See

discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/23485840

Chinese Cabbage ( Brassica campestris L.)

does not Improve Glucose Tolerance, Serum
Insulin, or Blood Lipid Profiles in a Rat Model
of Type-2 Diabetes
Article in Journal of Food Science December 2008
DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2008.00958.x Source: PubMed

CITATIONS

READS

52

2 authors, including:
Md. Shahidul Islam
University of KwaZulu-Natal
66 PUBLICATIONS 588 CITATIONS
SEE PROFILE

All in-text references underlined in blue are linked to publications on ResearchGate,

letting you access and read them immediately.

Available from: Md. Shahidul Islam

Retrieved on: 21 August 2016

JFS H: Health, Nutrition, and Food

Chinese Cabbage (Brassica campestris L.)

does not Improve Glucose Tolerance,
Serum Insulin, or Blood Lipid Profiles
in a Rat Model of Type-2 Diabetes
M.S. ISLAM AND H. CHOI

ABSTRACT: The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of a low (0.5%) and a high (2.0%) dietary dose
of freeze-dried Chinese cabbage (CC) (Brassica campestris L.) powder in a type-2 diabetes (T2D) model of rats. Fiveweek-old male SpragueDawley rats were fed a high fat (HF)-containing diet for 2 wk then randomly divided into
4 groups of 8 animals, namely: normal control (NC), diabetic control (DBC), Chinese cabbage low (CCL, 0.5%), and
Chinese cabbage high (CCH, 2.0%) groups. Diabetes was induced by an intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin
(STZ; 40 mg/kg body weight) in all groups except the NC group. After 4 wk feeding of experimental diets, although
food intake was not different among the DBC, CCL, and CCH groups, body weight gain was significantly (P < 0.05)
higher in the CCH group compared to the DBC group. Relatively higher serum insulin concentrations and better
glucose tolerance were observed in the CC-fed groups compared to the DBC group; however, the results were not
significantly different. Fasting blood glucose, blood glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), liver weight, and liver glycogen
levels were not influenced by the CC-containing diets. Additionally, hypertriglyceridemic tendencies were observed
in the CC-fed groups compared to the NC and DBC groups, while difference observed for total-, HDL-, and LDLcholesterols between the groups were negligible. Results of this study suggest that up to 2% dietary dose of freezedried CC is not significantly effective to reduce diabetes-related symptoms in an HF diet-fed STZ-induced T2D model
of rats.
Keywords: Brassica campestris L., Chinese cabbage, high-fat diet, rats, type-2 diabetes

number of mechanisms are thought to be involved in -cell damage, of which oxidative stress is thought to be the major contributor to this (Tiedge and others 1997; Quilliot and others 2005).
Various free radicals, including reactive oxygen species and hydroxyl free radicals (Gille and others 2002), induced by hyperglycemia, are responsible for the induction of oxidative stress induced pancreatic -cell destruction (Kaneto and others 2007). For
this reason, research on diabetes therapy and prevention has focused a lot of attention on the oxidative stress mechanisms involved, as well as the prevention of these by antioxidants or
antioxidant-containing foods. At present, oral therapy for T2D relies on insulin secretagogues such as glibenclamide (Codina and
others 1978), and insulin sensitizers such as thiazolidinedione
(Kobayashi and others 1992). Recently, there has been a growing interest in alternative therapies, including the use of plant foods for
treating this disease (Srinivasan 2005) because of their high antioxidant contents.
Chinese cabbage (CC) (Brassica campestris L. ssp. Pekinensis) is
a widely consumed cruciferous vegetable in the Asia-Pacific ream
and gradually expanding its consumption in the other parts of the
world. Several recent studies investigated the antioxidant content
of CC and found a considerable amount of various antioxidants
although most of them were flavonoids and phenolic compounds
(Miean and Mohamed 2001; Bahorun and others 2004; Harbaum
MS 20080314 Submitted 4/25/2008, Accepted 9/1/2008. Authors Islam and and others 2007, 2008). Miean and Mohamed (2001) investigated
Choi are with Dept. of Food and Nutrition, Seoul Natl. Univ., Seoul 151- the concentrations of 5 specific flavonoids in 62 edible plants when
742, South Korea. Direct inquiries to author Islam (E-mail: sislam1974@ a considerable amount of myricetin and apigenin were detected
yahoo.com).
in the CC and hypoglycemic- and insulin-sensitizing activities of
R
Institute of Food Technologists
doi: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2008.00958.x


