CE 14 Solid Mechanics (Lecture 10) PDF

3/12/2011
Lecture 10
LECTURE 10 TOPICS
I. General State of Stress at a Point
II. Principal Stresses and Principal Axes

Definition
Derivation of Governing Equation to Solve for the Principal
Stresses Cubic Equation
Invariants
Determination of the Principal Axes
III. Mohrs Circle for 3D State of Stress (Reading

Assignment)
IV. Equations of Equilibrium (Reading Assignment)
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Lecture 10-1
General State of Stress at a Point

Consider a body held in equilibrium by the forces as
shown,
General State of Stress of Point A
F3
F1
yy
y plane
A
xx
zx
zz
Resultant
internal
forces
Mr
zx = xz
xy
zy
F4
Fr
F2
yz = zy
yx
F2
F1
xy = yx
yz
xz
x
x plane
z plane
Double Subscript Notation for Shear Stress

1st subscript - plane where acts
2nd subscript - coordinate axis to which is parallel
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shown,
using x1x2x3 coordinate system

using xyz coordinate system
y
x2
yy
22
23
21
yz
yx
xy
zy
zx
zz
12
32
xx
11
31
xz
33
13
x1
x3

shown,
x2
x2
22
23
21
12
32
33
13
12
11
31
x1
33
A
x3
23
21
32
11
31
22
13
x1
x3
OBJECTIVE: Determine the stresses on an oblique plane (or

rotated plane with respect to x1x2x3 axes) as shown.
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Consider an infinitesimal tetrahedron formed by three
surfaces parallel to the coordinate planes and one
normal to the unit vector n .
B
33 n
13
11
O
12
Tn
31
32
x2
x1
C
x3
23
21
22
Tn = traction (stress resultant) on plane ABC
n = normal to the plane ABC

x2
Direction Cosines:
n2
cos(n , x1 ) = n1
n1
n3
x1
cos(n , x2 ) = n2
x3
cos(n , x3 ) = n3
x2
B
n1 + n2 + n3 = 1
Let AABC = dA
then, AAOB = AABC cos( n ,x1) = dA n1
ABOC
AAOB O
AAOC
n = n1e1 + n2 e2 + n3e3
C
x1
AAOC = AABC cos(n ,x2) = dA n2

ABOC = AABC cos( n ,x3) = dA n3
A
x3
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Using Equilibrium Equations:
x2
T2
Tn
T3
x1
T1
x3
x2
33
13
n
Tn
32
C
x1
23
21
= 0:
T1 dA = 11 (dA n1 ) + 21 (dA n2 ) + 31 (dA n3 )

(1)
Similarly,
31
O
12
X1
T1 = 11n1 + 21n2 + 31n3
11
T2 = 12 n1 + 22 n2 + 32 n3
(2)
T3 = 13n1 + 23n2 + 33n3
(3)
22
x3

In Matrix Form:
x2
T2
Tn
T3
x1
T1
x3
B
33
13
12
A
x3
Ti = ji n j
n
Tn
31
O
21
22
23
31 n1
32 n2
33 n3
Using Indicial Notation,
x2
11
T1 11
T =
2 12
T3 13
32
23
21
22
C
x1
Cauchy' s Formula
where, Ti stress components along xi

2
Tn = T1 + T2 + T3
ji stresses along three mutually

perpendicular planes
n j direction cos ines of n
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n
nn
Tn
Normal component of Stress:
r
nn = T1 n1 + T2 n2 + T3 n3 = T n
nt
nn = Ti ni
x2
B
33
13
11
12
Tn
31
O
32
23
21
n
Tangential component of Stress:
2
x1
nt = Tn nn 2
22
x3
Change of Stress Components in

Transformation ofn Coordinates
x2
22
x2
22
x2
11
x1
O
x3
33
Given Stresses:
11
x1
x1
x3
n
33
x3
Transformed Stresses:
Drawn such that n of the planes are

parallel to the xk axes
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Transformation of Coordinates
Let the coordinates be
connected by the linear
relations:
x2
22
x2
where: lki = direction cosines of the xk

axes wrt the xi-axes.
11
x1
O
Ti = ji n j
Recall that:
where
Ti = components of the traction vector

on a surface along xi-axes
x1
x3
x'k = lki xi
nj = components of the normal vector

on the same surface along the xi-axes
33
ji = stress components on three
mutually perpendicular planes.
x3
n j = cos n, x j = n e j
Direction cosines bet.

