RUFAI.A.

YUSUF

COMPRESSIBLE PHYSICS
HANDBOOK(vol.1)

EXCELLENCE

(mechanics,hydrostatics and wave).

For jamb and self revision.

PREFACE
This book has been
written to serve as a
revision aid for jambite
and non jambite(self
revision).since many
student find it difficult to
read voluminous
textbooks,so I tried to
bring out a more
comprehensive textbook
for jambite and the rest.
Compressible physics
handbook consists of
three series of which the
remaining two will be
released soon.The first
volume consists of
mechanics,hydrostatics
and wave,with
compolusory examples
which should be
expected in the UTME
exam.While the volume II
and volume III comprise
of heat and
(electricity,light and
modern physics).

Several of the solved

problems are taken from
the UTME past
question,lamlad physics.
Thanks for reading and
expect more of great
work from me.

INTRODUCTION
UNITS $DIMENSION

CONTENTS
1:INTRODUCTION-1
2:MOTION-2
3:FORCE AND EQUILIBRIUM-3
4:IMPLUSE AND MOMENTUM-4
5:WORK,ENERGY$POWER-5
6:CIRCULAR MOTION-6
7:ELASTICITY-7
8: SIMPLE MACHINE-8
9:SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION--9
10:PRESSURE-10
11:DENSITY-12
12:WAVE-13

Mechanics is the study of the effect of

force on bodies at rest or in motion.
It can be divided into two namely;
1:fundamental concept
i:mass-kilogram-kg(M)
ii:length-meters-m(L)
iii:time-second-s(T)
iv:current-ampere-a(I)
2:Derived concept
I:density
Ii:area
Iii:pressure
Iv:electromotive force
V:power,e.t.c
Conversion of units,e.g
Centi=10-2
Milli=10-3
Micro=10-6
Deci=10-1
Kilo=103 e.t.c

VECTORS
Vector is a quantity that has magnitude
and direction,e.g force,acceleration
e.t.c.they are donated by a bold capital
letter(A) or an arrow on top(A).A
quantity that has only magnitude but no
direction Is called a scalar quantity.e.g
speed,velocity,length,e.t.c.
Ax=Acos,
Ay=Asin
3

A= V / T =V-U/t

A=Axi+Ayj

A -=A magnitude
Where I and j are unit vectors in
component x,y respectively.

When a body moves with constant

velocity(a=0),it is said to undergoes
uniform motion.

[A]=Ax2+Ay2

V=u+at-ms-1

=(tanAy/Ax)

H=ut+1/2at2-m

Example:

V2=u2+2as

i.Pressure:force/area

Where a=acceleration ,v=final velocity

ii.Area:length length

U=initial velocity ,t=time

iii.Density:mass/volume

H=distance

iv.volume:lengthxlengthxlength

Deceleration=-ve acceleration.

v.quantity of electricity:currentxtime.

4.speed:this is the ratio of distance to

time.

SOLUTION

S=d/t ----ms -1

i.pressure:force/area

5.distance

force=massXacceleration

H=ut+1/2at2

v
acceleration= t = ms-2
-2

force=kgXms =MxLT

But when u=0

H=1/2at2

-2

-2

-1

Where a= g=10ms-2

-2

=MLT ,so,pressure=ML T .

H=5t2

ii.Area:L1XL1=L2

NB:when a body is moving upward

iii.Density=M/L3=ML-3

A=-g
When it is moving downwards..a=g

iv.Volume:L1XL1XL1

MOTION UNDER GRAVITY

v.Q=IxT=AmpereXsecond

PROJECTILE

=IxT=IT.

A projectile motion is when a body moves

freely in the vertical component without
the influence of air resistance.it is also a
parabola.

MOTION
MOTION ON A STRAIGHT LINE(LINEAR
MOTION).

t-usin /g

Motion on a straight line is a one

dimensional motion.

where u=speed, g=10ms-2

TERMS USED IN MOTION

=angle made with the horizontal

component.

1.average velocity:This is the change in

displacement per unit time,or the rate
change of displacement.

