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Department of Mathematics, The Madura College (Autonomous), Maduri, Tamil Nadu, India
M.Phil.,Mathematics, The Madura College (Autonomous), Maduri, Tamil Nadu, India
1
2
3
Department of Mathematics, MSNPM Womens College, Poovanthi, Sivagangai Dt., Tamil Nadu, India
Abstract
In this article a mathematical model of an immobilized
oxidase enzyme electrode is presented. The model is based
on the three reaction-diffusion equations containing a nonlinear reaction term under the steady state conditions. A
simple analytical expressions pertaining to concentrations of
the immobilization of three enzyme substrates are obtained
by using the new Homotopy perturbation method (HPM). A
simple analytical expression of the concentrations of
substrate, oxygen and oxidized mediator and current was
obtained in terms of the thiele moduli and the small values
of the normalized surface concentration of substrate Bs ,
thenormalized surface concentration of oxygen Bo and the
normalized surface concentration of oxidized mediator Bm .
These analytical solutions are compared with the numerical
simulation. A good agreement between analytical
expressions and numerical results is noted.
Keywords
Enzyme Electrodes; Non-linear Boundary Value Problem;
Reaction-diffusion Equations; Biosensor; New Homotopy
Perturbation Method; Numerical Simulation
Introduction
The basic concepts of enzyme electrodeswereintroduced by Clark and Lyons [Clark et. al (1962), Lyons et.al
(1962)]. Many kinds of biosensors based on
electrochemical enzyme electrodes have been studied
and a majority of this device operates in an
amperometric mode [Scheller et.al (1992), schulbert et.
al (1992)]. Biosensors are usually classified into various
groups either by type of transducer employed
(electrochemical, optical, piezoelectric, and thermal) or
by the kind of bio-recognition element utilized
(antibody, enzymes, nucleic acids, and whole cells).
Both components of the biosensor, namely, the bio
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k
Ered + O2 EOX + H 2 O2
Dm
dy 2
[ MedOX ] / m
[O ] [ Med ] 1
OX
s
= k3 [ Et ] 1 + 2 +
+
S ]
m
o
[
Do
dy 2
[O2 ] / o
[O ] [ Med ] 1
OX
s
= k3 [ Et ] 1 + 2 +
+
S ]
m
o
[
(4)
(5)
(6)
( k2 + k3 ) / k1 ,
=
K o [O2 ] ,=
S ]b
[O
[ S ] [=
2 ]b
=
MedOX ]b K m [ MedOX ]
[ MedOX ] [=
K s [ S ]b ,
(7)
when y = 0,
O2 ] / dy
[ MedOX ] = [ MedOX ]b d [=
d=
[ S ] / dy 0
(8)
(1)
(2)
k4
(3)
k
Ered + MedOX
EOX + Med red
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[S ] ;
Fs =
[ S ]b
Bs =
s2 =
[O2 ]
Fo =
[O2 ]b
[ S ]b
s
d 2 k3 [ Et ]
Ds [ S ]b
Bo =
; o2 =
[ MedOX ] ;
Fm =
[ MedOX ] b
[O2 ]b
o
; Bm =
d 2 k3 [ Et ]
Do [O2 ]b
[ MedOX ]b
m
; m2 =
y
x= ;
d
d 2 k3 [ Et ]
Dm [ MedOX ]b
(9)
(10)
(11)
1
=
1
1
1+
+
Fo Bo + Fm Bm Fs Bs
2
s
(12)
d Fo
Fo Bo
1
= o2
2
1
1
F
B
F
B
+
dx
m m 1+
o o
+
F
B
F
B
F
+
o o
m m
s Bs
(13)
1
1
1+
+
F
B
F
B
F
+
o o
m m
s Bs
(14)
d 2 Fm
dx 2
Fm Bm
= m2
Fo Bo + Fm Bm
(15)
dFo dFs
= 0 at=
x 0
Fm = 1 , =
dx
dx
(16)
34
(17)
(18)
(19)
Fs (=
x)
k12 2
x 1 +1
2
Fo (=
x)
k22 2
x 1 +1
2
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k32 2
x x +1
2
Fm (=
x)
where,
(20)
( Bo + Bm ) Bs
k12 = s2
( Bo + Bm ) Bs + Bs + ( Bo + Bm )
(21)
Bo Bs
k22 = o2
( Bo + Bm ) Bs + Bs + ( Bo + Bm )
(22)
Bm Bs
k32 = m2
( Bo + Bm ) Bs + Bs + ( Bo + Bm )
(23)
J OX =
k32
2
(24)
The non-linear reaction-diffusion equations eqns. (12)(14) for the boundary conditions eqns. (15) and (16) are
also solved numerically. We have used the function
pdex4 in Scilab/Matlab numerical software to solve
numerically, the initial-boundary value problems for
parabolic-elliptic partial differential equations. This
numerical solution is compared with our simple
analytical equations in Figs. (2) - (6). A satisfactory
agreement is noted for various values of the thiele
moduli s2 , o2 and m2 and possible small values of
the dimensionless parameters Bs , Bo and Bm .
