (ijma). This is the political outcome of the theory of the
caliphate of human beings. In this context Islam is believed to be superior to
democracy in guaranteeing the unity of umma since it calls for a consensus
rather than the rule of the majority.
The principle of shura is now presented by many as `the functional equivalent
of Western parliamentary rule, and as the basis of authentic Islamic
democracy` because it `demands open debate among both the ulema and the
community at large on issues that concern the public.` (Kramer, 1993: 7,
Abootalebi, 1999: 16) The importance of consultation as part of an Islamic
traditions is recognized extensively. Shura may be carried out formally, or
through an assembly or council (majlis). This clearly shows Islams compatibility
with democracy. Supporters of democracy have tried to expand the idea of
consultation during the nineteenth and twentieth century. Most scholars agree
that the decisions affecting the life of umma have to be made by the
community itself and this should now involve the development of an assembly
of representatives. `Shura thus becomes a key operational element in the
relationship between Islam and democracy.` (Esposito and Voll, 1996: 28)
However, there are some controversies regarding the notion of shura. It does
not define the process of consultation. Is it binding for the ruler to seek
ummas advice and is he bound by the verdicts of those consulted? Such
disagreements again allow for various interpretations and may support both
authoritarianism and democracy. `Principles of shura manifest in relationships
between ruler and ruled in modern-day states are highly restricted and are not
inclusive of all in a society.` (Milton-Edwards, 2004: 116) The possibility of
opposition and disagreement to the laws of the ruler is highly limited in such

conditions. Any such disagreement may be interpreted as the cause of fitnah,


another Islamic concept that strongly contradicts the freedoms of expression of
liberal democracy. It requires total submission to the ruler. Muslims must listen
to their leader, be passive and obey. Revolt is not tolerated in Islam and the
umma cannot be divided. This concept can be used by the ruler to accuse the
opposition in threats to Muslim faith and legitimize the persecutions because
the Quran instructs the umma to actively oppose fitnah: `Kill them whenever
you meet them, and expel them from anyplace from which they expelled you,
because their fitnah is worse evil than the act of killing.` (The Holy al-Quran,
2: 189-190) Fitnah justifies the great reluctance of the rulers to allow for
unlimited freedom of speech. It encourages the limited acceptance of pluralism
within the framework of Islam only and recognizes that any kind of authority is
better than anarchy. If someone disagrees with this framework they are labeled
the enemies of Islam. `As long as there is no certainty as to who defines the
`framework of Islam,` and where exactly power and interest come into play,
pluralism and democracy remain in jeopardy.` (Kramer, 1993: 8) The concept
provides much of the debate over the rights of opposition in democratizing
Muslim societies.
There are a number of shared assumptions at the core of contemporary writing
about the relationship between Islam and democracy. Islams traditions of the
equality of people as Gods agents, the sole sovereignty of God, the existence
of government to ensure an Islamic life and enforce Islamic law and that the
head of the state is a mere representative of the umma that can dispose of him
at any time, each contribute to the debate of the compatibility of Islam and
liberal democracy. All of these traditions, however, can be interpreted to
support both liberal democracy and authoritarianism. There seems to be no
immediate solution to the debate, except for the fact that Muslims are not
willing simply to adopt Western democratic models. Such scholars as
Huntington, Kedourie and Kramer argue that Islam is uniquely undemocratic
and that the Muslim world can never democratize. They contend that Islam is
simply lacking the institutions and structure for democracy to grow. They stress
the reluctance of Islam to adopt Western values and question Islams ability to
deliver a representative and accountable regime. To quote Bernard Lewis:` in
principle the (Islamic) state was Gods state, ruling over Gods people; the law
was Gods law; the army was Gods army; and the enemy, of course, was Gods
enemy the history of Islamic states is one of almost unrelieved autocracy.`
(Lewis, 1993: 6) Others, like Soroush, Milton-Edwards and Midlarsky name other
reasons for the lack of democracy in Muslim domains and argue that `Islam and
democracy are not only compatible, their association is inevitable. In a Muslim
society, one without the other is not perfect.` (Soroush in Wright, 1996: 68)
However, the critics of Islam are right about Muslims not willing to adopt the

Western style of democracy. Instead Korany (1994) suggests that it should the
other way around and democracy should employ and respect the principles of
Islam if it is to be successful in Muslim states: `if Western democracy wants
indeed to travel, it has to learn the language of the countries it visits. Such
familiarity with non-Western contexts will help this latest Western product to
indigenize, get universalized, and lose in the process some of its negative
historical connotations.` (Korany, 1994: 512)
Balochistan Crisis
Essay
Situated in the southwest of the country, and spread over 347,190 sq km, the province of
Balochistan comprises 43% of Pakistans territory. In the west it has common borders with Iran
and in the northwest with Afghanistan. In the south, Balochistan has a long coastline on the
Arabian Sea. Greater part of Balochistan is mountainous, although there are some plains and
desert areas also. The terrain is generally barren and rugged. The land of Balochistan is rich
in mineral resources. Apart from gas, it holds deposits of coal, copper, silver, gold, platinum,
aluminum and uranium. It is also said to possess oil in substantial quantities.
Balochistan has an estimated population of 7,000,000, (according to the census of 1998 it was
nearly 6,511,000) which comes to about 4 % of the total population of the country. A little
over half of this population is ethnically Baloch. The second largest ethnic group in
Balochistan is that of the Pashtuns, which has concentration in the northern part of the
province and along its border with Afghanistan. Nearly 70% of the total Balochi population
lives in Balochistan and other provinces of Pakistan, whereas about 20% inhabits the
southeastern Iran or what is Irani Balochistan. There is a considerable population of the
Balochis in Afghanistan also.
The Balochis have preserved their ancient tribal structure. Each tribe or tuman has its chief
and consists of several clans. Generally, the attachment to the tumandar i.e., the tribal chief
is very strong and the Balochis blindly follow him.
The prominent Balochi tribes in Pakistan are Mengal, Marri, Bugti, Mohammad Hasni, Zehri,
Bizenjo and Raisani. Differences between tribes and clans are not uncommon.
Describing the lifestyle of the Balochi people, Encyclopedia Britannica observes:
The Balochis are traditionally nomads, but settled agricultural existence is becoming more
common; every chief has a fixed residence. The villages are collection of mud or stone huts;
on the hills, enclosures of rough stone walls are covered with matting to serve as temporary
habitations. The Balochis raise camels, cattle, sheep and goats, and engage in carpet making
and embroidery. Their agricultural methods are primitive.

In 1952, the States of Balochistan __ Kalat, Mekran, Kharan and Las Bela __were permitted to
form The Balochistan States Union.
In 1955, these States were made a part of the One Unit or the single province of West
Pakistan to facilitate the framing of a constitution on the basis of the principle of parity
between the two wings of the country. But by mid 1957 it became apparent that the political
system established under the Constitution of 1956 was not likely to survive.
Anticipating the break-up of the One Unit, it is alleged, the Khan of Kalat organized a
rebellion to secede from Pakistan. On 6 October 1958, under the order of President Iskandar
Mirza, Pakistan Army took control of the Kalat Palace and arrested the Khan on the charges of
sedition. Another version is that it was the result of a plot hatched by Iskandar Mirza who
wanted one more justification for imposing martial law.
He had encouraged the Khan to demand restoration of his state, and the Khan fell into the
trap. On 7 October, Iskandar Mirza imposed martial law on the country, and on 27 October
1958, the Chief Martial Law Administrator, General Mohammad Ayub Khan, removed Mirza as
the president to assume full authority.
The arrest of the Khan led to disturbances in some parts of Balochistan that continued for
about a year. It was during these disturbances that the sad episode related to Nauroz Khan,
one of the Khans Sardars, occurred leaving lasting scars on the Balochi psyche. After fighting
for several months, Nauroz Khan agreed to surrender to the government of Pakistan.
It is claimed that his surrender was secured through etabar or oath on the Holy Quran. But
instead of given amnesty by the government, he and his companions were tried in a military
court and convicted. The government rejected their mercy petitions and seven of them were
hanged. This episode made Nauroz Khan a hero in the Baloch folk-lore and the government of
Pakistan untrustworthy in their eyes. The Khan of Kalat was subsequently forgiven and freed.
Although the Marris were radicalized during the 1960s, which resulted in some serious
problems in 1962, the next major insurgency in Balochistan surfaced in 1973. Under Yahya
Khans martial law, One Unit was abolished and an integrated province of Balochistan,
comprising former Balochistan States and directly governed Balochistan territory, was created
on 1 July 1970. In the General Elections of December 1970, the National Awami Party (NAP)
and Jamiat-ul Ulema-i-Islam (JUI) secured majority of seats in the Balochistan Provincial
Assembly. After the traumatic events of 1971, which delayed the transfer of power, they
formed their coalition government in Balochistan under the Interim Constitution of 1972.
This government, in which Sardar Attaullah Khan Mengal was the Chief Minister and Ghaus
Bakhsh Bizenjo the Governor, was dismissed by the federal government in less than a year on
the charges that it was receiving arms from foreign countries and preparing for rebellion or
secession. Before the dismissal of the Balochistan government, arms and ammunition,

allegedly meant for supply to Baloch separatists, were discovered in a raid on the Iraqi
Embassy.
The actual reasons for dismissal of the NAP-JUI government were many: President Zulfikar Ali
Bhutto (he was not then Prime Minister) was not prepared to let the provincial government
headed by the opposition parties function and pursue a separate agenda, the military
establishment had suspicions about the NAP due to the past affiliation of many of its leaders
with the Congress, their alleged links with India and the Soviet Union and their association
with the Pakhtunistan movement. The Shah of Iran did not like the democratic institutions
to flourish in Pakistani Balochistan for that had the potentials to destabilize Iranian
Balochistan; and he also pressed Bhutto to act.
As a result of the dismissal of popularly elected government, an unprecedented uprising took
place in Balochistan in which the Marris were in the forefront and Sher Mohammad Marri
became a legendary figure. The casualties on the sides of the rebels and the government
troops were in thousands. Reportedly air power was also used and the insurgents had to
withdraw to the mountains from where they conducted guerrilla warfare.
Ironically, Sardar Akbar Bugti, the tumandar of the Bugti tribe, and Ahmad Yar Khan, the Khan
of Kalat, were on the side of the federal government under Bhutto and were duly rewarded
for their roles.
The insurgency continued from 1973 to 1977 when General Zia-ul Haq staged a coup to oust
Bhutto and arrived at an understanding with the incarcerated NAP leaders and the rebels.
With this background in mind we come to the present situation in Balochistan that needs to
be looked at from domestic and international perspectives, for it is far more complex than
what had been happening in the past.
The geopolitical changes in the post-Cold War period, together with the cataclysmic events
related to 9/11, have imparted great importance to Balochistan and dragged Pakistan into
what is referred to as the new Great Game, which is all about control of, and access to, the
energy resources of Central Asia. In this regard, the following facts need to be highlighted:
1. The Central Asian Republics are rich in oil and gas resources. They are landlocked and in
dire need of a corridor for export of their energy resources and a transit route for trade and
commerce.
2. China has produced an economic miracle during the last decade or so. To maintain the
momentum of its growth, China has three sets of requirements:
a) Transit trade route for its western region
b) Energy corridor to import oil from the Gulf region
c) Naval facilities or foothold on the Arabian Sea coast to protect its energy supply line from

the Middle East.


3. Indias growth rate is also spectacular. For catering to its increasing energy requirement, it
needs to look towards the Central Asian Republics and Iran. Its long-term strategic objective
is to dominate the whole Indian Ocean region from eastern parts of African continent to South
East Asia. It has its own version of Monroe Doctrine for South Asian Subcontinent where it
seeks absolute and exclusive hegemony.
4. The United States is pre-occupied with the obsession to maintain its super power status. To
prevent the rise of any rival, be that China or any European power, the United States desires
to dominate the Middle East and Central Asia, for they are rich in oil and gas resources. Apart
from war on terror and bogey of weapons of mass destruction, American occupation of
Afghanistan and Iraq should be seen in the context of its quest for world hegemony. The
United States wants to command important sea-lanes, be that the Strait of Malacca, the Strait
of Hormuz or the Suez Canal.
5. Due to its common border with Afghanistan, the United States considers Balochistan
territory as important for military operations against Al-Qaeda and the Taliban. In fact, the
United States has military bases in Dalbandin and Pasni on the Balochistan coast.
Fully mindful of the tremendous opportunities at hand, Pakistan government has embarked
upon or envisaged a number of projects that have potentials to change the destiny of
Balochistan.
The most important of all the projects is the Gwadar port that is being developed with the
financial and technical assistance of China. The agreement for the construction of this deepsea port on the Arabian Sea coast of Balochistan was concluded in 2001. The work on the
project began in 2002 and its first phase was completed in January 2005. The Gwadar Port is
situated at a distance of 725 km from Karachi and 72 km from the Iranian border and on
completion it would serve as a transit route for Central Asian Republics as well as China.
The Gwadar Port would help China in enhancing its energy security by offering a transit
terminal for oil imports from the Middle East and the Gulf region. At present the bulk of oil
imported by China has to pass through the Strait of Malacca, a route that is quite long and
increases the risk factor in abnormal times due to American presence in the region.
China is very much concerned about its energy security, and is, acquiring different facilities in
Bangladesh, Myanmar, Cambodia and Thailand. [5]
After completion of the second phase, the Gwadar port would be able to receive oil tankers
with a capacity of nearly 200,000 tons. Obviously it is not exclusively meant for China and a
number of countries would use the facilities at Gwadar when it becomes the gateway to
Central Asia.