Time of flight(T)=2usin/g
Where,T=2t

VAVG=X2-X1/T2-T1

Horizontal distance(Range)

2.instanteneous velocity is the

velocity of the body or an object at that
particular time.

R=u2sin2/g
R=UxT

3.Acceleration:this is the rate of change

of velocity.

Vertical distance(height)
H=u2sin2/2g
4

Max. height=u2/2g

SOLUTION
U=25m/s,vv=45m/s,t=10

Example1:

A=v-u/t=45-25/10=2m/s2.

Kangaroos can jump vertically upward to

a height of 2.5m.what is their effective
take of velocity?

EXERCISE
1:A car experience a displacement of
40km in 20mins.what is its average
velocity in m/s?[ans-33.3m/s].

Solution
2

V =u2+2as

2:UTME 2009 QU 5.

S=2.5, a=-g=-10

3:UTME 2011 QU 7.

02=u2+2x-10x2.5

4:A particle is projected with a velocity of

25m/s.calculate its max. range for the
particle?[ans-62.5m].

U=52 ms

-1

Example 2:A metal ball is dropped from a

roof of a building 150m high,neglecting
air resistance,calculate the velocity of the
ball just before it touches the ground.
(OAU).

5:A body accelerated uniformly from rest

covers a distance of 8m in 2secs.the
distance covered in the third seconds is?
A-18m B-1m C-10m D-4m.

Solution:

6:An object is projected into the air at a

speed of 250m/s at an angle 40 above
the horizontal.

V2=u2 +2as
V=2x10x150 ;u=0

a,how long does it take the object to

reach its max. height?

V=3000ms-1
Example 3:what is the max. range of a
gun which can fire a shell with a speed of
50m/s?

b,what is its horizontal distance?(ans12.9m,61.6m).

Solution:
U=50m/s,max. range=?

FORCE AND EQUILIBRIUM

Max. range=u2/g =45

A force may be push or pull.A push is

exerted on a car to move forward or
backward while a pull is exerted on a
rope tied to a crate to drag the
crate.Force is a vector quantity.A body
which is at rest or In motion i.e in a state
of uniform motion under the influence of
a system of forces is said to be in
equilibrium.

R=5002/10=25.5km
Example 4:An aeroplane lands on a
runway at a speed of 180km/hr and
brought to stop uniformly in 30secs.What
distance does it cover on the runway
before coming to rest?(UTME 1993 QU5).
Solution:
Convert the units

Force =mass x acceleration

Speed:180km/hr=m/s

Where a=g,

=180x1000/3600=1800/36

F=ma=mg(tension)-newton(N).

Distance=speed x time

Equilibrium of a particle

1800/36 3/1=150m

A body under a system of forces is called

a particle.

Example5:A car moves with an initial

velocity of 25m/s and reaches a velocity
of 45m/s in 10s.Calculate the
acceleration of the car?

Condition for equilibrium

a:The resultant of all forces must be zero.
5

F1 + F2 + F3=0

F
3

F
2

CENTRE OF GRAVITY
This is where the resultant weight of a
body acts.For a uniform or regular body
such as sphere or a uniform rod,the
centre of gravity is at the geometric
centre of the body.
NB:If we have a cut circle and an uncut
one the centre of gravity lies between
the uncut surface.

F
1

b,where the closed triangle shows that

the vector sum of the three forces is zero.

EXERCISE
1;UTME 1984 QU 2
2;UTME 1990 QU 8
3;UTME 1997 QU 11
4;UTME 2003 QU 11
5;UTME 2008 QU 8
6;UTME 2012 QU 4
7;UTME 2008 QU 9
8;UTME 2014 QU 10

The forces of a particle under equilibrium

may be resolved into two component.i.e
the x and y component and their
summation Is zero.

9;UTME 2014 QU 11
10;UTME 2015 QU 30

fx=f1cos1 +f2cos2 +f3cos3=0

IMPLUES AND MOMENTUM

And

Force recall,

fy=f1sin1 + f2sin2 + f3sin3=0

F=m x a ..i
Acceleration =v-u/t..ii

MOMENT OF A FORCE

Put equation 2 in 1

Moment occur when a force is applied on

a rigid body.moment of a force is the
product of force and its perpendicular
distance.it is also known as a torque.SI
unit-Nm.