C 2008

Further reproduction without permission is prohibited

Vol. 73, Nr. 9, 2008JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE

H213

H: Health, Nutrition, &

Food

Introduction

iabetes is a major threat to global public health and its prevalence is rapidly increasing worldwide. At least 177 million
people worldwide have diabetes, and this figure is predicted to
be doubled by 2030 (WHO report 2000). Although type-2 diabetes
(T2D) is most prevalent in working aged adults, its prevalence in
young children and adolescents appears have increased significantly in the last 15 y (Pinhas-Hamiel and Zeitler 2005), with up
to 45% of newly reported cases occurring in adolescents. Additionally, 80% of all newly reported cases of pediatric diabetes in Japan,
and 70% of the same among Native Americans, are classified as T2D
(Krosnick 2000; Moore and others 2003). T2D is a heterogeneous
disorder characterized by a progressive decline in insulin action
(insulin resistance), followed by the inability of -cells to compensate for insulin resistance (-cell dysfunction) (Srinivasan and
others 2005). If not controlled, these may result in other microand macrovascular complications such as cardiovascular disease,
blindness, renal failure, and limb amputations due to neuropathy,
and poor wound healing (Ross 1986).
T2D is differentiated from type-1 diabetes (T1D) by being associated with insulin resistance and partial -cell damage, where as
T1D is associated with severe damage to the pancreatic -cells to
such an extent that insulin dependence occurs (Masiello 2006). A

Effect of Chinese cabbage on diabetes . . .

these 2 particular flavonoids have been found in experimentally
and spontaneously induced diabetic rodent models (Liu and others
2005, 2007; Panda and Kar 2007). Recently, research group of Harbaum has identified various antioxidants in CC including all major
flavonoids and 28 compounds with phenolic structures (Harbaum
and others 2007). With others (Bahorun and others 2004) they have
also confirmed that CC contains a significantly higher amount
of flavonoids compared to many other vegetables (Harbaum and
others 2008). Potent antioxidative and various free radical scavenging activities of CC and its antioxidant compounds have been
reported by several research groups (Chen and others 2004; Roy
and others 2007). Although CC is usually consumed with diets and
several studies have reported its antioxidant contents and antioxidative and free radical scavenging activities, the effect of dietary
CC on T2D, an oxidative stress-related metabolic disorder, either in
humans or in experimental animals is still unknown.
The present study was conducted to investigate the antidiabetic
effects of a low (0.5%) and a high (2.0%) dietary dose of freeze-dried
CC powder in a high-fat (HF) diet-fed streptozotocin (STZ)-induced
T2D model of rats.

Materials and Methods

Preparation of Chinese cabbage powder
Fresh whole CC was purchased from the local market, washed,
and cut into small pieces before freeze drying. Freeze-dried CC
was finely ground by using a kitchen blender to make powder and
preserved in an air-tight container at room temperature until the
preparation of experimental diets (discussed below). The fresh CC
was not blanched before freeze-drying process as it causes significant reduction of flavonoids, phenolic compounds, and other antioxidants present in CC and their antioxidative functions (Ismail
and others 2004; Amin and Lee 2005; Roy and others 2007).

Animals

Induction of diabetes
After free access to an HF diet for 2 wk, diabetes was induced after a 12-h fast via intraperitoneal injection (40 mg/kg body weight)
of STZ (SIGMA, St. Louis, Mo., U.S.A.) dissolved in citrate buffer
(pH 4.5). Only buffer was injected to the NC group. One week after the STZ injection, nonfasting blood glucose of all animals was
checked by a portable Glucometer (Accu-Check Active, Roche Diagnostics Ltd., Mannheim, Germany) in blood collected from the tail
vein. Animals with nonfasting blood glucose values of 300 mg/dl
were considered as diabetic. The animals with blood glucose of
<300 mg/dl were excluded from the study.

