World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 49 2009

$Q$+3'HOSKL0XOWL&ULWHULD8VDJH&DVHV
0RGHO:LWK$SSOLFDWLRQWR&LWURJ\SVXP
'HFLVLRQV&DVH6WXG\.LPLD*KDUE*RVWDU
,QGXVWULHV&RPSDQ\
0RKVHQ3LUGDVKWL0DVRRPHK2PLGLDQG+HPPDWROODK3LUGDVKWL
WKHILUVWWLPHLQ>@$WWKHSUHVHQWGD\PRVWFLWULFDFLGLV
SURGXFHG E\ IXQJDO $ 1LJHU IHUPHQWDWLRQ &KHPLFDO
V\QWKHVLV RI FLWULF DFLG LV SRVVLEOH EXW LW LV QR FKHDSHU WKDQ
IXQJDO IHUPHQWDWLRQ +RZHYHU D VPDOO DPRXQW RI FLWULF DFLG
DSSUR[LPDWHO\OHVVWKDQRIWRWDOZRUOGSURGXFWLRQLVVWLOO
SURGXFHG IURP FLWUXV IUXLWV LQ 0H[LFR DQG 6RXWK $PHULFD
ZKHUH FLWUXV IUXLWV DUH DYDLODEOH HFRQRPLFDOO\ 7KH HVWLPDWHG
ZRUOGSURGXFWLRQRI&$ZDVUHSRUWHGDVWRQV\HDULQ
DQGLWKRZHYHUZDVUHSRUWHGWKDWWKHZRUOGPDUNHW
UHTXLUHPHQW RI FLWULF DFLG LV DURXQG  WRQV\HDU >@ ,Q
FLWULF DFLG SURGXFWLRQ E\ IHUPHQWDWLRQ ZDV HVWLPDWHG WR
EH LQ WKH UHJLRQ RI   WRQ\HDU>@ &LWULF DFLG SODQWV
PDLQO\ DUH SURGXFHG E\ P\FRORJLFDO IHUPHQWDWLRQ RI FUXGH
VXJDUVROXWLRQVVXFKDVPRODVVHV,QRUGHUWRIUHH&LWULF$FLG
IURPLPSXULWLHVVXFKDVSURWHLQVDQGVXJDUVLWLVSUHFLSLWDWHG
ZLWKOLPHWR&DOFLXP&LWUDWHDQGZDVKHG3XUH&LWULF$FLGLV
WKHQ UHFRYHUHG E\ DFLGLILFDWLRQ ZLWK 6XOSKXULF $FLG DQG
ILOWHULQJ RII IURP WKH IRUPHG *\SVXP &D62+2 >@ ,Q
RUGHU WR $FLG FDOFLXP VXOIDWH VXVSHQVLRQV DUH IRUPHG LQ
VXOIXULF DFLG H[WUDFWLRQ RI FLWULF DFLG &+2 IURP FDOFLXP
FLWUDWH &D&+2+2 &LWURJ\SVXP LV D E\SURGXFW RI
FLWULF DFLG SURGXFWLRQ 7KH SRLQWV LQ ZKLFK FDOFLXP VXOIDWH
GHK\GUDWH &D62+2 DQG KHPLK\GUDWH &D62+2
FRH[LVWLQHTXLOLEULXPDUHFRPPRQO\IRXQGE\VWXG\LQJWKHLU
VROXELOLW\ DQG GHWHUPLQLQJ JUDSKLFDOO\ WKH LQWHUVHFWLRQ SRLQWV
RI WKH VROXELOLW\ LVRWKHUPV RI J\SVXP DQG FDOFLXP VXOIDWH
KHPLK\GUDWHRUE\FRPSDULQJWKHZDWHUYDSRUSUHVVXUHVRYHU
WKH FRUUHVSRQGLQJ VROXWLRQV ZLWK WKH GLVVRFLDWLRQ SUHVVXUH RI
WKHUHYHUVLEOHUHDFWLRQ>@

$EVWUDFW 7RGD\DGYDQWDJHRIELRWHFKQRORJ\HVSHFLDOO\

LQ HQYLURQPHQWDO LVVXHV FRPSDUHG WR RWKHU WHFKQRORJLHV LV

LUUHIUDJDEOH.LPLD*KDUE*RVWDU,QGXVWULHV&RPSDQ\DVD
ODUJHVW SURGXFHU RI FLWULF DFLG LQ 0LGGOH (DVW DSSOLHV
ELRWHFKQRORJ\IRUWKLVJRDO&LWURJ\SVXPLVDE\SURGXFWRI
FLWULFDFLGSURGXFWLRQDQGLWFRQVLGHUHGDVDYDOLGUHVLGXXP
RI WKLV FRPSDQ\ $W WKLV SDSHU VXPPDU\ RI DFLG FLWULF
SURGXFWLRQ DQG FRQGLWLRQ RI &LWURJ\SVXP SURGXFWLRQ LQ
FRPSDQ\ ZHUH LQWURGXFHG LQ DGGLWLRQ WR GHILQLWLRQ RI
&LWURJ\SVXP SURGXFWLRQ DQG LWV DSSOLFDWLRQV LQ ZRUOG
$FFRUGLQJ WR WKHVH LQIRUPDWLRQ DQG HYDOXDWLRQ RI SUHVHQW
FRQGLWLRQV DERXW ,UDQ QHHGLQJ WR &LWURJ\SVXP WKH EHVW
SULRULW\ ZDV LQWURGXFHG DQG HPSKDVL]HG RQ VWUDWHJ\
VHOHFWLRQDQGSURSHUSURJUDPPLQJIRUVHOIVXIILFLHQF\7KH
'HOSKL WHFKQLTXH ZDV XVHG WR HOLFLW H[SHUW RSLQLRQV DERXW
FULWHULDIRUHYDOXDWLQJWKHXVDJHV7KHFULWHULDLGHQWLILHGE\
WKH H[SHUWV ZHUH SURILWDELOLW\ FDSDFLW\ RI SURGXFWLRQ WKH
GHJUHHRILQYHVWPHQWPDUNHWDEOHSURGXFWLRQHDVHDQGWLPH
SURGXFWLRQ 7KH $QDO\WLFDO +LHUDUFK\ 3URFHVV $+3 DQG
([SHUW &KRLFH VRIWZDUH ZHUH XVHG WR FRPSDUH WKH
DOWHUQDWLYHVRQWKHFULWHULDGHULYHGIURPWKH'HOSKLSURFHVV


.H\ZRUGV$QDO\WLFDO+LHUDUFK\3URFHVV$+3'HOSKL0XOWL
FULWHULDGHFLVLRQPDNLQJ&LWURJ\SVXP

&

, ,1752'8&7,21

,75,&DFLG+&LWLVRISDUDPRXQWLQGXVWULDOLPSRUWDQFH

EHFDXVH LW LV D XVHIXO SURGXFW ZKLFK KDV EHHQ ZLGHO\
XVHG LQ GDLU\ PHGLFLQH DQG ELRFKHPLFDO LQGXVWULHV >@
8QWLO DERXW  DOO FRPPHUFLDO &LWULF $FLG &$ ZDV
SURGXFHGIURPOHPRQDQGOLPHMXLFH&$FDQEHSURGXFHGE\
IHUPHQWDWLRQSURFHVVXVLQJVSHFLHVRIPLFURRUJDQLVPVQDPHO\
$VSHUJLOOXV 1LJHU D IXQJXV ZKLFK ZDV XVHG FRPPHUFLDO IRU

&D62+2V


&D62+2V+2YDSRU

*HQHUDOO\ J\SVXP LV WZR W\SHV +HPLK\GUDWH ++ DQG

'LK\GUDWH '+ ,W VHHPV FOHDU WKDW GHVSLWH VWUXFWXUDO
VLPLODULWLHVEHWZHHQJ\SVXPRU'+DQGWKHSDUWO\GHK\GUDWHG
EDVVDQLWH RU ++ >@ 7KH LQGXVWULDO GHK\GUDWLRQ DQG
UHK\GUDWLRQRIGLIIHUHQWFDOFLXPVXOSKDWHVDUHVKRZQLQ)LJXUH


0RKVHQ3LUGDVKWLLVZLWKWKH'HSDUWPHQWRI&KHPLFDO(QJLQHHULQJ6KRPDO
8QLYHUVLW\$PRO32%R[,UDQFRUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRUWRSURYLGHSKRQH
 ID[  HPDLO 3LUGDVKWL#
<DKRRFRP
0DVRRPHK2PLGLLVZLWKWKH5HVHDUFKDQG'HYHORSPHQW&HQWHURI.LPLD
*KDUE *RVWDU ,QGXVWULHV &RPSDQ\ D PHPEHU RI 3HWURFKHPLFDO ,QGXVWULHV
,QYHVWPHQW &RPSDQ\ 3,,& JURXS DQG MRLQW YHQWXUH ZLWK 9RJHO %XVFK
*PE+$XVWULD.HUPDQVKDK,UDQHPDLOPVBRPLGL#\DKRRFRP
+HPPDWROODK3LUGDVKWLLVZLWKWKH6DUL$JULFXOWXUHDQG1DWXUDO5HVRXUFHV
6FLHQFH8QLYHUVLW\6DUL,UDQHPDLO3LUGDVKW#\DKRRFRP