F=m(v-u/t)=mv-mu/t
Ft=mv-mu
The product of force and time for which it
acted is called impulse.SI unit Ns,while
the product of mass and velocity of the
body is the momentum.SI unit kgm/s or
Ns.

Moment=Fxd or Fxdsin
For a body to remain in equilibrium:
I,the algebraic sum of all the forces must
be zero , and

Ft=mv-mu

Ii,the algebraic sum of the

moment(torque) produced by all the
forces about any axis must be zero.

Principle of conservation of momentum

states that the total momemtum of a
body remain constant if no external force
acts on the system.

Impulse=change In momentum

Iii,the sum of clockwise moment must be

equal to the sum of anticlockwise
mment.

Lets consider a body P of mass Mp and

initial velocity Vp which collides with a
6

body Q of mass Mq and initial velocity

Vq.if the velocities of P and Q after
collision Vp and Vq respectively then,

0.15v=3,v-=20m/s

Total momentum before collision=total

momentum after collision

EXERCISE

MpUp + MqUq=MpVp + MqVq

1;A tennis ball has a mass of 0.06kg

impact with the racket changes its
velocity from 25m/s towards the racket to
50m/s away from the racket.what
impluse did the racket exert on the ball?

When velocity is common

MpUp + MqUq=MpVp + Mq x(V)
V=common velocity.
EXAMPLE 1:what force is needed to
impart a velocity of 6m/s to a 150kg body
in 5s of a body initially at rest?(OAU).

2;A 15kg body is pulled along a

horizontal frictionless table by a force of
40N.calculate the acceleration of the
body?

Solution
Ft=m(v-u)

F=180N

3;What is the momentum of a 10,000kg

truck whose velocity is 20m/s and what
velocity must 5,000kg truck attain in
order to have the same momentum?

EXAMPLE 2:A rocket burns 0.01kg of fuel

each second and ejects it as a gas with a
velocity of 5,000m/s.what force does the
gas exert on the rocket?

4;A 54N constant force is applied to stop

a 600g body that is initially moving with
velocity u.if it takes 0.5s to stop the
body,calculate u?.

M=150kg,t=5s,v=6m/s,F=?
Fx5=150(6-0)

Solution
WORK,ENERGY AND POWER

V=5000m/s,m=0.01kg,t=1sec,F=?

If you dont have enough energy you will

lack the power to do work,do you agree?
YES!.

F=m(v-u)/t
F=0.01x5000/1=50N.

WORK

EXAMPLE 3:A machine gun with mass 5kg

fires a 50g bullet at a speed of
100m/s.the recoil speed of the machine
gun is?

The workdone(W) by an external force on

a body is the product of the force and the
distance,provided the force acts in the
same direction as the distance.Thus,

Solution

W=FxD

Mi=5kg,Mii=5g=0.05kg,Vi=?,Vii=100m/s

If the force is not parallel to the

distance,the workdone is the product of
the force and distance with the angle
made with the horizontal.

Gun momentum=bullet momentum

5xV=0.05x100
V=1m/s

W=FxDcos

EXAMPLE4:A footballer taking a penalty

kick applies a force of 100N for 0.03s on
a ball of mass 150kg.The ball moves off
with a speed of?

SI unit of workdone is Nm(joule(J)).

POWER

Impules=forcexTime =100x0.03=3Ns

Power is the rate of doing work.if an

amount of work is done in a small
interval of time,therefore the power is;

Change in momentum=mv=0.15v

P=W/t=Fxd/t

SOLUTION:

V=u + at
Recall,

V=26.67m/s

F=mg, h=d

Ek=1/2mv2

Power=mgh/t

=18x(26.67)/2

Recall also,

=6400J

h/t=velocity

EXAMPLE3:A body is displaced on a

horizontal surface through a distance of
8m.provided the mass is
constant,calculate the velocity through
which it moves with?(g=10m/s2).