Diets and feeding

The detail compositions of the control and experimental diets
are given in Table 1. The preparation of CC-containing experimental diets was done by replacing equal amounts of cornstarch in the
control diet with lyophilized CC powder. Animals were allowed to
feed freely on their allocated diets for a 4-wk experimental period
after the confirmation of diabetes (1 wk after the STZ injection).
During this period, dietary intake was monitored daily and body
weight weekly.

Intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT)

In the last week of the experiment, an IPGTT was performed in
each animal. In this regard, animals were fasted overnight prior to
receiving an intraperitoneal injection of glucose (2.0 g per kg body
weight). The glucose concentrations were subsequently measured
in the blood collected from tail vein at 0 (just before injection), 30,
60, 90, and 120 min after the glucose injection.

Sampling of blood and liver

At the end of the experimental period, fasted animals were sacrificed by decapitation, and blood and liver were collected for further analysis. After the collection of whole blood from each animal
in a 14-mL falcon tube, approximately 0.5 mL blood from each animal was transferred into a heparinized microtube and immediately
preserved at 4 C for subsequent analysis of glycated hemoglobin
(HbA1c). The remaining blood was centrifuged at 3000 rpm
for 15 min and separated serum was collected and preserved at
80 C until further analysis. Collected liver was trimmed, washed
with cold saline, wiped with filter paper, weighed, and snap frozen
in liquid nitrogen and preserved at 80 C until further analysis.

H: Health, Nutrition, &

Food

Five-week-old male SpragueDawley rats weighing 120 to 140 g

were purchased from Orient Charles River Technology, Seoul, South
Korea. Animals were housed as 2 in 1 polycarbonated cage, in
an ambient humidity- and temperature-controlled room at a 12-h
light:dark cycle. After free access to an HF diet (Table 1) and drinking water for 2 wk, animals were randomly divided into 4 groups of
8 animals, namely: normal control (NC), diabetic control (DBC),
Chinese cabbage low (CCL), and Chinese cabbage high (CCH)
groups, where low and high indicate the addition of 0.5% and Analyses of blood, serum, and liver
Blood glucose concentrations were measured by a glucose
2.0% lyophilized CC powder, respectively, to their diets. Ethical approval was granted by an Experimental Animal Care Committee of oxido-peroxidase method using a portable Glucometer (Accucheck
Active, Roche Diagnostics Ltd.). Serum insulin concentration was
the Inst. of Laboratory Animal Resources of Seoul Natl. Univ.
analyzed by using an ultrasensitive rat insulin ELISA kit (MercoTable 1 --- Compositions of control and experimental diets. dia AB, Uppsala, Sweden, Lot nr. 14154) in a multiwell plate ELISA
reader (BIORAD-680, Biorad Ltd., Hercules, Calif., U.S.A.). Blood
(g/kg)
HbA1c was extracted from heparinized blood by using a chromatoChinese
Chinese
Ingredients
Control
cabbage low
cabbage high graphic cation-exchange disposable column after hemolysis and
the concentration of HbA1c was measured photometrically as deCornstarch
377.00
372.00
357.00
scribed in the manufacturers manual of HbA1c kit (Lot nr 488AA,
Sucrose
100.00
100.00
100.00
Biosystems, Costa Brava, Barcelona, Spain). Serum lipid profiles
Casein
200.00
200.00
200.00
(total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and triglycLard
200.00
200.00
200.00
Soybean oil
20.00
20.00
20.00
erides) were determined photometrically by using commercial kits
Cellulose
50.00
50.00
50.00
purchased from ACE Chemicals Ltd., Seoul, South Korea. Liver
Vitamin mixa
10.00
10.00
10.00
glycogen levels were measured by a phenol-sulfuric acid method
a
Mineral mix
40.00
40.00
40.00
as described by Lo and others (1970).
L-Methionine
3.00
3.00
3.00
CC powder
0.00
5.00
20.00
Statistical analysis
Total
1000
1000
1000
All data are presented as a mean SD of 6 to 8 animals. Data
a
AIN-93M.
CC = Chinese cabbage.
were analyzed by a statistical software package (Statview, Version
H214

JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCEVol. 73, Nr. 9, 2008

Effect of Chinese cabbage on diabetes . . .