Apart from a source of earning, the Gwadar Port is important for Pakistan from strategic and
defense point of view. During the war of 1971, India had successfully blockaded the port of
Karachi that could have choked the economic lifeline of Pakistan. There was a serious
apprehension in the midst of the Kargil confrontation in 1999 that the Indian Navy might try
to do the same again. To strengthen its naval defense, Pakistan has completed the
construction of Ormara base.
Now, the Gwadar Port would not only be a relatively secure alternative port for Pakistan but
with Chinese presence it would be a strong impediment for India in the realization of its
hegemony in Indian Ocean region
The Chinese have vital interest in sovereignty, political independence, security and territorial
integrity of Pakistan. In politics one does not have permanent friends or foes but because of
the nature of Chinas stakes in Pakistan it can be relied upon to stand by Pakistan in thick and
thin. Both China and Pakistan have identity of interests in denying India any hegemonic role in
the Indian Ocean.
Therefore, Chinas presence on the Balochistan coast of Arabian Sea is beneficial for Pakistan.
China is also expanding its cooperation with Pakistan in Saindak project. It is also a positive
sign that Pakistan is not prepared to play any role in American design to contain China and is
not willing to offer any facilities to the United States that may be considered as detrimental
to Chinese security interests. All credit goes to the Musharraf government for concluding the
Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Good-Neighborly Relations with China on 5 April 2005
that has provisions to the above effect. [7]
The United States does not seem to be very happy with the Chinese role in Balochistan. In the
first place, it goes against the America policy which is to develop India as a counterpoise to
China in the Indian Ocean region.
Secondly, Chinese presence at Mekran Coast, right at the mouth of the Strait of Hormuz,
which enhances Chinas energy security and enables it to intercept communications of
American military bases in the Gulf and to monitor naval movements in the region, is
something unpleasant for the United States. Therefore, it may be in the interest of the United
States to let Balochistan remain disturbed to an extent where progress on mega projects
slows down.
By promoting Balochi nationalism, America can also hope to create problems for Iran in its
Balochistan. However, the United States is in a dilemma because it realizes that the Pakistan
government may have to rely on Islamic militants to counter the Balochi nationalists and that
would have a negative impact on its so-called war on terror.
American dilemma is likely to restrain it from supporting the nationalists in Balochistan in any
meaningful way. The United States ought to be well aware that by making any move that may
antagonize Pakistan, it would only push that country further towards China.

The unrest in Balochistan is in Indias interest for various reasons: First to impede China from
projecting its power in the Arabian Sea that India wants to be its domain. Secondly, to
prevent Pakistan from offering safe transit route to Central Asian Republics, so that they opt
for alternative AfghanistanIran route. India has been investing on Zaranj-Delaram road to
facilitate trade links with Central Asia via Iran and Afghanistan. Thirdly, to apply pressure on
Pakistan that it should give up support to militancy in Kashmir.
The opening of Indian consulates in Jalalabad and Kandhar has facilitated the RAW in its
activities inside Balochistan. Indian statement on the situation in Balochistan was a blatant
interference in Pakistans internal affairs and was duly rebuked.
However, the Baloch nationalists, including the tribal chiefs, have other complaints also:
1. They perceive the policies of federal government as against their national aspirations and
demand recognition of ethnic identities in multi-national Pakistan. The nationalist leaders
refer to past experiences of Baluchistan with Pakistan government, in particular during the
crises of 1958 and 1973-1977.They insist on greater provincial autonomy, including recognition
of their rights on natural resources and ports, something that the federal government finds
difficult to concede.
2. The middle class Baloch nationalists resent the fact they do not have proper representation
in the armed forces and civil administration.
3. The Baloch nationalists also contend that the federal government ignored the economic
and social development of Balochistan during last six decades. Potable water is not available
in several parts of Balochistan. It lags in education. There is hardly any industrialization in the
province. Even Sui gas, which was discovered in 1953, was first supplied to big cities of Sindh
and Punjab.
4. They resent the manner in which the mega projects have been conceived. Important jobs
have gone to non-Balochis. The entrepreneurs from other provinces, in particular developers
and builders, are minting money. Non-Balochis have benefited a lot from land speculation.
Profitable contracts have gone to the armed forces personnel.
5. The Baloch nationalists are unanimously against the construction of cantonments in Kohlu,
Sui or any other place.
6. In the past, the Bhutto government had failed to break the resolve of the Marris and
Mengals, despite heavy deployment of troops and use of air power. According to one estimate
some fifty-five thousand tribesmen fought against seventy thousand Pakistani troops during
the 1973-77 insurgencies. The situation may not be much different today.
The common Baluch, uneducated and nurtured in tribal culture, has strong commitment to his

chief and military action may lead to the involvement of the Pakistan Armed forces in a
protracted and costly conflict. It is easy said than done that Pakistani troops can flush out the
miscreants or destroy their sanctuaries.
No doubt, the Baloch nationalists do not seem to have strength to secure separation of
Balochistan, but they do have the capability to damage transport and communication network
at will through guerrilla warfare.
The sons of Khair Bukhsh Marri have established a foreign-based network to receive financial
support and arms and ammunition. The Baloch Liberation Army (BLA) is said to be under their
control. Akbar Bugti has his own force of about ten thousand tribesmen.
These tribal chiefs have managed to establish training camps where hundreds of disgruntled
youth have been taught in use of weapons. The insurgents can also finance their war through
drug-trafficking. The Pakistan government may be stretched to ensure security of pipelines,
highways, railway tracks, electric towers and communication installations in sporadically
populated and territorially vast Balochistan.
Given its own limitations and precarious geopolitical situation in the region, the preferable
option for Pakistan government is to go gradually for the introduction of reforms in the
existing administrative system.
Rather than imposing from above, let the urge for reforms come indigenously at appropriate
time. Both the sides__ the government and the tribal chiefs __ have shown their muscles. Its
the time if the tribal chiefs offered a guarantee that development infrastructure and
installations related to mega projects would be not be targeted, they should be taken on
board and due monetary benefits from mega-projects be shared with the tribal chiefs in
greater national interests.
As regards other Baloch grievances, there cannot be two opinions that the provincial
autonomy enshrined in the Constitution of 1973 be granted in letter and spirit, more jobs be
reserved for locals in the development projects, the share of Balochistan in the award of
National Finance Commission be enhanced and necessary legislation, to the satisfaction of all
genuine concerns of Balochis, be done regarding the settlement of non-locals in Balochistan
as a result of mega-projects.
As regards establishment of cantonments, they should be proceeded with as the National
Interest demands securing the borders, safe guarding the coastline, precious economic, geostrategic, (land bound and maritime), national interests.
If the Baloch nationalists are not prepared to accept these conditions, the Pakistan
government would have legitimate reasons to resort to selective military action against the
miscreants.

Foreign Direct Investment in Pakistan - Waseem Sommrro


1. Definition of Foreign direct investment
2. FDI in Pakistan
3. Types of FDI
4. FDI policy of Pakistan
5. FDI in Manufacturing and Non-manufacturing/service sector
6. Salient features of FDI
7. Foreign Indirect Investment in Pakistan
8. Incentives of FDI in Pakistan
9. Why should investment in Pakistan
10. Conclusion

Foreign direct investment in Pakistan is a essential part of the Modern transaction of


both goods and services between developed and under developed countries. In this
form of reciprocity, the developed countries most developed firms seek attraction
from those countries who are very rich in natural resources. Hence such companies
are the pillar of stability use to below the strength of domestic industries for the
more productivity to meet the rising demands of people. Such
companies generate huge employment and taxes for country as to balance the
revenues and expenditures (fiscal deficit) of the country with availability of modern
equipment.
Since 2002,Pakistan has developed and enlarged the land for such investment through
the sound and liberal foreign investment policy as to bring forth the country on the
track of prosperity. The following statistical table shows the performance of FDI in
Pakistan.
The FDI investment in Pakistan has been divided into horizontal and vertical
investment, i.e. horizontal investment is a crucial and uncommon than vertical
investment; because such is allowed to that foreign firm that already would be
provider of qualitative goods and service to other countries. Simply, such companies
are the bigger part of global trade. It also may called the multinational firms of
various countries. Some of these goods producing companies do work with the brand
name of Unilever Limited Of Pakistan. Unilever products are the mainstay goods used
every Pakistani for its quality and standard rather than poor standard goods of
domestic markets due to lack of such modern machineries. These firms do have chain

of organizations through which the every new product is sold through advertisements.
Such firms must have their central branch office for monitoring the task; are known as
horizontal investment or forward investment.
Vertical investment or backward investment is a very significant type of investment in
the global perspective, for deserved and needy countries that usually very enthuse in
quest for getting the intention of modern companies through means of liberal
policies. Resultantly, this point of self considers, at least compelled Pakistan for
waking its up from a long slumber. Naturally, Almighty Allah has bestowed Pakistan
with infinite natural resources, hence, therefore, the only requisite thing, is to
extracting untapped resources for development purposes as to serve the country
effectively. The requirement of such mechanical effort and skilled human resources is
obtained through issuing licenses to relevant companies. For instance, oil and gas
company, Broken Hill Proprietary, a joint venture of Anglo-Australian, gas company
Kuwait Foreign Petroleum Exploration Company Pakistan (KUFPEC) with the
collaboration of Oil and Gas Development Company Limited(OGDCL) have been
working in District Dadu and Qadirpur Gas Filed, District Ghotki both are Sindh
Province ,respectively.
Following to, there are number of companies that are interesting n Pakistan,
specifically in Thar Coal a Southern District of Badin, Sindh. It is estimated that the
Thar coal of Sindh is a second largest coal reservoir with estimated number of 175
billion of tons of coal. Moreover, the Government of Pakistan step down the ownership
of the untapped coal after the Eighteenth Amendment in the Constitution of Pakistan,
allowed the Sindh Province to form authority, herefore, the Government of Sindh has
formed a Sindh Thar Coal Authority(STCA). So far.the many companies are brought
bids for the investment, resultantly,the Chinese coal firm Kinghoh has succeeded in
bid for installing the coal for energy. he deal with Chinese firm is about the U.S $ 19
billion dollars. From last many years Pakistan has bee facing the acute shortages of
electricity with record shortfall of 4000 mega watt. Implementation of Thar coal,
definitely will convalesce the energy shortages with many positive approaches.
ecently, gold reservoir are discovered in Riko Diq, a remote town of District Gawader,
Balochistan. Here too, many foreign companies are taking interests. his type of
investment is known as vertical or backward investment.
In above context, Pakistan has appeared a potential country for foreign investment
according to the choices of wistful firms. The Government of Pakistan in the mid of
1992 initiated a step towards the FDI, but the work of PPPs Government further

proceeded with new version by Musharaf Government. Due to war against terrorism
the already fragile economy of Pakistan aggravated largely in owing to deteriorating
law and order situation. Consequently, America and its allies in war against terrorism
came up with financial support to the economy of Pakistan. The respective gvernment
of that time ultimately formulated liberal sound policy for attracting the foreign
investors. There were two sectors, the manufacturing and non manufacturing/ service
sectors. The following are the salient features for FDI.
1. Manufacturing Sector
i. The entity must be a company and must be incorporated with the Companies
Act,1984.
ii. 100 % foreign equity is permissible on the basis of repatriation of capital and
profits (dividends).
iii. The amount of foreign equity investment must not be less than U.S $ 0.3 million.
2. Service Sector
i. The entity must be a company and must be incorporated with the Companies
Act,1984
ii. 100 % foreign equity is permissible on the basis of repatriation of capital and
profits (dividends).
iii. The amount of foreign equity investment must not be less than U.S $ 0.3 million.
Bourse market indirect investment in the Karachi Stock Exchange (KSE) had crossed
U.S $ 1.8 billion during the fiscal year of July, 2006 to March, 2007. Frequently,,
unprecedented ripples of political turmoil caused the flow of FII along with FDI.
Presently, the portfolio investment after the two freezing years, have been recorded
U.S $ 300 million positively during the FY 2010-11.
From last one decade Pakistan has emerged very potential and sound market for FDI.
The incentives of Government of Pakistan, is to provide cheap labour, low corporate
tax and good retrn on investment. The following are the incentives.
i. The minimum pressurizing on foreign firms by their respective governments.
ii. Low wages rate.
iii. Low corporate tax
iv. Joint venture and arrangements of doing business
v. Early entry advantage.
Pakistan is a healthy country for FDI; therefore, the investments in various sectors
just not provide the quality and standard of goods and services to Pakistanis,
simultaneously, such respective firms also accrue their free will, henceforth, the
other companies ought to invest because the liberty of doing business on minimum
risk are key points. The following are the exemption from government to foreign
investors.

i. Federal Board of Revenue (FBR) does not inquire from investors about their
investment but to know whether the tax on investment and incomes is paid or not.
ii. Foreign investors are allowed the quity of 100 % of industrial ownership with out
the certificate from Government of Pakistan.
iii. No permission are required to get clearance certificate from provincial
governments for investment.
Conclusion
Pakistan had been taking full advantages on receiving the FDI and FII during the
successive period of 2002-08. Thereinafter, political uncertainty rose up after the
assassination on Mohtarma Benazir Bhuto along with surging of oil prices recorded U.S
$ 148 per barrel, had double impact on the on the economy of Pakistan. Resultantly,
the law and order situation erupted, especially the war against terrorist in the region
cause the flow of FDI.The current coalition Government led by PPP, has succeeded in
to some extent to revitalize the lost performance o business activities, but, yet, the
Government of Pakistan has to perform very well in order to build the confidence if
the foreign investors as to goal of employment, growth rate, one digit inflation could
be ensured.
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)
Outline:
1. What is Foreign Direct Investment?
2. Understanding Foreign Direct Investment
3. Determinants of FDI
4. Basic types of FDI
5. FDI based on the motives of the investing firm
6. Importance of FDI
7. Policies to attract Foreign Direct Investment
8. History of FDI
9. Foreign Direct Investment in Asia
10. Foreign Direct Investment in Pakistan
11. Economic policies attracting FDI in Pakistan
12. Foreign Direct Investment and Poverty Reduction
13. Conclusion
Essay