P=FxV,F=P/V
Also,power=FxVcos
ENERGY

Solution
Energy is the capacity of a body to do
work.the energy acquired by a body by
virtue of its position is called potential
energy.while that gained by motion is
known as kinetic energy.

K.E=P.E

Energy=W=mgh

Therefore,v=2gr

Ep=mgh=potential energy

V=2x10x8=160

1/2MV2=Mgh
When the masses cancel,
V2=2gr

Ek=1/2mv =kinetic energy

v=40m/s

%=K.E/P.E x 100%

EXERCISE

If a body of mass M increase its velocity

from V1 to V2,provided its potential
energy remains constant,Thus,

1.UME 1990 QU 10
2.UME 1987 QU 9
3.UME 1990 QU 9

W=1/2MV22 -1/2MV12

4.UME 1992 QU 6

EXAMPLE1:How much work is done when

a bucket of mass 1.5kg with 10kg water
in it is pulled up from the bottom of a
well 8m deep?

5.A 65kg sprinter completes a 100m race

in 9.83secs.calculate the average kinetic
energy of the body?
6.UME 2006 QU 38

SOLUTION

7.UME 2013 QU 9,10

Workdone=Fxd

8.UME 2014 QU 12

=mgXd
=(m1 + m2)g x d

CIRCULAR MOTION

=(1.5 +10)x10x8

We have different types of motion which

are
translational(linear),random,oscillatory,e.
t.c

=920J
EXAMPLE2:A block of 18kg is pushed
along a horizontal frictionless surface by
a horizontal force of 80N.the block starts
from rest,compute the K.E after 6secs?

But here we are concerned with that of

circular motion.there must be an
acceleration associated with the rigid
body in the circular path.This
acceleration is the radial or centripetal
acceleration and it is directed radially

Solution
F=mxa
A=80/18
After t=6secs
8

towards the centre of the circle and the

magnitude is given by,

EXAMPLE2:A particle of mass 5x10^-6kg

revolves in a circle with a radial
acceleration of 8x10^5m/s^2.the
centripetal force of the particle is?

Ac=v2/r
From newtons second law of
motion,which states that F=ma,here we
are particular with the centripetal force
which gives rise to the acceleration,This
force is,

Solution
Fc=mac
M=5x10-6kg,ac=8x10*5m/s*2,F=?
Fc=5x10-6 x8x10*5=4.00N

Fc=mac
Fc=mv2/r

EXAMPLE3:A frequency of the body with

a speed of 4m/s and radius 5m is?

M==mass of the particle.

Solution

Now,consider a body which moves in a

circular path of radius,centred at O.let us
suppose that the body moves at a
constant speed(of magnitude V)while its
direction of motion changes
continuously,for such motion,

V=4m/s, r=5m,F=?
W=v/r=4/5=0.8rad/s
F=w/2pie=0.8/2x22/7=0.31Hz or 0.31/s
EXAMPLE4:A body of mass 500g moves
with a speed of 4m/s in a circular path of
radius 5m.The centripetal force on the
body is?

Angular speed()=angular
displacement/time

SOLUTION:

=/t

F=mv2/r =0.5x16/5=1.6N.

=2 ft

EXERCISE

tangential speed(v)=wr

1.UME 1984 QU 26

w=v/rrad/s

2."

1999 QU 8

Fc=mrw2,Newton(N)

3."

2002 QU 12

Period of rotation(T):it is the time taken

to complete a full rotation or revolution of
circle.

5.UME 2011 QU 6

ac=rw2

4.UME 2008 QU 5
6.UME 2013 QU 6

7.UME 2012 QU 10

T=2 w =2pie x r/v..second

8.UME 2008 QU 6

Frequency(f):it is the number of circle per

second.

9.UME 2007 QU 36
10.UME 2000 QU 7

F=1/T=w/2pie=per sec orHz

tan=v2/rg,=angle of banking.

ELASTICITY
HOOKES LAW

EXAMPLE1:An object moves round a

circle of raddius 20m with a linear
constant speed of 5m/s.the objects
angular speed is?

