2016

WORKBOOK
Detailed Explanations of

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Mechanical Engineering
Heat & Mass Transfer

Conduction

T1 : Solution
The physical system along with the thermal resistance network is shown in figure.

r2 =
17.
5m
m

r3
Insulation
d1 = 30 mm
r1 = 15 mm
d2 = 35 mm
r2 = 17.5 mm

15
r 1=

Copper
Tube

m
m

Ambient
air
Q

T1 R T R T R T
2
2 3 3 a
1

Figure: The pipe and its thermal resistance network

We can write
For steady state heat conduction

Q =

T T3
Ta T1
= a
R3
R1 + R2 + R3

T T1
R1 + R2 + R3
= a
Ta T3
R3

or

...(1)

Ta = 20, T1 = 182C, T3 = 10C

Here,

R1 (conduction resistance of insulating material)

r
R = l n 2 l n d2
ln (0.035 / 0.03)
3.85 10 4
r1
2
K /W
=
=
=
2L 400
2 L
2 L k
2 L k

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R2 (conduction resistance of insulating material)

=

l n (r3 / 0.0175)

2L 0.02

1
50l n (r3 / 0.0175) kW
2L

R3 (convective resistance at the outer surface)

R3=

1 0.06
1
1
1
k/W
=
=
=
2L r3
2L 17 r3
hA h 2L r3

where r3 is the outer radius of insulation in metre.

Substituting the values in Eq. (1), we have
1+

50l n (r3 / 0.0175) + 3.85 10 4

20 ( 182)
=
0.06
20 10
r3

A rearrangement of the above equation gives

r3 ln r3 + 4.045 r3 = 0.023
The equation is solved for r3 by trial-and-error method which finally gives

r3 = 0.0345 m
Therefore the thickness of insulation = 0.0345 0.0175 = 0.017 m = 17 mm
T2 : Solution
RC
T1 = 600C

RD

RB

RA

T2 = 200C

RF
RE

RC

T1

T2
RA

RB RC
2RB + RC

RD . RE
RD + RE

0.01

RF

= 0.0104167 103

RA =

(2 4 .12) 103

RB =

0.05
= 0.0390625 103
3
8
4
.04
10

)
(

RC =

0.05
= 0.015625 103
3
20 4 .04 10

RD =

0.1
= 0.02778 103
15 ( 4 .06) 103

0.1
3
RE = 35 ( 4 .06 ) 10 3 = 0.0625 10

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Mechanical Engineering Heat and Mass Transfer

0.06
RF = 2 4 .12 = 0.0625
)
(
T2 = 200C

T1 = 600C
3

0.010416710

0.0065110

q& =

0.00833410

0.0625103

400
T1 T2
=
(0.0104167 + 0.00651+ .008334 + 0.0625) 103
Rth

q& = 4.558 W

(b) Temperature drop across F

T
q& = R
F

T = q& RF = 4.558 62.5 = 284.875C

T3 : Solution
Without Insulation

q& =

q&
=
L

T1 T

r2
r1
1
+
2 KL h2 (2 r2L )
ln

r2 = 60 mm

r3
r1 = 30 mm

350 20
60

ln
30
1
+
2 10 1 10 (2 .06)
330
0.01103 + 0.2653

q&
= 1194.224 W/m
L

With Insulation

q&
=
L

T1 T
r2
r
ln
ln 3
r1
r2
1
+
+
2 KL 2 K i nL h2 (2 r3L )

q&
= 896.668 =
L

896.636 =

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350 20
r
.06
ln
ln 3
1
.03 +
.06 +
2 10 1 2 .01 10 2 r3

330
330
=
896.636
r
ln 3
0.0159
0.060
0.0113 +
+
0.628
r3
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Workbook

r3
0.06 + 0.0159 = 0.368
r3
0.628

ln

By trial

r3 = 0.0645 m or r3 = 64.5 mm
Thickness of Insulation = 64.5 60 = 4.5 mm

T4 : Solution

Tw = 20C, T = 15C, h = 20 w/m2 k, K = 60 W/m k

A = z t = 0.02 m2
P = 2(z + t) = 2.04 m
m =

hp
= 5.83 / m
kA

Assuming uninsulated tip for the fin,

q = hpkA tanh mL (T0 T )

= 910.95 kW
T5 : Solution

D = 0.1m, Ti = 500C T = 20C h = 30 W/m2 k

I.

hA
.t
T T
VC
e
=
Ti T

hA
30 3
=
= 7.407 104
VC
2700 0.5 900
T 20
= exp (7.407 104 100)
480
T = 466C

II.