Foreign direct investment (FDI) is defined as a long-term investment by a foreign direct


investor in an enterprise resident in an economy other than that in which the foreign direct
investor is based. The FDI relationship consists of a parent enterprise and a foreign affiliate
which together form a transnational corporation (TNC). In order to qualify as FDI the
investment must afford the parent enterprise control over its foreign affiliate. The UN defines
control in this case as owning 10% or more of the ordinary shares or voting power of an
incorporated firm or its equivalent for an unincorporated firm.
Foreign direct investment (FDI) plays an extraordinary and growing role in global business. It
can provide a firm with new markets and marketing channels, cheaper production facilities,
access to new technology, products, skills and financing. For a host country or the foreign
firm which receives the investment, it can provide a source of new technologies, capital,
processes, products, organizational technologies and management skills, and as such can
provide a strong impetus to economic development. Foreign direct investment, in its classic
definition, is defined as a company from one country making a physical investment into
building a factory in another country. In recent years, given rapid growth and change in global
investment patterns, the definition has been broadened to include the acquisition of a lasting
management interest in a company or enterprise outside the investing firms home country. As
such, it may take many forms, such as a direct acquisition of a foreign firm, construction of a
facility, or investment in a joint venture or strategic alliance with a local firm with attendant
input of technology, licensing of intellectual property, In the past decade, FDI has come to
play a major role in the internationalization of business. Reacting to changes in technology,
growing liberalization of the national regulatory framework governing investment in
enterprises, and changes in capital markets profound changes have occurred in the size,
scope and methods of FDI. New information technology systems, decline in global
communication costs have made management of foreign investments far easier than in the
past. The sea change in trade and investment policies and the regulatory environment
globally in the past decade, including trade policy and tariff liberalization, easing of
restrictions on foreign investment and acquisition in many nations, and the deregulation and
privatization of many industries, has probably been the most significant catalyst for FDIs
expanded role.
The most profound effect has been seen in developing countries, where yearly foreign direct
investment flows have increased from an average of less than $10 billion in the 1970s to a
yearly average of less than $20 billion in the 1980s, to explode in the 1990s from $26.7billion
in 1990 to $179 billion in 1998 and $208 billion in 1999 and now comprise a large portion of
global FDI.
Proponents of foreign investment point out that the exchange of investment flows benefits
both the home country (the country from which the investment originates) and the host
country (the destination of the investment). The push factors indicate the benefits to the
investors and the pull factors to the host countries. First, international flows of capital
reduce the risk faced by owners of capital by allowing them to diversify their lending and
investment. Second, FDI allows capital to seek out the highest rate of return. Third, FDI helps

to expand market. For the host countries, it can contribute to the general development as
well as to the poverty reduction objective in a variety of ways. Major benefits to host
countries are as follows:
FDI allows transfer of technologyparticularly in the form of new varieties of capital inputs
that cannot be achieved through financial investments ortrade in goods and services. FDI
can also promote competition in the domestic input market.
Recipients of FDI often gain employee training in the course of operating the new
businesses, which contributes to human capital development in the host country.
Profits generated by FDI contribute to corporate tax revenues in the host country. Thus, it
contributes not only to the direct source of investment but also to the government revenue.
FDI helps to integrate the host countries economy to the global economy.
FDI is the investment decision of profit-maximising firms facing world-wide competition and
where significant differences in cost structures (due to say, factor productivity, wage
differential) justify cross-border investment and production.
a. Institutional features of the host country: degree of political stability and government
intervention in the economy; the existence of property law legislation; the property and tax
system; adequate infrastructure, etc.
b. Economic factors: trade and investment regime; the degree of openness of the host
countries, the absorptive capacity and growth prospects of the host country; fix and variable
costs of production relocation; the degree of monopolistic competition which prevents the
entry of other (domestic and foreign firms; general macroeconomic performance (inflation,
monetary and fiscal policy) etc.
c. Policy related factors: Fiscal (tax rebates and exemptions) and financial incentives
(subsidized loans), laws that restrict FDI in certain sectors on the ground of political
sensitivity of certain industries (oil, broadcasting, etc.); policy that restricts the degree of
foreign ownership, (temporal or permanent) the remittance of interest, dividends and fees
for technology and the shares allowed to foreign -owned firms through limits on capital
repatriation, minimum investment, etc.
d. Characteristics of the labor force: education, skills, etc.
Some features of world FDI activity
a. The sharp increases in world FDI activities that started after 1985.
b. Increased activity and concentration of FDI. Indeed, in the 1990s, FDI has become one of
the most important sources of external finance in developing countries.
USA has become the largest host country in international capital markets, receiving capital
from both Japan and Europe. Japan has emerged as a major home country of FDI outflows.
c. Developing countries have liberalized financial markets and offered special incentives
(lower taxes, subsidies for infrastructure, etc) to attract FDI in the hope of acquiring
technological transfer, know-how, and in general, positive externalities.

Basic types of FDI


Greenfield investment: direct investment in new facilities or the expansion of existing
facilities. Greenfield investments are the primary target of a host nations promotional efforts
because they create new production capacity and jobs, transfer technology and know-how,
and can lead to linkages to the global marketplace. However, it often does this by crowding
out local industry; multinationals are able to produce goods more cheaply (because of
advanced technology and efficient processes) and uses up resources (labor, intermediate
goods, etc). Another downside of greenfield investment is that profits from production do not
feed back into the local economy, but instead to the multinational's home economy. This is in
contrast to local industries whose profits flow back into the domestic economy to promote
growth.
Mergers and Acquisitions: transfers of existing assets from local firms to foreign firms takes
place; the primary type of FDI. Cross-border mergers occur when the assets and operation of
firms from different countries are combined to establish a new legal entity. Cross-border
acquisitions occur when the control of assets and operations is transferred from a local to a
foreign company, with the local company becoming an affiliate of the foreign company. Unlike
greenfield investment, acquisitions provide no long term benefits to the local economy-- even
in most deals the owners of the local firm are paid in stock from the acquiring firm, meaning
that the money from the sale could never reach the local economy.
Horizontal Foreign Direct Investment: investment in the same industry abroad as a firm
operates in at home.
Vertical Foreign Direct Investment: Takes two forms:
1) Backward vertical FDI: where an industry abroad provides inputs for a firm's domestic
production process.
2) Forward vertical FDI: in which an industry abroad sells the outputs of a firm's domestic
production.
FDI based on the motives of the investing firm
FDI can also be categorized based on the motive behind the investment from the perspective
of the investing firm:
Resource Seeking: Investments which seek to acquire factors of production that are more
efficient than those obtainable in the home economy of the firm. In some cases, these
resources may not be available in the home economy at all (e.g. cheap labor and natural
resources). This typifies FDI into developing countries, for example seeking natural resources
in the Middle East and Africa, or cheap labor in Southeast Asia and Eastern Europe.
Market Seeking: Investments which aim at either penetrating new markets or maintaining
existing ones. FDI of this kind may also be employed as defensive strategy; it is argued that

businesses are more likely to be pushed towards this type of investment out of fear of losing a
market rather than discovering a new one.
Efficiency Seeking: Investments which firms hope will increase their efficiency by exploiting
the benefits of economies of scale and scope, and also those of common ownership. It is
suggested that this type of FDI comes after either resource or market seeking investments
have been realized, with the expectation that it further increases the profitability of the
firm.
Making a direct foreign investment allows companies to accomplish several tasks:
Avoiding foreign government pressure for local production.
Circumventing trade barriers, hidden and otherwise.
Making the move from domestic export sales to a locally-based national sales office.
Capability to increase total production capacity.
Opportunities for co-production, joint ventures with local partners, joint marketing
arrangements, licensing, etc.
Depending on the industry sector and type of business, a foreign direct investment may be an
attractive and viable option. With rapid globalization of many industries and vertical
integration rapidly taking place on a global level, at a minimum a firm needs to keep abreast
of global trends in their industry. From a competitive standpoint, it is important to be aware
of whether a companys competitors are expanding into a foreign market and how they are
doing that. At the same time, it also becomes important to monitor how globalization is
affecting domestic clients. Often, it becomes imperative to follow the expansion of key
clients overseas if an active business relationship is to be maintained.
New market access is also another major reason to invest in a foreign country. At some stage,
export of product or service reaches a critical mass of amount and cost where foreign
production or location begins to be more cost effective. Any decision on investing is thus a
combination of a number of key factors including:
assessment of internal resources,
competitiveness,
market analysis
market expectations.
From an internal resources standpoint, does the firm have senior management support for the
investment and the internal management and system capabilities to support the set up time
as well as ongoing management of a foreign subsidiary? Has the company conducted extensive
market research involving both the industry, product and local regulations governing foreign
investment which will set the broad market parameters for any investment decision? Is there
a realistic assessment in place of what resource utilization the investment will entail? Has
information on local industry and foreign investment regulations, incentives, profit retention,
financing, distribution, and other factors been completely analyzed to determine the most

viable vehicle for entering the market (greenfield, acquisition, merger, joint venture, etc.)?
Has a plan been drawn up with reasonable expectations for expansion into the market through
that local vehicle? If the foreign economy, industry or foreign investment climate is
characterized by government regulation, have the relevant government agencies been
contacted and concurred? Have political risk and foreign exchange risk been factored into the
business plan?
There is keen competition among developed and developing countries to attract foreign
direct investment (FDI).This drive to lure investment often extends to the sub national level,
with different regional authorities pursuing their own strategies and assembling their own
baskets of incentives to attract new investments. Various reforms and strategies have been
implemented, with mixed results. Some are critical of the high costs of many of these
initiatives, arguing that it would be more rewarding to improve a countrys general business
environment.
The many different methods used by policymakers to attract FDI and their effectiveness are
as follows:
providing targeted fiscal incentives, such as tax concessions, cash grants, and specific
subsidies;
improving domestic infrastructure;
promoting local skills development to meet investor needs and expectations;
establishing broad-reaching FDI promotion agencies;
improving the regulatory environment and decreasing red tape; and
engaging in international governing arrangements.
Promotional efforts to attract foreign direct investment (FDI) have become the important
point of competition among developed and developing countries. This competition is also
maintained when countries are adopting economic integration at another level. While some
countries lowering standards to attract FDI in a "race to the bottom," others praise FDI for
raising standards and welfare in recipient countries.
Countries have adopted their respective policies for attracting more investment. Some
countries rely on targeted financial concessions like tax concessions, cash grants and specific
subsidies. Some countries focus on improving the infrastructure and skill parameter and
creating a base meet the demands and expectations of foreign investors. Others try to
improve the general business climate of a country by changing the administrative barriers and
red tapism. Many governments have created state agencies to help investors through this
administrative paperwork. Finally most of the countries have entered into international
governing arrangements to increase their attractiveness for more investment.
Sound investment climate is crucial for economic growth. Microeconomic reforms aimed at
simplifying business regulations, strengthening property rights, improving labor market
flexibility, and increasing firms' access to finance are necessary for raising living standards
and reducing poverty in a country.

Reform is necessary for creating an investment-oriented climate. Reform management


matters as investment climate reforms are done politically. They often favor unorganized over
organized groups and the benefits tend to accrue only in the long term, while costs are felt
up front. Political decisions play a significant role in this context. Each and every country over
the globe is stepping forward to change the climate for attracting more investment. Opening
up of doors by most of the nations have compelled them for adopting reforms.
Relaxation of rules and regulations, of course, is an essential requirement but not sufficient
on its own to bring in FDI. As the study points out, business rules in India still bar FDI in most
sectors. It was only last February that the government there decided to allow FDI of upto 51
percent in the single brand retail sector, which is expected to trigger a new flurry of
investment.
As things stand, Pakistan is far ahead of India in terms of offering all kinds of incentives to
foreign investors - although some administrative bottlenecks still remain to be removed. It
also boasts a high economic growth rate and there exists a consensus among all political
forces on following the market economy model.
Still, it has failed to catch the fancy of foreign investors at the desired level. The designated
target was to raise foreign investment from 1 billion dollars to 27 billion dollars during a fiveyear period. That target is nowhere near realization.
The government claims to have brought foreign investment to the 3 billion dollars mark this
year. But that is a fallacious claim since the money has come in on account of privatization of
government-owned entities. There has only been a transfer of assets from the public sector
into private hands; no new generation of activity in the retail or production sector, which is
badly wanted to address the twin problems of poverty and unemployment.
The situation underscores the need not only to remove administrative hurdles but also to
create ease of operations vis--vis law and order and the socially restrictive atmosphere.

Democracy in Pakistan
The appraisal of last 60 years of democracy
1. Where does Pakistan stand in terms of democracy?
2. Is the democracy an issue of Pakistan or all Muslim countries?
3. Is the democracy an issue of Pakistan or all third world countries?
4. Has the democracy with some links with the:
-History
-Culture
-Ideology of people

-Socioeconomic development of people


5. Are the people of Pakistan non democratic?
6. Is the democracy solved the issues of Pakistan?
7. the issue of democracy in Pakistan
-Personalization of politics
-Personality oriented politics
2 The system itself
-Presidential or parliamentary
-The issue of executive legislature and judiciary
3 The issue of execution
-PM
-Cabinet
-Bureaucracy
4. The tug of war between different institutions
-Political
-Military
-Bureaucracy
-Judiciary
5. Election commission and procedure of election.
6. Rigging of polls
7. The making of constitution
8. Amending the constitution
9. Horse trading
10. The politicians
-Background
-Aptitude and capabilities
-Education
-Priorities etc
11. The conduct of political parties
12. The elections in political parties
13. Manifesto of political parties
14. The role of treasury banks and opposition banks
15. The interference of military
16. Provincial/Regionalism/Factionalism.
17. The pressure groups and their attitude towards bureaucracy
18. The indigenous and foreign conspiracies (especially the superpowers)
19. baradari/claim/tribal system in Pakistan
20. Literacy rate in Pakistan
21. economic/social development in Pakistan
22. (Role of mullah/islamists)

23. Local government system and democracy


24. Participation of women in democracy
25. Will we ever be able to bring democracy?
26. Or democracy will evolve with Pakistan
-Short term measures
-Long tem measures

POVERTY ALLEVIATION

Poverty anywhere is a threat to prosperity everywhere. It is a


scrooge and one of the worst curses and miseries that a human
can face. According to Homer. This , this is misery! The last, the
worst that man can feel.
Poverty can be measured either in absolute terms, for example,
the number of those who cannot afford more than two pairs of
shoes, or in relative terms, for example, the number of the
poorest ten percent of house holds. In either sense it is a concept,
which is defined arbitrarily . Poverty exists not only because
incomes are low, but also because the needs of certain low
income households are high.
Poverty has many dimensions, which include economic, political,
social, environmental and human dimensions. In economic terms a
county, a region or a household is poor when the per capita
income of purchasing power of a poor country or household is
below a certain minimum standard, there are low medical care
and health facilities, productivity is very low and there is
illiteracy.
In political terms a country, a regionor a group of people are poor
when they do not have a voice in the community or dependent on
other more powerful groups or individuals in order to express their
own rights and choices.