If a force is applied to a bar or wire,it

extends,

Solution
W=v/r,v=5m/s,r=20m
W=5/20=0.25rad/s
9

Elastic potential energy=1/2Ke2

Workdone=Area under the curve/graph
EXAMPLE1:A spiral spring extends by
5cm under a load of 60N,when the load is
replaced by a steel black,the new
extension is 7cm.the weight of the steel
block is?
Solution
Hookes law states that provided the
elastic limit is not exceeded,the force
applied on an elastic material is directly
proportional to the extension.

E1=5cm,e2=7cm,f1=60N,F2=?
K=F/e i.e F1/EI=F2/e2

Mathematically,

60/5=f2/7

Fe

F2 =84N

F=ke,f=force,k=elastic constant or
force
constant,e=extension

C:maximum load

EXAMPLE2:A wire of cross sectional area

of 6x10-6m2 and length 50cm strenches
by 0.2mm under a load of
3,00N.calculate the young modulus?

D:fracture point or breaking point

Solution

A:Elastic limit
B:yield point

STESS AND STRAIN

A=6x105m2,F=3,00N,L=50cm,x=0.2mm=0.2x1
0-3cm

Stress is a force acting on a unit cross

sectional area of the material.
Tensile stress=force/area=F/A

Young modulus=Stress/Strain=F/A/e/L

=F/A,N/m2
Strain is the ratio of extension to the
original length of the material.

=3,000/6.0x10-5/0.2x10-3/5x10*2

Tensile strain=extension/original
length=e/L

=5x10*7/4x10-4
=1.25x10*11N/m2

=e/L,(No unit because it is the

ratio of two lengths).

EXAMPLE3:An elastic string of length

20cm extends to 24cm when it supports
a weight of 50N.The energy stored in the
string is?

Young modulus
E=/

Solution
e1=20cm,e2=24cm,e2-e1=0.004

E=young modulus

F=50N

E=,N/m

W=1/2Fe=1/2x50x0.04
=1J

Workdone

EXERCISE

W=1/2Fe or 1/2Ke2
10

1:The potential energy stored in a string

of force constant 2x10*4Nm-2.which is
acted upon by a force of 600N is?
2:UME 1978 QU 5
3:UME 1985 QU 13
4:UME 1987 QU 7
5:UME 1987 QU 14
SIMPLE MACHINE
A machine is a device which enables
mechanical work to be done in a
convinient way.
Example of simple machines
include:lever,pulley system,wheel and
axle,inclined plane,the screw.
Mechanical advantag(MA):Load/Effort
M.A=L/E
Velocity ratio(V.R)=distance moved by
effort/

V.R=The number of block i.e V.R=4

Distance moved by

WHEEL ANDC AXLE

load

Efficiency ()=L/E/R/r,V.R=R/r

=dE/dL

R=radius
Bicycle make use of this principle.

NB:in the absence of friction,

INCLINDE PLANE

workdone by the machine=workdone on

it

L/E=l/h but l/h=1/sin

V.R=1/sin

M.A=V.R

GEARS

M.A is always less than V.R i.e efficiency

is less than 100%.

V.R=Ws/Wl=nL/Ns

Effiencienc()=workdone on
load/workdone by effort

NB:The smaller gear always rotate faster

than the larger one.

=LXdL/E x dE=L/E/dE/dL

Ws=angular speed of small gear

=M.A/V.R x 100%(no unit).

Wl=angular speed of large gear

PULLEY SYSTEM

nL=number of teeth on large gear

A typical pulley system has the upper

fixed block and lower movable block.

nS=number of teeth on small gear

SCREW
V.R=2pie x r/P ,p=pitch,r=radius.
EXAMPLE1:A machine with efficiency of
60% is used to overcome a load of 60N
through the application of a force of
40N.calculate the M.A of the machine?
Solution
=M.A/V.R
11

where w2 is the constant of

proportionality.

M.A=1.5
EXAMPLE2:A machine whose efficiency is
75% is used to lift a load of
1000N.calculate the effort put into the
machine if it has a V.R of 4?

