Single Phase Transformer

Single phase
Transformer
Electrical and Electronics Science
Single phase transformer
SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER

INTRODUCTION
A transformer is a static machine.

The word transformer comes from the word transform.
Transformer is not an energy conversion device, but is a device that changes AC electrical
power at one voltage level into AC electrical power at another voltage level through the
action of magnetic field, without a change in frequency.
It can be either to step-up or step-down.
Figure 1
Explain the construction and working of single phase transformer.

Ans.: The construction of a single- phase transformer is as shown in Fig. 13(a). It consists of
two highly inductive coils (windings) wound on an iron or steel core.
The winding (Coil) connected to the ac supply is called as primary winding whereas the other
one is called as the secondary winding.
The ac supply is connected to the primary winding where the load is connected to the secondary
winding.
The primary and secondary winding are isolated from each other as well as from the iron core
thus there is absolutely no physical connection between the primary and secondary windings.
The symbolic representation of the transformer is shown Fig. 2 (b)
Figure 2 (a) Elementary transformer
The Automobile Society (India)
Figure 2 (b) Symbol of transformer
Page 1
The principle of operation of a transformer has been explained in the Table - 1.

Table1: Operating principle of a transformer
1. As soon as the primary winding is connected to the single phase as supply, an ac current
starts flowing through it.
2. The ac primary current produces an alternating flux
in the core.
3. Most of this changing flux gets linked with the secondary winding through the core.
4. The varying flux will induce voltage into the secondary winding according to the faradays
laws of electromagnetic induction.
This due to primary current, there is an induced voltage in the secondary winding due to mutual
induction. Hence the emf induced in the secondary is called as the mutually induced emf.
CONSTRUCTION OF A TRANSFORMER
The most important parts of a transformer are the windings (coils) and the core. However for the
large capacity transformers, some other parts such as suitable tank, conservator, bushings,
breather, explosion vent etc. are also used along with the core and windings. The construction of
a large single phase transformer is shown in Fig. 3
Figure 3: Construction of a single phase transformer
LAMINATED STEEL CORE

The material used for the construction of the transformer core is silicon steel. It is used for its
high permeability and low magnetic reluctance. Due to this the magnetic field produced in the
core is very strong. The core is in the form of stacks of laminated thin steels sheet which are
electrically isolated from each other. The laminations are typically 0.35 mm thick.
The various ways of core construction are shown in Fig - 4. The core is assembled in such a way,
that the assembly provides a continuous path for the magnetic flux, with a minimum air gap.
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Figure 3 Core construction using L-shape lamination
Fig. 4 (a) and (b) shows the arrangement of two L-shaped laminations whereas Figs. 4 (c) and 4
(d) show the adjacent layers of I-shaped laminations.
Figure 4: Arrangement of I-shaped laminations
DIFFERENT CROSS-SECTIONS FOR TRANSFORMER LIMBS.

The cross-section of the limb of the core of small transformer is rectangular as shown in Fig.5 (a)
and the windings wound around it are also rectangular.
Figure 4
But as the size of the transformers increase, use of rectangular cross-section limb and rectangular
windings become wasteful. Hence circular cross-section windings are generally preferred. The
cross-section of the limb of core of such transformers is either square or stepped as shown in
Figs. 16(b), (c) and (d). With increase the number of steps, the cross-section of the windings will
be more and more close to circular cross-section and less copper is required to wind these coils.
But due to the stepped structure of the limb of the core the labor charges to construct the core
increase.
Page 3
WINDINGS OF THE TRANSFORMER