concentration
of
(c)
Fo and
mediator
Fm
normalized
versus
of
Bm and m2 = 1 .
Numerical Simulation
concentration
the
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(a)
(b)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(c)
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(a)
(a)
(b)
(b)
(c)
(c)
2
o
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(c)
(d)
Conclusions
The system of non-linear reaction diffusion equations
of the model has been solved analytically. The
approximate
analytical
expressions
for
the
concentrations of substrate, oxygen, mediator and the
current at the enzyme-membrane electrode geometry
are obtained using the new Homotopy perturbation
method. This analytical result is useful for
improvingthe sensor design. The extension of the
procedure to the model with reduced mediator in the
bulk solution seems possible. These analytical
expressions can be used for the optimization of the
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u = lim v = v0 + v1 + v2 + ...
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
p 1
(A.1)
(A.2)
(A.8)
f (r ) is a known analytical
(A.3)
H (v, p ) =
(1 p )[ L(v) L(u0 )] + p[ Do (v) f (r )] =
0 (A.4)
H (v, p ) =L(v) L(u0 ) + pL(u0 ) + p[ N (v) f (r )] =0 (A.5)
(A.6)
H (v,1) = Do (v) f (r ) = 0
(A.7)
2
2
d Fs s ( Fo (1) Bo + Fm (1) Bm ) Fs (1) Bs
(1 p ) 2
dx
( Fo (1) Bo + Fm (1) Bm ) Fs (1) Bs + Fs (1) Bs
+ ( F (1) B + F (1) B )
o
o
m
m
(B.1)
2
( Fo Bo + Fm Bm ) Fs Bs
d Fs
2
0
+ p 2 s
=
dx
( Fo Bo + Fm Bm ) Fs Bs + Fs Bs
+(F B + F B )
o o
m m
d 2F
s2 ( Bo + Bm ) Bs
(1 p ) 2s
( Bo + Bm ) Bs + Bs + ( Bo + Bm )
dx
d 2 Fs
dx
=
+p
0 (B.2)
2
( Fo Bo + Fm Bm ) Fs Bs
s
( Fo Bo + Fm Bm ) Fs Bs + Fs Bs
+(F B + F B )
o o
m m
d 2 Fo
2
dx
(1 p )
o2 Fo (1) Bo Fs (1) Bs
( Fo (1) Bo + Fm (1) Bm ) Fs (1) Bs + Fs (1) Bs
+ F (1) B + F (1) B
o
m
m)
( o
d 2F
+ p 2o o2
dx
Fo Bo Fs Bs
F B +F B F B +F B
m m) s s
s s
( o o
+(F B + F B )
o o
m m
(B.3)
0
=
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d 2F
d 2 ( Fs + pFs + p 2 Fs + ...)
o2 Bo Bs
(1 p ) 2o
2
( Bo + Bm ) Bs + Bs + ( Bo + Bm )
dx
dx
d Fo
dx
(B.4)
=
+p
0
Fo Bo Fs Bs
( Fo + pFo + p Fo + ...) Bo
o
+
+
F
B
F
B
F
B
F
B
m m) s s
s s
( o o
+( F + pF + p 2 F + ...) B
+(F B + F B )
m
m
m
m
o o
m m
+p
( F + pF + p 2 F + ...) B
= 0
s
s
s
s
2
d 2 Fm
s
2
( Fo + pFo + p Fo + ...) Bo
2
dx
(
...)