III.

T 20
= exp (7.407 104 300)
480
T = 404.36C
T 20
= exp (7.407 104 500)
480
T = 351.43C

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Convection

T1 : Solution
V = 2.5 m/s

Air at 25C
temperature
velocity
length
width
density

Pr

=
=
=
=
=
=
=

Reynold number =

25C
2.5 m/sec
2m
1m
1.2 kg/m3
15 106 m2/s
0.69

T = 25C

1m
2m

VL
2.5 2
=
= 3,33,333.33 = 3.33 105

15 10 6

So flow is laminar as Re < 5 105

Boundary layer thickness = =
=
Now

5x
Rex
52
3,33,33.33

= (Pr)1/3

= (0.69)1/3

= 0.88

t =

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= 0.01732 m

0.01732
0.88

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Workbook
t = 0.0196 m
t = 1.96 cm
Now shear stress

1 2
= Cf U
2

Cf =

1.328
= 2.3 103
ReL

1
= Cf AU2 = 2.3 103 1.2 2.52 1 2
2

Total drag force

FD = 0.01725 N
T = 20C

T2 : Solution
Tw
Ts
Dia of tube
Tf
Properties of water
Cp

K
Pr

w
at 20C

=
=
=
=

20C
80C
25 mm
50C

Tw = 80C

v = 1.5 m/s
D = 25mm

=
=
=
=
=
=
=

4.1813 kJ/kg K
0.568 106 m2/s
0.6395 W/m-K
3.68
990 kg/m3
3.5456 104 kg/m-sec
1.006 103 kg/m-sec

Re =

vd
1.5 0.025
=
= 66021.12

0.568 106

Nu =

2/3
0.4
(0.4R0.5
e + 0.06Re ) Pr

1/4

(0.4 (66021)0.5

+ 0.06 (66021)2/3) (3.68)0.4

1.006 10 3

3.5456 10 4

1/4

= 438.84
Nu =

hd
K

Nu k
438.84 0.6395
=
= 11225.53 W/m2-K
d
0.025
Now heat transfer per unit length of tube

h =

Q
= (2 r) h T
L
= 0.025 11225.53 (80 20) = 52.89 kW

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Mechanical Engineering Heat and Mass Transfer

T3 : Solution
T = 315 K
Ts = 385 K
Tm =

315 + 385
= 350 K
2

Grashoffs number,
Gr =

L3 gt
2

D2 gt
2

Ts = 385 K
1.5 cm
T = 315 K

(1.5 102 )3 2.86 10 3 9.81 (385 315)

(2.076 105 )2

= 15379.8
Nu = 2 + 0.43 (Gr Pr)

= 2 + 0.43 (15379.8 0.697)1/4

= 6.375
hd
= 6.375
k

h =

6.375 0.03
= 12.75 W/m2-K
2
1.5 10

Q = (4 r2) h (T)
= (4 (0.75 102)2) 12.75 (385 315)
Q = 0.631 W
T4 : Solution
(i)

V = 90 km/h = 25 m/s
Tamb = 55C
Twall = 10C
VL
25 11
=
= 17.19 106

16 10 6

Re =

4m
3m
11 m

L = 11 m

Now as boundary layer is turbulent

0.8
0.33
Nu = 0.036 (Re) (Pr)

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= 0.036 (17.19 106)0.8 (0.701)0.33

hL
= 19658.92
K

h =
(ii)

19658.92
2.673 10 2 = 47.78 W/m2-K
11

Heat loss from four surfaces of truck

Q = hAt
Heat transfer takes plac from top and bottom surfaces of 11 4 and side walls of 11 3
= 47.78 ((2 4 11) + (2 3 11)) (55 10)
= 331.115 kW

(iii) Tonnage of rrefrigeration

efrigeration rrequir
equir
ed
equired
331.115
= 94.17 tonnes
3.516

(iv) Average skin friction coefficient = Cf

Cf =

0.074
(Re)