60

World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 49 2009


FLWURJ\SVXP GLVSRVDO WKLV IDFWRU\ LQYHVWV PRQH\ WR UHGXFH WKHVH
SUREOHPV ZLWKRXW PDNLQJ LW DV D YDOXDEOH SURGXFW ,Q WKH SUHVHQW
VWXG\ WR DYRLG RI HQYLURQPHQWDO SUREOHPV DQG HFRQRPLFDO XVH RI
FDSLWDOLQYHVWPHQWVDIWHUUHFRJQL]LQJWKHW\SHRIFLWURJ\SVXPDQGLWV
DSSOLFDWLRQV LQ ZRUOG DQG DFFRUGLQJ WR WKHVH LQIRUPDWLRQ DQG
HYDOXDWLRQ RI SUHVHQW FRQGLWLRQV DERXW RXU FRXQWU\ QHHGLQJ WR
&LWURJ\SVXP WKH EHVW SULRULW\ ZDV LQWURGXFHG DQG HPSKDVL]HG RQ
VWUDWHJ\ VHOHFWLRQ DQG SURSHU SURJUDPPLQJ IRU VHOIVXIILFLHQF\ 7KH
'HOSKLWHFKQLTXHZDVXVHGWRHOLFLWH[SHUWRSLQLRQVDERXWFULWHULDIRU
HYDOXDWLQJWKHXVDJHV7KH$QDO\WLFDO+LHUDUFK\3URFHVV$+3DQG
([SHUW&KRLFHVRIWZDUHZHUHXVHGWRFRPSDUHWKHDOWHUQDWLYHVRQWKH
FULWHULDGHULYHGIURPWKH'HOSKLSURFHVV


,, (;3(5,0(17$/6(&7,21

)LJ'LIIHUHQWPRGLILFDWLRQVRI&D62[+2[ 

&LWURJ\SVXPZDVVXEMHFWHGWRWKHFODVVLFDOFKHPLFDOTXDOLWDWLYH
,5 3HUNLQ (OPHU  DQG PLFURVFRSLF $PHULFDQ 2SWLFDO
6WHUHRVFRSLF 0LFURVFRSH DQG D VKLPDG]X  DWRPLF DEVRUSWLRQ
VSHFWURPHWHUHTXLSSHGZLWKDGHXWHULXPODPSEDFNJURXQGFRUUHFWLRQ
V\VWHPD*)$(;JUDSKLWHIXUQDFHDQGDQ$6&DXWRVDPSOHU
ZDV XVHG LQ WKH GHWHUPLQDWLRQV 7KH H[SHULPHQW ZDV SHUIRUPHG LQ
ODERUDWRU\ FKDUJH UHDFWRU ZLWK SHUIHFW PL[LQJ Q   USP
IROORZLQJWKHSURFHGXUH>@GLIIHUHQWTXDQWLWLHVRIFLWURJ\SVXP
JUDPVZHUHVXVSHQGHGLQWKHHTXDOYROXPHFP
RIVXOSKXULFDFLGVROXWLRQVRIGLIIHUHQWFRQFHQWUDWLRQV
ZWDQGVWLUUHGIRUDSUHGHWHUPLQHGSHULRG7KHSURGXFW
ZDV VHSDUDWHG IURP WKH OLTXLG SKDVH E\ YDFXXP ILOWUDWLRQ ULQVHG LQ
ZDWHU GULHGDW R&DQGH[DPLQHGLQTXDOLWDWLYH,5PLFURVFRSLF
DQG '7 DQDO\VHV W\SH $0,1&2 7KH FRQWDFW WLPH RI SKDVHV
VROXWLRQ DQG FLWURJ\SVXP ZDV SURORQJHG XQWLO WKH IRUPDWLRQ RI
KHPLK\GUDWH ,Q FDVHV RI WKH KHPLK\GUDWH QRQIRUPDWLRQ RU WKH
SURGXFW EHLQJ D PL[WXUH RI KHPLK\GUDWH DQG GLK\GUDWH WKH SKDVH
FRQWDFW WLPH ZDV SURORQJHG WR WKUHH KRXUV 7KH UHVXOWV RI FODVVLFDO
FKHPLFDO WDEOH  DQG LQGLFDWH SXUH FLWURJ\SVXP VXEVWDQFH ZKLFK
FDQ EH GLUHFWO\ XVHG LQ DOSKDKHPLK\GUDWH SURGXFWLRQ ZLWKRXW DQ\
SUHWUHDWPHQW




&DWLRQ
'HFRPSRVLWLRQ
5DZ&LWULF
5DZ
0HGLD
3UHFLSLWDWLRQ
)HUPHQWDWLRQ

([FKDQJH
7DQN
$FLG7DQN

6XJDU
6WHULOL]DWLRQ
7DQN

5HVLQ


*\SVXPE\SURGXFW






,RQ([FKDQJH
$FWLYH&DUERQ
5DZ&LWULFDFLG
&U\VWDOOL]DWLRQ
(YDSRUDWLRQ

8QLW
7UHDWPHQW
7DQN8QLW




&HUWLILFDWLRQ

'U\LQJ
)LOOLQJ6WDWLRQ





)LJ6FKHPDWLFRIWKHFLWULFDFLGSURGXFWLRQSURFHVVLQ.LPLD*KDUE
7DEOH&ODVVLFDOFKHPLFDODQDO\VLVRIXQZDVKHGFLWURJ\SVXP
*RVWDU,QGXVWULHV&RPSDQ\
FRPSRQHQW LJQLWLRQ 6L2 $O2 )H2 &D2
0J2 62


)RUVSDWLDOO\XVDJHRI&LWURJ\SVXPPDQ\UHDFWLRQVFDUU\RXW
RQ LW IRU H[DPSOH LQ WKH SDVW ZRUN NRVWLFSXOHN HW DO>@
DQ DWWHPSW ZDV PDGH WR SURYRNH WKH GHK\GUDWLRQ
UHDFWLRQ RI FLWURJ\SVXP XVLQJ XQKHDWHG VXOSKXULF DFLG
VROXWLRQ LQ GLIIHUHQW FRQFHQWUDWLRQV XQGHU DWPRVSKHULF
SUHVVXUH DQG WKXV REWDLQ WKH DOSKDKHPLK\GUDWH
SURGXFW
+LJKWHFKQRORJ\NQRZOHGJHLQWHQVLYHLQGXVWULHVKDYHEHFRPH
RILQFUHDVLQJLPSRUWDQFHDVVRXUFHVRIMREJURZWKDQGUHYHQXH
WR FRPPXQLWLHV VHHNLQJ WR GHYHORS WKHLU HFRQRPLHV
&RPPXQLWLHV ZDQW WKHVH LQGXVWULHV VR WKDW WKH\ FDQ EH DV
HFRQRPLFDOO\ YLJRURXV DV SRVVLEOH +RZHYHU DOWKRXJK KLJK
WHFKLQGXVWULHVVXFKDVELRWHFKQRORJ\DUHFRYHWHGDVGULYHUVRI
HFRQRPLFGHYHORSPHQWWKHORFDOGHYHORSPHQWLPSDFWRIWKHVH
FOXVWHUVRIUHJLRQDOLQQRYDWLRQLVQRWHQWLUHO\SRVLWLYH7KLVLV
HVSHFLDOO\ WUXH ZLWK UHJDUG WR WKH LPSDFW XSRQ WKH ORZ DQG
VHPLVNLOOHGSRSXODWLRQV>@
)LJXUH  VKRZV WKH SURFHVV RI FLWULF DFLG SURGXFWLRQ LQ
.**,&2VFKHPDWLFDOO\


)RUWKHDERYHUHDVRQXQIRUWXQDWHO\DWSUHVHQW.**,GLVSRVHGLWDV
D ZDVWH PDWHULDO 'XH WR PDQ\ HQYLURQPHQWDO SUREOHPV RI

ZW


61

ORVV














World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 49 2009


VLJQLILFDQW DGYDQWDJH RI ERWK SODVWHU DQG J\SVXP ZDOOERDUG LQ
EXLOGLQJFRQVWUXFWLRQLVWKDWWKHVHPDWHULDOVUHWDUGILUHVSUHDGGXHWR
WKHZDWHULQWKHLUFU\VWDOOLQHVWUXFWXUH3ODVWHUKDVDYDULHW\RIRWKHU
PLQRU XVHV LQFOXGLQJ VSHFLDOW\ SURGXFWV VFXOSWXUHV PHGLFDO FDVWV
LQGXVWULDOPROGVDQGGHFRUDWLYHWULP>@


,,$/7(51$7,9(
7RWDO JOREDO FRQVXPSWLRQ RI J\SVXP
LQ  ZDV

HVWLPDWHGDVDERXWPLOOLRQPHWULFWRQV &DOFLQHGSURGXFWV
DUHQRWDVGRPLQDQWKRZHYHUDVZRUOGZLGHPRUHWKDQKDOIRI

DOOJ\SVXPLVXVHGLQFHPHQWDQGFRQFUHWH 7KHXVHRIFDOFLQHG
J\SVXP LQ ERDUG SURGXFWV LV LQFUHDVLQJ SDUWLFXODUO\ LQ
LQGXVWULDOL]HG
FRXQWULHV QRZ DFFRXQWLQJ IRU DERXW RQHWKLUG

RI DOO XVH +RZHYHU XVH LQ FHPHQW DQG FRQFUHWH SDUWLFXODUO\
LQ GHYHORSLQJ FRXQWULHV LQ WKH 0LGGOH (DVW DQG $VLD ZLOO
FRQWLQXHWREHWKHSULPDU\PDUNHW$VLVWKHFDVHLQWKH86
ZRUOGZLGH WKH XVH RI )*'
J\SVXP LV LQFUHDVLQJO\ UHSODFLQJ