In social terms poverty in a country a region o a household breeds


all types of socially unacceptable behaviors like drug addiction,
crime, position, violence ad terrorism in a family or in a
community, These factors degrade human self respect, moral and
social values of the society as a whole and as a result more and
more people in the community become intolerantand rude
towards each other in their day to day life.
In environmental dimension, poverty destroys the living
environment not only of those who live in poverty but of all other
human beings as well as non-human living things that depend on
the same resources and ecosystem on which those living in poverty
depend and survive. People living in poverty cannot change their
behaviors easily because of lack of resources, kn0lwledge about
their own surroundings and education. Thus by destroying their
own living environment, the poor in reality are destroying their
own resources on which they survive in the long run.
Poverty in its human dimension is the most important of all,
because poor people live in conditions that are miserable,
conditions in which some members of their family die of hunger,
disease of famine. Poverty in tis human dimension exists, when a
child is down with a curable disease and the parents have to take
a decision whether to take the child to a doctor and buy expensive
medicines or purchase other essentials of daily use. It exists when
parents of a child sell their child into slavery or
prostitutionbecause of lack of resources to feed or care for that
child and when government institutes fail to protect the rights of
the poor.
Poverty has emerged as the most important issue for Pakistan.
Poverty redressal requires economic growth accompanied by an
improvement in access to social services. The reason that
economic growth has failed to trickle down to the poor in Pakistan
is the slow improvement in social indicators Economic growth and
social sector development are interdependent as one reinforces

the other. In fact economic growth is necessary for poverty


reduction but poverty reduction itself is necessary for sustained
growth.
The estimates of poverty are not consistent in Pakistan. According
to caloric based (2250 calories per person), the incidence of
poverty declined sharply from 46.5 percent in 1969-70 to
17.3percent in 1987-88. However , poverty increased significantly
in 1990s rising from 17.3 percent in 1987 -88 to 22.4 percent in
1992-93 and further to 31 percent in 1996-97.The
recentestimates suggest that poverty ahs further increased from
32.6 percent in 1998-99 to 33.50 percent in 1999-2000. This shows
that the incidence of poverty has increased in 19990s. similar
trends have been observed in the case of urban and rural poverty.
The main reasons for increase in poverty during 1990s can be
attributed to the relatively lower rate of economic growth, rising
unemployment, stagnant real wages, declining flow of workers
remittances and bad governance. In addition to the factors
mentioned above the high population growth also puts pressure on
the merge social services thereby causing social distress.
Painting a broad picture of third world poverty is not enough.
Before anyone can formulate effective policies and programmes to
attack poverty at its source, one needs some specific knowledge
of poverty groupsand their economic characteristics, It is not
sufficient simply to focus on raising growth rates of Gross National
Product in the expectation or hope that this national income
growth will trickle down to improve levels of living for the very
poor. On the contrary many observers argue that direct attack on
poverty by means of poverty focused policies and plans can be
more effective and one cannot attack poverty directly without
detailed knowledge of its location, extent and characteristics.
National Economic development is central to success in poverty
alleviation. But poverty is an outcome of more than economic

processes. It is an outcome of economic, social and political


processes. To attack poverty requires action at local , national and
global levels. The following actions are required to be taken y
poor people, government, private sector and civil society
organizations.
Growth is essential for expanding economic opportunities for the
poor. The question is how to achieve rapid, sustainable and propoor growth. A business environmental conducive to private
investment and technological innovation is necessary, as is
political and social stabilityto invite public and private
investments.
The poor should be empowered in the true sense. Empowerment
means enhancing the capacity of the poor to influence the states
institutions that affects their lives by strengthening their
participation in political process, and local decision-making. It also
means removing the barriers political, legal and social that work
against particular groups and building the assets of poor people to
enable them to engageeffectively in markets.
Enhancing security for poor people which means reducing their
vulnerability to such risks as ill health, economic shocks and
natural disasters and helping them cope with adverse shocks when
they occur.
The ultimate cause of the unequal distribution of personal
incomes in most third world countries is the unequal and highly
concentrated patterns of asset ownership (wealth). The principal
reason why less than 20 percent of their population receives over
50 percent of the national income is that this 20 percent probably
owns ad controls over 90 percent of the productive and financial
resources, especially physical capital and land but also financial
capital (stock and bonds) and human capital in the form of better
education. It follows that perhaps more important line of policy to
reduce povertyand inequality is to focus directly on reducing the

concentrated control of assets, the unequal distribution of power,


unequal access to education and income earning opportunities.
Policies to enforce progressive rates of direct taxation on income
especially at the highest levels are, what are most needed in this
area of redistribution activity. Unfortunately, in many developing
countries the rich do not show a larger part of their income and
assets. Further , they often also have the power and ability to
avoid paying taxes without the fear of government.
Pakistan is facing twin challenges of reviving growth and reducing
poverty. This requires rapid economic growth keeping in view the
factors responsible for slow growth and rising poverty, the
government has formulated a comprehensive economic revival
programmed aimed at reviving economic growth and social
development. The government has adopted a multi-pronged
approach to promote pro-poor economic growth and reduce
poverty.
Engendering growth by correcting macroeconomic imbalances and
stabilizing the economy has been made the central pillar of the
governments economic revival program. The government has
adopted a sound macroeconomic framework aimed at both
stabilizing the economy and stimulating growth. It comprises five
building blocks namely tax reforms, expenditure management,
prudent monetary policy, external adjustment and debt
management.
Implementing broad based governance reforms are essential
ingredients of he governments poverty alleviation strategy.
Without governance reforms thee enormous tasks of reviving
growth and reducing poverty cannot be addressed. Sagging growth
and rising poverty are in partresults of the poor performance of
the government institutions in Pakistan. In fact, poverty in
Pakistan is not merely an outcome of economic ills but also a
result of mis-governance over the past years. The main element of

reforms are devolution of power at grass roots level, civil services


reforms, access to justice and financial transparency.
The care principle of Pakistan poverty alleviation strategy is to
empower the people and to create greater opportunities for
increasing real income by improving access to productive assets
mainly housing, land an credit. Access to credit is the surest way
of empowering thepoor and improving their income generating
opportunities. In addition to the already existing financial
intuition, thegovernment has now established the Khushhali
Bank or Micro Finance Bank for the provision of micro credit to
poor communities.
The effects of sluggish economic growth are clearly reflected in
Pakistans performance in the social sectors, Human development
is essential for attracting investment and generating the capacity
for future sustainable growth.Pakistans progress on almost every
social indictor e.g. education, health and nutrition is poor as
compared with that of other developing countries. In order to
address this situation, the government has prepared
comprehensive human development strategies aimed at the
effective utilization of the available resource s through improved
institutional mechanisms.
The governments key social safety net for reducing vulnerability
to exogenous shocks is the reformed system of Zakat and Usher.
The system of collection and distribution of Zakat has recently
been reorganized. However, its potential and scope in fighting
poverty is yet to be fully realized. The food support programed is
another social safety instrument of he government for the
poorest.
In spite of all these cataclysmic facts, on may hope that according
to the economy revival plan of the government, the time will be
changed and the economic development rate will be enhanced
andat the same time the level of poverty will be decreased. Now

the time ahs come that if we want Pakistan to rise up to that


extent where the prosperity, integrity, solidarity and economic
stability will be all around, then every Pakistani will have to work
as far as in him lies. By working with whole dedication,
concentration and conviction we may achieve a strong Pakistan
dream by Quaid-e-Azam , and by going this way, the day will not
be far away when Pakistan ill bear the palm and it will l show its
mettle of the rest of the world.
POVERTY ALLEVIATION

Poverty anywhere is a threat to prosperity everywhere. It is a


scrooge and one of the worst curses and miseries that a human
can face. According to Homer. This , this is misery! The last, the
worst that man can feel.
Poverty can be measured either in absolute terms, for example,
the number of those who cannot afford more than two pairs of
shoes, or in relative terms, for example, the number of the
poorest ten percent of house holds. In either sense it is a concept,
which is defined arbitrarily . Poverty exists not only because
incomes are low, but also because the needs of certain low
income households are high.
Poverty has many dimensions, which include economic, political,
social, environmental and human dimensions. In economic terms a
county, a region or a household is poor when the per capita
income of purchasing power of a poor country or household is
below a certain minimum standard, there are low medical care
and health facilities, productivity is very low and there is
illiteracy.
In political terms a country, a regionor a group of people are poor
when they do not have a voice in the community or dependent on
other more powerful groups or individuals in order to express their
own rights and choices.

In social terms poverty in a country a region o a household breeds


all types of socially unacceptable behaviors like drug addiction,
crime, position, violence ad terrorism in a family or in a
community, These factors degrade human self respect, moral and
social values of the society as a whole and as a result more and
more people in the community become intolerantand rude
towards each other in their day to day life.
In environmental dimension, poverty destroys the living
environment not only of those who live in poverty but of all other
human beings as well as non-human living things that depend on
the same resources and ecosystem on which those living in poverty
depend and survive. People living in poverty cannot change their
behaviors easily because of lack of resources, kn0lwledge about
their own surroundings and education. Thus by destroying their
own living environment, the poor in reality are destroying their
own resources on which they survive in the long run.
Poverty in its human dimension is the most important of all,
because poor people live in conditions that are miserable,
conditions in which some members of their family die of hunger,
disease of famine. Poverty in tis human dimension exists, when a
child is down with a curable disease and the parents have to take
a decision whether to take the child to a doctor and buy expensive
medicines or purchase other essentials of daily use. It exists when
parents of a child sell their child into slavery or
prostitutionbecause of lack of resources to feed or care for that
child and when government institutes fail to protect the rights of
the poor.
Poverty has emerged as the most important issue for Pakistan.
Poverty redressal requires economic growth accompanied by an
improvement in access to social services. The reason that
economic growth has failed to trickle down to the poor in Pakistan
is the slow improvement in social indicators Economic growth and

social sector development are interdependent as one reinforces


the other. In fact economic growth is necessary for poverty
reduction but poverty reduction itself is necessary for sustained
growth.
The estimates of poverty are not consistent in Pakistan. According
to caloric based (2250 calories per person), the incidence of
poverty declined sharply from 46.5 percent in 1969-70 to
17.3percent in 1987-88. However , poverty increased significantly
in 1990s rising from 17.3 percent in 1987 -88 to 22.4 percent in
1992-93 and further to 31 percent in 1996-97.The
recentestimates suggest that poverty ahs further increased from
32.6 percent in 1998-99 to 33.50 percent in 1999-2000. This shows
that the incidence of poverty has increased in 19990s. similar
trends have been observed in the case of urban and rural poverty.
The main reasons for increase in poverty during 1990s can be
attributed to the relatively lower rate of economic growth, rising
unemployment, stagnant real wages, declining flow of workers
remittances and bad governance. In addition to the factors
mentioned above the high population growth also puts pressure on
the merge social services thereby causing social distress.
Painting a broad picture of third world poverty is not enough.
Before anyone can formulate effective policies and programmes to
attack poverty at its source, one needs some specific knowledge
of poverty groupsand their economic characteristics, It is not
sufficient simply to focus on raising growth rates of Gross National
Product in the expectation or hope that this national income
growth will trickle down to improve levels of living for the very
poor. On the contrary many observers argue that direct attack on
poverty by means of poverty focused policies and plans can be
more effective and one cannot attack poverty directly without
detailed knowledge of its location, extent and characteristics.
National Economic development is central to success in poverty

alleviation. But poverty is an outcome of more than economic


processes. It is an outcome of economic, social and political
processes. To attack poverty requires action at local , national and
global levels. The following actions are required to be taken y
poor people, government, private sector and civil society
organizations.
Growth is essential for expanding economic opportunities for the
poor. The question is how to achieve rapid, sustainable and propoor growth. A business environmental conducive to private
investment and technological innovation is necessary, as is
political and social stabilityto invite public and private
investments.
The poor should be empowered in the true sense. Empowerment
means enhancing the capacity of the poor to influence the states
institutions that affects their lives by strengthening their
participation in political process, and local decision-making. It also
means removing the barriers political, legal and social that work
against particular groups and building the assets of poor people to
enable them to engageeffectively in markets.
Enhancing security for poor people which means reducing their
vulnerability to such risks as ill health, economic shocks and
natural disasters and helping them cope with adverse shocks when
they occur.
The ultimate cause of the unequal distribution of personal
incomes in most third world countries is the unequal and highly
concentrated patterns of asset ownership (wealth). The principal
reason why less than 20 percent of their population receives over
50 percent of the national income is that this 20 percent probably
owns ad controls over 90 percent of the productive and financial
resources, especially physical capital and land but also financial
capital (stock and bonds) and human capital in the form of better
education. It follows that perhaps more important line of policy to