5.0, St. Louis, Mo., U.S.A.) using TukeyKramer multiple range postBrassica-containing diets usually have a high content of neuhoc test. Values were considered significantly different for P values tral detergent fiber (NDF), especially the soluble fraction (Cassida
< 0.05.
and others 1994), which contributes to delaying gastric emptying
as well as in increasing gastrointestinal motility and nutrients utilization from gastrointestinal tract (Hannan and others 2007). It has
Results
uring the 4-wk feeding, although food intake was not signif- been reported that the consumption of higher dietary NDF not only
icantly different between the DBC, CCL, and CCH groups, increased the nutrients utilization but also significantly increased
body weight gain was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the CCH, but cecal short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) concentrations, the cecum
not in CCL, group compared to the DBC group (Table 2). Although weight, the proportion of cecum weight to body weight, and other
fasting blood glucose values of the DBC, CCL, and CCH groups organs weights in experimental animals (Tao and Li 2006), which
were relatively higher than the NC group, the data were not signif- contribute to their energy metabolism and overall body weight inicantly different. Serum insulin concentrations were significantly duction. In our study, the higher content of NDF in the CCH group
lower and blood HbA1c concentrations were significantly higher in compared to the CCL group might have resulted in more body
the DBC, CCL, and CCH groups compared to the NC group when no weight gain of animals in the CCH group compared to the CCL
significant difference was observed between the DBC- and CC-fed group through increased gastric emptying time, nutrients utilization, cecal SCFAs production and energy contribution from SCFAs,
groups for these parameters (Table 2).
The results of the IPGTT are shown in Figure 1. Blood glucose cecum weight, and other organ weights. For the same reason, alconcentrations at 0 min after the glucose injection were not signifi- though food intake was not different between the DBC and CCH
cantly different between the groups. Although better glucose toler- groups, body weight gain was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the
ances were observed in the CCL and CCH groups compared to the CCH group compared to the DBC group.
It has been also reported that dietary fiber also positively afDBC group in the following time intervals of the IPGTT, the results
were not significantly different. Blood glucose concentrations at 60, fects the glucose homeostasis through delaying carbohydrate di90, and 120 min after the glucose injection were significantly higher gestion and absorption, increasing insulin action, peripheral glucose uptake, and enhancing total antioxidant status in both type 1
in the DBC, CCL, and CCH groups compared to the NC group.
Data for the liver weight, relative liver weight (calculated as a per- and T2D model animals (Hannan and others 2007). In addition,
centage of body weight), and liver glycogen levels are presented in CC contains several antioxidant flavonoids and phenolic comTable 3. Relative liver weight and liver glycogen levels were signif- pounds (Miean and Mohamed 2001; Bahorun and others 2004;
icantly higher in the DBC, CCL, and CCH groups compared to the Harbaum and others 2007, 2008), which antioxidative and free
NC group with no significant difference between the DBC- and CCfed groups.
Figure 2 shows the serum lipid concentrations at the end of
the experimental period. Serum total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol,
and LDL-cholesterol were not significantly different among the
groups of rats. Serum triglyceride concentration was significantly
higher in the CCL, but not in the CCH, group compared to the DBC
and NC groups.

Figure 1 --- Intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test in the

last week of 4-wk experimental period. Values are shown
as mean SD of 6 to 8 animals. a,b Different letters presented for a given period of time are significantly different
from each animal group (TukeyKramer multiple range
post-hoc analysis, P < 0.05). For abbreviations, see footnotes of Table 2.

Table 2 --- Food intake, body weight, blood glucose, serum insulin, and blood glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels in
different animal groups at the end of the experimental period.
NC
Food intake/rat/d (g)
Body weight gain (g)
FBG (mg/dl)
Serum insulin (picomol/l)
Blood HbA1c (%)

DBC

19.41 1.15
263.41 34.58a
113.13 24.42
295.69 85.69a
5.18 0.46a
a

CCL

22.46 2.94
130.81 71.11c
181.71 60.13
61.83 27.31b
7.78 1.51b
b

CCH

22.16 1.62
144.47 67.89bc
196.00 52.78
101.89 59.44b
7.40 0.9b
b

21.86 3.37ab
191.91 64.09b
198.00 74.61
134.10 78.19b
6.71 0.43b

Values are shown as mean SD of 6 to 8 animals.

a,b,c
Values with different superscript letters within a row are significantly different from each other (TukeyKramer multiple range post-hoc analysis, P < 0.05).
NC = normal control; DBC = diabetic control; CCL = Chinese cabbage low; CCH = Chinese cabbage high; FBG = fasting blood glucose.