WKHXVHRIPLQHGJ\SVXP &RPSDUHGWRWKH86(XURSHKDVD
ORQJHU KLVWRU\ ZLWK PDQDJHPHQW RI )*' SURGXFWV GDWLQJ WR
WKH ODWH V (&2%$ WUDFNV )*' J\SVXP XVH LQ 
(XURSHDQ FRXQWULHV 7RWDO SURGXFWLRQ DQG XWLOL]DWLRQ UDWHV RI
)*'J\SVXPLQZHUHVLPLODUWRWKRVHLQWKH86DW
PLOOLRQPHWULFWRQVDQGUHVSHFWLYHO\*HUPDQ\SURGXFHV
E\IDUWKHODUJHVWDPRXQWRI)*'PDWHULDODWURXJKO\KDOIWKH

WRWDORXWSXW 7KHKLJKHVWYROXPHXVHZDVLQJ\SVXPERDUGDQG
SODVWHU  IROORZHG E\ UHFODPDWLRQ  VHOIOHYHOLQJ
IORRUV  FHPHQW  DQG EORFNV  )LJXUH 
5HFODPDWLRQVHOIOHYHOLQJIORRUVDQGJ\SVXPEORFNVDUHXVHV
WKDWZHUHQRWOLVWHGLQWKH$&$$VWDWLVWLFVIRUWKH867KH\
PD\UHSUHVHQWPDUNHWVIRUIXUWKHUH[SORLWDWLRQ>@


&'HQWDO

'HQWDO SODVWHU LV DQ XQPRGLILHG KHPLK\GUDWH J\SVXP SODVWHU

VLPLODU WR SODVWHU RI 3DULV EXW PXFK PRUH ILQHO\ JURXQG DQG
JHQHUDOO\SURGXFHGIURPSXUHJ\SVXPWRSURGXFHDYHU\JRRGZKLWH
FRORXU'HQWDOSODVWHULVJHQHUDOO\XVHGIRUGHQWDOVXUJHU\EXWLVDOVR
XVHGLQWKHSDLQLQJDQGGHFRUDWLQJWUDGH>@


':DOOERDUG

3UHIDEULFDWHG SURGXFWV FRPPDQG WKH OLRQV VKDUH RI WKH J\SVXP

PDUNHW DFFRXQWLQJ IRU QHDUO\  PLOOLRQ PHWULF WRQV RU  RI
J\SVXPSURGXFWV:DOOERDUGXVHGKHUHWRUHIHUWRDZLGHYDULHW\RI
ERDUG SURGXFWV FRQVLVWV RI D OD\HU RI SODVWHU VDQGZLFKHG EHWZHHQ
WZR VKHHWV RI FDUGERDUG $IWHU FDOFLQLQJ VOXUU\ RI VWXFFR
KHPLK\GUDWH IRDP DQG RWKHU DGGLWLYHV LV EOHQGHG LQ D PL[HU 6HW
UHWDUGHUVPD\EHDGGHGWRWKHPL[HUWRSUHYHQWSUHPDWXUHKDUGHQLQJ
RI WKH SODVWHU 7KH VOXUU\ LV WKHQ SODFHG EHWZHHQ WZR FRQWLQXRXVO\
PRYLQJ VKHHWV RQH DERYH DQG RQH EHORZ DQG DOORZHG WR KDUGHQ
IRUPLQJ WKH ERDUG $V WKH PDWHULDO KDUGHQV J\SVXP FU\VWDOV IRUP
DQG ERQG WR WKH FDUGERDUG $IWHU KDUGHQLQJWKHVWLOOZHWERDUGVDUH
VHQW WR D GU\HU ZKHUH DGGLWLRQDO PRLVWXUH LV UHPRYHG IRU DERXW 
PLQXWHV$IWHUGU\LQJWKHERDUGVDUHFXWWROHQJWKVW\SLFDOO\UDQJLQJ
IURP  WR  IHHW 7KHUH DUH PDQ\ W\SHV RI ERDUG IRU GLIIHUHQW
DSSOLFDWLRQV 7KH\ FDQ YDU\ LQ WKLFNQHVV VWUHQJWK ILUH UHWDUGLQJ
FDSDELOLW\GXUDELOLW\DQGPRLVWXUHUHVLVWDQFH>@

,,, $1$/<7,&$/+,(5$5&+<352&(66$+3

$33/,&$7,21

)LJ)*'J\SVXPXVHLQWKH(XURSH


$QDO\WLF +LHUDUFK\ 3URFHVV $+3 LV RQH RI WKH PRVW SRSXODU DQG
SRZHUIXOPHWKRGVIRUJURXSGHFLVLRQPDNLQJXVHGLQSURMHFWVHOHFWLRQ
DQG$+3LVDPXOWLFULWHULDGHFLVLRQPDNLQJDSSURDFKWKDWVLPSOLILHV
FRPSOH[LOOVWUXFWXUHGSUREOHPVE\DUUDQJLQJWKHGHFLVLRQIDFWRUVLQ
D KLHUDUFKLFDO VWUXFWXUH 7KH $+3 LV D WKHRU\ RI PHDVXUHPHQW IRU
GHDOLQJZLWKTXDQWLILDEOHDQGLQWDQJLEOHFULWHULDWKDWKDVEHHQDSSOLHG
WR QXPHURXV DUHDV VXFK DV GHFLVLRQ WKHRU\ DQG FRQIOLFW UHVROXWLRQ
>@3URMHFWHYDOXDWLRQLVXVXDOO\DWHDPHIIRUWDQGWKH$+3LVRQH
DYDLODEOH PHWKRG IRU IRUPLQJ D V\VWHPDWLF IUDPHZRUN IRU JURXS
LQWHUDFWLRQ DQG JURXS GHFLVLRQPDNLQJ >@ DQG >@ GHVFULEH WKH
DGYDQWDJHVRI$+3LQDJURXSVHWWLQJDVIROORZVERWKWDQJLEOHV
DQGLQWDQJLEOHVLQGLYLGXDOYDOXHVDQGVKDUHGYDOXHVFDQEHLQFOXGHG
LQ DQ $+3EDVHG JURXS GHFLVLRQ SURFHVV  WKH GLVFXVVLRQ LQ D
JURXS FDQ EH IRFXVHG RQ REMHFWLYHV UDWKHU WKDQ DOWHUQDWLYHV  WKH
GLVFXVVLRQ FDQ EH VWUXFWXUHG VR WKDW HYHU\ IDFWRU UHOHYDQW WR WKH
GLVFXVVLRQLVFRQVLGHUHGLQWXUQDQGLQDVWUXFWXUHGDQDO\VLVWKH
GLVFXVVLRQ FRQWLQXHV XQWLO DOO UHOHYDQW LQIRUPDWLRQ IURP HDFK
LQGLYLGXDO PHPEHU LQ D JURXS KDV EHHQ FRQVLGHUHG DQG D FRQVHQVXV
FKRLFH RI WKH GHFLVLRQ DOWHUQDWLYH LV DFKLHYHG $ GHWDLOHG GLVFXVVLRQ
RQFRQGXFWLQJ$+3EDVHGJURXSGHFLVLRQPDNLQJVHVVLRQVLQFOXGLQJ
VXJJHVWLRQV IRU DVVHPEOLQJ WKH JURXS FRQVWUXFWLQJ WKH KLHUDUFK\
JHWWLQJ WKH JURXS WR DJUHH LQHTXDOLWLHV RI SRZHU FRQFHDOHG RU
GLVWRUWHG SUHIHUHQFHV DQG LPSOHPHQWLQJ WKH UHVXOWV FDQ EH IRXQG LQ
>@ DQG >@ )RU SUREOHPV ZLWK XVLQJ $+3 LQ JURXS
GHFLVLRQPDNLQJVHH,VOHLHWDO$+3PHWKRGUHTXLUHWKHSUH
VHOHFWLRQ RI D FRXQWDEOH QXPEHU RI DOWHUQDWLYHV DQG WKH XVH RI D
FRXQWDEOH
QXPEHU
RI
TXDQWLILDEOH
FRQIOLFWLQJ
DQG
QRQFRPPHQVXUDEOH SHUIRUPDQFH DWWULEXWHV FULWHULD 7KH DWWULEXWHV
FULWHULDPD\LQGLFDWHFRVWVDQGEHQHILWVWRD'0$ODUJHURXWFRPH

$ &HPHQW
,Q WKH FHPHQW LQGXVWU\ QDWXUDO J\SVXP &D62+2 LV DGGHG
GXULQJ JULQGLQJ RI 3RUWODQG FHPHQW WR GHOD\ WKH UDSLG UHDFWLRQ
EHWZHHQ&$&D2$O2DQGZDWHUDQGWRUHJXODWHFHPHQWVHWWLQJ
SURSHUWLHV*\SVXPGHK\GUDWLRQDQGIRUPDWLRQRIKHPLK\GUDWHRFFXU
LQ LQGXVWULDO FHPHQW PLOO ZKLFK KDV D GLYHUVH HIIHFW RQ VHWWLQJ DQG
FRPSUHVVLYH VWUHQJWK GHSHQGLQJ RQ WKH FRPSRVLWLRQ RI WKH VHWWLQJ
UHWDUGHU7KHH[WHQWRIGLK\GUDWHFRQYHUVLRQWRKHPLK\GUDWHGHSHQGV
RQWKHWHPSHUDWXUHRIWKHFOLQNHUDQGWKHUHODWLYHKXPLGLW\ZLWKLQWKH
PLOO7KHIRUPDWLRQRIKHPLK\GUDWHIRUPRIFDOFLXPVXOIDWHGLK\GUDWH
KDV D SURIRXQG UHJXODWRU\ HIIHFW RQ WKH VHWWLQJ DQG VWUHQJWK
SHUIRUPDQFHRIWKHFHPHQWSDUWLDOO\UHSODFHGZLWK)*'J\SVXP>@