In Fig. 6 we have shown the primary and secondary windings to be on two different limbs of the
core. But such an arrangement is made practically, then a part of the flux produced in the core
will not be linked to the secondary windings at all. This is called as the leakage flux. In order to
avoid this, the primary and secondary windings are mounted on the same limb of the core as
shown in Fig. 6.
They are two types of windings:
1. Concentric cylindrical type of winding.
2. Sandwiched type winding.
1. Concentric cylindrical type of winding
The cylindrical coils (windings) are placed in the concentric way around the same limb
with the low voltage winding placed inside and high voltage winding is placed outside it
with proper insulation between the windings are shown in Fig. 17.
Figure 5: Cylindrical windings of a practical transformer
Both the winding are insulated from the core as well. The low voltage windings are placed close
to the core because it is easy to insulate a low voltage winding from the core rather than
insulating the high voltage winding from the core.
2. Sandwiched type winding
Here the high voltage and low voltage windings are divided into a number of small coils
and then these small windings are interleaved as shown in Fig. 7.
The top and bottom windings are low voltage coils because they are close to the core.
The other type of windings is called as the sandwiched type winding which is shown in
Fig. 7.
Figure 6: Sandwich type winding
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Transformer tank
The whole assembly of large size transformer is placed in a sheet metal tank. Inside the tank the
assembly of the transformer is immersed in oil which acts as an insulator as well as a coolant.
The oil will take out the heart produced by the transformer windings and core and transformer it
to the surface of the transformer tank.
Function of transformer oil
The construction of the transformer should be such that the heat generated at the core and at the
windings should be removed efficiently.
Moreover, in order to avoid the insulation deterioration, the moisture should not be allowed to
creep into the insulation. Both these objectives can be achieved by immersing the built up
transformer in a closed tank filled with noninflammable insulating oil called transformer oil.
In order to increase the cooling surface exposed to ambient, tubes or fins are provided on the
outside of tank walls.
Conservator
In large transformers, some empty space is always provided above the oil level. This space is
essential for letting the oil to expand or contract due to the temperature changes.
When the oil temperature increase, it expands and the air will be expelled out from the
conservator. Whereas when the oil cools, it contracts and the outside air gets sucked inside the
conservator. This process is called as the breathing of the transformer.
However, the outside air which has being drawn in can have the moisture content. When such an
air comes in contact with the oil, the oil will absorb the moisture content and loses its insulating
properties, to some extent. This can be prevented by using a conservator.
The conservator is a cylindrical shaped air tight metal drum placed on the transformer tank. The
conservator is connected to the tank by a pipe.
The oil level in the conservator is such that, always some empty space is available above the oil.
Due to the use of conservator, the main tank will be always full with oil and the surface of oil in
the tank will not be exposed directly to the air.
Breather
The apparatus through which breathing of the transformer take place is called as Breather.
The air goes in or out through the breather. To reduce the moisture content of this air, some
drying agent (material that absorbs moisture) such as silica gel or calcium chloride is used in the
breather. The dust particles present in the air are also removed by the breather.
Buccholz relay
There is a pipe connecting the tank and conservator. On this pipe a protective is called Buccholz
is mounted.
When the transformer is about to be faulty and draw large currents, the oil becomes very hot and
decomposes. During this process different types of gases are liberated. The Buccholz relay get
Page 5
operated by these gases and given an alarm to the operator. If the fault continues to persist, they
the relay will trip off the main circuit breaker to protect the transformer.
Explosion Vent
The explosion vent or relief value is the bent up pipe fitted on the main tank.
The explosion vent consists of a glass diaphragm or aluminum foil. When the transformer
becomes faculty, the cooling oil will get decomposed and various types of gasses are liberated.
If the gas pressure reaches a certain level then the diaphragm in the explosion vent will burst to
release the pressure. This will save the main tank from getting damaged.
IDEAL TRANSFORMER
An ideal transformer is a transformer which has no loses, i.e. its winding has no ohmic
resistance, no magnetic leakage and therefore no
and core loses.
However, it is impossible to realize such a transformer in practice.
Yet, the approximate characteristic of ideal transformer will be used in characterized the
practical transformer.
Figure 7
PRACTICAL TRANSFORMER (EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT)
Figure 8 Equivalent circuit of Transformer
Page 6
The equivalent circuit of Fig- 9 can be divided into three parts as follows:
1. No load equivalent circuit
2. Equivalent circuit of primary
3. Equivalent circuit of secondary
1. No load equivalent circuit
The no load equivalent circuit of the transformer consists of the components
and . The
components
and
are connected in parallel with each other so that the total current
through them is equal to the no load primary current . The parallel combination of
and
is also called as exciting circuit.
From the equivalent circuit we can write that,
Primary components:
The resistance
and reactance
correspond to the winding resistance (dc resistance) and
leakage reactance of the primary winding.
is the additional primary current which
flows due to the load connected on the secondary side of the transformer.
This total current is given by,
Secondary components
The resistance
and reactance
correspond to the winding resistance and leakage
reactance of the secondary winding. The practical equivalent circuit is further simplified by
transferring all the quantities to either primary or secondary side. This is done in order to
make the transformer calculations easy.
2. Equivalent Circuit Referred to Primary Side:
All the components on the secondary side of the transformer are transferred to the primary
side as shown in Fig 10 (a). This circuit shows the equivalent circuit referred to the primary
side.
Figure 9 (a): Equivalent circuit of the transformer referred to the primary
are the values of
respectively when transferred to the primary
side.
Page 7
The values of these components are obtained as follows:
The voltage
and current
respectively. The expression for
also are transferred to the primary side as