n and xj axes

(
n j = cos n, x j = n e j
n
x2
22
x2
n
11
x1
O
x1
x3
n
33
x3
Note that now we have 3 surfaces having

different normal vectors. Each normal vector is
parallel to one of the xk axes. Therefore,
n j = cos xk , x j = lkj
n1 = ek e1 = lk1
n2 = ek e2 = lk 2
n3 = ek e3 = lk 3
Direction cosine bet n

and xj, however since n
is parallel to the xk
axis then
n = ek
Note that these are the components of the unit

vector n which is now parallel to the xk axes.
Therefore, using these in Cauchys formula we
actually get Ti, i.e. the components of the stress
r
vector T along the unrotated xi-axes.
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From Cauchys Formula,
T1 = 11n1 + 21n2 + 31n3
x2
22
x2
n
11
Ti ' = ji lkj
x1
O
x1
x3
33
Components of the stress vector T

acting on the surface w/ unit outward
normal vector parallel to the xk-axes,
directed along xi-axis.
The component of the vector T in the direction of the

axis xm is given by the product of Ti and lmi (direction
cosines bet. Ti and the xm axes).
Hence, the stress component:
r
'km = projection of T on the x'm axis
'km = T1lm1 + T2 lm 2 + T3 lm3
'km = ji lkj lmi
'km = j1lkj lm1 + j 2lkj lm 2 + j 3lkj lm 3
x3
therefore, T1 ' = 11lk1 + 21lk 2 + 31lk 3

'km = jilkj lmi
x2
22
x2
n
11
x1
In Matrix form:
[ '] = [lij ] [ ] [lij ]T
x1
x3
n
33
x3
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Example
Given: State of stress of a point
x2
5 1 0
= 1 2 4
0 4 3
22
23
21
12
32
11
31
33
13
x1
Determine: the stresses on three

mutually perpendicular planes when
x3 is rotated counter clockwise 30
degrees.
x3
Given: stresses

Example
Solution:
Left figure: State of stress of a point
when x3 is rotated 30 degrees.
22
x2
21
Figure below: View from positive x3 axis
12
11
23
x2
32
x2
31 13
33
x1
30
30
x3
Required: stresses
x1
x1
x3 , x3
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Example
Solution:
Compute Direction Cosines
Cosine of the angle
from xi axis to xj axis
lij
x2
x2
30
l11
lij = l12
l13
x1
30
x1
x3 , x3
l21
l22
l23
l31
l32
l33
3 2
cos(90 30 ) cos(90 )
cos(30 )
cos(30)
cos(90 ) = 1 2
lij = cos(90 + 30 )
0
cos(90 )
cos(90)
cos(0 )
1 2 0
3 2 0
0
1

Example
Solution:
Compute Stresses
3 2
lij = 1 2
0
1 2 0
3 2 0
0
1
['] = [l ] [] [l ]
ij
3 2
['] = 1 2
0
5 1 0
= 1 2 4
0 4 3
[l ]
ij
3 2
= 12
0
1 2 0
3 2 0
0
1
ij
0 5 1 0 3 2
3 2 0 1 2 4 1 2
0
1 0 4 3 0
12
3 2 0 =
0
1
1 2
2
5.116 0.799
0.799 1.884 3.464
3.464
3
2
10
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Lecture 10-2
Principal Stresses & Principal Axes

OBJECTIVE: Determine the principal stresses and the
location of unit normals (principal axes) to the principal

planes.
r
n
x2
22
x2
p2
23
21
32
r
n
11
31
33
p1
12
13
x3
p3
x1
x3
GIVEN STRESSES
x1
r
n
REQUIRED PRINCIPAL STRESSES
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Recall the stresses on three mutually perpendicular planes
given by the stress tensor as shown below
11 12
ij = 21 22
31 32
13
23
33
Cauchys Formula:
Ti = ji n j
For principal stresses, the stress tensor is given by
p1
0
ij = 0 p 2
0
0
0
p 3

