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1. Overview
1. Learning
1. A long lasting change in behavior resulting from experience
2. Classical Conditioning
1. Ivan Pavlov
1. Russian Physiologist
2. Found that dogs learn to salivate to simply the sounds that they regularly
hear before being fed
3. Developed classical conditioning:
1. neutral stimuli associated with stimuli such as food will produce
similar responses as the old stimuli
2. Classical Conditioning Process
1. Unconditioned stimulus (US or UCS)
1. the original stimulus that elicits a response
2. elicits a natural, reflexive response
3. produces the unconditioned response (UR or UCR)
4. if continually paired with a neutral stimulus, they will be
associated
2. Conditioned stimulus (CS)
1. a neutral stimulus that is paired with an unconditioned stimulus
2. elicit a conditioned response (CR)
3. Acquisition
1. learning has occurred once the animals respond to the CS without
the US
2. example
1. a rat named Barnabus who learned to run through a
veritable obstacle course to get food
5. Discriminative stimulus
1. in discrimination, the special conditions under which the subject
learns to perform the desired behavior
6. Primary reinforcers
1. are rewarding in and of themselves
2. food, water, rest
7. Secondary reinforcers
1. things we have learned to value
2. praise, the chance to play a video game
8. Money
1. a generalized reinforcer because it can be traded for almost
anything
9. Token economy
1. a practical application of generalized reinforcers
2. used in prisons, mental institutions, schools
3. every time people perform a desired behavior, they are given a
token
1. can be traded for any one of a variety of reinforcers
10. Premack principle
1. the reinforcing properties of something depend on the situation
2. whichever of two activities is preferred can be used to reinforce
the
other activity
6. Reinforcement Schedules
1. Continuous reinforcement
1. rewarding the behavior each time
2. best when first teaching a new behavior
1. once behavior is learned, partial reinforcement schedules
yield higher response rates
2. Partial-reinforcement effect
1. behaviors will be more resistant to extinction if the animal has not
been reinforced continuously
3. Ways they differ
1. what determines when reinforcement is delivered
1. number of responses made- ratio schedule
2. the passage of time- interval schedule
2. the pattern of reinforcement
1. constant- fixed schedule
2. changing- variable schedule
4. Fixed-ratio (FR) schedule
1. provides reinforcement after a set number of responses
2. FR-5 schedule
1. subject will be rewarded after the fifth response
5. Variable-ratio (VR) schedule
1. provides reinforcement based on a varying number of responses
2. VR-5 schedule
1. average number of responses required to get a reward is
five
6. Fixed-interval (FI) schedule
1. Robert Rescorla
2. a revised version of the Pavlovian model
1. takes into account more complex circumstances
3. rests upon a cognitive view of classical conditioning
2. Observational Learning (Modeling)
1. Albert Bandura
1. studying modeling helped him formulate social-learning theory
2. Species-specific
1. it only occurs between members of the same species
3. Basic components:
1. observation
2. imitation
3. a mental representation of the observed behavior must exist to
enable
imitation
4. Bobo doll experiment
1. children exposed to adults who modeled aggressive behavior
against Bobo doll
2. children left alone with a bobo doll
3. they exhibited almost identical aggressive behavior
4. Bandura and Ross 1963
5. showed that children learn violent behavior through observation
3. Latent Learning
1. Becomes obvious only once a reinforcement is given for demonstrating it
2. Edward Tolmans experiment
3. suddenly, they piled up the boxes, climbed up, and grabbed the
banana