2016

WORKBOOK
Detailed Explanations of

Try Yourself Questions

Mechanical Engineering
Internal Combusiton Engine

Air Standard Cycle

T1 : Solution
Given:

T3
T1
Qs
Qs
Cp Cv
Cv

=
=
=
=
=
=

1400C = 1673 K
15C = 288 K
800 kJ
Cv (T3 T2)
R
1.005 0.287 = 0.718 kJ/kgK

T2 = T3

For process 2 3,

800
= 558.8K
0.718

T1V1 1 = T2V2 1
1

V1
T 1 558.8 0.4
=
= 5.24396
= 2
288
V2
T1
= 1

Cycle efficiency,

or,

Qs
Cv

= 1673
For process 1 2,

1
r 1

= 1

( 5.2438)0.4

= 48.46%
P3
T3

Ans.

= 0.4846

Ans.

P2
T2

or
www.madeeasypublications.org

T 1
T
P3 = 3 P1 2
T1
T2
Copyright

Workbook
1 .4

P3
1673 558.8 0.4
=

= 2.9939 10.175

P1
558.8 288
P3
P
= 30.462 or max = 30.462
P1
Pmin

Ans.

T2 : Solution
Given:

V1
V2
cP
cV

P
2

= 17
= = 1.4

V3 V2 = 0.1 (V1 V2)

or

V3
1 = 0.1 V1 1
V2
V2

V3
V2

1.4

PV

= Const.

or

or

4
1
V

= 0.1 16 + 1 = 2.6

1 rc 1

r
(rc 1)
Where rc is cut-off ratio and r is compression ratio

Diesel = 1

= 1

1 2.61.4 1

170.4 1.4 (2.6 1)

= 1

1 3.81 1

170.4 1.4 1.6

= 0.596 or 59.6%

Copyright

www.madeeasypublications.org

Carburation & Diesel Injection

T1 : Solution

P2 = 30 bar
P1 = 160 bar
160 bar

250 bar
24 cm
t = 20 m/s

30 bar

24 cm
t=?
30 bar

= density

C2 =

2 (P1 P2 ) /

...(i)

C2 =

2 (P1 P2 ) /

...(ii)

Dividing eq. (i) by eq. (ii)

C2
=
C2

P1 P2
P P
1
2

C2
C2 =

(160 30)
(250 30)

24
= 20
24
t

130
t
=
220
20
t = 15.37 milli second.

Workbook

T2 : Solution

AFR

AFRh = k ah
AFRs = k as
AFR h
AFR s

as
as
thC

and

6000

ah
as

P1 1.013 10 5
=
=
RT1
287 300
= 1.176 kg/m3
= 27C 0.0065 6000
= 12C =261 K
1.013
= 19220log P
h

Ph = 0.741 bar
Pah =

Ph
0.741 10 5
=
RTh
287 261

= 0.09892 kg/m3

AFRh = 15

0.9892
1.176

AFRh = 13.757 13.8

Copyright

www.madeeasypublications.org

Fuel & Emission

T1 : Solution

CO2
C + O2
12

H2 +
2

32

44

1
H2O
O
2 2
16

18
O2 required, kg

Element, wt (kg)

8
= 2.184
3

Dry products (kg)

0.819

11
= 3.003 (CO2)
3

C = 0.819

0.819

H2 = 0.049

0.049 8 = 0.392

..........

O2 = 0.06

..........

..........

N2 = 0.023

..........

0.023 (N2)

Ash

..........

..........

Total O2 = 2.184 + 0.392 = 2.576 kg

Weight of O2 to be supplied = Weight of O2 required Weight of O2 already present in the fuel
= 2.576 0.06 = 2.516 kg
Stoichiometric A/F ratio:
2.516

100
= 10.94
23

Ans (i)

As 25% excess air is supplied, the total weight of air supplied

10.94 1.25 = 13.675 kg
Weight of N2 present in the air =
www.madeeasypublications.org

13.675
= 77 = 10.52975 10.53 kg
100
Copyright

Workbook

Weight of N2 already in the fuel = 0.023 kg

Total weight of N2 = 10.53 + 0.023 = 10.553 kg
Weight of free O2 due to excess air =

10.94 0.25 23
= 0.629 kg
100

Name of gas

Weight (x)