are as follows:
3. Equivalent Circuit Referred to the Secondary:

The other way of drawing the equivalent circuit is to transfer all the quantities from primary
to secondary. The equivalent circuit of the transformer referred to the secondary side is as
shown in Fig. 10 (a). The components
are the components which are
transferred from primary to secondary side.
Figure 10 (b): Equivalent circuit of transformer referred to the secondary
The transfer expressions for these components are as follows:
The primary voltage and current such as

also get transferred to the secondary side as
respectively, and their expressions are as follows.
Where
Approximate Equivalent Circuit:
Figure 10 (C): Approximate equivalent circuit referred to the primary
Page 8
The approximate equivalent circuit can be obtained by shifting the exciting circuit (containing
to the left of
as shown in Fig 10 (c)
Due to shifting of
to the left of
will create an error in the voltage drop across
. Hence this circuit is called as the approximate circuit.
Total primary resistance,
Similarly,
Total primary resistance,
The other components in Fig. 10(d) are as follows:
Figure 10 (d): Simplified equivalent circuit referred to primary
Regulation of a Transformer
Ideally the secondary terminal voltage
(or load voltage) of a transformer should remain
constantly independent of the load current as shown in Fir-10 (e). But practically the load voltage
decreases with increase in load current as shown in Fig 10 (e).
No load voltage: The no load voltage is the secondary terminal voltage corresponding to zero
load current for a transformer No load voltage =
volts
Full load voltage: It is the secondary terminal voltage corresponding to the specified load
current. Let us denote it by . The percent voltage regulation is given mathematically as:
Thus with increase in load current, the value of decreases and the percent regulation increases
(become poor). Ideal value of voltage regulation is 0%
Page 9
Figure 10 (e): Concept of voltage regulation
PHASOR DIAGRAM
Phasor Diagram of Practical Transformer on No Load:
The phasor diagram of a practical transformer on no load is as shown in Fig. 1.
Figure 11: Phasor diagram of practical transformer on no load
The two components Im and Ic are 900 phase shifted with respect to each other and I0 is the
resultant of the two. Hence the total no of load current I0 is the phasor addition of Ic and Im.
. (1)
In the practical transformer, the no load current I0 does not have a 900 phase shift with respect to
V1. But now it lags V1 by an angle
which is smaller than 900.
No load power factor:
The no load power factor is defined as the cosine of angle
No load power factor =
From the phasor diagram of Fig. 8, we can conclude that,
Im = I0
The magnetizing component Im lags behind V1 by exactly 900.
The core loss component Ic is in phase with V1 and it is given by,
Ic = I0
The magnitude of no load primary current is therefore given by,
I0 =
And the no load power factor angle
is given by,
. (2)
. (3)
. (4)
. (5)
The total power input on no load is denoted by W0 and it is given by,

Page 10
W0 = V1 I0
. (6)
But
I0
= Ic, Hence
W0 = V1Ic
. (7)
The value of no load primary current I0is very small, of the order of 3 to 5% of the rated full load
current. Therefore the primary cooper loss is very small. Hence Ic is called as core loss or iron
loss component. Hence W0 represents the core loss or iron loss as the copper is small.
W0 = Iron loss = V1Ic
Example
Open circuit and short circuit tests were connected on a 50 KVA, 6360V/240V,
50 Hz, single phase transformer.
OC TEST : voltage across primary 6360 V, primary current 1.0A, power input 2 kW.
SC TEST : voltage across primary 180 V, current is secondary 175 A, power input 2 kW.
Draw an equivalent circuit with all parameters refer to secondary and also voltage regulation.
Ans.:
Given:
kVA = 50,
=6360/240 V, f=50 Hz
=6360 V, =1A,
=2kW
To find:
Step 1:
1. Equivalent circuit with respect to secondary.