T=2m/k,T=period,m=mass,k=spring
constant.
F=1/T,frequency

Solution

T=2e/g,e=elongation by mass

V.R=4,L=1000N,=75%,E=?

T=2L/g

75%=M.A/4 X 100%

F=1/2g/L

E=33.3N

TL=T1/L1=T2/L2

EXAMPLE3:A body of mass 20kg is

pushed up a smooth plane inclined at an
angle of 30 to the horizontal.The force
needed to push the body up to the plane
is?

F1/L,F1L1=F2L2
EXAMPLE1:Suppose you wish to construct
a simple pedulum of period 1.0secs.if
9.80m/s^2.)what is the length of the
pedulum b)what will be the new period if
this length is doubled?( =22/7 )

SOLUTION
VR=1/Sin30=2.0

Solution

Since the plane is smooth,i.e frictionless,

A,L=gxT^2/4^2 =0.248m

M.A=V.R=20,effort=load/M.A

B,L=2x0.248=0.496m

=20(10)/2=100N.

T=2l/g=1.414sec

EXERCISE

EXAMPLE2:The frequency of oscillation of

a simple pedulum can be reduced by?

1:UME 2014 QU 15
2:UME 2010 QU 10

Solution

3:UME 2008 QU 8

F1/L,

4:UME 2007 QU 46

i.e as f increases,l decreases vise versa.

5:UME 2004 QU 11

Therefore,length will increase for the

frequency to be reduced.

6:UME 2006 QU 35
7: UME 2012 QU 14

EXAMPLE3:A body in simple harmonic

motion has an angular speed of
4.4rad/s.The period of motion is ?

8:UME 2013 QU 12
9:UME 2014 QU 15

SOLUTION:

10:UME 2007 QU 29

T=2/=44/7/4.4
=1.43sec.
EXERCISE

SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION(SHM)

1:UME 1995 QU 2

This is the periodic motion in which the

acceleration is directed towards a fixed
point

2:UME 2015 QU 3,2

3;UME 2007 QU 28

And directly proportional to the

displacement from the equilibrium
position and it is opposite in direction to
the displacement i.e,

4:UME 2008 QU 3,10

5:UME 2009 QU 9
6:UME 2011 QU 16
7:UME 1984 QU 23

a=-w2x

8:UME 1979 QU 7
12

transmitted equally to all parts of the

container.

HYDROSTATICS
Hydrostatics depends on the height and
cross sectional area;

EXAMPLE1:A weightless vessel of

dimensions 4m x 3m x 2m is filled with a
liquid of density 1000kg/m^3 and
sealed.what is the max. pressure this
container can exert on a flat surface?

i.pressure
ii.density
PRESSURE
Pressure can be defined as the force per
unit area of a substance.The force acts
perpendicularly.

Solution
L=4m,B=3m,H=3m
P=F/A=mg/A=(dxv)g/A
P=1000x10x2=2x10^4N/m^2

Pressure(P):force/area SI unit N/m^2

Thus,

EXAMPLE2:A rectangular tank contains

water to the depth of 2m.if the base is
4m x 3m,calculate the force in the base?
(d=10^3kg/m^3,g=10m/s^2).

P1h1=p2h2

Solution

Pt=Patm dgh

P=F/A=dgh

Pt=Patm + dgh-above the atmospheric

end

F=(dgh)Xa

Pt=Patm dgh-below the atmospheric

end.

=2.4x10^5N

PF,P1/A
P1/h P=dgh d,density,h=height

=10^3 x10x2 x 4x2

EXAMPLE3:A hatch door of a submarine
has an area of 0.5m.the specific gravity
of sea water is 1.03.assuume that
g=10m/s^2,and neglect the atmospheric
pressure.the force exerted by the sea
water on the hatch door at a depth of
200m is?(UMEF 1982).

MEASURING DEVICE
1:MANOMETER:for gas pressure
2:ANERIOD BAROMETER:it is used to
measure pressure at a certain height.
3:FORTIN BAROMETER:atmospheric
pressure

Solution

4:SIMPLE MECURY
BAROMETER:adhension>cohension.

