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Copyright
2014 by APCOMS
All rights reserved. Reproduction in whole or in part in any form requires the prior
written permission of Muhammad Usman Rafiq or designated representative.
ii
DEDICATION
Thanks to almighty Allah, who makes me, grows me and produces such abilities in me so I
become able to produce such report. I want to dedicate My Little Work to my parents and
teachers. Parents and teachers have a great role in my life. Both the personalities exert a lot of
efforts on me which make me eligible for making this report.
CERTIFICATE OF APPRO
VAL
It is certified that the work of report titled 132K Internship Training Report
132kv Grid Substation Kamalabad, P&I IESCO is carried out by Muhammad Usman
Rafiq, Roll. No F-4068, under the supervision of IESCO, at Islamabad and
Rawalpindi. It is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a report for the internship
of one month.
Supervisor:
------------------------
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
IESCO has been the ideal training institute. Officials deputed are highly trained; their
sage advices, insightful criticisms, and patient encouragement aided this report in
innumerable ways. I would also like to thank trainers which steadfast support of this
report was greatly needed and deeply appreciated.
DECLARATION
We hereby declare that this project, neither as a whole nor as a part
thereof has been copied from any source. It is further declared that we
have developed this report entirely on the basis of our personal efforts
under the sincere guidance of IESCO officials.
______________________
ABSTRACT
Now a days everything is depending up on the power. So give the reliable supply to the
consumers. In distribution systems one of the major parts is "SUBSTATIONS".
An electrical substation is a subsidiary station of an electricity, Generation, Transmission
and distribution systems where the voltage is transformed from high to low or reverse using
the transformers .Electric power may flow through several substations between generating
plant and consumer and may be changed in different voltage levels .the equipment used in
substation are Transformer, Lightening arresters, isolator, bus bar, protective devices,
Battery charger, earth switches, earth rods. So for of supply the regular maintenance and
checking is necessary from that we conclude weather it is suitable or not for the desired
operation.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 1
Introduction
....................................................................... 8
1.1
Substation
.................................................................... 8
1.2
1.2
Classification of substation
1.3
Function of substation
............................... 9
...................................................... 10
................................................. 11
Chapter 2
Equipment Used in a Sub Station
2.1
.................................. 12
Transformer
...................................................................... 12
Types of transformer
2.1.1 Power Transformer
............................................. 12
2.1.1.1 Parts of transformer
1. Conservative Tank
2. Tape Changer
3. Buchholz Relay
4. Silica Gel
2.1.2
.................................. 14
.......................... 15
.......................... 16
.......................... 17
Instrument transformer
2.1.2.1 Current transformer
2.1.2.2 Potential transformer
2.1.2.3 Unit Auxiliary transformer
........................
........................
........................
........................
19
19
20
21
Chapter 3
Circuit Breaker
3.1
......................................................... 24
........................... 24
Chapter 4
Bus Coupler
4.1
Bus coupler
Chapter 5
................................................... 27
....................................... 27
.............................................................. 29
.............................................................. 31
Chapter 6
Batteries and Batteries Charger
6.1 Station Batteries System
................................................. 32
................................................. 32
Chapter 7
Electrical Function Numbers
7.1 Introduction
7.2 List of device numbers and acronyms
7.3 Suffixes and prefixes
............................................. 36
................................................. 36
........................................ 36
........................................ 39
CHAPTER 1
Introduction:
The present day electrical power system is a.c i.e. electric power is
generated, transmitted and distributed in the form of Alternating current. The
electric power is produce at the power station, which are located at favorable
places. It is delivered to the consumer through a large network of transmission
and distribution. At many place in the line of power system, it may be desirable
and necessary to change some characteristic ( e.g. Voltage, ac to dc, frequency
p.f. etc.) of electric supply. This is accomplished by suitable apparatus called
sub-station for example, generation voltage (11kv or 6.6kv) at the power station
is stepped up to high voltage (Say 220kv to 132kv) for transmission of electric
power. Similarly near the consumers localities, the voltage may have to be
stepped down to utilization level. This job is again accomplished by suitable
apparatus called sub-stations.
1.1
Substation:
1.2
Classification of substations:
Classification of substations based on
1.
2.
(1)
Service requirements
(2)
Constructional features
Transformer Substations
ii.
Switching Substations
iii.
iv.
v.
Converting substations
vi.
Industrial substations
Indoor substations
ii.
Outdoor substations
iii.
Underground substations
iv.
10
1.3
Functions of a Substation:
1 - Supply of required electrical power.
2 - Maximum possible coverage of the supply network.
3 - Maximum security of supply.
4 - Shortest possible fault-duration.
5 - Optimum efficiency of plants and the network.
6 - Supply of electrical power within targeted frequency limits, (49.5 Hz
and50.5 Hz).
7 - Supply of electrical power within specified voltage limits.
8 - Supply of electrical energy to the consumers at the lowest cost.