2. Voltage regulation
Calculation of K and
K=
Step 2:
Calculation of
and
2000 = 6360 x 1
This resistance is on primary side. So transfer it to secondary side as:
Transfer it to the secondary side as:

Step 3:
Calculation of
[
Step 4:
Draw the equivalent circuit:
Page 11
Step 5:
Fig. 8 shows the equivalent circuit with respect to secondary side.

Calculation of the percent regulation:
%R=
MEASUREMENT ON TRANSFORMER
1.
2.
There are two test conducted on transformer

Open Circuit Test
Short Circuit Test
The test is conducted to determine the parameter of the transformer.
Open circuit test is conducted to determine magnetism parameter,
Short circuit test is conducted to determine the copper parameter depending where the test is
performed. If performed at primary, hence the parameters are
and vice-versa
OPEN-CIRCUIT TEST
Measurement are at high voltage side

For a given test parameters,
Figure 12
Page 12
Note:
If the question asked parameters referred to Low voltage side, the parameters
obtained need to be referred to low voltage side.
SHORT-CIRCUIT TEST
Measurements are at low voltage side.

If the given test parameters are taken on primary side,
vice-versa.
will be obtained. Or else,
Figure 13
Example
Given the test on 500 kVA 2300/208V is as follows:
Determine the transformer parameters and draw equivalent circuit referred to high voltage side.
Also calculate appropriate value of
at full load, the full load efficiency, half load efficiency
and voltage regulation, when power factor is 0.866 lagging.
[
]
ANS
FROM OPEN CIRCUIT TEST,
(
Since
Figure 14
All reading are taken on the secondary side.

Page 13
Parameters referred to high voltage side

( )
( )
From Short Circuit Test

First, check the
Since
all reading are actually taken on the primary side.

(
( )
(
EFFICIENCY,
*
*
+
(
*
*
+
(
Page 14
VOLTAGE REGULATION
[
[
*
Example
1.5 kVA single phase transformer has rated voltage of 144/240 V. Finds its full
load current.
Solution
Example
A single phase transformer has 400 primary and 1000 secondary turns. The net
cross-sectional area of the core is 60m2. If the primary winding is connected to a
50Hz supply at 520 V, calculate:
a) The induced voltage in the secondary winding.
b) The peak value of flux density in the core.
Solution
a) Know that,
b) Emf,
[
]
[
Example
A 25 kVA transformer has 500 turns on the primary and 50 turns on the
secondary winding. The primary is connected to 3000 V, 50 Hz supply.
Find:
a) Full load primary current
b) The induced voltage in the secondary winding
Solution
VA = 25k VA
Page 15
Solution
a) Know that,
b) Induced voltage,
(
)
(
c) Max flux
TRANSFORMER EFFICIENCY
To check the performance of the device, by comparing the output with respect to the input.
The higher the efficiency, the better the system
Where
Where, if load, hence n = , load , n =

, 90 % of full load, n = 0.9
VOLTAGE REGULATION
The purpose of voltage regulation is basically to determine the percentage of voltage drop
between no load and full load.
Voltage Regulation can be determine based on 3 methods:
a) Basic definition
b) Short- Circuit Test
c) Equivalent Circuit
VOLTAGE REGULATION (BASIC DEFINATION)
In this method, all parameter are being referred to primary or secondary side.
Can be represented in either
Page 16
o Down voltage regulation
Up Voltage Regulation
VOLTAGE REGULATION (SHORT CIRCUIT TEST)
In this method, direct formula can be used

(
If referred to primary side.

If referred to secondary side.
Note that:
is for lagging power factor.
+ is for leading power factor.
must equal to
VOLTAGE REGULATION (EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT)
In this method, the parameters must be referred to primary or secondary.

[
If referred to primary side.

If referred to secondary side.
Note
+ is for lagging power factor
is for leading power factor
j terms 0
Example
Determine the voltage regulation by using down voltage regulation and

equivalent circuit.
Solution
DOWN VOLTAGE REGULATION
Know that,
Therefore,
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EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
[
[
]
]
ALL DAY EFFICIENCY
Page 18

Single Phase Transformer

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