reduce povertyand inequality is to focus directly on reducing the


concentrated control of assets, the unequal distribution of power,
unequal access to education and income earning opportunities.
Policies to enforce progressive rates of direct taxation on income
especially at the highest levels are, what are most needed in this
area of redistribution activity. Unfortunately, in many developing
countries the rich do not show a larger part of their income and
assets. Further , they often also have the power and ability to
avoid paying taxes without the fear of government.
Pakistan is facing twin challenges of reviving growth and reducing
poverty. This requires rapid economic growth keeping in view the
factors responsible for slow growth and rising poverty, the
government has formulated a comprehensive economic revival
programmed aimed at reviving economic growth and social
development. The government has adopted a multi-pronged
approach to promote pro-poor economic growth and reduce
poverty.
Engendering growth by correcting macroeconomic imbalances and
stabilizing the economy has been made the central pillar of the
governments economic revival program. The government has
adopted a sound macroeconomic framework aimed at both
stabilizing the economy and stimulating growth. It comprises five
building blocks namely tax reforms, expenditure management,
prudent monetary policy, external adjustment and debt
management.
Implementing broad based governance reforms are essential
ingredients of he governments poverty alleviation strategy.
Without governance reforms thee enormous tasks of reviving
growth and reducing poverty cannot be addressed. Sagging growth
and rising poverty are in partresults of the poor performance of
the government institutions in Pakistan. In fact, poverty in
Pakistan is not merely an outcome of economic ills but also a

result of mis-governance over the past years. The main element of


reforms are devolution of power at grass roots level, civil services
reforms, access to justice and financial transparency.
The care principle of Pakistan poverty alleviation strategy is to
empower the people and to create greater opportunities for
increasing real income by improving access to productive assets
mainly housing, land an credit. Access to credit is the surest way
of empowering thepoor and improving their income generating
opportunities. In addition to the already existing financial
intuition, thegovernment has now established the Khushhali
Bank or Micro Finance Bank for the provision of micro credit to
poor communities.
The effects of sluggish economic growth are clearly reflected in
Pakistans performance in the social sectors, Human development
is essential for attracting investment and generating the capacity
for future sustainable growth.Pakistans progress on almost every
social indictor e.g. education, health and nutrition is poor as
compared with that of other developing countries. In order to
address this situation, the government has prepared
comprehensive human development strategies aimed at the
effective utilization of the available resource s through improved
institutional mechanisms.
The governments key social safety net for reducing vulnerability
to exogenous shocks is the reformed system of Zakat and Usher.
The system of collection and distribution of Zakat has recently
been reorganized. However, its potential and scope in fighting
poverty is yet to be fully realized. The food support programed is
another social safety instrument of he government for the
poorest.
In spite of all these cataclysmic facts, on may hope that according
to the economy revival plan of the government, the time will be
changed and the economic development rate will be enhanced

andat the same time the level of poverty will be decreased. Now
the time ahs come that if we want Pakistan to rise up to that
extent where the prosperity, integrity, solidarity and economic
stability will be all around, then every Pakistani will have to work
as far as in him lies. By working with whole dedication,
concentration and conviction we may achieve a strong Pakistan
dream by Quaid-e-Azam , and by going this way, the day will not
be far away when Pakistan ill bear the palm and it will l show its
mettle of the rest of the world.
1. INTRODUCTION
Throughout the world electricity is the most widely used and desirable form
of energy. It is a basic requirement for economic development and for an
adequate standard of living. As a countrys population grows and its economy expands
its demand for electrical energy multiplies. If this demand is not met adequately a
shortage in supply occurs. This
shortage can assume crisis proportions.
Pakistan has been facing an unprecedented energy crisis since the last several years.
The problem becomes severe during the summers. Large numbers of users have to be
disconnected from the energy supply system to prevent overloading the generating
stations (load shedding). On occasions the urban dwellers had to suffer load shedding
of 8-10 hours everyday. During the same time rural consumers suffered it for up to 20
hours at a stretch.
Almost two years ago the Chairman Water and Power Authority (WAPDA) admitted that
his organization could not meet the current demand for electricity. It is surprising
such a senior person took so long to discover this problem. The government talked
about Pakistans supposedly booming economy but failed to understand the need for
meeting the energy needs of the boom. General Musharraf (R) (ex-President) after
becoming Chief Executive used to talk about building dams especially Kalabagh
Dam.Very few power plants have since been set up. The present energy crisis is
totally due to lack of forecasting and planning.
Any power system has 3 major parts:
1. Generation system
2. Transmission system
3. Distribution system
Generally speaking the major technical causes of the shortfall in the availability of

electrical energy in Pakistan are:


Insufficient installed generating capacity.
Transmission system unable to transmit the greater load now imposed upon it.
Grid Stations and related equipment unable to carry the load imposed.
Distribution System was built to carry a smaller power and hence unable to cater
to existing demands [Gelling at el 1988].
The major management-related causes of the crisis are:

Management Information System (MIS) not fully utilized.


Failure to forecast and plan for the future.
Failure to set up new generating stations in time.
No new Transmission/Distribution networks & grid stations setup.
Unexpectedly rapid growth of load.

2. Present Situation of Crisis


A careful examination clearly indicates that although Pakistans installed generating
capacity will increase, the shortfall will continue to exist [Federal Bureau of Statistics
1998]. The government must take steps to overcome this situation.
3.1. Short term solution
3.1.1 Line losses control
The methodology that will provide immediate relief is the conservation and judicious
use of whatever little energy is being produced in the country. The current losses in
the system are 24% of the total power generated. These include losses incurred during
transmission and distribution as well as due to theft. Wasteful consumption such as
businesses remaining open till late at night and unnecessarily brightly lit also
contribute to losses. By reducing these to 10 % we can save up to 300 MW of energy.
The government should enforce shutting down businesses and forbidding excessive
and unnecessary lighting during late hours. Zoning should be enforced in cities.
Market zones can have their power switched off (load shedding) at scheduled hours.
As a benefit of service WAPDA employees are allowed free use of electrical energy for
their domestic use. This facility has been grossly misused [Federal Bureau of Statistics
2002]. It is recommended every WAPDA household be given a raise in salary and the
free electricity facility be withdrawn.
3.1.2 Improving Power generating capacity

It is an unfortunate fact that WAPDA and IPPs thermal power plants are running at an
average plant factor of about 50 percent. This means they are producing only 50% of
their installed capacity. They are not being used to deliver their full power.
Internationally it is quite usual to have thermal power plants operating at 75 to 80
percent plant factor. Operating the power stations at higher plant factors demands
better maintenance procedures there. It is felt that operating the plants at a higher
plant factor will cause them to deliver 20 to 30 %more energy to the system. This will
alleviate the present shortage to a significant extent. Improving the power plant
factor of the existing plant is far more economical then setting up new power plants.
3.2 Medium Term solutions
The policy makers of Pakistan talk about making dams and setting up nuclear power
plants but do not understand the importance and benefits of
alternateenergy (renewable source of energy) sources such as solar, windmill energy,
etc. These are cheap and quick methods for producing electricity. Pakistan is very
blessed because abundant solar energy is available. Similarly wind energy is readily
available in the coastal areas and throughout the winter months in Baluchistan.
These energy sources if tapped can be of great help in reducing the current demand
supply gap.
3.2.1 Wind Energy
America, Canada and China have invested large sums of money into research and
development in order to obtain maximum energy from wind. Wind power is now the
fastest-growing energy source worldwide [US Department of Energy 2002]. Total
worldwide production of electrical energy from wind is around 30000MW. Germany,
with over 12,000 megawatts of wind power at the end of 2002, leads the world in
generating capacity. Spain and the United States, at 4,800 and 4,700 megawatts, are
second and third. Many predict that, with the development of more efficient wind
turbines, wind energy will provide an increasingly large proportion of electrical
production in the U.S. Tiny Denmark is fourth with 2,900 megawatts, and India is fifth
with 1,700 megawatts.
Although a score of countries now generate electricity from wind, a second wave of
major players is coming onto the field, including the United Kingdom, France, Italy,
Brazil, and China. However, land clearing for vast "wind farms" may cause concern to
environmentalists.
3.2.2 Solar Energy
Pakistan has high potential of renewable energy sources. A very large part of the rural

population does not have the facility of electricity because they are either too remote
or it is found too expensive to connect their villages to the national grid station.
Pakistan being in the sunny belt is ideally located to take advantage of solar energy.
This energy sources is widely distributed and abundantly available in the country.
During last 15 years Pakistan has shown quite encouraging progress in the use of
photovoltaic cells. Currently electrical power derived from solar energy is being used
is being used in some public parks. These include Khalid bin Waleed Park in Peshawar
and the Race Course Park in Rawalpindi. The Public Health department has
installed solar water pump for drinking purposes in some parts of the country. Both
public and private sector are playing their role in up grading of photovoltaic system in
the country. If this technology is used in large scale commercial production of
electricity the problem of energy shortage can be substantially reduced.
3.3. Long term solution
3.3.1 Coal Potential in Pakistan
Pakistan has the 5th largest coal reserve in the World, amounting to approximately
185.175 billion tones. Thar has largest reserve in the country that is approximately
75.5 billion tones. Pakistan can generate more than 100,000 MW of electricity for next
30 years if it uses all coal available to it. At present Pakistan generates only 0.79% of
its total electricity from coal [WAPDA Annual report 2007-08]. Coal contributes
approximately 39% of the total global primary energy demand. Share of coal in total
electricity produced in different countries is
PAKISTAN 0.79%
USA 56%
UK 58%
China 81%

3.3.2 Hydro-electric power potential


Pakistan has a huge potential to produce electric power from hydro-electric power
plants. In table 5 presents a view of electric power generation with power plants
whose feasibility study has been completed or is under process. Construction of all
these plants gives almost 55,000 MW. This easily meets the electrical energy
requirement of Pakistan for next 20-25 years.
From the table 4, 5 we can see that hydro-electric power has a great potential. Some
details of these projects are given in table 4,5.These plants can give low cost

electricity. As they are run of river plants, they can be easily installed with minimum
cost and in short time.
Conclusion
The policy makers of Pakistan do talk about making dams and setting up nuclear
power plants but do not understand the importance and benefits of alternate energy
(renewable source of energy) sources such as solar, windmill Tidal, Wave, and
Geothermal energy, etc. They are cheap and quick methods for producing electricity.
Pakistan is a very blessed country because solar energy is available in most cities all
year round. Similarly wind energy is readily available in the coastal areas and in
interior Baluchistan during winter. These energy sources if tapped can be of great
help in reducing the current demand supply gap. The possibility of using coal and
hydro-electric run of river plants must also be considered seriously for the long term.

ENERGY CRISIS IN PAKISTAN


INTRODUCTION
TRUE GENESIS
COMPARISON OF PAKISTAN AND INDIA'S ELECTRICITY POTENTIAL
EFFECTS OF LOAD-SHEDDING AND BLACKOUTS
---Economic
(a) Business Sector and Industries
(b) Agricultural Sector
(c) Flight of capital to other countries
(d) Hesitation in foreign Investment
(e) Inflation
(h) Poverty
(i) stagnation to growth and development
---Social
(a) Agitation among common people may lead increase in crimes
(b) Increase in Anti Government sentiments by protests and boycotts
(c) Affecting Education sector and students
---Political
(a) Decrease credibility of politicians in a thrice time military ruled country

CAUSES OF PREVALENT CRISIS


(a) Lack of proper planning and implementation
(b) Major reliability on Thermal electricity and increase in international oil prices
(c) Lack of water resources for required dams and hydro-power
(d) Theft of electricity : Network and corrupt wapda employees
(e) Population explosion
(f) Internal Political disputes
(g) No quest for the required alternative energy resources
ELECTRICITY DEMAND AND SUPPLY GAP
(est. figures for June 2009)
---DEMAND = 25,000 megawatts
---SUPPLY = thermal (12,580 megawatts, 65%)
hydroelectric ( 6,463 megawatts, 33%)
nuclear ( 462 megawatts, 2%)
---DEFICIT 3000 megawatts (Peak season 4000 to 6000 megawatts)
capacity 19,505megawatts , generation fluctuates from 16000 to 17000 megawatts
Source: Energy Crisis Report, Center for Research and Security Studies Islamabad
Pakistan
PAKISTAN'S POTENTIAL ENERGY POSITION
SOLUTIONS
---GOVERNMENTAL
+
+
+
+
+

Change of time
Energy saver bulbs
Renewable energy opportunities
Coal Power and Hydro-power electricity
Financial and Policy incentives

---CONSIDERABLE SOLUTIONS
(1) Fuel cell Technology
(2) Hydrogen Fuel (Hydro-oxy gas)
(3) Bio-methanol
(4) Bio Diesel
(5) Karrick Process
(6) Solar Energy
(7) Tidal Energy
(8) Cool IJI PIPELINE AND OTHER REGIONAL ACQUISITION
(9) Further Investment on nuclear energy to use as civil energy.

The Time We Are Living is The Winter of The World


Outline
1-Introduction:
Problems and restrictions for the people in a time is called winter of the world.
2.Analysis of past eras:
a-Roman and French Revolutions-great examples.
b-Arab darkness, before emergence of Islam-Islam a great help for the people.
3.The time we live in is the winter of the World:
a-Natural Disasters.
b-Man made problems.
4. Causes of becoming the contemporary as winter:
a-Misuse of natural resources.
b-Evil nature of human beings.
5. Remedy/Solutions:
a-Control on the misuse of natural resources.
b-To stop the ill will of people.
Conclusion:
Past times faced the great problems but were recovered. Present era needs effective
measures to come on the right way. Because the time we live in is the winter of the
World.
"The time we live in is the winter of the World".
When there are a numerous problems and restrictions for the people in the World that
time is known as the winter of the World. Comparing the past eras with the present
scenario, it would be analyzed that the present time is very much difficult time.
There are many causes behind this that nuclear expansion, corruption, misuse of
natural resources, etc are growing day by day. The effective measures to curb over
the worst time are required. Thus, the time we live in is the winter of the world.

