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OR Area of rectangle =
Square
A four-sided shape that is made up of four straight sides that are the same length and that has
four right angles.
The diagonals of a square are equal and bisect each other at 900.
(a) Area (a) of a square
Circle
A circle is the path traveled by a point which moves in such a way that its distance from a
fixed point remains constant.
The fixed point is known as center and the fixed distance is called the radius.
(a) Circumference or perimeter of circle =
where r is radius and d is diameter of circle
is diameter
is circumference
circumference x radius
Sector :
A sector is a figure enclosed by two radii and an arc lying between them.
area=(R2-r2)
Perimeter=2(R+r)
Rhombus
Rhombus is a quadrilateral whose all sides are equal.
since d22
since d22
Perimeter (P) of a rhombus
= 4a, i.e. 4 x side
Parallelogram
A quadrilateral in which opposite sides are equal and parallel is called a parallelogram. The
diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other.
Area (a) of a parallelogram = base altitude corresponding to the base = b h
term trapezium, from which we got our word trapezoid has been in use in the English
language since the 1500s and is from the Latin meaning little table.
i.e.,
And
Height (h) of the trapezium
Outer Pathways:
Area=(l+b+2x)2x
Perimeter=4(l+b+2x)
Inner Pathways:
Area=(l+b-2x)2x
Perimeter=4(l+b-2x)
Some useful Short trick:
If there is a change of X% in defining dimensions of the 2-d figure then its perimeter
will also changes by X%
If all the sides of a quadrilateral is changed by X% then its diagonal will also changes
by X%.
The area of the largest triangle that can be inscribed in a semi circle of radius r is r2.
If the length and breadth of rectangle are increased by x% and y% then the area of the
rectangle will increased by.
(x+y+xy/100)%
(x+y-xy/100)%
If the length of a rectangle is increased by x%, then its breadth will have to be
decreased by (100x/100+x)% in order to maintain the same area of the rectangle.
If each of the defining dimensions or sides of any 2-D figure is changed by x% its
area changes by
x(2+x/100)%
where x=positive if increase and negative if decreases.
Cube
s = side
Volume: V = s^3
Diagonal (d) = s3
Cuboid
Frustum of a Cone
Sphere
r = radius
Hemisphere
Prism
Pyramid
Area of the lateral faces of a right pyramid = (1/2) perimeter of the base
x slant height.
Area of whole surface of a right pyramid = area of the lateral faces + area
of the base.
You can also view the Different Formulas of quadrilaterals and circle in Mensuration
section from the link given below:
Downstream: When the boat moves with the current of the river (i.e. in same direction), then
the relative speed of the boat is the sum of the speed of the boat and stream. It is known as
downstream speed.
Remember it with DOWN as going down the hill means towards the direction of the force
(speed) of the river.
If speed of boat or swimmer is x km/h and the speed of stream is y km/h then,
Important Points
When speed of boat is given then it means speed in the still water, unless it is stated
otherwise.
Speed of stream is
= (Downstream Speed Upstream Speed)
Type 1: When the distance covered by boat in downstream is same as the distance covered by
boat upstream. The speed of boat in still water is x and speed of stream is y then ratio of time
taken in going upstream and downstream is,
Short Trick:
Time taken in upstream : Time taken in Downstream = (x+y)/(x-y)
Example:
A man can row 9km/h in still water. It takes him twice as long as to row up as to row down.
Find the rate of the stream of the river.
Solution:
Time taken in upstream : Time taken in Downstream = 2 : 1
Downstream speed : Upstream speed = 2 : 1
Let the speed of man = B, & speed of stream = S
B + S : B S = 2/1
By using Componendo & Dividendo
B/R = 3/1, R = B/3
R = 9/3 = 3km/h
Type 2: A boat cover certain distance downstream in t1 hours and returns the same distance
upstream in t2 hours. If the speed of stream is y km/h, then the speed of the boat in still water
is:
Short Trick:
Speed of Boat = y [(t2 + t1) / (t2 t1)]
Example
A man can row certain distance downstream in 2 hours and returns the same distance
upstream in 6 hours. If the speed of stream is 1.5 km/h, then the speed of man in still water is
Solution:
By using above formulae
= 1.5 [(6+2) / (6-2)] = 1.5 * (8/4) = 1.5 * 2 = 3km/h
Type 3: A boats speed in still water at x km/h. In a stream flowing at y km/h, if it takes it t
hours to row to a place and come back, then the distance between two places is
Short Trick: Distance = [t*(x2 y2)]/2x
Example
A motor boat can move with the speed 7 km/h. If the river is flowing at 3 km/h, it takes him
14 hours for a round trip. Find the total distance covered?
Solution: By using above formulae
= [14 * (72 32)]/2* 7 = [14 * (49-9)]/2*7
= 14*40/2*7 = 40km
Type 4: A boats speed in still water at x km/h. In a stream flowing at y km/h, if it takes t
hours more in upstream than to go downstream for the same distance, then the distance is
Short Trick: Distance = [t*(x2 y2)]/2y
Example
A professional swimmer challenged himself to cross a small river and back. His speed in
swimming pool is 3km/h. He calculated the speed of the river that day was 1km/h. If it took
him 15 mins more to cover the distance upstream than downstream, then find the width of the
river?
Solution: By using the above formulae
Distance = [t*(x2 y2)]/2y
= [(15/60) (32 12)]/2*1
= [(1/4) * 8] / 2
= 2/2 = 1 km.
Type 5: A boats speed in still water at x km/h. In a stream flowing at y km/h, if it cover the
same distance up and down the stream, then its average speed is
Short Trick: Average speed = upstream * downstream / mans speed in still water
Note: The average speed is independent of the distance between the places.
Example
Find the average speed of a boat in a round trip between two places 18 km apart. If the speed
of the boat in still water is 9km/h and the speed of the river is 3km/h?
Solution: Average speed = upstream * downstream / mans speed in still water
Average speed = 6 * 12 / 9 = 8km/h