l]odrLiq Noverdi

3/7/zotz

TRANSFORMASI
TEGANGAN DAN TEORI
KEGAGALAN

Tra

nsformations of Stress

3/7

The rnost general state of stress at a point may

be represented by 6 cornponents,

o.\,o)1,6-

nornralstresses

r*y, T 1,;, Tr., shearingstresses

(Note: rr, = T,x, T.),r =

'

T1.y,,

T4 = Ts7)

Same state of stress is represented by a

different set of components if axes are rotated-

. Plane

- state of stress in which two

of the cubic element are free of
stress. For the illustrated example, the
state of stress is defined by
Stress

faces

G*,oyrTxy and oz =Tzx - rry =0.

State of plane stress also occurs on the

free surface of a component.

/2012

3/7120t2

{t

I -,

25 mm
(1 in.)

+
=

r_-l

20OkN=

r+s rirpl

l-l

lzoooooN
l+
100

-Lo
,,,"

l_1'' '''

lvlPa

I 5 kiPlin.z

XFx'=

-2310o +20b.000cos30 = 0
o =75.jMPa
EFy'

-g

2310r - 200.000sin 30 = 0
r = 43.3MPa

3/7

c {MPa)

-90

0.0
6.7

?
3
4

-45

5
6

-30
-15

-60

50.0
75.S

0.0
25.0

50.0

*25.0

100.0

0.0

15

25.0

30
45

'1'r

60

75.0
50.0
25.0

12

75

6./

13

9A

0.0

10

43.3
50.0
43.3
0,0

no

-----Plane

Transformation of plane Stress

. For equilibrium of a prismatic element with

faces perpendicular to the

x,y,

and x,axes.

I 4, = 0 = o x' AA - o, (A,4 cosd)cos 0 - r,r(M

rr,.LJ.\rrrsl/)
r,,,(Ar1 cos 0)

- o r(ta
Z Fy, = 0 = rx,r,

sin

e)sino - r,r,(aAsin d)cosg

M + o,(Al

cosg)sin 0 *

- r,(L,lsine)coso
o

r,,, iA,{ sirr d)

cos O)sin 0

r*r,(M cos1)cos7

+ r rr(Msin g)sin

The equations may be rewritten to yield

o,. to,
o,. =

o,+o,.

-rr,.r, - 9'-!'
2

o,.

-o,,

o,.-o,,
-, -ros2e - r", sin20
sir"t2e t

r,,

cos2o

/20L2

31712012

rr'' {J'i sirr {/l

(b)

{?;t
Z F*, = 0 =

x,M - o r(Mcosg)cosg -, *y(Mcosd)sind

- o r(LAsino)sino - r *r(LAsino)coso
Z Fy, = 0 = r *,r, fuf + o *(LA cos d)sin d - r *r(LA cos g) cos d
- o r(nesin g)cos g + r *r,(Msin o)sino

Z F*, =

= o *,

o *($,1 cos 0) cos 0

- o r($sind)sin
Z Fy, =

= r *,r,

+ o *($)

cos

- o ,($sin7)cos7

- r rr(lfl

I4, :

d)sin g
+ 2,,

- r *r($A cos d) cos d

({d

si

- r,r(sin 0)cos 0
A : r,,.,,,+o,(cosd)sin d- t,,,cos, 0
sin2 0

- o, (sin d)cos 0 + r,,, sin2 0

, ^ 1+cos20
cos-6,--2
. , ^ 1-cos20
sil.l-6l-_
2

d) sin d

-, rr(#sin g)cos g

Ir,, : o : d., -o, cos, o - r,,(coso)sin d

- o,

cos

and sin20 =2sin gcosd

n0)sin0

3/7

sin20 .(t-cos29) -''[-)-'"';