Since there is no shear stress component on the principal
plane having a unit normal vector n , the stress vector on

the principal plane must be parallel to n , i.e.
Ti = p ni
Therefore,
Ti = ji n j = p ni = p ji n j
ji n j p ji n j = 0
ji p ji n j = 0
Or in matrix notation,
)
n ( p I ) = 0
Eq. 1
where I is the identity matrix
12
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The equation n ( p I ) = 0
has solutions which are not all zero if and only if the
determinant of the coefficients is equal to zero, i.e. if,
or
11 p
21
31
Solving for ps:
pI = 0
12
13
22 p
23 = 0
32
33 p
p 3 I1 p 2 + I 2 p I 3 = 0
3 principal stresses
This will yield 3 roots
p1 , p 2 , p 3

p 3 I1 p 2 + I 2 p I 3 = 0
Consider,
where
( )
I1 = 11 + 22 + 33 = tr ij
I2 =
11
12
21 22
22
32
23 11 13
+
33 31 33
= (11 22 + 2233 + 3311 )
23 2 + 312 + 12 2
1
ii jj ij ij
2
13
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Consider,
where
p 3 I1 p 2 + I 2 p I 3 = 0
( )
I 3 = det ij
11
12
13
= 21 22
23
31 32
33
1
= ijk pqr ip jq kr
6

NOTE: The principal stresses are physical quantities,
whose values do not depend on the coordinate system in

which the components of stress were initially given. They
are therefore invariants of the stress state, invariant wrt
rotation of the coordinate axes to which the stresses are
referred.
Therefore, the coefficients of the cubic equation (I1, I2, &
I3) are also independent of the choice of axes, i.e. they are
scalar invariants wrt rotation of the Cartesian reference
axes.
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If the axes are chosen to coincide with the principal axes of
stress, then
I1 = p1 + p 2 + p 3
I 2 = p1 p 2 + p 2 p 3 + p3 p1
p1
I3 = 0
0
0
p2
0
0
0 = p1 p 2 p 3
p3
Where I1, I2, I3 are invariants of the stress tensor

To solve for n1, n2, n3; substitute the ps into equation 1.
These 3 equations will reduce to 2 independent equations.

The third equation is
n12 + n2 2 + n3 2 = 1
Note: The maximum shear stress
max =
1
p1 p 2
2
or
max =
1
p 2 p3
2
or
max =
1
p1 p 3
2
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Example:
Given the state of stress at a point:
24 3 0
= 3 16 0
0 0 5
Determine the following:
A) The principal stresses
B) The components of the unit normals in the principal
directions.
C) The maximum shear stress
D) The stress vector at the plane x + 4y z + 6 = 0

Example:
Solution:
pI = 0
A) Principal Stresses
24 p
3
3
16 p
0
=0
5 p
24 p
3
3
16 p
0
0
0
24 p 3
3 16 p = 0
0
0
5 p
0
0
(24 )(16 )(5 ) + 0 + 0 0 0 (5 )(3)(3) = 0

p
16
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Example:
Solution:
pI = 0
Simplifying gives,
(24 )(16 )(5 ) + 0 + 0 0 0 (5 )(3)(3) = 0

[(24 )(16 ) 9](5 ) = 0
Equation A
(375 40 + )(5 ) = 0
p
Can be further simplified into cubic equation,

3
Cubic Equation to
Solve for the 3
Principal Stresses
p 45 p + 575 p 1875 = 0

Example:
Solution:
pI = 0
Alternative Solution for the Cubic Equation:

3
p I 1 p + I 2 p I 3 = 0
Solving for the INVARIANTS I1 , I2 and I3
I1 = trace(ij ) = 11 + 22 + 33
I1 = 24 + 16 + 5 = 45
I 2 = (11 22 + 22 33 + 3311 ) 23 + 31 + 12
2
I 2 = (24 16 + 16 5 + 5 24 ) (0 + 0 + 3
I 2 = 575
2
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Example:
Solution:
pI = 0
11
I 3= 21
31
24
= 3
0
12
22
32
3
13
23
33
0
16 0
0
24 3
3 16 = (24 )(16 )(5) + 0 + 0
0 0 (5)(3)(3)
0 0
I 3= 1875

Example:
Solution:
pI = 0
Alternative Solution for the Cubic Equation:

3
p I 1 p + I 2 p I 3 = 0
I1 = 45
I 2 = 575
I 3 = 1875
3
p 45 p + 575 p 1875 = 0
Cubic Equation to solve for the

3 Principal Stresses. Same as
the derived equation earlier.
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Example:
Solution:
pI = 0
Solving the cubic equation and from Equation A gives,