P=F/A=hxgxdxA
F=0.5x10x200x1.03

5:SPHYGMOMENOMETER:it is used to
measure blood pressure.

F=1030N
EXAMPLE4:What is the length of the
liquid column in a barometer tube that
would support an atmospheric pressure
of 10200N/m^2.if the density of the
liquid is 2600kg/m^3(g=10m/s^2).

1:pressure increases with the depth at a

point.
2:pressure is the same at the same level
and at any point.
3:pressure increases with density.

Solution

4:pressure is exerted equally in all

directions at any point in a fluid at rest.

P=dgh
h=3.92m

TRANSMISSION OF PRESSURE

EXERCISE

*pascals principle,states that any

pressure applied to a liquid which is
confined in a container will be

1:UME 1992 QU 11
2:UME 1993 QU 10
13

3;UME 1995 QU 16

D=M/V=M/area x h

4:UME 1997 QU 18

=1=40/2x h

5:UME 1998 QU 15

=20cm

6:UME 1999 QU 14,15

9:UME 2010 QU 12

EXAMPLE3:The mass of a stone is 150g

when completely immersed in water and
10.0g when completely immersed in a
liquid of R.d 2.0.Calculate the mass of the
stone in air?

10:UME 2012 QU 17..

Solution

DENSITY AND UPTHRUST

R.d=mass of sub. Or liquid/mass of equal

vol. of water

Density=mass/volume

2=m-10/m-15

Upthrust is the force experienced by an

object immersed in a fluid,whether partly
or completely.

M=20g

UPTHRUST:weight of object in air/relative

density

2:UME 1995 QU 10

7:UME 2006 QU 25
8:UME 2008 QU 17

EXERCISE
1:UME 1994 QU 2,8,19
3;UME 2010 QU 13

Relative density(R.d)=density of
substance/density of water.

4:UME 1997 QU 16
5:UME 1998 QU 16

=mass of substance/mass of equal vol.

of water

6:UME 1999 QU 13

=weight of substance/weight of water

7:UME 2001 QU 9

U+
T=W,U=upthrust,W=weight,T=normal
reaction force.

8:UME 2002 QU 10
9:UME 2003 QU 9,12
10:UME 2012 QU 16,18

SURFACE TENSION
This is the force acting tangentially per
unit length at the surface.

WAVE
Wave is a disturbance that travels
outward of its source,with energy with it.

S=F/l,N/m
*contact angle of mercury and glass is
140.

TYPES

EXAMPLE1:A body whose mass is 2kg

and has a volume of 500cm3 just float
when completely immersed In a
liquid.Calculate the density of the liquid?

TYPES
1:ME
CHAN
ICAL

Solution
D=m/v=2/500x10^-6
=4x10^3Kg/m^3
EXAMPLE2:A piece of wood of mass 40g
and uniform cross sectional area of 2cm3
floats upright in water .The length of the
wood immersed is?
Solution
14

PROPE
RTIES
Requir
es a
materi
al
mediu
m for
propa
gation
.

2:LON
GITU
DINAL

3:ELE
CTRO
MAGN
ECTIC

4:TRA
NSVE
RSE

5:PRO
GRES
SIVE

They
travel
parall
el to
the
directi
on of
oscilla
tion of
the
particl
es in
the
mediu
m.e.g
sound
wave.
Requir
es no
materi
al
mediu
m for
its
propa
gation
.
They
travel
perpe
ndicul
ar to
the
directi
on of
oscilla
tion of
the
particl
e in
the
mediu
m.e.g
light
wave
Their
directi
on of
motio
n is

not
restric
ted.
6:STA Their
TIONA directi
RY
on is
restric
ted.Th
us,cha
nging
it
directi
on.
TRANSVERSE WAVE
It consists of the max. point also known
as the amplitude,the upper point(crest)
and the lower point(trough).
LONGITUDINAL WAVE
It consists of the part of max. pressure
fixation (compression) and the minimum
presure fixation(rarefraction).
V=f =v= /T,f=1/T
V=speed,f=frequency,T=period, =wa
velength
K=2pie/wavelength,k=wave constant
W=2f,w=angular speed
Equations used in wave motion
Y=Asin[wtkx]
Y=Asin[2ft2x/ ]
=Asin2[ft x / ]
=Asin2[t/T x / ]
=Asin2/ [vtx]
PROPERTIES OF WAVES
1:reflection
2;Refraction
3:polarization
4:diffraction
5:interference
Number of beats per second=f1-f2
where f1>f2
15