0:o.,-ofl1Jgf'a)
v-vr'
"'[--2

"''
Q

(o,+o.) (o -o

[-;J.[t;f
-

)cos2o

r,,)Y

"

sin2o

- r.,, cos2o

r
sin20
=-lO
\ .t -O It f.-+f,,
,L

COS2p

[=..)] [[=)"o,ze +'.,,in zof

=

sin2or,.'''o"']

[(=l
t
lo., t

{. 2 i-t -l-t)cos2e-r"sin2o

= r x,t,,* (r"

7..,..,

["'

('-o

o'*o,)

sin20

)-"'

o:o,-(
"

/2012

("+l| :[t=;

coszo+..,

.,n,,]

lo,'- (-+")]' :
I

l(=l'

"o,'

20

.r,,' sin, r,

r(t-:'l

-., .o, za,in za

]

(o -o \
l'
L t-;]sin2o+r"cos2ol

- r_ I

- r_ l(o_o\. sin'2ot

Lt-,

2 ,^^ -(o,_o..\ sin2ocoszof

r.,'cos'zo-zl|)',,

3/7l2ot2

o.,

ttr'!

:[f=;

sin22o

r',2

*'*

ze

l" t.p)]= =("*)',oi,e

ot

-zf
*,

r, sln

'*1

T^

,,,,, -l

i=l

sin2

2o+',"

zef

"o*

io-' -t(o. *r, .1l'*",'_ ,= (o, q ')' (cof zd+sin' ze)+,r,,'("oi

t'
I

/)ll

l-\ '

zo +sin, zo)

,/

2
+T,,
xy

["

[';'[

(o*,-oare)' *r?,r,
where

= R2

r2
o,-o,
_l

t2)

+ Txy

3/7

PrincipalStresses

The previous equations are combined to

yield parametric equations for a circle,

(or,-on,")2 +rl,r,, = p2
where
d

- ot'('=

o,.'' + o,,)

P-

'.'

Principal stresse.r occur on the principal

planes of stress with zero shearing stresses.

firaxjrr

.4-+.n, lG---o1
)
'-- - *illl \
) l*4.,

>
'\)'
ta*/' q--c,
Nl orde fi ftwDrg*eparlapf

Maximum Shearing Stress

Maximum shearing stress occurs for

o-r' = oove

q,,,, - *i

(max

=A=

otan20":- ^- o..)
''

xt'

Note : deflnes tr"o ungl"r r"parated by 90o and

ofl'set li'orl

o, = oor,"

0..l:v
l,
"

o\+o,,
2

45o

/20t2

3/7l2ot2

Tnrsi*nal

tutorJe s

Ductile nratorials generally fail

in

shear. Brittle rnaterials are weaker in

tension

ffi'EI* e

than

shear.

When subjected to torsion, a ductile

specirren breaks along a plane of

rnaxirnunr slrear,

'r

i.e., a

plane

perpendicular to the shali axis.

Ductile-)maksimum shear

When subjected to torsion, a brittle

specimen breaks along planes
perpendicular to the direction in
which tension is a nraximum, i.e.,
along surfaces at 45o to the shaft
axis.

Brittle)maksimum tension

17

Example

SOLUTION:

Find the element orientation for the principal

stresses from

ttn2d u =

'

Fig.7.13

stress shown,

(a) the principal planes,

(b) the principal

and
correspond ing
stress.

v lnar.lnrn - -;-z

the
norrnal

Calculate the maximum shearing stress with

stresses,

(c) the maxirnunr shearing

stress

Determine the principal stresses frorrr

(Jr+Ov

For the state of

plane
determine

2t.-.,
r/
or*ov

Ttlax =

, or* 6r,
2

3/7

Example

/20t2

1-

SOLUTION:

Find the element orientation for the principal

stresses from

2'-L 2(+ ao)

=ox-o).=50
= r.33 j
(-10)
'
20, : 53.1",23r.r"

tan2o,,

Determine the principal stresses from

Example 1
''

j'l*^,.