11
Chapter 2
Equipment Used in a Sub-Station
The equipment required for a transformer Sub-Station depends upon the
type of Sub-Station, Service requirement and the degree of protection desired.
TIF Sub-Station has the following major equipments.
2.1
Transformers:
Power Transformer:
12
13
Nameplate:
14
2.1.1.1
i.
Conservator Tank:
This is a cylindrical tank mounted on supporting structure on the
roof the transformer main tank. The main function of conservator tank of
transformer is to provide adequate space for expansion of oil inside the
transformer.
Function of Conservator Tank of a Transformer:
When transformer is loaded and when ambient temperature rises,
the volume of oil inside transformer increases. A conservator tank of
transformer provides adequate space to this expanded transformer oil. It also
acts as a reservoir for transformer insulating oil.
Construction of Conservator Tank:
This is a cylindrical shaped oil container closed from both ends.
One large inspection cover is provided on either side of the container to
facilitate maintenance and cleaning inside of the conservator.
Conservator pipe, i.e. pipe comes from main transformer tank, is
projected inside the conservator from bottom portion. Head of the
conservator pipe inside the conservator is provided with a cap. This pipe is
projected as well as provided with a cap because this design prevents oil
sludge and sediment to enter into main tank from conservator. Generally
silica gel breather fixing pipe enters into the conservator from top. If it enters
from bottom, it should be projected well above the level of oil inside the
conservator. This arrangement ensures that oil does not enter the silica gel
breather even at highest operating level.
15
Tape Changer:
A tap changer is a connection point selection mechanism along
a power transformer winding that allows a variable number of turns to be
selected in discrete steps. A transformer with a variable turns ratio is
produced, enabling stepped voltage regulation of the output. The tap
selection may be made via an automatic or manual tap changer mechanism.
16
Voltage considerations:
If only one tap changer is required, manually operated tap
points are usually made on the high voltage (primary) or lower current
winding of the transformer to minimize the current handling requirements
of the contacts. However, a transformer may include a tap changer on
each winding if there are advantages to do so. For example, in power
distribution networks, a large step-down transformer may have an offload tap changer on the primary winding and an on-load automatic tap
changer on the secondary winding or windings. The high voltage tap is set
to match long term system profile on the high voltage network (typically
supply voltage averages) and is rarely changed. The low voltage tap may
be requested to change positions multiple times each day, without
interrupting the power delivery, to follow loading conditions on the lowvoltage (secondary winding) network.
17
Buchholz Relay:
Buchholz relay in transformer is an oil container housed the
connecting pipe from main tank to conservator tank. It has mainly two
elements. The upper element consists of a float. The float is attached to a
hinge in such a way that it can move up and down depending upon the oil
level in the Buchholz relay Container. One mercury switch is fixed on the
float. The alignment of mercury switch hence depends upon the position
of the float.
The lower element consists of a baffle plate and mercury switch.
This plate is fitted on a hinge just in front of the inlet (main tank side) of
Buchholz relay in transformer in such a way that when oil enters in the
relay from that inlet in high pressure the alignment of the baffle plate
along with the mercury switch attached to it, will change.
18
iv.
dew point of 35C as long as a large enough quantity of gel has been used. The
picture shows a silica gel breather of transformer.
Working Principle of Silica Gel Breather:
Silica gel crystal has tremendous capacity of absorbing moisture. When
air passes through these crystals in the breather; the moisture of the air is
absorbed by them. Therefore, the air reaches to the conservator is quite dry, the
dust particles in the air get trapped by the oil in the oil seal cup. The oil in the
oil sealing cup acts as barrier between silica gel crystal and air when there is no
flow of air through silica gel breather. The color of silica gel crystal is dark blue
but, when it absorbs moisture; it becomes pink.
When there is sufficient difference between the air inside the conservator
and the outside air, the oil level in two components of the oil seal changes until
the lower oil level just reaches the rim of the inverted cup, the air then moves
from high pressure compartment to the low pressure compartment of the oil
seal. Both of these happen when the oil acts as core filter and removes the dust
from the outside air.
2.1.2
Instrument Transformers:
2.1.2.1
CURRENT TRANSFORMER:
Nameplate:
2.1.2.2
21
Nameplate:
2.1.2.3
22
23
Chapter 3:
Circuit Breaker:
3.1
are ineffective as charge carriers. The result is that the medium between
the contacts quickly builds up high dielectric strength and causes the
extinction of the arc. After the breaker operation (i.e. after arc extinction),
the valve is closed by the action of a set of springs.
Advantages of SF6:
Due, to the superior arc quenching properties of sulphur
hexafluoride gas (SF6) gas, the sulphur hexafluoride gas (SF6) circuit
breakers have many advantages over oil or air circuit breakers. Some of
them are listed below Due to the superior arc quenching property of
sulphur hexafluoride gas (SF6), such circuit breakers have very short
arcing time.