% 3ODVWHU
3ODVWHU LV D GU\ SRZGHUHG IRUP RI FDOFLXP VXOIDWH KHPLK\GUDWH
FDOFLQHG J\SVXP :KHQ PL[HG ZLWK WKH DSSURSULDWH DPRXQW RI
ZDWHU SODVWHU UHK\GUDWHVDQGKDUGHQV+LVWRULFDOO\SODVWHUZDVXVHG
WRIRUPLQWHULRUZDOOVXUIDFHVE\VSUHDGLQJLWRYHUDVWUXFWXUHIRUPHG

RI ZRRGHQ ODWKV PHVK RU PHWDO ,Q WKH 86 WKH XVH RI SODVWHU IRU
ZDOOV KDV EHHQ DOPRVW HQWLUHO\ UHSODFHG E\ WKH XVH RI ZDOOERDUG $


62

World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 49 2009


DOZD\VPHDQVJUHDWHUSUHIHUHQFHIRUDEHQHILWRUOHVVSUHIHUHQFHIRUD
FRVW FULWHULRQ $IWHU LQWHU DQG LQWUDFRPSDULVRQ RI WKH DOWHUQDWLYHV
ZLWK UHVSHFW WR D JLYHQ VHW RI SHUIRUPDQFH DWWULEXWHV FULWHULD
LPSOLFLWH[SOLFLW WUDGHRIIV DUH HVWDEOLVKHG DQG XVHG WR UDQN WKH
DOWHUQDWLYHV>@7KH$+3PHWKRGLVVHOHFWHGIRULWVVSHFLILFLW\
ZKLFKRIIHUVDFHUWDLQIUHHGRPWRD'0WRH[SUHVVKLVSUHIHUHQFHVIRU
SDUWLFXODUDWWULEXWHVFULWHULDE\XVLQJWKHRULJLQDO$+3PHDVXUHPHQW
VFDOH7KH$+3PHWKRGGRHVQRWUHTXLUHVXFKH[SOLFLWTXDQWLILFDWLRQ
RIDWWULEXWHVFULWHULDEXWLWQHHGVVSHFLILFKLHUDUFKLFDOVWUXFWXULQJRI
WKH0&'0SUREOHP7KHPHWKRGLWVHOIWKHQJHQHUDWHVWKHZHLJKWVRI
WKH FULWHULD E\ XVLQJ WKH $+3 PHDVXUHPHQW VFDOH DFFRUGLQJ WR D
VSHFLILHGSURFHGXUH8QGHUVXFKFLUFXPVWDQFHVDFRPSDULVRQRIWKH
UHVXOWV IURP VXFK GLIIHUHQW PHWKRGV DSSOLHG WR WKH VDPH SUREOHP
DSSHDUV WR EH YHU\ LQWHUHVWLQJ DQG FKDOOHQJLQJ IURP ERWK DFDGHPLF
DQG SUDFWLFDO SHUVSHFWLYHV ,Q WKH QH[W VXEVHFWLRQV WKH EDVLF
VWUXFWXUHVRIWKUHH0&'0PHWKRGVDQGWKHSURFHGXUHVIRUDVVLJQLQJ
ZHLJKW WR WKH DWWULEXWHV FULWHULD DUH GHVFULEHG >@  6DDW\ >@
GHYHORSHGWKHIROORZLQJVWHSVIRUDSSO\LQJ$+3
 'HILQHWKHSUREOHPDQGGHWHUPLQHLWVJRDO
 6WUXFWXUH WKH KLHUDUFK\ ZLWK WKH GHFLVLRQPDNHUV REMHFWLYH DW
WKH WRS ZLWK WKH LQWHUPHGLDWH OHYHOV FDSWXULQJ FULWHULD RQ ZKLFK
VXEVHTXHQW OHYHOV GHSHQG DQG WKH ERWWRP OHYHO FRQWDLQLQJ WKH
DOWHUQDWLYHVDQG
 &RQVWUXFW D VHW RI Q Q  SDLUZLVH FRPSDULVRQ PDWULFHV IRU
HDFKRIWKHORZHUOHYHOVZLWKRQHPDWUL[IRUHDFKHOHPHQWLQWKHOHYHO
LPPHGLDWHO\ DERYH 7KH SDLUZLVH FRPSDULVRQV DUH PDGH XVLQJ WKH
UHODWLYH PHDVXUHPHQW VFDOH LQ 7DEOH  6DDW\ >@ 7KH SDLUZLVH
FRPSDULVRQVFDSWXUHDGHFLVLRQPDNHUVSHUFHSWLRQRIZKLFKHOHPHQW
GRPLQDWHVWKHRWKHU

7DEOH3DLU:LVH&RPSDULVRQ6FDOHIRU$+33UHIHUHQFH



7DEOH$YHUDJH5DQGRP&RQVLVWHQF\
6L]H
RI
0DWUL[
5DQGRP
&RQVLVWHQF\










































6WHSVDUHSHUIRUPHGIRUDOOOHYHOVLQWKHKLHUDUFK\>@
*URXS$+30HWKRG
:KLOH $+3 FDQ EH XVHG WR FDSWXUH WKH SULRULWLHV RI LQGLYLGXDO
GHFLVLRQ SDUWLFLSDQWV LW LV QHFHVVDU\ WR FRPELQH WKHVH LQGLYLGXDO
DVVHVVPHQWV LQWR D FRQVHQVXV  7R DJJUHJDWH LQGLYLGXDO $+3
MXGJPHQWVLQWRDJURXSGHFLVLRQWKHUHDUHWZRSHUVSHFWLYHV
$JJUHJDWLRQRI,QGLYLGXDO-XGJPHQW
,QWKLVYLHZDJURXSGHFLVLRQPDWUL[LVFRQVWUXFWHGIURPWKHXQLTXH
PDWUL[ RI HDFK GHFLVLRQ SDUWLFLSDQW  $Q HOHPHQW RI WKLV PDWUL[

D LM*  LVFDOFXODWHGXVLQJDJHRPHWULFDYHUDJHRIWKHHOHPHQWVIURP
HDFKXQLTXHPDWUL[


.
*
 DLM = DLMN  .
 L  M =  P 
= DLMN . 
. =

. =

 . = Q 

:KHUH N   DQG DLMN   DUH WKH LPSRUWDQFH DQG HIILFLHQF\ RI WKH .

GHFLVLRQDQGDUHHOHPHQWVRIWKH.PDWUL[UHVSHFWLYHO\>@
 $JJUHJDWLRQRI,QGLYLGXDO3ULRULWLHV$,3
,QWKLVDSSURDFKWKHRUGHURIWKHGHFLVLRQZHLJKWVIRUHDFKGHFLVLRQ
DOWHUQDWLYH IRU WKH . GHFLVLRQ : L

  .

Q ZKHUH Q LV WKH

QXPEHU RI GHFLVLRQ PDNHUV LV FDOFXODWHG DQG D JURXS GHFLVLRQ

 1XPHULFDOUDWLQJ

 9HUEDOMXGJPHQWVRISUHIHUHQFHV



 ([WUHPHO\SUHIHUUHG



 9HU\VWURQJO\WRH[WUHPHO\



 9HU\VWURQJO\SUHIHUUHG



 6WURQJO\WR9HU\VWURQJO\

:KHUH N  LQGLFDWHV DPRXQW DQG LPSRUWDQFH RI HIIHFWLYHQHVV RI .



 6WURQJO\SUHIHUUHG



 0RGHUDWHO\WRVWURQJO\

GHFLVLRQ DQG :  PDWUL[ LQGLFDWH DJJUHJDWLRQ ZHLJKW RI D VLQJOH

MXGJPHQWLQUHVSHFWWRHDFKDOWHUQDWLYH
,Q ERWK DSSURDFKHV HDFK LQGLYLGXDO MXGJPHQW DIIHFWV WKH ILQDO



 0RGHUDWHO\SUHIHUUHG



 (TXDOO\WRPRGHUDWHO\



 (TXDOO\SUHIHUUHG

ZHLJKW : L
:

 IRUWKHDOWHUQDWLYHLVFRQVWUXFWHG
Q

= :L*   : L* = Z L. .