.iffi+*
Frs.7.io

Calculate the maxinrurn shearing stress with

q;-+5 (),,lPa6r-:-14f}41
q-_:-l 0I,{Pa"

- il3of- L4oP

m:JoM-Pd
0r=0u-45

.. 2{i

N1

t'r

The corresponding norrnal stress is

6 ,=oa,e=

E'=

zo

nlF

ox+ov
,

50_10
2

10

3/712012

Example 2

SOLUTION:

.
.

Deterrnine an equivalent force-couple

systerr at the center ofthe transverse
section passing through H.
Evaluate the normal and shearing
stresses at H-

.
A single horizontal force P of 150 lb
magnitude is applied to end D of lever
ABD. Determine (a) the normal and
shearing stresses on an element at
point H having sides parallel to the x
and y axes, (b) the principal planes
and principal stresses at the point H.

Determine the principal planes and

calculate the principal stresses.

Example 2

SOLUTION:

Detennine an equivalent force-couple

systent at the centel ofthe transverse
section passing through H.

l' = I 50lb

r = (t50tbxlrin): z.tkip.in
l,t

x:(t5olbxloin)= l.5kip

in

Evaluate the normal and shearing stresses

at H.

Io'

*lwt
*'tir

_ . Atc
)
t
-rr,'' -t . tc;-l
J

^-l--Lt.

'r\

(r.stip in10.6in)
j z(0.r,

in )a

(z.lrip.in (o.r;in)
I

] .r(u.o

irr )a

;:-r88{tsi4,-r79

11

317

/2012

Example 2

Determine the principal planes and

calculate the principal stresses.

2',t 2(7.?Q
' o, o) = 0-8.84 = -r.8

tan2o,,=
20

o = -61 .9",1 1r"

l4r5E-q51
ox+ov-ll f;-;7,
_
drnar.rn,n
,')*r;,
8.84

o+

a
L

1.,.,u"

//o
lll

- s.sa\r

l\

= +13.52

qn;,., = -4.6Bksi

STATIC DESIGN

t2

3/7

/20L2

Summary of the Fundamental Loadinss

Lrtir,.linr

sll'ri\ if

N{}rlllail

Sltcirrslr't'r:

{rr

A:ilirl

,,{

Tllr.r nrx

rr7

ll11

ql/'1
t'

l)irr,L l sltr:itr'

."t

'l'

Tr)r\ iiril

.:

Bt'lJing

Lu-

Summary of the pressure Loadings

EI.,lu,lil

T'hir

\!,rLL

flutlllj
sphrrir

''rt' =

Thin l,'1lll.t!indft:

slrL:r:t (r, I

Sltr',,r rtrur.

rt

-lr

A.li:rl

:t
Hrr1,.

't,.r'=

STATIC DESIGN
The question now arises as to whether the varues
of the principar stresses (or) and (or)
and the maximum and minimum shear stresses ((."_/
and ((.,"/ found tor a macfrine
element in previous chap., either mathematicaily'or using
the Mohr,s circre graphical
process, represent a safe operating condition.
Depending on whether the material used for the
machine element can be considered
ductile or brittre, the most commonry accepted criteria,
or theories, predicting that a
design is safe under static conditions wiil be presented.
The most common ways to
define a factor-of-safety (n) tor a machine erement wiil
arso be presented, again based
on whether the material being used is ductile or brittle.
For ductile materials, the yierd strength (sr/ in tension
ond in compression ore rerotivery
equal in magnitude, whereas for brittle materials the ultimate
compressive strength
(s,./ is significantly greater in magnitude than the urtimate
tensire strength (s", ). The
Figure reflects the difference between the yield and ultimate
streng-ths, and the
difference between the magnitudes of the urtimate tensire
and compressive strengths.

13

31712012

Stotic Design Coordinate System

-sy

so

S,r

,, -"rl-r-"-\

Static Design for Ductile Materials

EA material is considered ductile if it exhibits a true strain at fracture
that is greater than 5 percent.