F
pF
p
F
B
+
+
+
+
m
m
m
m
2
(1 p )
( Fs + pFs + p Fs + ...) Bs
m2 Fm (1) Bm Fs (1) Bs
+ ( Fs + pFs + p Fs + ...) Bs
( Fo (1) Bo + Fm (1) Bm ) Fs (1) Bs + Fs (1) Bs
+ F (1) B + F (1) B
(
)
( F + pFo + p Fo + ...) Bo
o
o
m
m
+ o
(B.5)
2
2
(B.10)
+( Fm + pFm + p Fm + ...) Bm
d Fm
dx
=
+p
0
2
d 2 ( Fo + pFo + p 2 Fo + ...)
Fm Bm Fs Bs
2
dx
( Fo Bo + Fm Bm ) Fs Bs + Fs Bs
(1 p )
2
+(F B + F B )
o Bo Bs
o o
m m
( Bo + Bm ) Bs + Bs + ( Bo + Bm )
d 2F
m2 Bm Bs
d 2 ( Fo + pFo + p 2 Fo + ...)
(1 p ) 2m
(
)
(
)
+
+
+
+
B
B
B
B
B
B
dx
o
m
s
s
o
m
dx 2
d 2 Fm
dx
(B.6)
+p
=
0
Fm Bm Fs Bs
+
+
F
B
F
B
F
B
F
B
(
)
o
o
m
m
s
s
s
s
( F + pF + p F + ...) B
+(F B + F B )
o
o
o
o
o o
m m
+p
( F + pF + p 2 F + ...) B
= 0
s
s
s
s
2
F
pF
p
F
B
(
...)
+
+
+
o
o
o
o
(B.7)
Fs =Fs0 + pFs1 + p Fs2 + ..........
+( Fm + pFm + p 2 Fm + ...) Bm
s
s
s
s
(B.6) are
2
+( F + pF + p F + ...) B
s
s
s
s
2
(B.11)
(B.8)
Fo =Fo + pFo 1 + p Fo 2 +..........
0
( Fo + pFo + p Fo + ...) Bo
+( F + pF + p 2 F + ...) B
Fm =Fm0 + pFm1 + p 2 Fm 2 + ..........
m
m
m
m
(B.9)
0
d 2 ( Fs + pFs + p 2 Fs + ...)
dx 2
(1 p )
s2 ( Bo + Bm ) Bs
( Bo + Bm ) Bs + Bs + ( Bo + Bm )
d 2 ( Fm + pFm + p 2 Fm + ...)
2
dx
(1 p )
m2 Bm Bs
( Bo + Bm ) Bs + Bs + ( Bo + Bm )
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d 2 ( Fm + pFm + p 2 Fm + ...)
dx 2
( F + pF + p 2 F + ...) B
m
m
m
m
+p
( F + pF + p 2 F + ...) B
= 0
2
s
s
s
s
2
( F + pFo + p Fo + ...) Bo
+( Fm + pFm + p 2 Fm + ...) Bm
( Fs + pFs + p Fs + ...) Bs
+ ( F + pF + p 2 F + ...) B
s
s
s
s
2
( F + pF + p F + ...) B
o
o
o
+ o
+( F + pF + p 2 F + ...) B
m
m
m
m
(B.12)
Fo =
(1) 0; F 'o (0)
= 0=
, i 1, 2,3,...
i
Fo ( x)= Fo =
0
k22 2
( x 1) + 1
2
(B.20)
d 2 Fm
dx 2
Bm Bs
0 (B.21)
m2
=
B
B
B
B
B
B
+
+
+
+
(
)
(
)
m
s
s
o
m
o
we get
(B.19)
(B.22)
( Bo + Bm ) Bs
(B.23)
=
Fm (1) 0;=
F 'm (0) 0
s2
0 (B.13)
=
dx
( Bo + Bm ) Bs + Bs + ( Bo + Bm )
Solving the eqn.(B.21) and using the boundary
The initial approximations are as follows
conditions eqns.(B.22)-(B.23), we obtain the following
result:
(B.14)
=
F (1) 1;=
F ' (0) 0
p0 :
d Fs
s0
s1
(1) 0; F 's =
(0) 0=
, i 1, 2,3,...
