EC601 DATABASE SYSTEM

UNIT 1
INTRODUCTION TO
DATABASE SYSTEM

EC601 Database System

CLO
1. Explain the basic concepts of database
model using entity-relationship diagram and
translating completed data models by
applying normalization technique in logical
database designs.

EC601 Database System

General Discussion

What is database?
What is database management
system?
Advantages of using database.

EC601 Database System

DATABASE SYSTEM EXAMPLE

Online Public Access

Catalog (OPAC)

EC601 Database System

DATABASE SYSTEM EXAMPLE

Travel Agency
(Online Booking)

EC601 Database System

DATABASE SYSTEM EXAMPLE

GIVE OTHER EXAMPLES.

EC601 Database System

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

(DBMS)

A software system which enables user to

define, create, organize, update, manage
and administer databases.
DBMS also controls access to data in a
database.
Example: MS Access.

EC601 Database System

COMMON FEATURES OF DBMS

i.
ii.
iii.
iv.

v.
vi.

Database Definition
Nonprocedural Access
Application Development
Procedural language interface
Transaction Processing
Database Tuning

EC601 Database System

DATABASE DEFINITION

Language and graphical tools to define

entities, relationships, integrity constraints, and
authorization rights.
The database is described to the DBMS using
a Data Definition Language (DDL).
The DDL allows the user to create data
structures in the data model used by the
database.
EC601 Database System

DATABASE DEFINITION
Table Definition
Window in Microsoft
Access

EC601 Database System

NONPROCEDURAL ACCESS

Language and graphical tools to access data

without complicated coding.
Once a database has been created in a DBMS
using a DDL, the user accesses the data using
a Data Manipulation Language (DML).
The standard DML is SQL.

EC601 Database System

NONPROCEDURAL ACCESS
Nonprocedural
database language

a language such as
SQL that allows you
to specify the parts of
a database to access
rather than to code a
complex procedure.
Nonprocedural
languages do not
include looping
statements.
EC601 Database System

Example of SQL

SELECT StdFirstName
FROM student;
StdFirstName
Benson
Emil
Lucy

EC601 Database System

APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT

Graphical tools are provided for building

complete applications using forms and
reports.
Data entry forms provide a convenient tool to
enter and edit data, while reports enhance
the appearance of data that is displayed or
printed.

EC601 Database System

APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT

Form for Assigning Courses to Faculty

EC601 Database System

APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT

Report of Faculty Workload

EC601 Database System

PROCEDURAL LANGUAGE
INTERFACE

Language that combines nonprocedural

access with full capabilities of a programming
language
A procedural language interface adds the full
capabilities of a computer programming
language.

EC601 Database System

PROCEDURAL LANGUAGE
INTERFACE

For example, Visual Basic for Applications

(VBA) is a programming language that is
integrated with Microsoft Access.

EC601 Database System

TRANSACTION PROCESSING

Control mechanisms to prevent interference

from simultaneous users and recover lost
data after a failure
Perform scheduling of operations and
implements concurrency control algorithms.

EC601 Database System

TRANSACTION PROCESSING

Transaction processing is designed to

maintain a computer system (typically a
database or some modern filesystems) in a
known, consistent state, by ensuring that any
operations carried out on the system that are
interdependent are either all completed
successfully or all canceled successfully.

EC601 Database System

DATABASE TUNING

Tools to monitor and improve database

performance.
Database tuning describes a group of
activities used to optimize and homogenize
the performance of a database.

EC601 Database System

Break 5 minutes

EC601 Database System

THREE-SCHEMA ARCHITECTURE OF
DBMS

ANSI-SPARC (American National Standard

Institute Standard Planning and
Requirements Committee) proposed a 3
schema architecture

EC601 Database System

THREE-SCHEMA ARCHITECTURE OF
DBMS

External
Level

End User 1

End User 2

End User N

View 1

View 2

View N

Conceptual
Level

Mapping

Conceptual Scheme

Internal
Level

Mapping

Internal Scheme

Database

Logical Data
Independence
Physical Data
Independence
Figure 2.1
EC601 Database System

THREE-SCHEMA ARCHITECTURE OF
DBMS - External Level

Users view of the DB where only a part of

the database is suitable to the requirements
of each user
Views of Users:

Accessibility to certain data, defined in specific

views, is restricted to users.
The same data can be viewed and presented
differently.
Some views only stored virtual data where the
data can be produced only when needed.
EC601 Database System

THREE-SCHEMA ARCHITECTURE OF
DBMS Conceptual Level

The middle level between the external and the

internal levels.
Represent: what data & relationship between data.
Contain
: - Entities, attributes and relationship.
- Constraint of data.
- Semantic information of the data.
- Security and integrity information.
Supports the external scheme where any data useful
to users need to be stated in this level.
Represent a complete organizational environment.
EC601 Database System

THREE-SCHEMA ARCHITECTURE OF
DBMS Internal Level

Lowest Level of ANSI/SPARC and closest to a DB.

Explain how data is stored in a database.
Covers physical implementation of the DB for
optimum runtime and data structure/file organization
used to store data in storage instrument.
Contains descriptions of the following :

Storage space required (data and indexes).