3
p 45 p + 575 p 1875 = 0
p1 = 25
p 2 = 15
PRINCIPAL STRESSES
p3 = 5

Example:
Solution:
B) The Components of Unit Normals in the Principal Directions
The equation below is used to get the unit normals:
24 p
3
16 p
3
0
0
FOR p1 = 25
0 n1

0 n2 = 0
5 p n3
Substitute 25 to p in the above equation gives,
3
0 n1 1 3
0 n1
24 25

3
16 25
0 n2 = 3 9
0 n2 = 0
0
0
5 25 n3 0
0 20 n3
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Example:
Solution:
FOR p1 = 25
0 n1
1 3

3 9
0 n2 = 0
0
0 20 n3
n1 + 3n2 = 0
3n1 9n2 = 0
20n3 = 0
n1 + 3n2 = 0
Equation 1
3n1 9n2 = 0
Equation 2
20n3 = 0
Equation 3
Additional Equation:
Not
Independent
n1 + n2 + n3 = 1
The magnitude of
Unit Vector is 1
n3 = 0

Example:
Solution:
FOR p1 = 25
Consider Equation 1 (or Equation 2) and the Additional Equation
n1 + 3n2 = 0
2
n1 + n2 + n3 = 1
n1 + 3n2 = 0
2
n1 + n2 = 1
3
10
1
n2 =
10
n1 =
Therefore, the Unit Normal in the Direction of p1 = 25 is
r
3
1
n =
,
, 0
10
10
20
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Example:
Solution:
24 p
3
16 p
3
0
0
FOR p2 = 15
0 n1

0 n2 = 0
5 p n3
3
0 n1 9 3 0 n1
24 15

3
16 15
0 n2 = 3 1 0 n2 = 0
0
0
5 15 n3 0 0 10 n3

Example:
Solution:
FOR p2 = 15
9 3 0 n1
3 1 0 n = 0
2
0 0 10 n3
9n1 + 3n2 = 0
3n1 + n2 = 0
10n3 = 0
Not
Independent
n3 = 0
9n1 + 3n2 = 0
Equation 1
3n1 + n2 = 0
Equation 2
10n3 = 0
Equation 3
2
n1 + n2 + n3 = 1
The magnitude of
Unit Vector is 1
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Example:
Solution:
FOR p2 = 15
Consider Equation 1 (or Equation 2) and the Additional Equation
9n1 + 3n2 = 0
2
n1 + n2 + n3 = 1
9n1 + 3n2 = 0
2
n1 + n2 = 1
1
10
3
n2 = m
10
n1 =
r 1
3
n =
,m
, 0
10
10

Example:
Solution:
24 p
3
16 p
3
0
0
FOR p3 = 5
0 n1

0 n2 = 0
5 p n3
3
0 n1 19 3 0 n1
24 5

3
16 5
0 n2 = 3 11 0 n2 = 0
0
0
5 5 n3 0 0 0 n3
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Example:
Solution:
FOR p3 = 5
19 3 0 n1
3 11 0 n = 0
2
0 0 0 n3
19n1 + 3n2 = 0
3n1 + 11n2 = 0
0 n3 = 0
19n1 + 3n2 = 0
Equation 1
3n1 + 11n2 = 0
Equation 2
0 n3 = 0
Equation 3
Independent
Equations
n3 is arbitrary!
2
n1 + n2 + n3 = 1
The magnitude of
Unit Vector is 1

Example:
Solution:
FOR p3 = 5
For this case when one component of unit normal is arbitrary, the
only way Equations 1 and 2 (independent equations) and the
additional quadratic equation can be satisfied is when n1 = n2 = 0,
making n32 = 1. Therefore n3 = 1.
r
n = (0, 0, 1)
NOTE: Since n1 and n2 are both zeroes, p3 is acting on the x3 plane.
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Example:
Solution:
FOR p3 = 5
Also, by inspection of the given state of stress of the point,
24 3 0
= 3 16 0
0 0 5
The shear stresses are given

as zeroes on the x3-plane
Therefore, 5 is a principal
stress since there is no shear
stress on x3-plane.