The past eras have played vital role to deal with the time for living easily. The
examples of Roman and French revolutions have great importance in the difficult
time.Both the nations revolutionized to build their social,economic and political
aspects of life according to the need of time.
The Arab period, before Islam, is also called the time of great darkness.To fulfill the
need of brightness in the people of that time,Islam brought the light of awareness for
the people.
The contemporary time is also called the winter of the world. The problems of
natural disasters, insecurities, terrorism, imperialism, etc are spreading. These
problems have been badly affecting on the social, economic, political and religious,
aspects of human life. Such time of great restrictions have been regarded as tuff
time.
There are many causes behind making the time worst. On the one hand, the
natural disasters are creating the unrecoverable hurdles and on the other hand the
human beings are developing the difficulties. Global Warming, Earthquakes, Acid rain,
etc, are due to the misuse of natural resources. Such as Chlorofluorocarbons, are
harmful for the ozone layer in the atmosphere of the earth. Such types of problems
make human life so injurious.
Human beings have also created problems for themselves due to their evil nature. The
desires, of imperialism by using nuclear weapons and corruption to destroying any
other persons life, have greatly affected the human beings. Thus, human beings are
largely deprived from the rights.
There are some solutions to convert the winter days into spring days. Firstly, human
beings must control over the misuse of natural resources. E-g: Fuel,
chlorofluorocarbons, Uranium, etc. Secondly, the wishes and desires of the
imperialists and corrupt people should be stopped.
In a nutshell, the past times have also crossed the line of difficulties but the measures
by the reformers or religious light has brought it on the right path.The contemporary
era is the winter of the World but the effective steps can recover the time into
spring.
Terrorism In Pakistan: Its Causes, Impacts And Remedies

Outline:
Introduction
What Is Terrorism
Islams Response To Terrorism:
Causes Of Terrorism:
1. Internal Causes
a) Socio-Economic Causes
i) Injustice:
ii) Illiteracy:
iii) Poverty And Unemployment:
iv) Food Insecurity:
v) Dissatisfaction:
b) Political Causes:
i) Non-Democratic Set-Up:
ii) Improper Government Set-Up
iii) Absence Of Law And Failure Of Law Enforcement Agencies:
c) Religious Causes:
i) Role Of Madrassahs:
ii) Religious Intolerance:
2. External Causes
a) Afghan War: 1979
b) Iranian Revolution:
c) War On Terrorism: 9/11
Factors Boosting Terrorism:
a) Anti-Terrorism Campaign And Drone Strikes:
b) Negligence Of Government:

c) Persecution Of Innocent Muslims In Kashmir And Palestine:


Steps Taken By Pakistan:
a) Ban On Terrorist Organisation
b) Operation Rah-E-Nijat
c) Operation Rah-E-Rast
Impacts Of Terrorism:
a) Civilian Loss
b) Economic Cost Of Terrorism:
i) Agriculture Loss:
ii) Manufacturing Cost:
iii) Declining Foreign Direct Investment:
iv) Diminishing Tourism:
v) Internally Displaced People/internal Migration
c) Social Impacts;
d) Political Impacts:
e) Psychological Impacts:
f) Religious Impacts:
Remedies:
Conclusion:
At present the gravest problem that Pakistan is faces is terrorism. It has become a
headache for federation and a nightmare for public. Though, it is a global issue but
Pakistan has to bear the brunt of it. Pakistans involvement in the War on Terror has
further fuelled the fire. We are facing war like situation against the terrorists. This
daunting situation is caused due to several factors. These factors include social
injustice, economic disparity, political instability, religious intolerance and also
external hands or international conspiracies. A handful of people who have their
vicious interests to fulfil have not only taken countless innocent lives but also
distorted the real image of Islam before the world through their heinous acts.
Terrorist acts like suicide bombings have become a norm of the day. On account of

these attacks Pakistan is suffering from ineffaceable loss ranging from civilian to
economic. People have become numerical figures, blown up in numbers every now
and then. Terrorists have not spared any place. Bazars, mosques, educational
institutes, offices, hotels, no place is safe anymore.
Though terrorism has no accepted definition, yet it can be defined as the use of
violence and intimidation in the pursuit of political aim or the calculated use of
violence or threat of violence against civilians in order to attain goals that are
political or religious or ideological in nature, this is done through intimidation or
coercion or inciting fear. According to FBIs definition, Terrorism is the unlawful use of
force or violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government,
the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social
objective.
The religion of Islam (Submission), advocates freedom, peace and mutual agreement
and admonishes aggression. The following verses make it very clear.
And do not aggress; GOD dislikes the aggressors. (Quran 5:87)
You shall resort to pardon, advocate tolerance, and disregard the ignorant. (Quran:
7:199)
The relations of Muslims (Submitters) with others are based primarily on peace,
mutual respect and trust. The theme in the Quran is peace, unless there is oppression
or injustice that cannot be resolved by all the peaceful means available. The true
religion of Islam forbids the killing of innocent people, irrespective of the cause,
religious, political or social beliefs.
...You shall not kill * GOD has made life sacred * except in the course of justice.
These are His commandments to you that you may understand. (Quran 6:151)
You shall not kill any person * for GOD has made life sacred except in the course of
justice. (Quran17:33)
In Islam, an amazingly powerful emphasis is laid on developing love for mankind and
on the vital importance of showing mercy and sympathy towards every creature of
Allah Almighty, including human beings and animals. For indeed, love and true
sympathy is the very antidote of terrorism.
Injustice is one of the foremost factors that breed terrorism. When the grievances of

the people are not redressed they resort to violent actions. So this is the case with
Pakistan where timely justice has always been a far cry. Hence, the delayed justice is
working as incentive for victims and dragging them to the swamp of terrorist
organisations.
Illiteracy is the root causes of extremism and terrorism. More than one in five men
aged 15 to 24 unable to read or write, and only one in 20 is in tertiary education. such
a high illiteracy rate has made Pakistan vulnerable to terrorism. furthermore,
technical and vocational education, and adult literacy, are especially important but
unfortunately have been neglected the most in Baluchistan, Khyber Pukhtunkhwa and
the Tribal Areas. Illiteracy and lack of skills provide fertile ground for those who wish
to recruit young men and women to their cause, especially when significant monetary
payments are attached.
Regarding poverty, it is also an incubating cause of terrorism. And it is said that a
hungry man is an angry man. Notably, majority of people in Pakistan are living below
poverty line. While especially for the youngsters, unemployment has made the matter
worse. In these adverse circumstances, some people go to the level of extremism and
even commit suicide. These are the people whose services are hired by the terrorist
groups and they become easy prey to terrorism.
Food insecurity is also linked with militancy and violence. When people remain unable
to afford food and cannot meet their basic needs civil strife grows. A report by the
Islamabad-based Sustainable Development Policy Institute The highest levels of food
insecurity, for instance, exist in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas, according
to the report, where 67.7 per cent of the people are insecure. The next highest level
is in Baluchistan, with food insecurity at 61.2 per cent, and then in KhyberPukhtunkhwa, 56.2 per cent. In Pakistan some extremist forces are exploiting the
feelings of lower and lower middle class food insecure people. They are motivating
their unemployed youth to commit heinous crimes such as suicide attacks against
innocent people.
Another reason of terrorism is dissatisfaction. When a person is dissatisfied with the
rulers and thinks that his rights are being humiliated or exiled, his living of life has
not been compensated, he is deprived of rightful inheritance to office, wrongly
imprisoned and property confiscated then he joins some religious parties. It does not
matter which organisation it would be. None of the organisations has any importance
for him. Adopting an organisation would only save him from the critical situation he is
in and leaves him to play in the hands of his so-called leaders who destroy his public
sense of security.

Todays Pakistan is facing democratic turmoil. A path chartered by the military regime
of Ayub Khan, Yahya Khan then of Zia-ul-Haq was altered by yet another military
regime that of Musharraf. All these regimes produced political instability, poor
governance, institutional paralysis, by passing the rule of law, socio-economic
downfall and so on. These fragile conditions along with deteriorating law and order
situation have provided a fertile ground for terrorism to grow.
Furthermore, lack of proper government set-up and lack of coordination and
information sharing between various institutions of government is also a cause of
behind the escalating terrorist activities. Not to talk of providing security to common
people, our law enforcing agencies (LEAs) have completely failed to protect high
officials of the country. In the absence of law and proper trial the terrorists are
entrenching their roots firmly. Failure of the (LAEs) to bring the terrorist to book has
emboldened terror mongers to strike at a target of their choice at will. Schools,
hospitals, markets and places of worship have become their favourite targets.
Religion became the dominant force during the Zia regime when the Islamization of
laws and education became a state policy. And the Islamic legislation was
promulgated and a number of Islamic enactments were made, including the Hudood
and blasphemy laws. One may also mention the vital role of the jihadis in their fight
against the Soviet military occupation with the American support, as well as the
generous patronage extended by the government to the religious parties and groups.
It may be added that various religious groups benefited from the support they
received from abroad, in particular from Saudi Arabia and Iran.
Religious Madrassah is not something new for the Islam or our country. But after
Russian attack on Afghanistan it took a new dimension. They were being used as
recruitment centres for jihadis. Thousands of Mujahedeen were trained and sent to
Afghanistan for so-called jihad. After the fall of Russia, a sizeable number of the
jihadis who returned to Pakistan got involved in terrorist activities.
Religious intolerance is another factor which is adding fuel to the fire of terrorism.
youth, educated through religious Madrassahs, are indoctrinated with extreme ideas.
They become intolerant towards other religions and even other sects of their own
religion. They impose their own extreme ideas and vent their fanaticism thorough
violent actions. Intolerance makes society jungle. It is proving destructive
phenomenon for social harmony, political stability, and economic growth.
The soviet Afghanistan war was the most critical event responsible for spreading

militancy and intolerance in Pakistan. A fundamental change that altered the very
character of Pakistani society occurred after establishment of the soviet backed
communist regime in Afghanistan. The aftermath of the soviet withdrawal exposed
the damage, transformation of violence and Weaponisation into Pakistani society. It
ultimately plagued Pakistan with a new trend commonly referred as Kalashnikov
Culture and Talbanisation. This was perhaps an end to our long established
pluralistic culture and values. Result was a wave of vicious cycle of Sectarian and
Inter-sect and Interfaith violence/terrorism.
Religious extremism that took its roots in Pakistan after the Islamic Revolution in Iran
in 1979 has proved venomous for Pakistan. The increased danger of sectarian
motivated acts of violence, have gained in power and influence over the recent past.
External as well as internal influences have impacted the sectarian issues and have
served to further intensify the magnitude and seriousness of the problem. Sectarian
violence, therefore, was an extremely rare and unheard of phenomenon in Pakistan
with sectarian disputes being very localized and confined rather than being frequent
and widespread.
This religious extremism took a new shape of terrorism after 9/11. After the incident
of 9/11 suicide bombing in Pakistan has become a norm of the day. The American
invasion and occupation of Afghanistan, as well as the military operation in Pakistan,
along with the American drone attacks, have served to fuel religious radicalism
leading to violent reaction. The breakdown of state structures in Afghanistan created
a void which was quickly filled by groups and individuals who took it upon themselves
to continue the lost battle. Some of them also intruded into Pakistani tribal areas,
thus inviting the US displeasure. Flushing out these foreign fighters by Pakistani
security forces made Pakistan a battle ground, as foreign militants and some of their
local hosts, joined hands to counter the security forces.
The drone strikes have increased anti-Americanism in Pakistan society and the region.
The terrorists have used the collateral damage to maximize the environment and
society to their benefit. Families of people killed in collateral damage become ideal
nursery for suicide bombers In Pakistan society drone attacks are popularly believed
to have caused even more civilian casualties than is actually the case. The persistence
of these attacks on Pakistani territory is continuously creating public outrages and
alienating people from government and Army. The drone is a tactical weapon and has
certainly given good results tactically to support coalition forces operation on their
sides of the border but strategically history has many unanswered questions.
On account of anti-campaign and drone attacks scores of people have become

homeless and even some have lost all their possessions Coupled with this,
governments indifference towards these internally displaced people has further
deteriorating the situation and encouraging people to join anti-state actors.
Negligence on the part of government has alienated the people and has placed
Pakistan in an undesirable situation domestically.
Furthermore, indiscriminate and brutal persecution of innocent citizen of Kashmir and
Palestine by Indian and Israeli forces respectively is further boosting the monster of
terrorism. the people of Kashmir and Palestine have been denied their basic rights for
decades. Hence their feelings of antagonism springing out in the form violent acts and
also their supporters are conducting these types of acts here in Pakistan in order the
draw the attention of the world towards the injustices being done to them.
Pakistan has done its level best to rid terrorism and terrorists from its soil. In first
step, many terrorist organisations were banned by the Musharraf government. After
those successful military operations namely Rah-e-Nijat and Rah-e-Rast have been
conducted. Pakistan army has fought bravely against terrorist and has destroyed their
safe dens. It has broken the backbone of the terrorists and has forced them to flee.
These operations still keep ongoing in some tribal areas. In this context, it is worthmentioning that public support to military operations is very essential, and without
peoples backing no army can win this different war against terrorism.
For Pakistan the consequences of being the epicentre of the war on terror have been
disastrous physically, psychologically and economically. Nobody understands terrorism
better than us (Pakistanis). We have been victims of various manifestations of it since
the Soviet Afghan war. Since 9/11, the wave of suicide bombing has so far killed
scores of innocent Pakistani civilians and muffled the already slow pace of our
economic growth. The financial cost of the ongoing global war on terror in the last
two years alone has been $35 billion. This has badly affected in particular, the socioeconomic development of Pakistan. Lest we forget, we even lost our prominent
political leader Benazir Bhuttoto an act of terror.
Since September 11, 2001, 21,672 Pakistani civilians have lost their lives or have been
seriously injured in an ongoing fight against terrorism. The Pakistan Army has lost
2,795 soldiers in the war and 8,671 have been injured. There have been 3,486 bomb
blasts in the country, including 283 major suicide attacks. More than 3.5 million have
been displaced. The damage to the Pakistani economy is estimated at $68 billion over
the last ten years. Over 200,000 Pakistani troops were deployed at the frontline and
90,000 soldiers are fighting against militants on the Afghan border.