 L

=  P 

. =

MXGJPHQW N 6RWKDW
Q

N =  

.
=

 7KHUH DUH Q Q MXGJPHQWV UHTXLUHG WR GHYHORS WKH VHW RI
PDWULFHV LQ VWHS  5HFLSURFDOV DUH DXWRPDWLFDOO\ DVVLJQHG LQ HDFK $IWHU DJJUHJDWLQJ WKH LQGLYLGXDO MXGJPHQWV PDWULFHV ZLWK WKH VDPH
GLPHQVLRQV DV WKH XQLTXH LQGLYLGXDO PDWULFHV DUH FRQVWUXFWHG LQ
SDLUZLVHFRPSDULVRQ
 7KH KLHUDUFK\ V\QWKHVLV IXQFWLRQ LV XVHG WR ZHLJKW WKH ZKLFKWKHORFDODQGILQDOZHLJKWVDVZHOODVWKHLQFRQVLVWHQF\RIHDFK
HLJHQYHFWRUVE\WKHZHLJKWVRIWKHFULWHULDDQGWKHVXPLVWDNHQRYHU PDWUL[ DQG WRWDO LQFRQVLVWHQF\ DUH FDOFXODWHG ZLWK WKH VDPH EDVLF
DOO ZHLJKWHG HLJHQYHFWRU HQWULHV FRUUHVSRQGLQJ WR WKRVH LQ WKH QH[W $+3PHWKRG>@
ORZHUOHYHORIWKHKLHUDUFK\
 $IWHU DOO WKH SDLUZLVH FRPSDULVRQV DUH FRPSOHWHG WKH
,9 7+(352&,'85(
FRQVLVWHQF\ RI WKH FRPSDULVRQVLVDVVHVVHGE\XVLQJWKHHLJHQYDOXH
WRFDOFXODWHDFRQVLVWHQF\LQGH[&,
$ 8WLOL]LQJ'HOSKL3URFHVV

7KH 'HOSKL PHWKRG KDV EHHQ D SRSXODU WRRO LQ LQIRUPDWLRQ
&, QQ
V\VWHPV UHVHDUFK EHFDXVH WKH SURFHVV LQFUHDVHV WKH FRQILGHQFH ZLWK
ZKHUHQLVWKHPDWUL[VL]H-XGJPHQWFRQVLVWHQF\FDQEHFKHFNHGE\ ZKLFK UHVHDUFKHUV FDQ XVH WKH UHVXOWV LQ VXEVHTXHQW VWXGLHV DQG
WDNLQJWKHFRQVLVWHQF\UDWLR&5RI&,ZLWKWKHDSSURSULDWHYDOXHLQ PDQDJHUV FDQ PDNH GHFLVLRQV EDVHG RQ LQIRUPDWLRQ JDWKHUHG XVLQJ
7DEOH6DDW\>@VXJJHVWVWKDWWKH&5LVDFFHSWDEOHLILWGRHVQRW WKLV PHWKRG 5HVHDUFKHUV HPSOR\ WKLV WHFKQLTXH SULPDULO\ LQ FDVHV
H[FHHG  ,I WKH &5 LV JUHDWHU WKDQ  WKH MXGJPHQW PDWUL[ ZKHUH MXGJPHQWDO LQIRUPDWLRQ LV LQGLVSHQVDEOH  7KH 'HOSKL
VKRXOGEHFRQVLGHUHGLQFRQVLVWHQW7RREWDLQDFRQVLVWHQWPDWUL[WKH WHFKQLTXHKDVEHHQXVHGWRSUHGLFWWHFKQRORJLFDOGHYHORSPHQWV>@
MXGJPHQWVVKRXOGEHUHYLHZHGDQGUHSHDWHG
WR LGHQWLI\ LVVXHV DIIHFWLQJ KHDOWK FDUH DGPLQLVWUDWLRQ >@ WR




63

World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 49 2009


DVVHVVLQWHUYHQWLRQVDQGSROLFLHVLQWKHPHQWDOKHDOWKLQGXVWU\>@WR
FRQVWUXFW D PRGHO IRU SURMHFW IXQGLQJ GHFLVLRQV DW WKH 1DWLRQDO
&DQFHU,QVWLWXWH>@WRHYDOXDWHWKHVWUDWHJLFLPSRUWDQFHRIMREVLQ
SD\ UDWH GHFLVLRQV >@ WR HYDOXDWH HPHUJLQJ GLUHFWLRQV LQ
LQIRUPDWLRQ V\VWHPV PDQDJHPHQW >@ DQG WR DVVHVV VWUDWHJLF
UHVSRQVHVWRWKUHDWVIURPJOREDOWHUURULVP>@
$ NH\ DGYDQWDJH RI 'HOSKL LV WKDW LW DYRLGV GLUHFW FRQIURQWDWLRQ
EHWZHHQWKHSDUWLFLSDWLQJH[SHUWV>@:KLOHWKHUHKDYHEHHQPDQ\
YDULDWLRQV LQ SUDFWLFH WKH 'HOSKL PHWKRG FRQVLVWV RI WKUHH HVVHQWLDO
SURFHVVHVWKDWDFKLHYHLQIRUPDWLRQH[FKDQJHDPRQJDJURXSRI'0V
ZLWKRXW LQWURGXFLQJ WKH SRWHQWLDO ELDVHV RI LQWHUSHUVRQDO LQWHUDFWLRQ
7KH ILUVW SURFHVV LV WR FROOHFW MXGJPHQWV DORQJ ZLWK WKH XQGHUO\LQJ
UDWLRQDOHV IURP LQGLYLGXDOV ZKR DUH NQRZOHGJHDEOH DERXW DQ LVVXH
E\ TXHVWLRQLQJ WKHP LQGLYLGXDOO\ 7KH VHFRQG SURFHVV LV WR FROODWH
DQG VWDWLVWLFDOO\ VXPPDUL]H WKH LQGLYLGXDO MXGJPHQWV DQG UDWLRQDOHV
ZLWKRXWUHYHDOLQJWKHLGHQWLW\RIWKHLQGLYLGXDOV7KHWKLUGSURFHVVLV
WR IHHG EDFN WKH FROODWHG LQIRUPDWLRQ WR WKH '0V DQG DVN WKHP WR
UHFRQVLGHUWKHLUMXGJPHQWV7KLVVHTXHQFHRIFROODWLQJIHHGEDFNDQG
UHYLVLRQ LV UHSHDWHG RYHU VHYHUDO URXQGV XQWLO IXUWKHU UHSHWLWLRQV
SURGXFHSUDFWLFDOO\QRFKDQJHVLQLQGLYLGXDOMXGJPHQWV
%RWK'HOSKLDQG$+3DVVXPHNQRZOHGJHDEOH'0V>@7KHUHIRUH
WKH FDUHIXO VHOHFWLRQ RI WKH SDUWLFLSDQWV IRU WKH '0 JURXS LV
LPSRUWDQW  7KLV LVVXH LV GLVFXVVHG E\ %URFNRII >@ DQG E\ 3UHEOH
>@  7KH H[SHUWV ZKR ZHUH VHOHFWHG WR SDUWLFLSDWH LQ WKLV VWXG\
LQFOXGHXQLYHUVLW\SURIHVVRUVPDQ\FORVHO\UHODWHGLQGXVWULHVVXFKDV
FHPHQW SURGXFWLRQ LQVWUXPHQWV PDQXIDFWXUHU :KLOH WKH H[SHUWV LQ
WKHVH JURXSV DUH NQRZOHGJHDEOH DERXW WKH FLWURJ\SVXP LVVXHV WKH\
ZHUH SURYLGHG ZLWK WKH PRVW UHFHQW UHVHDUFK UHVXOWV DQG VWDWLVWLFDO
LQIRUPDWLRQIURPWKHFLWURJ\SVXPRI.**,&2
$IWHU LGHQWLI\LQJ NQRZOHGJHDEOH H[SHUWV WKH QH[W VWHS ZDV VHQGLQJ
TXHVWLRQQDLUHV WR HOLFLW WKH H[SHUWV RSLQLRQV DERXW WKH IDFWRUV
DIIHFWLQJ WKH XVDJH RI FLWURJ\SVXP RI .**,&2  7KH ILUVW
TXHVWLRQQDLUH DVNHG WKH SDUWLFLSDQWV WR LGHQWLI\ WKH IDFWRUV WKH\
WKRXJKW ZHUH PRVW LPSRUWDQW LQ VHOHFWLQJ D VLWH  $ FRPSUHKHQVLYH
DQG PXWXDOO\ H[FOXVLYH OLVW ZDV FROODWHG IURP WKH UHVSRQVHV  $
VHFRQG TXHVWLRQQDLUH LQFOXGHG WKH OLVW JHQHUDWHG IURP WKH LQLWLDO
UHVSRQVHV DQG DVNHG WKH H[SHUWV WR FKHFN WKRVH IDFWRUV WKH\
FRQVLGHUHGWREHLPSRUWDQW7DEOHVXPPDUL]HVWKHUHVSRQVHVWR
WKHVHFRQGTXHVWLRQQDLUH

7KH DELOLW\ RI '0V WR PDNH FRPSDULVRQV FRQVLVWHQWO\ GHFOLQHV

SUHFLSLWRXVO\DVWKHQXPEHURILWHPVH[FHHGVILYH&RQVHTXHQWO\LW
LV LPSRUWDQW WKDW '0V IRFXV RQ WKH PRVW LPSRUWDQW IDFWRUV  ,Q WKLV
FDVHWKHILUVWVL[IDFWRUVZHUHLGHQWLILHGDVLPSRUWDQWE\RIWKH
H[SHUWV7KHVHVL[IDFWRUVZHUHLQFOXGHGDVFULWHULD
  DQG  3URILWDELOLW\ 3 &DSDFLW\ RI SURGXFWLRQ &3 DQG WKH
GHJUHHRILQYHVWPHQW',KLJK3&DQG',DUHWKUHHSRVLWLYHIDFWRUV
WKDWZRXOGIDFLOLWDWHWKHUDWHRIFLWURJ\SVXPFRQVXPLQJ
 0DUNHWDEOH0&RQVLGHULQJWKHLPSRUWDQFHRI0DUNHWDEOHWKH
H[LVWHQFHRISXUFKDVHUVZRXOGKDYHDSRVLWLYHHIIHFWRQWKHVHOOLQJRI
SURGXFW
 DQG  3URGXFWLRQ HDVH 7 DQG 7LPH SURGXFWLRQ 73 WKHVH DUH
REYLRXV WKDW WKH HDV\ RI SURGXFWLRQ DQG ORZHU WLPH IRU SURGXFWLRQ
ZRXOGFRQWULEXWHWRWKHHIILFLHQF\RISURGXFWLRQDQGGLVWULEXWLRQ
7KHQWKHUHLVDGHFOLQHIRUWKHQH[WFULWHULRQVRWKDWOHVVWKDQD
PDMRULW\ RI WKH H[SHUWV GHVLJQDWHG LW DV LPSRUWDQW  ,Q DGGLWLRQ
IDFWRUV VL[ WKURXJK QLQH DUH QRW UHOHYDQW WR WKH SDUWLFXODU
FLUFXPVWDQFHV LQ FLWURJ\SVXP RI .**,&2 VR WKH\ ZHUH H[FOXGHG
IURPWKHGHFLVLRQSURFHVV