Description of records of storage.
Record positions.
Data compression and data encryption techniques.
EC601 Database System

CLIENT-SERVER ARCHITECTURE OF
DBMS
Client Server

DBMS is located in a computer

called server.

Has very high processing

capabilities.

Its acts as a monitor to other

clients computers connected
to it in a local area network.
EC601 Database System

CLIENT-SERVER ARCHITECTURE OF
DBMS

Server computer is known as the backend

whereas the client computer acts as the
front-end.

Capable of reducing cost because users are

able to use personal computers or
workstations as server and client

Able to share resources such as scanner,

printers etc.
EC601 Database System

EC601 Database System

DESKTOP DATABASE

Desktop databases offer simple, flexible

solutions for data storage and retrieval.
They're often quite sufficient to meet
uncomplicated database requirements for
both small and large organizations.

EC601 Database System

DESKTOP DATABASE
Desktop products include:
MicrosoftAccess
ParaDox
FileMakerPro
ExBase derivatives such as FoxPro and
ClipperLanguage
Lotus

EC601 Database System

BENEFITS OF USING DESKTOP

DATABASE SOLUTION

Easy Management

Programs such as Microsoft Access are desktop

based.
When you need to edit something, all you have to do
is download the necessary file from your web space
and from there you can use the program to edit and
modify your database.
Once you have carried out all your modifications you
can easily upload your modified database to your
web space where all changes will be immediate

EC601 Database System

BENEFITS OF USING DESKTOP

DATABASE SOLUTION

Low Running Costs

To begin with all you have to do is purchase the

necessary desktop database program so that you
can create and manage your databases.
After that you can normally freely use your chosen
application to create and modify as many databases
as you wish, but it must be noted that you can only
use the intended program to modify your database
unless you build your own web-based interface

EC601 Database System

BENEFITS OF USING DESKTOP

DATABASE SOLUTION

Easy To Use

Since desktop database systems are desktop based,

no knowledge is necessarily needed to be able to
manage such databases since the programs
themselves are normally very intuitive and easy to
learn.
Since the databases themselves arent SQL based
there is no need to have any prior knowledge of SQL
syntax.

EC601 Database System

SERVER DATABASE

A server database is a computer program

that provides database services to other
computer programs or computers, as defined
by the clientserver model.
The term may also refer to a computer
dedicated to running such a program.

EC601 Database System

SERVER DATABASE

Some examples of Database servers are

Oracle, DB2, and SQL Server.
Every server uses its own query logic and
structure.
The SQL query language is more or less the
same in all the database servers.

EC601 Database System

BENEFITS OF USING SERVER

DATABASE SOLUTION

Scalability

Because SQL databases are served through a

service and are based on SQL syntax they are in
fact much more scalable meaning that they are used
by some of the largest database driven websites on
the internet.
Having scalability allows you to grow your website
without having to worry about the database crashing
or not being accessible because there are simply too
many people using it at one time.

EC601 Database System

BENEFITS OF USING SERVER

DATABASE SOLUTION

Wider integration

SQL database systems can normally be used by

many different scripting languages.
For example ASP.NET and classic ASP have the
ability to be used with both Microsoft SQL Server
database servers and MySQL based database
servers which provides webmasters with a good
choice of database server that they can use when it
comes to making their website database driven.

EC601 Database System

BENEFITS OF USING SERVER

DATABASE SOLUTION

Desktop management

Like desktop database systems, SQL database

servers can also be managed from the desktop
using external tools which will connect to your SQL
database server so that you are able to manage the
different databases that users have created on your
server.
Although you can also make use of web admin
panels and other forms of SQL database
management that are now available to you.

EC601 Database System

EXERCISES:
1.

2.

3.

Choose a business/organization DBMS

environment.
Select which category of DBMS suitable for
the chosen environment.
Give 3 reason for choosing the DBMS
category.

EC601 Database System

GROUP DISCUSSION

Do a research on one of these DBMS:

MySQL

Oracle

Microsoft Access

Microsoft SQL server

IBM DB2
Present your findings in not more than 10 slides.
Your presentation should include:
Introduction of the DBMS
Features of the DBMS (based on the features discussed in
notes)
EC601 Database System

GROUP DISCUSSION

Identify 4 contribution of database technology

to society.
Explain.

EC601 Database System

What is the difference between procedural

and non-procedural language?
Give an example of programming language
for procedural and non-procedural language.
What is encryption technique?
What are the benefits of using encryption
technique?
EC601 Database System

Review Questions:

What is DBMS?
Explain some of the common features of DBMS.
Explain all the 3 levels in 3-schema architecture of
DBMS.
Explain 2 categories of DBMS and give an example
of software under each category.
Describe the benefits of using desktop DB and
server DB

EC601 Database System

What is the difference between desktop and

server database?
Why do we need different views in external
level in 3-schema architecture of DBMS?
Explain what is :

DDL
DML
Logical data independence
Physical data independence
EC601 Database System

What is the difference between DDL and

DML?
Draw the 3-schema architecture of DBMS
layout.
Explain 3 advantages of using client-server
architecture.
Draw 3 typical arrangements of client-server
architecture.
EC601 Database System