[The important strength for determining safe condition is the yield

strength (Sr,).
Three static design theories that fit the experimental data on whether
the combinations of (o., o) for a machine element are safe:

1. Maximum-normal-stress theory
2. Maximum-shear-stress theory
3. Distortion-energy theory

lcombinations in the second (ll) quadrant are impossible if it

is

assumed that the maximum principal stress (o,) is always greater

than or at least equar to the minimum principJt stress '1oj, even
though the mathematicar expresslons and graphical represe"niations
that will be shown allow this combination.

1"4

3/7l2ot2

Ma xi m u m-N o r m o I -Stre ss T h e o ry.

The square represented by the tensile and compressive yield strengths (S,
)
Any combination of the principal stresses (o,, o) that dls inside
this square represents a safe design.

yd fSr,).

o1 -; .Ir. rif

0ll
l

{il

rr. >' -.!.r.

rrl

iFr

,51. l?

lt

s,,
' 'r
ill

i,l

-Sr,

rI

The factor-of-safety (n) represents how

c/ose the combination of the principal
stresses (ot, oz) is to the boundary.

M a xi m u m -S h e a r-St re ss Th e o ry

ffl - ,Tl
Sy
-'. -''

---) ol - rrr .:- 51.

-SyiJ

6'I - (rl
_

l\4axirnttrn-nornral-slrcss
theor
r-ch+ar-stres s

rl'

theory
't-

\./\^,/

,/

II

/s.

-sj,

i
I

M.ax

r{t

IV A../

,/

".

lvlaxinti:m-she
the,:rv

-.-

inium-n0fmal-sirgss
the0ry

1_5

317l2oL2

Di sto rti o n - E n e rgy Th e o ry

r,2

o2l

o1{J2

<

(oi +,rrl -,rro:)r"l

ri

.s
1

Ivlaximurn.normal.s"trre$s

theoryI

hlaximr:m-sl

tl

ilt

/*4-

Di$lortion'Bilergy
the()ry
-shear-strsss
theory

Maximum-nolmal.glress
ihebry

il

lil
..

1_6

3/7

Recom men d ati on s fo

lzorz

Du cti I e M qte ri q ls.

IUaxinlutn{t0t n ral-st1 ess

theory

5rL
Boundary ol allor
alloil
combinations

'"

''r/

)'

,ul

',,,,

Dislorti<in-enerqy
theorv

'fir

\\/--'<
-ry

t-sht,ilr-strlsl

,/

Mirxir rrull-rrolnlll-stress
lheor v

First (l): Distortion-energy theory is the most accurate. Maximum-normal_stress

theory is okay, but conservative. Maximum-shear-stress theory does not appry.
Fourth (lV): Distortion-energy theory is the most accurate. Maximum-shear_stress
theory is okay, but conservative. Maximum-normar-stress theory does
not appry,
1"

Biaxial where
G1

: or;'

Boundary of allowable

combinations -q_

--)
//

Biaxial whi:re

$t=Zcrz>A

';-\-

"'

Uniaxial where

t\

n1>0,o2-0

l
I

Pure shoar where

o., > 0,

o, - *o,

Load lines for uniaxial, biaxial, and pure shear combinations.

L7

3/7

/2012

Example 1, Plot the combinations given in the table below of the principal stresses
(or,o), on a static design coordinate system for ductile materials. use a yield
strength (5, / of 8+ MPa that is at the low end for magnesium alloys.
Srurm:ry of thr flr,inripal
Ex&aplo

"<tre_qscs

Pri,:cipal $turJs

iiom :selccr*d eramplc,s (jrl Mp{)

{s1.1

Pr

ircipal :less {o2)

5 (1i5,2)

i$5.;1)

84

.l

{}.i,3}

112

4 {$5.-i)

7{)

Pure dhear where

lt

>.Q
,,.

.or"=

-6,

Distortion-energy theory

Poins9

(o?

+r.

I_
,?