Example:
Solution:
C) Maximum Shear Stress
1
1
1
max = max ( p1 p 2 ) , ( p 2 p 3 ) , ( p1 p 3 )
2
2
2
1
1
1
= max (25 15) , (15 5) , (25 5)

2
2
2
= max[5 ,5 ,10]
max = 10
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Example:
Solution:
D) Stress Vector at the plane x + 4y z + 6 = 0
First, determine the unit normal vector to the given plane
N (1, 4, 1)
N =
Coefficients of x, y, and z, respectively
(1) + (4) + ( 1)
2
= 18
Magnitude of N
4
1
1
,
,
n =
Unit Normal Vector

18 18 18
n = (0.2357, 0.9428, 0.2357 )
Second, get the stress vector by using Cauchys Formula
Ti = ji n j

Example:
Solution:
T1 = 11n1 + 21n2 + 31n3

= (24 )(0.2357 ) + (3)(0.9428) + (0 )( 0.2357 ) = 8.4853
T2 = 12 n1 + 22 n2 + 32 n3
= (3)(0.2357 ) + (16)(0.9428) + (0 )( 0.2357 ) = 15.7921
T3 = 13 n1 + 23 n2 + 33 n3
= (0)(0.2357 ) + (0 )(0.9428) + (5)( 0.2357) = 1.1785
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Example:
Solution:
T1 = 8.4853
T =
=
T2 = 15.7921
T3 = 1.1785
(T ) + (T ) + (T )
2
(8.4853) + (15.7921) + ( 1.1785)

2
T = 17.9661
Magnitude of Stress Vector

Example:
Solution:
Normal and Tangential Stress Components of Stress Vector T
Normal component of Stress:
nn = Ti ni
r
= T1 n1 + T2 n2 + T3 n3 = T n
n
nn
T
= (8.4853)(0.2357 ) + (15.7921) (0.9428) + ( 1.1785) ( 0.2357 )
= 17.1665
nt
Tangential component of Stress:

2
nt = Tn nn 2 =
(17.9661) (17.1665)
2
= 5.3
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Lecture 10-3
Mohrs Circle for 3D State of Stress

To determine and given p1 , p2 , p3 , the following
procedure is applied:
1. Establish a Cartesian
coordinate system,
indicating + and +
axes. Lay off the
principal stresses (to
scale) along the axis
with p 1 > p2 > p3
algebraically.
A3
A2
p3
A1
p2
p1
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2. Draw three Mohr

semi-circles centered at
C1, C2, and C3 (referred
to as circles C1, C2, C3)
with diameters A1A2,
A2A3, and A1A3.
A3
p3
C2
A2
C3
A1
C1
p2
p1

3. At point C1, draw
line C1B1 at angle 2; at
C3, draw C3B3 at angle
2. These lines cut
circle C1 and C3 at
points B1 and B3,
respectively.
B3
B1
2
2
A3
p3
C2
C3
A2
C1
A1
p2
p1
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4. By trial and error,
draw arcs through
points A3 and B1 and
through A2 and B3,
with their centers on
the axis. The
intersection of these
arcs locates point G on
the , plane.
max
B3
B1
2
2
A3
p3
C2
A2
C3
A1
C1
p2
p1

NOTE: Mohrs circle of

3D state of stress is
only effective when one
of the given stresses is a
principal stress.
Otherwise, use
pI = 0
in determining the
principal stresses.
max
B3
B1
2
2
A3
p3
C2
C3
A2
C1
A1
p2
p1
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In connection with the foregoing construction, several points
are of particular interest:

a. Point G will be
located within the gray
area or along the
circumference of
circles C1, C2 or C3, for
all combinations of
and .
max
B3
B1
2
2
A3
p3
C2
C3
A2
C1
A1
p2
p1

b. For the particular

case = = 0, G
coincides with A1.
==0
A3
p3
C2
C3
A2
C1
G
A1
p2
p1
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c. For the case = 45 and
= 0, the shearing stress is
a maximum located at the
highest point on circle C3
(2 = 90). The value of
the maximum shearing
stress is therefore,
max =
1
p1 p 3
2
max
B3
2 =
90
A3
p3
C2
C3
A2
C1
A1
p2
p1

c. (continuation)
max
acting on the planes

bisecting the planes of
maximum and
minimum principal
stresses.
B3
2 =
90
A3
p3
C2
C3
A2
C1
A1
p2
p1
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d. For = = 45, line QG
will make equal angles
with the principal axes.
The oblique plane is, in
this case, an
octahedral plane, and
the stresses acting on
the plane, the
octahedral stresses.
max
B3
B1
2
2
A3
p3
C2
A2
C3
A1
C1
p2
p1