Since the dielectric strength of sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) gas is 2
to 3 times that operation due unlike of air, such breakers can interrupt
much larger currents.
The sulphur hexafluoride gas (SF6) circuit breaker gives noiseless
operation due its closed gas circuit and no exhaust to atmosphere unlike
the air blast circuit breaker.
26
Chapter 4:
Bus Coupler
4.1 Bus Coupler:
Bus coupler is a device which is used to couple one bus to the other
without any interruption in power supply and without creating hazardous arcs.
Bus coupler is a breaker used to couple two bus-bars in order to perform
maintenance on other circuit breakers associated with that bus-bar.
It is achieved with the help of a circuit breaker and isolators.
27
28
Chapter 5:
11kv incoming and outgoing Panels
5.1
Specifications:
11KV Incoming Panel for 20/26MVA power transformer with draw out type
vacuumed circuit breaker, 2500A, 25KA, BIL 95KV, One minute power
frequency withstand voltage 36KV, C.T. Ratio 1600:800/5/5A for metering and
protection purpose having class 0.5 and 5P20 respectively, C.T. Ratio
1600:800/5A having protection class 5P20, P.T. 11000/110V AC, complete with
over current and earth fault relay CDG61, Back up earth fault relay CDG21, DC
supervision relay along with DC healthy lamp, 3 phase 4 wire energy meter for
energy metering, moving iron type ampere meter, moving iron type power factor
meter, Moving iron type volt meter with selector switch, On Off push button and
indication lamps, DP and TP control MCB for AC & DC auxiliary voltage
controls, Trip coil 110 V DC, Closing coil 110 V DC, Anti pumping feature,
Spring charging motor 220 V AC, insulators and 99.9% pure tine coated copper
bus bar arrangement covered with heat shrinkable tubing, Cable termination
pads, Earthing ball arrangement for earthing kit, Explosion vents and Protection
class IP3X
29
Nameplate:
30
5.2
31
Nameplate:
32
Chapter 6
Batteries and Batteries Charger
6.1 Station Batteries System
The purpose of station batteries system is to provide safe and liable
power supply to all primary functions. The system is almost independent of all
other power supply and ensures reliable execution of control functions.
Dc batteries (110V) are installed in grid for protection, emergency
power, alarm and indications.
These batteries have their own battery charger. Under normal
conditions, dc supplies are obtaining through AC to DC rectifier but in case of
failure of AC supplies; DC are used to run the system.
33
Battery Nameplate:
34
35
Chapter 7:
Electrical Function Numbers
7.1
Introduction:
21 Distance Relay
22 Equalizer Circuit Breaker
23 Temperature Control Device
24 Volts Per Hertz Relay
25 Synchronizing or Synchronize-Check Device
26 Apparatus Thermal Device
27 Undervoltage Relay
27s - DC under voltage Relay
28 Flame detector
29 Isolating Contactor or Switch
30 Annunciator Relay
31 Separate Excitation
32 Directional Power Relay or Reverse Power Relay
33 Position Switch
34 Master Sequence Device
35 Brush-Operating or Slip-Ring Short-Circuiting Device
36 Polarity or Polarizing Voltage Devices
37 Undercurrent or Underpower Relay
38 Bearing Protective Device
39 Mechanical Condition Monitor
40 Field (over/under excitation) Relay
41 Field Circuit Breaker
42 Running Circuit Breaker
43 Manual Transfer or Selector Device
44 Unit Sequence Starting Relay
45 DC over voltage Relay
46 Reverse-phase or Phase-Balance Current Relay
47 Phase-Sequence or Phase-Balance Voltage Relay
48 Incomplete Sequence Relay
49 Machine or Transformer, Thermal Relay-OLR
50 Instantaneous Overcurrent Relay
50G - Instantaneous Earth Over Current Relay (Neutral CT Method)
50N - Instantaneous Earth Over Current Relay (Residual Method)
50BF - Breaker failure
51 AC Inverse Time Overcurrent Relay
51LR - AC Invers Time overcurrent (locked Roter) protection Relay
51G - AC Inverse Time Earth Overcurrent Relay (Neutral CT Method)
51N - AC Inverse Time Earth Overcurrent Relay (Residual Method)
52 AC Circuit Breaker
52a - AC Circuit Breaker Position (Contact Open when Breaker Open)
52b - AC Circuit Breaker Position (Contact Closed when Breaker Open)
53 Exciter or DC Generator Relay
54 Turning Gear Engaging Device
55 Power Factor Relay
56 Field Application Relay
57 Short-Circuiting or Grounding Device
58 Rectification Failure Relay
59 Overvoltage Relay
60 Voltage or Current Balance Relay.
61 Density Switch or Sensor
62 Time-Delay Stopping or Opening Relay
63 Pressure Switch
64 Ground Detector Relay
64R - Restricted earth fault
37
7.3
39