_ r,tr:)tE

.r.,;=F_ 1 *

((.rtti+i--tj):

(,:,.,t:r9+ 1.0,19+:,?iq)1,'2

ri4-:

*(E.i)r_r.r11r,':

_(t0.ltTtfi :-i,10t.5: :1.:l

M

/?:::U.81{irniille)
1.::\

Poin2) .11ia", -r,t.,)"t

.t'"ils4

{r*Jrjrrr}lj-16rlrg))tl

(,-,rrj(,il,i
I _ (;.i,5ai +t) Tojl,',l
_
_ *, _ ,
,l
H..l
S-+
s-l '

'

poin3)

I,n?

-,
+ oi

1"0 (0kiIY' l)ut olargitlal)

- oto:))fl * ] * (t

!,'

,,

tt.l2

-,r-

-----r,!

(5r:)1

- (l t:J(5{,j)j.11
-.-

l _ (l:.s44+:i, lj{i*6:232\,/t _(9"408)ri 90.9,r

:
:-:J
tl
s4
E4
n:
: {l.}ii (rrsrtc.r

15

l. L5

18

31712012

(.,'+,,,: -.irt)r.,]

51

1r

(+.900 +:l.9fl0

/,

SI

lt L+:l

((;0):,

t j-?01:,-

(701(-76rrr./:r

S-j

+ 4.q0()lt,/l (l-l.70i).ir,1 |]].14

-!I
sr

I rl
-

ti.fig (un:rati'l

-:

Maximu m-normal-stress theory

Poin4) +:t:1ll:t,.
5.. 7r S+
n

:0,75

t_.

(urrsalr.)

Maximu m-shea r-stress theory

Poins) 0l -or : i _ 6i-i*i.l) _ ii6 _,.u

'

5-

rr

"

'is -

N+

() 72 iunstl'c)

poin4) .r -,'. : l.:'5trr,_ll',

.(,

/r

s-+

s-l

_,.."'

\-l -

'

,_

'

tl:_=(J.00ixltsafe)
l.(r?

Perhatikan gambar dimana p : 200 lb, jika terbuat dari baja

kaarbon dengan yield strength 15 kpsi amankah konstruksi

tersebut? dan berapakah angka keamanannya?

I----B

ld

19

3lT

lzotz

Static Design for Brittle Materials

For brittle materials, there are three static design theories that fit the available
experimental data on whether the combinations of (or,or) for a machine
element are safe:
L. Maximum-normal-stress theory
2. Coulomb-Mohr theory
3. Modified Coulomb-Mohr theory

ff1 <

,\gt Olt rrl ;- -

s:1*2
.)r;

fl

,5u.,

Srit

),4

il

)il

IV

i1

-'6,;

$,n

Coulomb-Mohr theory
jr

O1

,.tl

,r.*-.t;''
Coulomb.ltl*r;

rlo)lrlrrll
5u,

\,r

ll

O.
--- J;tl

-. '

,Su,

,(,,,.

o1

.Jrr

-t

rn'

ll

the first expression specifies the line

in the fourth (lV) quadrant and the
second expression specifies the line,

only mathematically, in the second

(ll) quadrant.

IMaximum-*orru1-...;tr*s

tlleor/

20

31712012

M od ified Co

u Io m

b-M

oh

Th eo

ry

s,,'\-', !\(t5r, \
S,,,
)
-

.J,,,.

nt /,

.5,,'

d.

s;\'-s-,/-5;:;

0l'

,:

{,

5,,\'

ot /.

s"

\'-

,\',,\

o)

L/-.r;-''
S,r t
J

"t;

ot
:;
-.u

,Modllied CoLrlomb.Molrr
theory

Cbulomb.Moltr \,

lhAory

-'-- \jr,

The first expression specifies the

line in the fourth (tV) quadrant

connecting the points (0,-5,,) and
fS,r ,-S,t ), and the second
expression specifies the line in the
second (ll) quadrant connecting
the points l-5,,0) ond (-S,,,Sur).