% $SSOLFDWLRQRI([SHUW&KRLFH6RIWZDUHWR)DFLOLWDWHWKH
FDOFXODWLRQV
([SHUW &KRLFH >@ SURYLGHV VLJQLILFDQW VXSSRUW IRU '0V IDFHG
ZLWK VROYLQJ FRPSOH[ SUREOHPV LQYROYLQJ WKH HYDOXDWLRQ RI
DOWHUQDWLYH FRXUVHV RI DFWLRQ RQ TXDOLWDWLYH DV ZHOO DV TXDQWLWDWLYH
FULWHULD >@ 7KH VRIWZDUH KHOSV D '0 VWUXFWXUH D FRPSOH[
SUREOHPDVDKLHUDUFK\RIFULWHULDDQGDOWHUQDWLYHV7KHQWKH'0LV
JXLGHGWKURXJKDVHULHVRIVLPSOHSDLUZLVHFRPSDULVRQVWRVROYHWKH
SUREOHP :KLOH ([SHUW &KRLFH LV SRZHUIXO DQG LQWXLWLYH LW LV DOVR
HDV\ WR XVH 7KHUHIRUH WKH VROXWLRQ LV PRUH OLNHO\ WR UHIOHFW WKH
H[SHUWLVHRIWKH'0ZKLOHPLQLPL]LQJLQWHUIHUHQFHIURPWKHSURJUDP
DQGWKHFRPSXWHU
$IWHULGHQWLI\LQJNQRZOHGJHDEOHH[SHUWVFLWURJ\SVXPXVDJHFDVHVLQ
WKH RWKHU LQGXVWULHV DUH EHLQJ FRQVLGHUHG DV DQ DOWHUQDWLYH IRU WKH
FLWURJ\SVXP RI .**,&2 7KH DOWHUQDWLYH VLWH ORFDWLRQV DQG WKHLU
GHVLJQDWLRQVLQWKHKLHUDUFK\DUH&HPHQW&3ODVWHU3'HQWDO'
DQG:DOOERDUG:%
)LJXUH SUHVHQWV WKH KLHUDUFKLFDO VWUXFWXUH RI WKH SUREOHP  7KH VL[
FULWHULD LGHQWLILHG LQ WKH 'HOSKL SURFHVV DUH WKH VHFRQG OHYHO RI WKH
PRGHO7KHFLWURJ\SVXPXVDJHFDVHVDUHLQWKHWKLUGOHYHOEHORZWKH
FULWHULDRQZKLFKWKH\ZLOOEHHYDOXDWHG

7DEOH1XPEHUDQG3HUFHQWDJHRI([SHUWV6HOHFWLQJ&ULWHULDDV
,PSRUWDQW
1XP

&ULWHULD

1XPEHURIH[SHUWVWKDWVHOHFWWKHFULWHULDDVLPSRUWDQW
5HVHDUFKHUV

8QLYHUVLW\
([SHUWV

&RPSDQ\
([SHUWV

7RWDO



3URILWDELOLW\











&DSDFLW\ RI 

3URGXFWLRQ









7KH GHJUHH
RI
LQYHVWPHQW











PDUNHWDEOH











3URGXFWLRQ
HDVH











7LPH
SURGXFWLRQ









%HVWXVDJHRI
&LWURJ\SVXP

3

&3

&HPHQW


',

3ODVWHU

0

'HQWDO

7

73

:DOO
ERDUG

)LJ$KLHUDUFKDOUHSUHVHQWDWLRQRISUREOHPZLWKILYHFULWHULDDQGVL[
DOWHUQDWLYHV


64

World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 49 2009


SUHVHQWHGLQ)LJXUHV7KHUHVXOWVUHYHDOWKDW3DQG&ZHUHWKHVLWHV
SUHIHUUHGE\WKHH[SHUWV


9 5(68/76
1H[W HDFK RI WKH SDUWLFLSDQWV LQ WKH SURMHFW XVHG ([SHUW &KRLFH WR
DVVHVV WKH UHODWLYH LPSRUWDQFH RI WKH FULWHULD DQG WR HYDOXDWH WKH
SULRULW\RIDOWHUQDWLYHFDVHVXVDJHV3DLUZLVHFRPSDULVRQVDUHDWWKH
FRUHRIWKH$+3WHFKQLTXH$WHDFKOHYHORIWKHKLHUDUFK\EHORZWKH
JRDOD'0LVDVNHGWRFRPSDUHHDFKSRVVLEOHSDLURIIDFWRUVFLDQG
FMDQGWRSURYLGHMXGJPHQWVRQWKHUHODWLYHLPSRUWDQFHRIHDFK(DFK
H[SHUW ZDV DVNHG WR PDNH SDLUZLVH FRPSDULVRQV EHWZHHQ HDFK
SRVVLEOH SDLU RI FULWHULD 7KHVH MXGJPHQWV ZHUH LQSXW WR ([SHUW
&KRLFH$VGHVFULEHGLQWKH$SSHQGL[RQFHWKHSDLUZLVHFRPSDULVRQ
PDWUL[ DW D JLYHQ OHYHO RI WKH KLHUDUFK\ LV FRPSOHWH ([SHUW &KRLFH
FDOFXODWHVWKHUHODWLYHZHLJKWVIRUWKHYDULRXVIDFWRUVDWWKDWOHYHO)RU
WKLVH[SHUW3ZDVWKHPRVWLPSRUWDQWFULWHULRQZKLOH73ZDVDVVLJQHG
WKH OHDVW ZHLJKW ,Q DGGLWLRQ ([SHUW &KRLFH FRPSXWHV DQ
LQFRQVLVWHQF\UDWLR,5IRUHDFK'0DQGHQFRXUDJHV'0VZKRVH,5
H[FHHGVWRUHFRQVLGHUWKHLUSDLUZLVHMXGJPHQWV)RUH[DPSOHLI
DQ H[SHUW UDWHV 73 DV WZR WLPHV PRUH LPSRUWDQW WKDQ ', DQG WZR
WLPHVPRUHLPSRUWDQWWKDQ&3WKHQORJLFDOO\IRUWKDWH[SHUW',DQG
&3 VKRXOG EH HTXDOO\ LPSRUWDQW  6XSSRVH KRZHYHU WKDW LQ D
SDLUZLVH FRPSDULVRQ EHWZHHQ WKHVH WZR FULWHULD WKH H[SHUW GHFODUHV
&3 WR EH WKUHH WLPHV PRUH LPSRUWDQW WKDQ ',  ,Q WKLV FDVH D
VXEVWDQWLDO LQFRQVLVWHQF\ KDV RFFXUUHG DQG WKH FDOFXODWHG ,5 ZRXOG
EH JUHDWHU WKDQ   ([SHUW &KRLFH ZRXOG HQFRXUDJH WKH '0 WR
UHFRQVLGHU DOO RI WKH XQGHUO\LQJ SDLUZLVH FRPSDULVRQV DQG DIWHU D
IHZ WULDOV WKH '0 VKRXOG DUULYH DW DQ DFFHSWDEOH OHYHO RI
FRQVLVWHQF\ $PRQJ WKH H[SHUWV SDUWLFLSDWLQJ LQ WKLV SURMHFW WKH
ODUJHVW,5IRUWKHLQLWLDOFRPSDULVRQRIWKHFULWHULDZDV
7KLV OHYHO RI LQFRQVLVWHQF\ LV YHU\ ORZ DQG LV LQGLFDWLYH RI WKH
PHDQLQJIXOQHVVRIWKHFULWHULDWRWKH'0V$IWHUDVVLJQLQJZHLJKWVWR
WKH FULWHULD WKH QH[W WDVN IRU WKH H[SHUWV ZDV WR HYDOXDWH WKH
DOWHUQDWLYHV RQ WKHVH FULWHULD  $V EHIRUH WKH H[SHUWV PDGH
FRPSDULVRQV EHWZHHQ SDLUV RI DOWHUQDWLYH 7KH (& RXWSXW IRU WKHVH
FRPSDULVRQVLVSUHVHQWHGLQ)LJXUH



)LJ6\QWKHVLVRIOHDIQRGHVZLWKUHVSHFWWR*2$/


9, ',6&866,21$1'&21&/86,21
6HQVLWLYLW\ DQDO\VLV ZDV XVHG WR LQYHVWLJDWH WKH VWDELOLW\ RI WKH
DOWHUQDWLYHVDVVLJQHGSULRULWLHVWRFKDQJHVLQWKHUHODWLYHLPSRUWDQFH
RIWKHFULWHULD)RUH[DPSOHPDUNHWDEOHDUHQRWUHOLDEO\SUHGLFWDEOH
DQGVRPHFULWHULDDUHOLNHO\WREHLPSURYHGLQWKHIXWXUH'HWHUPLQLQJ
WKH EHVW XVDJH FDVHV IRU D &LWURJ\SVXP LV D SUREOHP WKDW LQYROYHV
ERWK TXDQWLWDWLYH DQG TXDOLWDWLYH FULWHULD :H XVHG DQ $+3'HOSKL
PXOWLFULWHULD PRGHO WR HOLFLW SURFHVV DQG V\QWKHVL]H WKHVH
TXDQWLWDWLYH DQG TXDOLWDWLYH H[SHUW RSLQLRQV 7KH SURSRVHG PRGHO
XVHV 'HOSKL WHFKQLTXH WR HOLFLW H[SHUW RSLQLRQV DERXW FULWHULD IRU
HYDOXDWLQJWKHXVDJHFDVHV3URILWDELOLW\&DSDFLW\RI3URGXFWLRQ7KH
GHJUHH RI LQYHVWPHQW 0DUNHWDEOH 3URGXFWLRQ HDVH DQG 7LPH
SURGXFWLRQ ZHUH FRQVLGHUHG LPSRUWDQW E\ WKH H[SHUWV  $+3 DQG
([SHUW &KRLFH ZHUH XVHG WR FDSWXUH WKH SULRULWLHV RI LQGLYLGXDO
GHFLVLRQV DQG WR FRPELQH WKHVH LQGLYLGXDO DVVHVVPHQWV LQWR D
FRQVHQVXV $+3 ZDV DOVR XVHG WR FRPSDUH WKH DOWHUQDWLYHV RQ WKH
FULWHULDIDFLOLWDWHWKHFDOFXODWLRQVDQGFRQGXFWVHQVLWLYLW\DQDO\VLV