Vol. 73, Nr. 9, 2008JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE

H215

H: Health, Nutrition, &

Food

Discussion

he present study investigated the antidiabetic effects of a low

(0.5%) and a high (2.0%) dietary dose of freeze-dried CC powder in a T2D model of rats. The diabetic model used in this study
was developed by feeding rats an HF diet in order to induce insulin resistance in combination with a low dose of intraperitoneal
STZ, resulting in partial -cell dysfunction and lowered insulin secretion. This model is widely used for investigating the type-2 diabetic state due to the fact that it is a non-insulin-dependent model,
with insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, and abnormal lipid profiles (Luo and others 1998; Reed and others 2000; Srinivasan and
others 2005; Islam and Choi 2007). However, eventually no significant antidiabetic effect of CC was observed in this animal-based
experiment.

Effect of Chinese cabbage on diabetes . . .

Table 3 --- Liver weight, relative liver weight, and liver glycogen level in different animal groups at the end of the
experimental period.
NC
Liver weight (g)
Relative liver weightA (%)
Liver glycogen (mg/g tissue)

13.34 2.13
2.85 0.21a
3.15 1.58a

DBC

CCL

CCH

12.81 1.74
3.91 0.40b
20.00 6.65b

13.59 2.38
3.94 0.29b
20.56 5.33b

14.33 1.09
3.66 0.42b
20.35 7.39b

Values are shown as mean SD of 6 to 8 animals.

a,b
Values with different superscript letters within a row are significantly different from each other (TukeyKramer multiple range post-hoc analysis, P < 0.05).
A
Relative liver weight (%) = (liver weight/body weight) 100.
For abbreviations see footnotes of Table 2.

radical scavenging activities have been reported in several previous

studies (Chen and others 2004; Roy and others 2007). Some of these
antioxidative compounds have been shown to have hypoglycemicand insulin-sensitizing activities in experimentally and spontaneously induced diabetes rodent models (Liu and others 2005; Liu
and others 2007; Panda and Kar 2007). However, the concentrations
of antioxidative flavonoids and phenolic compounds in the dosages
of CC we used might not be sufficient to ameliorate the diabetesrelated symptoms in a T2D model of rats in our study. Therefore,
although relatively higher serum insulin concentrations and better
glucose tolerance were observed in the both CC-fed groups compared to the DBC group, the results were not significantly different. It suggests that up to 2% dietary dose of CC is not effective to
ameliorate diabetes-related parameters at least in this experimental condition.
On the other hand, although the results were not significantly
different, increasing tendency of serum triglyceride was observed
in the CC-fed groups compared to the NC and DBC groups, while
no difference was observed for serum total-, HDL-, and LDLcholesterol concentrations (Figure 2). However, the concentration
of serum triglyceride in the CCH group was relatively lower than
the CCL group. We speculate that higher dose of CC not only increased the consumption of its antioxidant flavonoids and phenolic compounds, but also increased the consumption of more NDF,
which might be associated with the reduction of serum triglyceride
in the CCH group compared to the CCL group (Thampi and others 1991); however, results were not significantly different between
the groups. Recently, Islam and Choi (2007) reported that feeding
HF diet with STZ injection is closely associated with abnormal lipid
metabolism resulted in serum hyperlipidemia in rats. In our study,

the hyperlipidemia that was not reduced by the dosage of CC in

HF diet-fed STZ-induced diabetic rats might be due to the higher
absorption and synthesis of LDL-cholesterol in the form of chylomicrons and their lower uptake in the peripheral tissues due to
exogenous consumption of HF diet (Srinivasan and others 2004).
Moreover, the total nutrients utilizations of CC-fed groups might
be higher than the NC and DBC groups, which facilitated the internal lipid synthesis. As a result, hypertriglyceridemic tendencies
were observed in the CC-fed groups compared to the DBC and NC
groups in our experiment.