Fs =
i
(B.15)
Where
k12
k12 2
( x 1) + 1
2
(B.16)
Fm ( x) = Fm0 =
k32 2
( x x) + 1
2
(B.24)
function pdex4
m = 0;
Comparing the coefficients of like powers of p intoan
x = linspace(0,1);
eqn.(B.11) we get
t = linspace(0,100000);
sol = pdepe(m,@pdex4pde,@pdex4ic,@pdex4bc,x,t);
2
d Fo
0
u1 = sol(:,:,1);
p :
dx 2
u2 = sol(:,:,2);
(B.17)
Bo Bs
2
u3 = sol(:,:,3);
0
o
=
B
B
B
B
B
B
(
+
)
+
+
(
+
)
%plot(x,u1(end,:))
m
s
s
o
m
o
%xlabel('Distance x')
The initial approximations are as follows
%ylabel('u1(x,2)')
%figure
(B.18)
=
Fo (1) 1;=
F 'o (0) 0
0
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%plot(x,u2(end,:))
%xlabel('Distance z')
%ylabel('u2(x,2)')
%figure
%plot(x,u3(end,:))
%xlabel('Distance x')
%ylabel('u3(x,2)')
% -------------------------------------------------------------function [c,f,s]=pdex4pde(x,t,u,DuDx)
c = [1;1; 1];
f = [1; 1; 1] .* DuDx;
Bs=0.5; B0=0.05; Br=0.1;
a1=sqrt(0.001); a2=sqrt(0.001); a3=sqrt(0.001);
F1 =-a1^2/(1+(1/(u(2)*B0+u(3)*Br))+(1/(u(1)*Bs)));
Appendix D: Nomenclature
Symbol
Meaning
Total active enzyme concentration in the matrix
(mmol/L)
Enzyme concentration of the oxidized mediator
(mmol/L)
[E ]
t
[E ]
OX
[ ES ]
[E ]
red
[O ]
2
[O ]
[O ]
2 b
[S ]
[S ]
[ MedOX ]
[ Med ]
OX
[ Med ]
OX
F2 =(a2^2*(u(2)*B0)/(u(2)*B0+u(3)*Br))*(1/(1+(1/(u(2)*B0+u(
3)*Br))+(1/(u(1)*Bs))));
F3 =(a3^2*(u(3)*Br)/(u(2)*B0+u(3)*Br))*(1/(1+(1/(u(2)*B0+u(
3)*Br))+(1/(u(1)*Bs))));
s = [F1; F2; F3];
% -------------------------------------------------------------function u0 = pdex4ic(x)
u0 = [1; 1;1];
% -------------------------------------------------------------function [pl,ql,pr,qr] = pdex4bc(xl,ul,xr,ur,t)
pl = [0; 0; ul(3)-1];
ql = [1; 1; 0];
pr = [ur(1)-1; ur(2)-1; ur(3)-1];
qr = [0; 0; 0];
Greek Symbols
s2
o2
2
m
Subscripts
o
s
m
Oxygen
Substrate
Mediator
OX
Oxidized species
red
t
Reduced species
Total
Bulk solution
REFERENCES
Do
Ds
Dm
d
y
k1 , k4 , k5
k 2 , k5
Ko
Ks
Km
Bo
Bs
Bm
Fs
Fo
Fm
42
diffusion-reaction
processes
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V.,
Ganesan
SP.,
and
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E.A.H.,
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Dr. V. Ananthaswamy received his
M.Sc. Mathematics degree from
The
Madura
College
(Autonomous),
Madurai-625011,
Tamil Nadu, India during the year
2000. He has received his M.Phil
degree in Mathematics from
Madurai
Kamaraj
University,
Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
during the year 2002. He has
received his Ph.D., degree (Under the guidance of Dr. L.
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