5()(5(1&(6
>@
>@
>@



)LJ7KH5HODWLYHZHLJKWVZLWKUHVSHFWWR*2$/

:KLOH WKHUH KDV EHHQ VRPH FULWLFLVP RI $+3 LQ WKH RSHUDWLRQV
UHVHDUFK OLWHUDWXUH +DUNHU DQG 9DUJDV >@ DQG 6DDW\ >@ KDYH
VKRZQ WKDW $+3 GRHV KDYH DQ D[LRPDWLF IRXQGDWLRQ 7KH FDUGLQDO
PHDVXUHPHQW RI SUHIHUHQFHV LV IXOO\ UHSUHVHQWHG E\ WKH HLJHQYHFWRU
PHWKRG DQG WKH SULQFLSOHV RI KLHUDUFKLFDO FRPSRVLWLRQ DQG UDQN
UHYHUVDODUHYDOLG2QWKHRWKHUKDQG'\HU>@KDVTXHVWLRQHGWKH
WKHRUHWLFDO EDVLV XQGHUO\LQJ $+3 DQG DUJXHV WKDW LW FDQ OHDG WR
SUHIHUHQFHUHYHUVDOVEDVHGRQWKHDOWHUQDWLYHVHWEHLQJDQDO\]HG,Q
UHVSRQVH6DDW\>@H[SODLQVKRZUDQNUHYHUVDOLVDSRVLWLYHIHDWXUH
ZKHQQHZUHIHUHQFHSRLQWVDUHLQWURGXFHG,QWKH&LWURJ\SVXPXVDJH
GHFLVLRQ WKH JHRPHWULF DJJUHJDWLRQ UXOH LV XVHG WR DYRLG WKH
FRQWURYHUVLHV DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK UDQN UHYHUVDO >  @  :KHQ DOO
WKHFRPSDULVRQVEHWZHHQFULWHULDDQGDOWHUQDWLYHVKDGEHHQPDGHE\
HDFKH[SHUWJHRPHWULFDYHUDJLQJRIWKHLQGLYLGXDOFRPSDULVRQVZDV
XVHGWRV\QWKHVL]HWKHFULWHULRQZHLJKWVDQGDOWHUQDWLYHSULRULWLHVIRU
WKH H[SHUW JURXS  7KH (& RXWSXW IURP DOO WKH $+3 SURFHVVHV LV

>@
>@
>@

>@
>@

>@

;X 7 DQG <DQJ : &LWULF DFLG SURGXFWLRQ E\ HOHFWURGLDO\VLV ZLWK
ELSRODUPHPEUDQHV&KHPLFDO(QJLQHHULQJDQG3URFHVVLQJ9RO
SS
0XUDG $(+ DQG .KDODI 6$' &LWULF DFLG SURGXFWLRQ IURP ZKH\
ZLWK VXJDUV DQG DGGLWLYHV E\ $VSHUJLOOXV QLJHU $IULFDQ -RXUQDO RI
%LRWHFKQRORJ\9ROSS
0<LJLWRJOX  3URGXFWLRQ RI FLWULF DFLG E\ IXQJL -RXUQDO RI ,VODPLF
$FDGHP\RI6FLHQFH9RO1RSS
9DOOPHU & 0LGGHQGURI % DQG 6LQJK 1% +\GUDWLRQ RI 
KHPLK\GUDWHLQWKHSUHVHQFHRIFDUER[\OLFDFLGV-RXUQDORI7KHUPDO
$QDO\VLVDQGFDORULPHWHU\9ROSS
)DFWVKHHW RQ :KDW LV *\SVXP" (QYLURQPHQW DQG 5DZ 0DWHULDO
&RPPLWWHGZZZHXURJ\SVXPRUJ
3DYORY . $ DQG 'PLWUHYVNLL % $ ,QIOXHQFH RI FU\VWDOOL]DWLRQ
FRQGLWLRQV LQ SURGXFWLRQ RI FLWULF DFLG RQ WKH SURSHUWLHV RI IRUPLQJ
FDOFLXPVXOIDWH5XVVLDQ-RXUQDORI$SSOLHG&KHPLVWU\9RO1R
SS
,EUDKLP 700 DQG (O +XVVDLQL 20 3URGXFWLRQ RI DQK\GULWH
J\SVXP DQG   UHFRYHU\ RI UDUH HDUWKV DV D E\SURGXFW
K\GURPHWDOOXUJ\9ROSS
.RVWLF3XOHN$0DULQNRYLF6/RJDU97RPDQHF5DQG3RSRY6
3URGXFWLRQ RI FDOFLXP VXOSKDWH DOSKDKHPLK\GUDWH IURP FLWURJ\SVXP
LQ XQKHDWHG VXOSKXULF DFLG VROXWLRQ&HUDPLFV6LOLNDW\ 9RO 
SS
7KH LPSDFW RI WKH ELRWHFKQRORJ\ LQGXVWU\ RQ ORFDO HFRQRPLF
GHYHORSPHQWLQWKH%RVWRQDQG6DQ'LHJRPHWURSROLWDQDUHDV0LFKDHO
6DEOH 7HFKQRORJLFDO )RUHFDVWLQJ DQG 6RFLDO &KDQJH 9ROXPH 
,VVXH  -DQXDU\  SS   (PHUJLQJ 7UHQGV LQ 6FLHQFH DQG
7HFKQRORJ\3ROLF\

>@ 7]RXYDODV* 5DQWLV * DQG 7VLPDV 6 $OWHUQDWLYH FDOFLXPVXOIDWH


65

World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 49 2009

>@
>@
>@
>@
>@
>@
>@
>@
>@

>@
>@
>@
>@
>@
>@

>@
>@
>@
>@

>@

>@
>@
>@
>@
>@

EHDULQJPDWHULDOVDVFHPHQWUHWDUGHUV3DUW,,)*'J\SVXP&HPHQW
DQG&RQFUHWH5HVHDUFK9ROSS
/DGZLJ . $ 5HYLHZ RI 0DQXIDFWXULQJ 8VHV IRU *\SVXP 3URGXFHG
E\ )OXH *DV 'HVXOIXUL]DWLRQ 6\VWHPV (OHFWULF 3RZHU 5HVHDUFK
,QVWLWXWH,QWHULP5HSRUW)HEUXDU\(35,3URMHFW0DQDJHU
9DLG\D26DQG.XPDU6$QDO\WLFKLHUDUFK\SURFHVV$QRYHUYLHZ
RI DSSOLFDWLRQV (XURSHDQ MRXUQDO RI RSHUDWLRQDO UHVHDUFK 9RO
SS
6DDW\7/$[LRPDWLFIRXQGDWLRQVRIWKHDQDO\WLFKLHUDUFK\SURFHVV
0DQDJHPHQWVFLHQFH9ROSS
6DDW\ 7 / 0RGHOLQJ XQVWUXFWXUHG GHFLVLRQ SUREOHPV D WKHRU\ RI
DQDO\WLFDO KLHUDUFKLHV 3URFHHGLQJV RI WKH ILUVW LQWHUQDWLRQDO
FRQIHUHQFHRQPDWKHPDWLFDOPRGHOLQJSS
%LMO 5 'HOSKL LQ D IXWXUH VFHQDULR VWXG\ RQ PHQWDO KHDOWK DQG
PHQWDOKHDOWKFDUH)XWXUHV9ROSS
+DOO 1 * +HUVKH\ - & .HVVOHU / * $ PRGHO IRU PDNLQJ
SURMHFW IXQGLQJ GHFLVLRQV DW WKH QDWLRQDO FDQFHU LQVWLWXWH  9RO 
SS
:HLQEHUJHU7(7KHVWUDWHJLFFHQWUDOLW\RIMREVDPHDVXUHRIYDOXH
&RPSHQVDWLRQDQGEHQHILWVUHYLHZ9RO1RSS
1LHGHUPDQ ) %UDQFKHDX - &  :HWKHUEH - &  ,QIRUPDWLRQ
V\VWHPVPDQDJHPHQWLVVXHVIRUWKHV9RO1RSS