The ongoing insurgency has accelerated the already dismal economic situation and
has affected almost each and every economic aspects of the country, particularly in
FATA and Khyber Pukhtunkhwa. All the main resources of revenue in affected areas
have been hurt, including agriculture, the tourism industry, manufacturing and smallscale industry.
Due to insurgency, the loss to agriculture alone amounts to Rs.35 billion. The
breakdown in law and order situation has damaged the fruit based economy of the
northern areas. It has rendered billions of rupes losses to the landowners, labourers,
dealers and farmers who earn their livelihood from these orchards. Also, the Economic
survey of Pakistan report shows that the share of agriculture in the gross domestic
product (GDP) has been constantly falling. It accounted for 25.99 per cent of GDP in
1999-2000; however, gradually its share shrank to 21.3 per cent in 2007-2008. The
figures show that terrorism has not only decreased the productive capacity of
agricultural activity in these regions but also in the entire country.
The manufacturing sector has been hard hit by frequent incidents of terrorism and has
created an uncertain environment resulting into low level of economic growth. The
manufacturing sector is witnessing the lowest-ever share of 18.2 per cent in the GDP
over the last five years. In addition, the small and medium-size enterprises which are
key area of manufacturing in Pakistan have been affected across the country because
of power shortages and recurrent terrorist attacks.
According to a Harvard study (December 2000), higher levels of terrorism risk are
associated with lower levels of net FDI. In case of Pakistan, terrorism has affected the
allocation of firms investing money in the country. As a result, FDI, which had
witnessed a steep rise over the previous several years, was adversely affected by the
terrorist acts in the country, especially in FATA and other areas of Khyber
Pukhtunkhwa.
According to the World Economic Forum, Pakistan ranked 113 out of 130 countries in
2009 as a tourist destination. The low ranking is attributed to incidents of terrorism
and the lack of a tourism regulatory framework in Pakistan. On account of persistent
terrorist attacks many hotels in the northwest areas have been closed. According to
governments own estimates, the hotel industry in Swat valley has suffered a loss of
Rs. 60 billion. Many workers have lost their jobs and transport has also face a severe
blow.
Due to war on terror, local people of war-ridden areas are migrating to other areas of
Pakistan. Country has seen the largest migration since independence in 1947. These

people have left their homes, businesses, possessions and property back home. This
large influx of people and their rehabilitation is an economic burden for Pakistan.
Unemployment is still prevalent and now the question of providing employment to
these migrants has also become a serious concern. This portion of population is
contributing nothing worthwhile to the national income yet they have to be
benefitted from it. This unproductive lot of people is a growing economic problem of
Pakistan
Social impacts have also been caused by this war. In a society where terror exists
cannot be healthy. Social disorganization has occurred due to terrorism. Social
relations, economic transactions, free moments, getting education, offering prayers
etc. have suffered. Pakistans participation in the anti-terrorism campaign has led to
massive unemployment, homelessness, poverty and other social problems and ills. In
addition, frequent incidents of terrorism and displacement of the local \population
have severely affected the social fabric.
On the political front Pakistan is badly impacted in fighting the war against terrorism.
It has taken many valuable steps to defeat terrorists. In spite of all the sacrifices the
country is making it is branded to be a country insincere or half-hearted in fighting
the menace. Every time the country is told to do more. It is further alleged for
infiltration of the militants inside US-NATO dominated Afghanistan. The failure of the
Western troops in the neighbourhood is blamed on Pakistan. This situation has eroded
the trust between the governments and caused international image problem for the
country.
Similarly the terror has brought in its wake psychological problems. Fear in the hearts
of the people is created. Trauma, depressions and confusion have been increased. The
people feel insecure and unsafe whenever in their daily life activities, as time and
again they watch the terror events taking place in different cities. Those have
especially been suffered who have closely witnessed the suicidal bombings.
The religion is also impacted by the war against terrorism. The religion of Islam is
perceived to be the one tolerating extremism and terrorism abroad. In the western
world people equate violence, abuse against women and minority rights, and several
acts of terrorism like suicidal bombing and coercion with Islam and Muslims.
Whenever any such inhuman act takes place they tie it with Islam and its followers.
When in the UK terror acts were committed the authority blamed it on Pakistani
citizens for instance. And why these days Pakistanis are discriminately interrogated
and have to be screened before they inter the US is due to the fact that they are
Pakistanis and Muslims.

Thorough analysis of the causes of terrorism and its ineffaceable impacts indicate that
in Pakistan this phenomenon has not come to fore overnight. It has taken decades to
flourish and involves many factors. Since terrorism is a multifaceted, the solution has
to be multi-pronged. In view of the root causes described in above paragraphs, the
possible remediescould include:
To begin with, a national commission needs to be set up, which identifies the fault
lines and the root causes of the rise of extremism in Pakistan taking into consideration
the post-Nine-Eleven developments.
It should also take up the question of reforming the madrassas. The heads of all the
major religious groups should be contacted and engaged to explore short-term and
long-term solutions.
Our universities and research institutes should take up the intellectual task of reinterpreting the Islamic injunctions in the light of modern knowledge and 21st century
challenges (with emphasis on social justice).
The government must improve its performance. Bad governance and corruption have
lowered its credibility and clout,
Parliament must debate Pakistans present relationship with the US, with particular
reference to the American war in Afghanistan and operations in Pakistan.
Our government should make efforts to develop sector. Without any doubt, these
efforts will play a crucial role not only in providing employment to the millions of
people but will also eliminate poverty in the country.
Pakistans government should particularly emphasise the need of technical
education by promoting it. In this respect, more institutes should be opened in order
to promote technical education.
It is mentionable that there are two types of terrorists, extremists and moderates.
In order to cope with terrorism, our government should neutralise the moderate
terrorists through reconciliation by offering them general pardon and asking them to
renounce terrorism. Even extremist insurgents can be offered mediation.
Nevertheless, those militants who reject the offer could be fought through military
operations.

Nonetheless, for their on global and regional interests, US-led western allies must
not only increase the military and economic aid of Pakistan but also provide direct
market access to Pak products on zero rate duty to help stabilise the countrys bleak
economy in the wake of the war against terror.
As Pakistan has been successfully coping with the menace of terrorism, US-led some
western countries including India should also give up their propaganda campaign
against Islamabad and blame game against its intelligence agency ISI.
US should help in resolving the Kashmir dispute to deal with the problem of
militancy in the region.
In order to fight terrorism, Pakistans media should play a key role. It must point out
the criminal activities of the militants like hostage-taking, killing of the innocent
people? torching the government buildings including girl schools and car-snatching. It
should also indicate that Islam is a religion of peace and does not allow suicide
attacks.
As Pakistan is already facing various crises of grave nature in wake of terrorism, so
our politicians must stop manipulating the same for their own self-interests. By
setting aside their differences and by showing power of tolerance, both our rulers and
opposition parties need to act upon a policy of national reconciliation to cope with
the problem of terrorism and to stand before external pressure.
Finally, our politicians, general masses and security forces must show a strong sense
of unity to fight terrorism,
To conclude, Pakistan is a peace loving nation and playing its important role in
combating terror. Recognition of efforts to fight menace of terrorism and sacrifices
rendered thereof are testimony to the commitment and resolve to bring peace in the
region. Unfortunately sometimes its commitment is doubted by some of its allies.
Mistrust can lead to diversion of efforts, which will not be beneficial to common
objective of peace in the region. Pakistan is a responsible nation; fully capable of
defending its territorial integrity. Pakistan has singularly committed large forces to
combat menace of terrorism more than any other country. No foreign troops are
either present or deployed on Pakistan soil.
All citizens of Pakistan must propagate moderate vibrant culture of Pakistan to
promote good will of world community and shun misconstrued beliefs. Attacks on
security forces personnel are executed at the sponsorship of hostile intelligence

agencies. Such anti state elements must be singled out and brought to lime light to
defeat evil agendas of our enemies. Pakistan has sacrificed the most in the ongoing
war on terror; criticizing Pakistans efforts at national/international forum will be
counter-productive to the overall objectives of war on terror.

Global Zero: World without Nuclear Weapons

Outline
1. Introduction
2. Brief history of nuclear weapons
3. Perils of nuclear weapons
4. Need to eliminate nuclear weapons
5. Global zero initiative
6. Is this goal achievable? Yes:
a. Historical support
b. Political will
c. Strong public support
d. New leadership
7. How to achieve it? Procedure/Strategy:
a. Ratification of NPT/CTBT
b. Reduction by the US and Russia
c. Elimination by all nuclear states
d. Follow up: control mechanism
8. Creation of International Nuclear Fuel-Bank
9. Advantages of nuclear zero
10. Conclusion
This is the moment to begin the work of seeking the peace of world without nuclear
weapons (Barak Obama)
Man has achieved tremendous progress in developing scientific technology for the
welfare and well-being of humanity, but simultaneously, he has also developed
weapons for his own destruction. To acquire powerthe most flagrant of all passions
he created weapons including explosive, chemical, biological and nuclear. Among
them, the nuclear weapons are the most destructive causing mass destruction.
Though, these have been used once in history during the World War-II, these have
created a perpetual fear of annihilation among all humans. Now, with the evolving of
a multi-cultural globalised world, there is an increase in momentum to develop a
consensus for achieving Global Zero- elimination of all nuclear weapons. To succeed in
this initiative, the need is to sit together, contemplate, devise a strategy and agree to
divert this capability from weapons to welfare of humanity. The most resounding
argument, generating urge to achieve this surpassable task lies in the brief history of

apocalyptic perils of nuclear weapons.


The perils of atomic weapons were manifest as the two cities of Japan were wreaked
when the bombs were dropped on them. In Hiroshima, some 75,000 people were
immediately killed by blast, fire and radiation. Another 70,000 died by the end of
1945. Three days later in Nagasaki, plutonium bomb killed about 40,000 people
immediately, another 75,000 died by the end of 1945. Five days after Nagasakis
flattening, Japan surrendered. But the impact didnt stop there. Thousands people
died in following years due to radiation. Tens of thousands became disabled. Not only
the people present at the time suffered but the unborn as well. Thousands others
were born with deformities and genetic disorders due to which successive generations
have suffered.
The Americans and Japanese learned different lessons from these bombings. The
Americans lesson was; the nuclear weapons win wars, and therefore have value. The
Japanese learned that human being and nuclear weapons cannot co-exist. (David
Krieger, President Nuclear Age Peace Foundation). However, the danger posed by
nuclear weapons today is far greater than the destruction they caused in Hiroshima
and Nagasaki.
Today, the number of nuclear weapons around the world is about 30,000 bombs with
far greater weight and destruction power. Even a fraction of these weapons could put
an end to human as well as other species on our planet. It is clear that if we dont
achieve Global Zero, our planet is always at risk, of being converted into a Ground
Zero. This could happen not only due to a deliberate act but also accidental incident.
Therefore, there is a strong reason that these weapons must be abolished before
they abolish us.
The need to eliminate nuclear weapons is not only because these can be used for
destruction in war but also because they pose equal danger in times of peace. There
have been Close Calls to annihilation in various occasions. [In 1995] President Boris
Yeltsin was informed that a nuclear missile was speeding towards the heart of Russia.
Russian nuclear forces, already on hair-trigger alert, were put in even higher alert.
Russian policy called for a launch on warning. The fate of the planet hung in the
balance. Yeltsin wisely waited. And within those moments, the alarm declared false.
An unimaginable nuclear disaster had barely been avoided, declared Americas
Defense Monitor, Center for Defence Information, December 26, 1999.
Another, important incident took place in the US on August 31, 2007. Air Force crew
loaded six live nuclear warheads onto a 8-52 Bomber and flew from Minot Air Force
Base in North Dakota to Barksdak Air Force Base in cruising over the countrys
heartland (Around 15 states). Each warhead was 10 times more powerful than the
atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. In analysis report, Americas
Defence science Board (DSB) revealed that six of the planets most powerful weapons
were missing and no one noticed until they had landed in Louisiana after flight of 3
hours. The report concluded that human error was at the heart of the incident.