0.2

0.074
(17.19 106 )0.2

= 2.64 103

1
Drag force = Cf v2 area
2

= 0.00264 1.165 252 [2 (11 4 + 11 3)]

2

= 148.01 N
Power required = F V = 148.01 25
= 3.7 kW

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Radiation

T1 : Solution
We know that,

T14 T24
Q
=
A
AR
Here A1 = A2 = A, and R is the equivalent resistance of the thermal network
1 = 0.75, 2 = 0.70
By summation rule of view factors
F33 + F31 + F32 = 1
F33 = 0 (in consideration of furnace surfaces to be plane)
From symmetry
F31 = F32
Hence
F31 = F32 = 0.5

Again from the reciprocity relation, F13 = F31 = 0.5

F23 = F32 = 0.5 (since A1 = A2 = A3 = A)

Again

F11 + F12 + F13 = 1

F11 = 0 and F13 = 0.5
F12 = 0.5

Hence
As we know,

F12 = F13 = F23 = 0.5

Therefore
1 1
1A1

1 2
2 A2

1
A1F12

Eb1 = T14

Eb2 = T24
1

A1F13

A2F23

Eb3 = J3

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11

2
4

T1 =

(1000)

T2 =
0.33
2

R =

(350)

0.428
2

1 0.75
1
0.3
+
+
= 2.09 k/W
1
0.75
0.7
0.5 + (2 + 2)

5.67 108 10004 3504

Q
=
A
2.09

= 26.72 103 W/m2 = 26.72 kW/m2

T2 : Solution

T1 = 1000 K

T2 = 500 K
2 =0.5

= 0.1

1 =0.25

(a)

T14 T24
5.67 108 10004 5004
q&
=
=
A
1 1 1 1 2
3 + 1+ 1
+
+
F12
1
2

q
= 10631.25 W/m2 or
A
kW
q&
= 10.631 2
A
m

(b)

T14 T24
q&
=
A
1 1
1 1 1
1 1 2
+
+
+
+
+
1
F13 F23
2

5.67 10004 5004 108

q&
=
A
3 + 1+ 9 + 9 + 1+ 1
q
= 2214.843 W/m2
A

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Mechanical Engineering Heat and Mass Transfer

12

or

(c)

kW
q
= 2.214 2
A
m

T14 T 4
q&
=
A
1 1 1 1
+
+
F23
1

2214.84 =

5.67 108 10004 T 4

3 + 1+ 9

T = 837.59 K

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Heat Exchanger

T1 : Solution
(a) LMTD method: The rate of heat transfer in the heat exchanger is found as

Q = [ m& cp (Tout - Tin)]water

= 1.2 (4.18) (90 30) = 301 kW
The outlet temperature of geothermal fluid is determined as

Tout = 160
Therefore,

301
= 125.10C
2 ( 4.31)

T1 = 160 90 = 70C
T2 = 125.10 30 = 95.10C

and
Hence

LMTD =
A =

70 95.10
= 81.91C
ln (70 / 95.10)
301 103
Q
=
= 6.12 m2
U (LMTD )
(600)(81.91)

To provide this surface area, the length of the tube required is found as
L =

6.12
A
=
= 129.87 m
(0.015)
D

(b) NTU Method: We first determine the heat capacity rates of the hot and cold fluids to identify the
smaller value of the two.

Ch = m& hch = 2(4.31) = 8.62 kW/C

Cc = m& ccc = 1.2(4.18) = 5.02 kW/C
Therefore,
and

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Cmin = Cc = 5.02 kW/C

C = Cmin/Cmax = 5.02/8.62 = 0.583

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Mechanical Engineering Heat and Mass Transfer

14

Cmin Th,in Tc ,in

301.00
= 0.461
5.02 (160 30)

Now we determine the value of NTU by making use of the expression of NTU for a counterflow heat
exchanger from equation.

NTU =
We know

1
1
0.461 1
1

ln
ln
=

= 0.731
C 1 C 1
0.583 1 0.461 0.583 1

UA
NTU = C
min

0.731 5.02 103

NTU .Cmin
=
U
600
Hence,
L = 129.87 m
Therefore, we find that the same result is obtained in both the methods.

or

A =

= 6.12 m2

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