Comparison to Experimental Data.

21

317

/2012

Recommendations for Brittle Materiols.

['irst (1,):

iol

:" 0 arrrl rr, .:, 0J

;rpply . Ill oclili cd (.'oul otn

Foulth

(tV):

-N{olrr. thcr:r.1. docr nol irl)p ly.

(o1 .= 0 urrcl 0 >

o:

.,-

.5l,r)

MtIitnwn^nrtrtttt.tl-slrr'.t'.v llttltl i,t !lrc tnosl il.t'uftrlt,. Ctltrlornl.r-L,ftrltr thurrv

is oLa.v,
frut cofiscrvlrrivc. M.rliiicrr crouri:rnb-lvtohr rhcr:ry docs n(]t ilpr)h.
Fotrrtlr

ilV): (c1

.."

(.1

ilrLl --S,11 .:! or -..

C(,nstlVIli\'(. \ltrtirrtriltt-ritlt.ttlill-:.tl.c\\

*.. .5'/,.

lht.t,r._t

tl,rer tr,)l

irllll\.

Example 2. Plot the combinations given in the tabre berow of

the principal
stresses (or, or) on a static design coordinate system for brittle
materials.
Also, determine the factor-of-safety for each combination.
Use an ultimate

strength

in tension (5r, / of 210 Mpa and an ultimate strength

compression (5,"/ of 630 Mpa that are typical values for cast iron.

in

llrirrcif','r I rt r*ss*ri i i1 h{It1i

Pilint
l

Prui.rrpirl }{ies5 i{rt I

ll{}
)1il

[.1{ |

I ',
I /-,

Iui

Pr':l'tr r;:rlil strcss

ln: i

ii-i

il

t4ii
t "t\

-:1fi5

22

3/7

/20L2

$mle:55.MPa r 35,MFa

ot
I
5rr ,x
-=---:t.i.r

lli0
'l

ir : :::

tl l.\

l..ii

Iloilt I

1U11ri1lg.)

l
I
:<t1 : _:
,lr1 ri

'l

_:l{)
ll{l

/i = , -:
l'l)

ot
.Irr

i:_:_:().(.;

) tr

I
ir

ioLS'.llul

rrtirr':"inall

l+o
I

I -l

l,i)

llt)

// =
li.h i

I\rir

lr'l

l.j ir:rlr't

-:

rr
t
lli
j:_:_=(ri.,l
'S,,, r; j I{l
I

tt : ;-;a : l.l
lt s \

ts.rl.- l

23

3/7

l'()t Ill

i:

t()

t,ltl
il :

I ..',r
-

l:'rrirtt

/2012

.l

- |.{6 r\ ll(,. I rrl llit l):ili.l\

.\s

(]iU

.iq.i
/r i{}

(,.q1

-1:

rr')

{t

l?-i * ll.i
(r.ltl
I li
tT.i
-175 Ili
1

.Sor $'',. r?

ll-i

il

llti
I

)t =
-.t.l

6\il

ll()

(11{J

-ifi

t7.i

r,.iit'6.\t)

-l_

7()o

--

_t

r,l(r-"'

lt

: tr \r{l rdilr.rla)
1

Pnint 5:

$t
,\',.,
I
,/
il *-

n:
5o,
105
I I(r
I

l_lt
-

I l(l"i -1$.j
ri : I {i /r:lt)
*-1lj5 105 -r8-i
(1ilr
llt, r,irJ

= Ir,!(1

Ii

_l_
o.ill

:135_
6ili

7(Xr

__ttt
hlt)-"'

11115;11'1.r

Perhatikan gambar dimana P : 200 lb, jika terbuat dari cast iron
dengan ultimate strength in tension 30 kpsi dan ultimate strength
in compression 90 kpsi amankah konstruksi tersebut? dan
berapakah angka keamanannya?

]-----a

II

24