p2
max
A2
B3
B1
A1
2
A3
B3
B1
p1
p3
C2
C3
A2
C1
A1
p2
A3
d
p3
p1
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Lecture 10-4
Equations of Equilibrium
Consider,
23 +
23
dx2
x2
x2
Xi = body forces
dx1
x2
x3
12
32
x3
21 +
21
dx2
x2
12 +
12
dx1
x1
11 +
11
dx1
x1
x1
31
21
33
x1
X1
X3
11
22
dx2
x2
X2
13
ij = stresses
22 +
dx2
23
22
dx3
13 +
13
dx1
x1
33
3/12/2011
NOTE: Considering non-uniform stress fields, every
stress is a function of position. Thus, 11 is a function
of x1, x2, x3: 11 (x1, x2, x3). At a point slightly to the right
of the point (x1, x2, x3), namely, at (x1 + dx1, x2, x3), the
stress 11 is 11 (x1 + dx1, x2, x3). Using Taylors theorem,
11 (x1 + dx1 , x2 , x3 ) = 11 (x1 , x2 , x3 ) + dx1
+ (dx1 )2
Where 0 1
11
(x1 , x2 , x3 )
x1
1 2 11
(x1 + dx1 , x2 , x3 )
2 x12
Can be made negligible by making dx1 small
11
Therefore, 11 (x1 + dx1 , x2 , x3 ) = 11 ( x1 , x2 , x3 ) + x ( x1 , x2 , x3 ) dx1
1
Using equilibrium equations,
Fx1 = 0
11 + 11 dx1 dx2 dx3 11dx2 dx3 + 21 + 21 dx2 dx1dx3

x1
x2
21dx1dx3 + 31 + 31 dx3 dx1dx2 31dx1dx2 + X 1dx1dx2 dx3 = 0

x3
Dividing by dx1, dx2, and dx3,

11 21 31
+
+
+ X1 = 0
x1
x2
x3
34
3/12/2011
Similarly
12 22 32
+
+
+ X2 = 0
x1
x2
x3
13 23 33
+
+
+ X3 = 0
x1
x2
x3
In indicial notation,
ij
xi
+Xj =0
ji , j + X i = 0
or
ij ,i + X j = 0
35

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3/12/2011

III. Mohrs Circle for 3D State of Stress (Reading

General State of Stress at a Point

Double Subscript Notation for Shear Stress

General State of Stress at a Point

General State of Stress of Point A

General State of Stress at a Point

OBJECTIVE: Determine the stresses on an oblique plane (or

General State of Stress at a Point

Tn = traction (stress resultant) on plane ABC

n = normal to the plane ABC

General State of Stress at a Point

AAOC = AABC cos(n ,x2) = dA n2

General State of Stress at a Point

T1 dA = 11 (dA n1 ) + 21 (dA n2 ) + 31 (dA n3 )

T1 = 11n1 + 21n2 + 31n3

T3 = 13n1 + 23n2 + 33n3

General State of Stress at a Point

Using Indicial Notation,

where, Ti stress components along xi

ji stresses along three mutually

General State of Stress at a Point

Normal component of Stress:

Change of Stress Components in

Drawn such that n of the planes are

Change of Stress Components in

where: lki = direction cosines of the xk

Ti = components of the traction vector

nj = components of the normal vector

ji = stress components on three

mutually perpendicular planes.

Direction cosines bet.

Change of Stress Components in

Note that now we have 3 surfaces having

Direction cosine bet n

Note that these are the components of the unit

Change of Stress Components in

T1 = 11n1 + 21n2 + 31n3

Components of the stress vector T

The component of the vector T in the direction of the

therefore, T1 ' = 11lk1 + 21lk 2 + 31lk 3

Change of Stress Components in

[ '] = [lij ] [ ] [lij ]T

Change of Stress Components in

Given: State of stress of a point

Determine: the stresses on three

Change of Stress Components in

Figure below: View from positive x3 axis

Change of Stress Components in

Change of Stress Components in

Principal Stresses & Principal Axes

location of unit normals (principal axes) to the principal

REQUIRED PRINCIPAL STRESSES

Principal Stresses & Principal Axes

given by the stress tensor as shown below

For principal stresses, the stress tensor is given by

Principal Stresses & Principal Axes

plane having a unit normal vector n , the stress vector on

where I is the identity matrix

Principal Stresses & Principal Axes

Solving for ps:

This will yield 3 roots