Conclusion

ata of this study suggest that up to a 2% dietary dose of CC

has no significant antidiabetic effect in an HF diet-fed STZinduced T2D model of rats. Although CC contains a number of antioxidant flavonoids and phenolic compounds and dietary fiber, the
dosages used in this experiment might not be sufficient to ameliorate the diabetes-related symptoms. In contrast, higher dietary fat
might be another factor in the way of not finding antidiabetic effect
of CC in our study. Dietary CC may have antidiabetic effects when
more high dosages will be used with normal or low fat-containing
diet rather than HF-containing diet, but such amounts of CC are
not usually consumed by humans and their possible side effects or
toxicities would be a major concern in this regard.

Acknowledgment
This study was supported by a grant of Korean Health 21 R&D
Project, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Republic of Korea (03-PJ1PG1-CH12-0002).

References

H: Health, Nutrition, &

Food
Figure 2 --- Serum lipid profiles at the end of the experimental period. Values are shown as mean SD of 6
to 8 animals. a,b Different letters presented for a given
parameter are significantly different from each animal
group (TukeyKramer multiple range post-hoc analysis,
P < 0.05). For abbreviations, see footnotes of Table 2.
H216

JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCEVol. 73, Nr. 9, 2008

Amin I, Lee WY. 2005. Effect of different blanching times on antioxidant properties in
selected cruciferous vegetables. J Sci Food Agric 85:231420.
Bahorun T, Luximon-Ramma A, Crozier A, Aruoma O. 2004. Total phenol, flavonoid,
proanthocyanidin and vitamin C levels and antioxidant activities of Mauritian vegetables. J Sci Food Agric 84:155361.
Cassida KA, Barton BA, Hough RL, Wiedenhoeft MH, Guillard K. 1994. Feed intake
and apparent digestibility of hya-supplemented brassica diets for lambs. J Anim
Sci 72:16239.
Chen IC, Chang HC, Yang HW, Chen GL. 2004. Evaluation of total antioxidant
activity of several popular vegetables and Chinese herbs: a fast approach with
ABTS/H 2 O 2 /HRP system in microplates. J Food Drug Analysis 12:2933.
Codina J, Lasuncion MA, Herrera E. 1978. Effects of chronic and acute treatment with
sulfonylurea on plasma insulin and glucose levels in the rat. Diabetes Metab 4:47
52.
Gille L, Schott-Ohly P, Fresen N, Schulte IM, Walde S, Udilova N, Nowl H, Gleichmann
H. 2002. Generation of hydroxyl radicals mediated by streptozotocin in pancreatic
islets of mice in vitro. Pharmcol Toxicol 90:31726.
Hannan JM, Ali L, Rokeya B, Khaleque J, Akhter M, Flatt PR, Abdel-Wahab YH. 2007.
Soluble dietary fiber fraction of Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek) seed improves glucose homeostasis in animal models of type 1 and type 2 diabetes by delaying carbohydrate digestion and absorption, and enhancing insulin action. Br J
Nutr 97:51421.
Harbaum B, Hubbermann EM, Wolff C, Herges R, Zhu Z, Schwarz K. 2007. Identification of flavonoids and hydroxycinnamic acids in pak choi varieties (Brassica
campestris L. ssp. Chinensis var. communis) by HPLC-ESI-MS(n) and NMR and
their quantification by HPLC-CAD. J Agric Food Chem 55:825160.
Harbaum B, Hubbermann E, Zhu Z, Schwarz K. 2008. Free and bound phenolic compounds in leaves of pak choi (Brassica campestris L. ssp. Chinesnsis var. commnis)
and Chinese leaf mustard (Brassica juncea Coss). Food Chem 110:83846.
Islam MS, Choi H. 2007. Nongenetic model of type 2 diabetes: a comparative study.
Pharmacology 79:2439.

Effect of Chinese cabbage on diabetes . . .