7DYDQD 0  .HQQHG\ ' 7 16LWH $ 'LVWULEXWHG &RQVHQVXV
%XLOGLQJ DQG 1HJRWLDWLRQ 6XSSRUW 6\VWHP ,QWHUQDWLRQDO -RXUQDO RI
,QIRUPDWLRQ 7HFKQRORJ\ DQG 'HFLVLRQ 0DNLQJ 9RO  1R 
SS
2NROL&K 3DZOZRVNL67KH'HOSKL0HWKRGDVD5HVHDUFK7RRO
$Q ([DPSOH 'HVLJQ &RQVLGHUDWLRQV DQG $SSOLFDWLRQV -RXUQDO RI
,QIRUPDWLRQDQG0DQDJHPHQW9ROSS
'DONH\1&5RXUNH'//HZLV5 6Q\GHU'6WXGLHVLQWKH
TXDOLW\RIOLIH/H[LQJWRQ'&+HDWKDQG&RPSDQ\
%URFNRII . *URXS SURFHVV IRU IRUHFDVWLQJ (XURSHDQ MRXUQDO RI
RSHUDWLRQDOUHVHDUFK9RO1RSS
3UHEOH - ) 7KH VHOHFWLRQ RI GHOSKL SDQHOV IRU VWUDWHJLF SODQQLQJ
SXUSRVHV  6WUDWHJLF PDQDJHPHQW  MRXUQDO 9RO  1R   SS

7DYDQD 0 .HQQHG\ ' 7 DQG 0RKHEEL % 7RWDO TXDOLW\ LQGH[ D
EHQFKPDUNLQJWRROIRUWRWDOTXDOLW\PDQDJHPHQW%HQFKPDUNLQJ$Q
,QWHUQDWLRQDO-RXUQDO9RO1RSS
7DYDQD 0 .HQQHG\ ' 7 /HDXE\ % DQG 8JUDV - $Q
LQYHVWLJDWLRQ RI WKH UHODWLYH LPSRUWDQFH RI WKH FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI
LQIRUPDWLRQ LQ JRYHUQPHQWDO ILQDQFLDO UHSRUWLQJ  %XVLQHVV -RXUQDO
9RO1RSS
$O+DUEL .0$/6 $SSOLFDWLRQ RI WKH $+3 LQ SURMHFW
PDQDJHPHQW ,QWHUQDWLRQDO MRXUQDO RI SURMHFW PDQDJHPHQW 9RO 
SS
;X =  2Q FRQVLVWHQF\ RI WKH ZHLJKWHG JHRPHWULF PHDQ FRPSOH[
MXGJPHQWPDWUL[LQ$+3(XURSHDQMRXUQDORIRSHUDWLRQDOUHVHDUFK
9ROSS
0DOKRWUD 0 . 6WHHOH ' &  *URYHU 9   ,PSRUWDQW 6WUDWHJLF
DQG7DFWLFDO0DQXIDFWXULQJ,VVXHVLQWKHV'HFLVLRQ6FLHQFHV
9RO1RSS
+XGDN53%URRNH33-U)LQVWXHQ. 5LOH\3+HDOWKFDUH
DGPLQLVWUDWLRQ LQ WKH \HDU  3UDFWLRQHUV YLHZV RI IXWXUH LVVXHV
DQG MRE UHTXLUHPHQWV
 +RVSLWDO DQG +HDOWK 6HUYLFHV $GPLQLVWUDWLRQ
9RO1RSS
7DYDQD0.HQQHG\'7 -RJOHNDU3$JURXSGHFLVLRQVXSSRUW
IUDPHZRUN IRU FRQVHQVXV UDQNLQJ RI WHFKQLFDO PDQDJHU FDQGLGDWHV
2PHJD ,QWHUQDWLRQDO -RXUQDO RI 0DQDJHPHQW 6FLHQFH9RO  
SS
%LMO5'HOSKLLQDIXWXUHVFHQDULRVWXG\RQPHQWDOKHDOWKDQGPHQWDO
KHDOWKFDUH)XWXUHV9RO1RSS
+DOO1*+HUVKH\-&.HVVOHU/*DQG6WRWWV5&$PRGHO
IRUPDNLQJSURMHFWIXQGLQJGHFLVLRQVDWWKHQDWLRQDOFDQFHULQVWLWXWH
2SHUDWLRQVUHVHDUFK9RO1RSS
:HLQEHUJHU 7 (  7KH VWUDWHJLF FHQWUDOLW\ RI MREV D PHDVXUH RI
YDOXH&RPSHQVDWLRQ EHQHILWVUHYLHZ9RO1RSS

1LHGHUPDQ ) %UDQFKHDX - &  :HWKHUEH - & ,QIRUPDWLRQ
V\VWHPV PDQDJHPHQW LVVXHV IRU WKH V 0,6 4XDUWHUO\9RO 
1RSS
7DYDQD 0  .HQQHG\ ' 7 16LWH $ 'LVWULEXWHG &RQVHQVXV

>@
>@
>@
>@
>@
>@
>@

>@
>@
>@

%XLOGLQJ DQG 1HJRWLDWLRQ 6XSSRUW 6\VWHP ,QWHUQDWLRQDO -RXUQDO RI

,QIRUPDWLRQ 7HFKQRORJ\ DQG 'HFLVLRQ 0DNLQJ 9RO  1R 
SS
2NROL&K 3DZOZRVNL67KH'HOSKL0HWKRGDVD5HVHDUFK7RRO
$Q ([DPSOH 'HVLJQ &RQVLGHUDWLRQV DQG $SSOLFDWLRQV -RXUQDO RI
,QIRUPDWLRQDQG0DQDJHPHQW9ROSS
'DONH\1&5RXUNH'//HZLV5 6Q\GHU'6WXGLHVLQWKH
TXDOLW\RIOLIH/H[LQJWRQ'&+HDWKDQG&RPSDQ\
%URFNRII .  *URXS SURFHVV IRU IRUHFDVWLQJ (XURSHDQ MRXUQDO RI
RSHUDWLRQDOUHVHDUFK9RO1RSS
3UHEOH - ) 7KH VHOHFWLRQ RI GHOSKL SDQHOV IRU VWUDWHJLF SODQQLQJ
SXUSRVHV6WUDWHJLFPDQDJHPHQWMRXUQDO9RO1RSS

ZZZ([SHUWFKRLFHFRP
7DYDQD 0 .HQQHG\ ' 7 DQG 0RKHEEL %7RWDO TXDOLW\ LQGH[ D
EHQFKPDUNLQJWRROIRUWRWDOTXDOLW\PDQDJHPHQW%HQFKPDUNLQJ$Q
,QWHUQDWLRQDO-RXUQDO9RO1RSS
7DYDQD 0 .HQQHG\ ' 7 /HDXE\ % DQG 8JUDV - $Q
LQYHVWLJDWLRQ RI WKH UHODWLYH LPSRUWDQFH RI WKH FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI
LQIRUPDWLRQ LQ JRYHUQPHQWDO ILQDQFLDO UHSRUWLQJ %XVLQHVV -RXUQDO
9RO1RSS
+DUNHU 3 7  9DUJDV / * 5HSO\ WR 5HPDUNV RQ WKH DQDO\WLF
KLHUDUFK\SURFHVV0DQDJHPHQW6FLHQFH9ROSS
'\HU-65HPDUNVRQWKHDQDO\WLFKLHUDUFK\SURFHVV0DQDJHPHQW
6FLHQFH9ROSS
'\HU - 6 $ FODULILFDWLRQ RI 5HPDUNV RQ WKH DQDO\WLF KLHUDUFK\
SURFHVV0DQDJHPHQWVFLHQFH9ROSS




0RKVHQ 3LUGDVKWL KDV UHFHLYHG KLV XQGHUJUDGXDWH DQG JUDGXDWH GHJUHHV LQ
&KHPLFDO (QJLQHHULQJ IURP 0RKDJKHJK $UGHELOL 8QLYHUVLW\ DQG 5D]L
8QLYHUVLW\ LQ ,UDQ +H LV FXUUHQWO\ OHFWXUHV DW WKH 6KRPDO 8QLYHUVLW\ DQG WKH
$]DG 8QLYHUVLW\ LQ $PRO +H WHDFKHV 0DQDJHPHQW  0DUNHWLQJ +HDW
3URFHVVHV DQG 8QLW 2SHUDWLRQ DW )RRG 7HFKQRORJ\ 'HSDUWPHQW DQG 0DVV
7UDQVIHU DQG (QJLQHHULQJ 0DWKHPDWLFV DW &KHPLFDO (QJLQHHULQJ 'HSDUWPHQW
DQG )OXLG )ORZ DW &LYLO (QJLQHHULQJ 'HSDUWPHQW +H KDV EHHQ ZRUNHG DW
.LPLD *DUE *RVWDU &RUSRUDWLRQ RQ D MRLQW YHQWXUH ZLWK 9RJHO %XVFK
$XVWULD 0RKVHQ LV UHVSRQVLEOH IRU WKH GHVLJQ DQG FRQVWUXFWLRQ RI D SLORW
UHVHDUFK DQG GHYHORSPHQW SODQW 0RKVHQ KDV EHHQ D OHFWXUHU DW WKH 1DWLRQDO
,UDQLDQ2LO&RPSDQ\DQGKLVSULPDU\UHVHDUFKLQWHUHVWVLQFOXGHPXOWLFULWHULD
GHFLVLRQ PDNLQJ DQG JURXS GHFLVLRQ VXSSRUW V\VWHPV ZLWK DSSOLFDWLRQV LQ
FKHPLFDO HQJLQHHULQJ HQYLURQPHQW HQJLQHHULQJ DQG IRRG HQJLQHHULQJ
0RKVHQ KDV SUHVHQWHG KLV UHVHDUFK LQ QXPHURXV FRQIHUHQFHV ZRUOGZLGH DQG
KDV SXEOLVKHG VHYHUDO VFLHQWLILF SDSHUV LQ &KHPLFDO (QJLQHHULQJ DQG
0DQDJHPHQW




66