A
N

l=

4 =3

/4=53/4

for open pipe;

A=antinode,N=node

l=/2=2=33/2

Distance between;
A and N= /4

N.B:sound travels greater on a clear

night than on a clear day.

N and N,A and A= /2

*quality depends on overtone

*pitch depends on frequency

SOUND WAVE

*loudness depends on amplitude of

vibration

Sound wave is produced by vibrating

bodies e.g guitar.it produces
compression and rarefraction.it
requires material medium for its
propagation.it travels faster in air.The
speed of sound in air is
330m/s^2.Reflecton of sound is called
echo.

N.B:quality distinguishes notes of the

same frequency.
Sound that have frequency of sound
higher than 20,000Hz are called
ultrasonic sounds.

Tx=2x

EXAMPLE1:The distance between two

successive crest of a wave is 0.5m and
the velocity 300m/s.Calculate the
frequency?

>>>>>>>>>>x>>>>>>>>.
<<<<<<x<<<<<<<<<<<<.
V=d/t

Solution

=2d/t

F=/,v=300,=0.5m

D=vt/2

F=v/=200Hz

T=time,v=speed of sound ,d=distance

between the reflection and the observer.

EXAMPLE2:The equation of a wave is

y=15sin2/5(60t x),what is the velocity
and the amplitude?

VT,V=KT
V1/T1=V2T2

Solution

T=temperature

Y=Asin2/[vt-x]

V=T/M

Equate the two;

T=tension, m=mass per unit length

Vt=60t

F=1/2LT/M F=frequency

V=60m/s

fT,F1/L

Amplitude=15.

F1/T1 =F2/T2
a,1 harrmonic=2f

EXAMPLE3:If the fundamental frequency

of a sound is 20Hz,what is it 5th
overtone?

b,2 harmonnic=3f

Solution

c,3 harmonic=4f

5=6f

d,4 harmonic=5f

5th overtone=6x20=120Hz

e,5harmonic=6f

EXAMPLE4:The frequency of a sound is

20Hz and the corresponding length is
10cm,what will be the length if the
frequency is 5Hz?

F1/F2=L2/L1

f=fundamental frequency
length of column in a closed pipe;
16

Solution
F1/f2=l1/l2
20/5=L2/10
L2=40cm
EXAMPLE5:If tension is maintained on a
stretched string of length 0.6m,such that
its fundamental frequency of 220Hz is
excited,determine the velocity of the
transverse wave in the string?
SOLUTION

=2 L , V =F
V=20x0.6x220=264m/s.

EXERCISE

REFRENCE

1:UME 1988 QU 22,23

1:Comprehensive certificate
physics-AWE OLUMUYIWA

2:UME 1990 QU 22
3;UME 1992 QU 20
4:UME 1994 QU 28
5:UME 2002 QU 24

2:lamlad physics-O.AJAJA

6:UME 2007 QU 19
7:UME 2006 QU 25

3:Olevel nelkon and parker

physics

8:UME 2004 QU 42
9:UME 2010 QU 24
10:UME 2012 QU26..

4:science physics J.O AFOLABI

11:The frequency of a wave having

wavelength 20cm and velocity 0.5m/s is?

17

MOTION
Speed=1km/hr=0.27778m/sec
Length=100m=1km
Mass=1g=0.001kg
Time=1day=86400secs
1year=3.16x10^7 secs.

CONVERSION OF UNITS
ENERGY
1Kwhr=3.6x10^6J
1eV=1.602x10^-19J
1cal=4.184J
POWER
1hp=746W
1J/s=1W
1cal/s=4.184W

18