This incident underscores the risk of accidental nuclear explosion threat due to
human error even in the country of its origin and in the peace times. It is
important to note that this incident occurred in the US, which claims to employ
worlds best safety standards for nuclear weapons. While the US itself keeps
expressing concern over the safety of Pakistans nuclear arsenal.
It is learnt from these incidents that the humanity is at the risk of just single human
error, if the nuclear weapons exist in the world. Therefore, wisdom calls
for elimination of all nuclear weapons in order to make the future of humanityour
generation and our future generations safe and secure.
In addition, the Cold War which was the pushing force behind nuclear race has ended
two decades ago. Also due to the interdependence of states in the current scenario,
there is unlikeness of revival of such conflicts.
Moreover, the presence of nuclear weapons in some states provides reason and
pretext for other ambitious nations to acquire the same status. This unwise race has
itself caused devastating effects on economy and human development, particularly in
developing countries.
One of the major world powers, the USSR too, collapsed under the heavy burden of
extraordinary defence spending on economy. The developing countries like India,
Pakistan, and North Korea also joined the race. They did succeed in acquiring nuclear
weapons but their poor population is suffering from abject poverty. A country like
Pakistan, which is merely surviving at the edge of economic insolvency, could gain
much economic growth, had the resources been utilised for the welfare of people.
Iranians are bearing the sanctions imposed by western powers through the UN for
pursuing nuclear technology, which according to them, is aimed at acquiring weapons.
Besides, the argument to possess nuclear weapons to maintain deterrence capability
has also lost its ground. More the states acquire nukes, more the risk of their use
builds-up. Moreover, the presence of nukes always poses risk of slipping into the hands
of terrorists. Admiral Noel Gayler, a former commander-in-chief of the Pacific
Command of US Navy, asks, Is difference of nuclear weapons still possible? He
answers, No. He also questions, Does nuclear disarmament imperil our security?
He answers, No, it enhances it. As human beings are fallible, deterrence is not a
perfect system. It can be failed by human error, accident, miscalculation or simply
miscommunication. Does it make sense to risk the future of our cities and even the
human species on an unprovable theory?, David Krieger, founder of the Nuclear Age
Peace Foundation.
This is why, fortunately, the initiative of achieving peace of the world without nuclear
weapons is gaining support among both the senior military and the political leaders of
the world. The increasing number of leaders have realised what Abraham Lincoln said,
We must think anew and act anew. Recently many world leaders have expressed

willingness to move towards this goal. British Prime Minister Gorden Brown said in
March 2008 that the UK was ready to work for a world that is free from nuclear
weapons. On December 5, 2008, Nicholas Sarkozy, the French President, while
holding EU Presidency, wrote a letter to UN General Secretary, outlining an EU plan to
advance global progress toward nuclear disarmament.
In order to seize this positive trend, to achieve the commitment of the entire
international community, and to re-energise effort for complete nuclear
disarmament, a new initiative Global Zero was launched on December 9, 2008, in
Paris. The initiative was endorsed by 100 international political, military, business and
civic leaders across the world. The signatories included former US President Jimmy
Carter, former Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev, former British Foreign Secretary
Margaret Becket, Queen Noor of Jordan, Ehasnul Haq, former Joint Chief of the Staff
committee (JCSC) of Pakistan, former Indian National Security advisor Brajes Mishra.
Global Zero envisages eliminating nuclear weapons through phased and verified
reduction over a period of years. Key steps include:

Massive reduction in Russian-US arsenal.


Complete elimination to zero by all states.
Establishing verification system to keep check.
International management of the fuel cycle.

There are many positive indicators which indicate why this goal is achievable. First;
there is a strong historical support. Throughout the nuclear age, even at the height of
the Cold War, leaders foresaw a day when the world could be free of nukes. In 1986,
Soviet Premier Mikhail Gorbachev and US President Ronald Reagan agreed that: A
nuclear war could never be won and must never be fought. In 1999, Chinese
President Jiang Zemin stated: There is no reason why nuclear weapons should not be
comprehensively banned and completely destroyed.
Second; as Jiang Zemin had emphasised in his statement, What it takes to reach this
objective is no more than a strong political will. The world leaders agree with the
idea of a world without nukes and have the means to achieve it. What they only need
is the Political will. Some analysts argue that even if the major world powers agree
to eliminate nuclear weapons, country like Iran might not agree to abandon its
ambition. Though Irans nuclear weapon ambitions is a fallacy, there is a strong reason
why Iran would follow the course. If there is growing support by nuclear powers and
public opinion worldwide, I think it becomes harder for any government, including
Iran, to cross that barrier, said Richard Burt, who was Washingtons Chief negotiator
in the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START) talks in the early 1990s. Naturally, no

country can afford to be on the one side and whole of the world on the other.
Third; there is a strong support among majority of the people around the world. A poll
of 21 countries conducted by Program on International Policy Attitudes (PIPA), USA,
shows that global public opinion is overwhelmingly in favours of an international
agreement for eliminating all nuclear weapons. 76 per cent of respondents, across all
countries polled, favour such an agreement. As the public opinion tends to direct the
policies of governments, it is likely that the leaders would come to the table.
Fourth; at this time particular, there is a new and great opportunity. US President
Barak Obama and Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin have signalled to work on
nuclear disarmament. The former declared, This is the moment to begin the works
of seeking the peace of a world without nuclear weapons. Similarly, Russian Prime
Minister Putin expressed in a speech in September 2008 to Close this Pandoras Box.
This new and unprecedented political support from the heads of the worlds most
important governments for zero nuclear weapons has made this goal possible. This
moment offers both the possibilities and dangers. Possibilities; because of new
leadership in the US which appears to support the goal of nuclear abolition. Dangers;
because, if this moment passes without action, then the nuclear-race could quickly
gather pace with many more states acquiring weapons and the risk of weapons falling
into the hands of terrorists would increase.
This opportunity must be seized. It is the time for a new beginning to achieve a world
free of nuclear weapons. This moment calls for embracing possibilities and dispelling
dangers. The phased and verifiable elimination of nuclear weapons is possible. Here
are some of the steps needed to achieve this goal:
Firstly; the ratification of Non Proliferation Treaty (NPT) and Comprehensive Test Ban
Treaty (CTBT). The NPT, which was sponsored by the US, UK and the USSR, was aimed
to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and weapon technology, to promote
cooperation in the peaceful use of nuclear energy and to further the goal of achieving
nuclear disarmament. The treaty was signed by 187 states and was ratified in 1975.
However, the US, its sponsors, did not ratify it. Other four countries which have not
signed it are: India, Pakistan, Israel and Cuba. Similarly, CTBT, introduced in 1995, has
not been ratified by many states, including the US. It is strongly felt that if the US
ratifies these treaties, others would follow the course. Early the US ratification
would do much to encourage the few remaining states to follow suit, wrote David

Miliband, UKs former Foreign Secretary, in The Washington Post on December 8, 2008.
Secondly; negotiations between Washington and Moscow should start to cut back
nuclear stockpiles to minimum. According to moderate estimates, the US and Russia
have about 26000 of total 27000 weapons in the world. As both these states possess
largest stockpiles96 per cent of all the nuclear weapons in the worldthey should
reduce their arsenal in the first step. Process needs to start with American and
Russian leaderships, argues Richard Burt.
This is an absolutely insensible approach to accumulate that much big arsenal that
fraction of which can destroy the whole world. When a country can be destroyed by
a dozen weapons, its own possession of thousands of weapons gains no security, says
Admiral Noel Gayler. The huge possession of nukes itself puts larger responsibility on
the US and Russia to initiate the process of disarmaments up to minimum level. The
successful conclusion of START NEW between both powers strengthens the possibility
of reaching an agreement on nuclear disarmament.
Thirdly; following the reductions by the US and Russia, the rest of the countries can
be brought on board for complete abolition of nukes. It would not be a difficult task.
Once the powerful countries lead the course, rest will follow them. Perhaps others
seem poised to welcome such move. The willingness of China, the UK and France has
already been mentioned. The two South Asian countries India and Pakistan are also
ready to shun the nukes. Last June, Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, backed
the same goal, saying that: The only effective form of nuclear disarmament and
elimination of nuclear weapons is global disarmament. President Zardari has also
talked of nuclear weapon-free South Asia. North Korea is already on-board in sixparty talks and has also committed to abolish nuclear weapons for economic
incentives. The only country which has stayed silent is Israel which is undeclared
nuclear state. But given the leverage, Washington enjoys over it, Israel will have to be
part of the process.
Once this process sets in momentum, the weapons could be delivered to a single and
common remote place in oceans for dismantling under the supervision of skilled
scientists. The nuclear material could be returned to the donors for use in the energy
sector or disposal.
Lastly, having achieved the complete and verified elimination of nuclear weapons
from the world, all the countries will have to conclude a joint treaty at the UN

platform banning any development of nuclear weapons and technology. As Queen Noor
of Jordan told BBC, We have to work on de-legitimising the status of nuclear
weapons. This is vital for making the elimination of nukes irreversible. This would
require establishing many mechanisms to constitute an eventual regime for
overseeing the global ban.
It is also important to realise that advantage of use of nuclear technology for peaceful
purposes is too great to be ignored. The NPT also underscores to promote
cooperation in the peaceful use of nuclear energy. And, every country has the right
to acquire nuclear technology for peaceful purposes. But given the element of
conflict in international affairs and atmosphere of mistrust, all the countries cant be
trusted as reliable for not pursuing the ambitions of acquiring nuclear weapons again.
This situation warrants a new approach, which would allow the use of nuclear energy
and deny the weapons technology.
The Global Zero initiative envisages international management of the fuel cycle to
prevent future development of nuclear weapons. An agreement on a new
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) led system that would help states wishing
to develop a civil nuclear energy industry to do so without increasing the risk of
nuclear weapon proliferation says David Miliband. Creation of such international fuel
bank would also end the conflicts in the world like Iran Nuclear Issue. This proposal
was also forwarded by IAEAs former head Muhammad Elbradi as early as in 2003, that:
all production and processing of nuclear material be under international control.
This novel idea has attracted the EU and an American billionaire Warren Buffett for
financing the project.
In this way, the world could not only be safe from destruction and the humanity from
annihilation, but the tremendous energy potential of the nuclear resources could also
be utilised for the welfare of people. The resources that go into weapons would help
keep people safe and healthy and to give them opportunities. Not only the world is
facing energy crisis due to depletion of fossil fuels, but with their emissions our
environment is being damaged severely. Nuclear power possesses tremendous energy
and simultaneously it is clean energy. It is important for health purposes as it is used
in the treatment of many diseases, including cancer. Its use in agriculture enhances
crop yield which would help mitigate the food crisis.
Global Zero offers twopronged benefits: achieving safety by eliminating nuclear
weapons and to achieve prosperity by using nuclear energy. The leaders of world have

the greatest moral responsibility to seize the opportunity for the welfare of the living
and the future generations of mankind. As Benazir Bhutto said, We owe it to our
children to build a world free of the threat of nuclear annihilation.

THE FARCE OF NEW PROVINCES


Robert. L. Stevenson once said, Politics is perhaps the only profession for
which no preparation is thought necessary. Too bad Stevenson died long ago or
else he would have seen his words coming true in Pakistan. Our politicians, not
all but a majority, literally epitomise what Stevenson said. This new debate on
creating new provinces in Pakistan proves the point.
More provinces would weaken the center, is a rather nave arguments,
especially if one takes into account what happened in 1971. But at the same
time, seeing the quality and seriousness of the Pakistani political class eats
the arguments favouring the new provinces. Feudally oppressed, deliberately
kept underdeveloped and family owned, the areas which are expected to
become new provinces are controlled by the very families that are leading the
campaign for new provinces.
Take the example of Punjab. The largest province of Pakistan has 36 districts; a
population of 81.3 million (56 per cent of the national population) and an area
of 205,343 sq km (25.8 per cent land mass). There are voices demanding that
Punjab be divided into three parts. There is one movement lead by erstwhile
Nawab of Bahawalpur with Senator Muhammad Ali Durrani while the other is
harbingered by the Legharis of Dera Ghazi Khan. One similarity that unites the
leadership of both these movements: their former status as the rulers of the
areas they now want as their provinces.
Those demanding a Sereiki province want 19 districts of Southern Punjab and
two from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, respectively, to be joined together into a
separate provincial unit. The other group wants the old state of Bahawalpur
restored into a province by annulling military dictator General Yahya Khans
legal framework order of 1970 that merged Bahawalpur into Punjab. The story
does not end here because, there first group wants Bahawalpur in their greater
Sereiki province and hence, a heated political debate is happening without a
winner in sight.

Interestingly enough, those who fear a dominant Punjab and want more
provinces out of its womb do not wish the same for gigantic Balochistan that is
43.6 per cent of Pakistans geography but only 5.3 per cent of its population.
The reaction to Mian Shahbaz Sharifs very well timedpolitical statement about
making Karachi into a separate province (April 24), eats itself because it
deflates argument of the political leaders of smaller provinces when they
demand division of Punjab into smaller provinces.
Otherwise rarely united, the MQM, PPP and ANP unanimously rejected
Shahbazs statement and stood for the unity of one Sindh. They conveniently
underestimated the unanimity in Punjab on the issue of its division and their
reactions slapped their stances, vis--vis Punjabs division, in the face. Shahbaz
Sharif denied having proposed a separate Karachi province on April 25 but his
master stroke exposed the politicalleadership of the Sindh province. What
would be their argument now?
Constitutionally, the path toward creating the new province is, if not totally,
but nearly impossible in the present state of politics. Creation of the new
provinces involves a constitutional amendment that requires a two thirds
majority of both National Assembly and Senate of Pakistan before the bill is
sent to the President for his approval. But before this happens, the relevant
provincial assembly must adopt a provincial bill, to alter its limits, by twothirds majority. The Article 239(4) of the Constitution clearly states this fact. A
cursory look at the party position in the Punjab Assembly amuses that PML-N
has 171 members from the house of 371 members. This makes 46.1 per cent of
the total. With this basic fact clear on the political radar, there is an open
invitation to fools to keep finding a required two-thirds majority to divide
Punjab with Mian Shahbaz Sharif as the Chief Minister.
The story does not end here. The Seriki province seekers want two districts of
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa as well. The KP government killed nearly a dozen people
in April 2010 on the issue of the name of province that was unacceptable to the
Hazara belt in KP. Imagine what the ANP government would do if someone tries
to wrest two districts off the KP province.
The Nawab of Bahawalpur wants his old state back with a pure visionary like
Muhammad Ali Durrani leading the process. Durrani warned President Zardari
against including Bahawalpur in the Sereiki province and brandished the

resilience of the people of Bahawalpur. The PPP, MQM and ANP have already
demonised Shahbaz Sharif on the issue of a Karachi province while, the divide
Punjab brigade does not have the required number in the provincial assembly.
In the end, this is nothing more than a political farce. If nothing else, it would
keep the people busy, heatedly debating the issue and probably taking out a
few processions here and there. The scorching sun of Southern Punjab and
sweetness of mangoes would largely keep the resilient people inside their
homes. Because a home, even without electricity, is better than the heat, dust,
police batons, fumes of tear gas and a night in mosquito-filled lock
up. Political leaders are what nations give themselves. Our politicians are
wanderers and so is our nation.

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