Quilliot D, Walter E, Bonte JP, Fruchart JC, Duriez P, Ziegler O. 2005. Diabetes mellitus worsen antioxidant status in patients with chronic pancreatitis. Am J Clin Nutr
81:11117.
Reed MJ, Meszaros K, Entes LJ, Claypool MD, Pinkett JG, Gadbois TM, Reaven GM.
2000. A new rat model of type 2 diabetes: the fat-fed, streptozotocin-treated rat.
Metabolsim 49:13904.
Ross R. 1986. The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis: an update. N Engl J Med 314:488
500.
Roy MK, Takenaka M, Isobe S, Tsushida T. 2007. Antioxidant potential, antiproliferative activities, and phenolic content in water-soluble fractions of some
commonly consumed vegetables: effects of thermal treatment. Food Chem
103:10614.
Srinivasan K. 2005. Plant foods in the management of diabetes mellitus: spices as beneficial antidiabetic food adjuncts. Int J Food Sci Nutr 56:399414.
Srinivasan K, Patole PS, Kaul CL, Ramarao P. 2004. Reversal of glucose intolerance by
pioglitazone in high-fat diet fed rats. Method Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 26:32733.
Srinivasan K, Viswanad B, Lydia A, Kaul CL, Ramarao P. 2005. Combination of highfat diet-fed and low-dose streptozotocin-treated rat: a model for type 2 diabetes
and pharmacological screening. Pharmacol Res 52:31320.
Tao ZY, Li FC. 2006. Effects of dietary neutral detergent fibre on production performance, nutrient utilization, caecum fermentation and fibrolytic activity in 2- to 3month-old New Zealand rabbits. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 90:46773.
Thampi BS, Manoj G, Leelamma S, Menon VP. 1991. Dietary fiber and lipid peroxidation: effect of dietary fiber on levels of lipids and lipid peroxides in high fat diet.
Indian J Exp Biol 29:56367.
Tiedge M, Lortz S, Drinkgern J, Lenzen S. 1997. Relation between antioxidant enzyme
gene expression and antioxidative defense status of insulin-producing cells. Diabetes 46:173342.
World Health Organization (WHO) report. 2000. Global strategy on diet, physical activity, and health. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.

H: Health, Nutrition, &

Food

Ismail A, Marjan ZM, Foong CW. 2004. Total antioxidant activity and phenolic content
in selected vegetables. Food Chem 87:5816.
Kaneto H, Katakami N, Kawamori D, Miyatsuka T, Sakamoto K, Matsuoka TA,
Matsuhisa M, Yamasaki Y. 2007. Involvement of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of diabetes. Antoxid Redox Signal 9:35566.
Kobayashi M, Iwanishi M, Egawa K, Shigeta Y. 1992. Pioglitazone increase insulin sensitivity by activating insulin receptor kinase. Diabetes 41:47683.
Krosnick A. 2000. The diabetes and obesity epidemic among the Pima Indians. N J
Med 97:317.
Liu IM, Liou SS, Lan TW, Hsu FL, Cheng JT. 2005. Myricetin as the active principle of
Abelmoschus moschatus to lower plasma glucose in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Planta Med 71:61721.
Liu IM, Tzeng TF, Liou SS, Lan TW. 2007. Improvement of insulin sensitivity in obese
Zucker rats by myricetin extracted from Abelmoschus moschantus. Planta Med
73:105460.
Lo S, Russell JC, Taylor AW. 1970. Determination of glycogen in small tissue samples.
J Appl Physiol 28:2346.
Luo J, Quan J, Tsai J, Hobensack CK, Sullivan C. 1998. Nongenetic mouse models of
non-inuslin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Metabolism 47:6638.
Masiello P. 2006. Animal model of type 2 diabetes with reduced pancreatic -cell
mass. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 38:87393.
Miean KH, Mohamed S. 2001. Flavonoid (Myricetin, Quercetin, Kaempferol, Luteolin,
and Apigenin) content of edible tropical plants. J Agric Food Chem 49:310612.
Moore KR, Harwell TS, McDowall JM, Helgerson SD, Gohdes D. 2003. Three-year
prevalence and incidence of diabetes among American Indian youth in Montana
and Wyoming, 1999 to 2001. J Pediatr 143:36871.
Panda S, Kar A. 2007. Apigenin (4,57-trihydroxyflavone) regulates hyperglycemia,
thyroid dysfunction and lipid peroxidation in alloxan-induced diabetic mice. J
Pharm Pharmacol 59:15438.
Pinhas-Hamiel O, Zeitler O. 2005. The global spread of type 2 diabetes mellitus in
children and adolescents. J Pediatr 146:693700.

Vol. 73, Nr. 9, 2008JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE

H217