Molecular Wt (y)

Proportional Volume
x
(z) = y

Percentage Volume
z
100
z

CO2

3.003

44

0.06825

14.683%

N2

10.553

28

0.3769

81.088%

O2

0.629

32

0.019656

4.229%

z = 0.4648

= 100%

Ans (ii)
T2 : Solution

Most modern cars are equipped with three-way catalytic converters. "Three-way" refers to the three
regulated emissions which helps to reduce - carbon monoxide, unburnt hydrocarbons and nitrogen
oxide molecules. The converter uses two different types of catalysts, a reduction catalyst and an
oxidization catalyst. Both types consist of a ceramic structure coated with a metal catalyst, usually
platinum, rhodium and/or palladium. The idea is to create a structure that exposes the maximum
surface area of the catalyst to the exhaust stream, while also minimising the amount of catalyst required
(they are very expensive).
There are three main types of structures used in catalytic converters - ceramic honeycomb, metal plate
and ceramic beads (now almost obsolete) - the Scorpio like most cars today use a ceramic honeycomb
structure.

The Reduction Catalyst:

The reduction catalyst is the first stage of the catalytic converter. It uses rhodium to help reduce the
nitrogen oxide emissions. When such molecules come in contact with the catalyst, the catalyst rips the
nitrogen atom out of the molecule and holds on to it, freeing the oxygen in the form of O2. The nitrogen
atoms bond with other nitrogen atoms that are also stuck to the catalyst, forming N2.
The Oxidization Catalyst:
The oxidation catalyst is the second stage of the catalytic converter. It reduces the unburned hydrocarbons
and carbon monoxide by burning (oxidizing) them over a platinum and palladium catalyst. This catalyst
aids the reaction of the CO and hydrocarbons with the remaining oxygen in the exhaust gas.
Reactions taking place in catalytic converter:
1. Oxidation: Oxidation of carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide: 2CO + O2 2CO2
Oxidation of unburnt hydrocarbons (unburnt and partially-burnt fuel) to carbon dioxide and water :
CxH2x+ [(3x + 1)/2] O2 xCO2 + (x + 1) H2O (a combustion reaction).
2. Reduction
Reduction: Reduction of nitrogen oxides to nitrogen and oxygen: 2NOx xO2 + N2
Unleaded petrol is preferred in cars equipped with catalytic converters because lead can damage the
catalytic converter.

Copyright

www.madeeasypublications.org

Testing & Performance

of IC Engine

T1 : Solution
W
W
mep = V = V V
s
1
C

23.625 10 5 VC
23.625 10 5VC
=
=
5.5VC VC
4.5VC
= 5.25 105 Pa = 5.250 bar
T2 : Solution

Volumetric efficiency =

mass of air,

Va

actual volume
swept volume

Va
= V = 0.9
s
= 0.9 Vs

ma = air Va = 0.9 Vs
mf = 0.05 0.9 Vs = 0.045 Vs
thermal =

www.madeeasypublications.org

0.3 =

p mep LAN
m f C.V

Where LAN = Swept volume

p mep Vs

0.045Vs 45 10 6

pmep = 6.075 bar

Copyright

Workbook

T3 : Solution

Compression ratio,
Heat added,
Heat rejected,
Specific gas constant for air,

P1
r
T1
Qs
QR
R

Mean effective pressure

=
=
=
=
=
=

100 kPa
10
27 + 273 = 300 K
1500 kJ/kg
700 kJ/kg
0.287 kJ/kg.K

Work done in cycle

Swept volume

3
QS
2

QR

1
V

Compression ratio,

r = V1/V2 = 10
V1 = 10 V2
Swept volume
= V1 V2
= V1 V1/10 = 9/10 V1
For initial air

P1 V1 = R T1

V1 =
=

RT1
P1

0.287 kJ/ kg.K 300 K

100 kPa

= 0.861 m3/kg
Swept volume
= 9/10 V1
= 9/10 0.861
= 0.7749 m3/kg
Work done in cycle,

Wnet = Qsupply Qrej

= 1500 700 = 800 kJ/kg
Mean effective pressure
=

Pmep. =

Wnet
Swept volume
800 kJ/ kg
0.7749 m3 / kg

Pmep. = 1032.39 kPa

Copyright

www.madeeasypublications.org