Conoce La India

and administered directly by the United Kingdom after the Indian Rebellion of 185
7, India became an independent nation in 1947 after a struggle for independence

that was marked by non-violent resistance led by Mahatma Gandhi.
Currently, the Indian economy is the world's seventh-largest by nominal GDP and
third-largest by purchasing power parity (PPP).[18] Following market-based econo
mic reforms in 1991, India became one of the fastest-growing major economies; it
is considered a newly industrialised country. However, it continues to face the
challenges of poverty, corruption, malnutrition and inadequate public healthcar
e. A nuclear weapons state and a regional power, it has the third-largest standi
ng army in the world and ranks sixth in military expenditure among nations. Indi
a is a federal republic governed under a parliamentary system and consists of 29
states and 7 union territories. India is a pluralistic, multilingual, and a mul
ti-ethnic society. It is also home to a diversity of wildlife in a variety of pr
otected habitats.
Contents [hide]
1
Etymology
2
History
2.1
Ancient India
2.2
Medieval India
2.3
Early modern India
2.4
Modern India
3
Geography
4
Biodiversity
5
Politics
5.1
Government
5.2
Subdivisions
6
Foreign relations and military
7
Economy
7.1
Sectors
7.2
Poverty
8
Demographics
9
Culture
9.1
Art and architecture
9.2
Literature
9.3
Performing arts
9.4
Motion pictures, television
9.5
Cuisine
9.6
Society
9.7
Clothing
9.8
Sports
10
See also
11
Notes
12
References
13
Bibliography
14
External links
Etymology
Main article: Names of India
The name India is derived from Indus, which originates from the Old Persian word
Sindhi.[24] The latter term stems from the Sanskrit word Sindhu, which was the
historical local appellation for the Indus River.[25] The ancient Greeks referre
d to the Indians as Indoi (), which tra slates as "The peple f the us".[26]
The gegraphical term Bharat (Bhrat, pr u ce [b art] ( liste )), which is recg ise
by the C stituti f ia as a fficial ame fr the cu try,[27] is use b
y ma y ia la guages i its variati s. t is a mer isati f the histric
al ame Bharatavarsha, which gai e i creasi g curre cy frm the mi-19th ce tur
y wars as a ative ame f ia.[21] Schlars believe it t be ame after t
he Veic tribe f Bharatas i the sec mille ium B.C.E.[28] t is als trait
i ally assciate with the rule f the lege ary emperr Bharata.[29] Gaarjya (li
terally, peple's State) is the Sa skrit/Hi i term fr "republic" ati g back t
the a cie t times.[30][31][32]
Hi usta ([ sta ] ( liste )) is a a cie t Persia ame fr ia ati g t the 3r
e tury B.C.E. t was i truce i t ia by the Mughals a wiely use si ce
the , fte bei g thught f as the "La f the Hi us." ts mea i g varie, re
ferri g t a regi that e cmpasse rther ia a Pakista r ia i its
e tirety.[21][33][34]
Histry
Mai articles: Histry f ia a Histry f the Republic f ia
A cie t ia
The earliest authe ticate huma remai s i Suth Asia ate t abut 30,000 year
s ag.[35] Nearly c tempra eus Meslithic rck art sites have bee fu i m
a y parts f the ia subc ti e t, i clui g at the Bhimbetka rck shelters i
Mahya Praesh.[36] Aru 7000 BCE, the first k w Nelithic settleme ts app
eare the subc ti e t i Mehrgarh a ther sites i wester Pakista .[37] T
hese graually evelpe i t the us Valley Civilisati ,[38] the first urba
culture i Suth Asia;[39] it flurishe uri g 25001900 BCE i Pakista a wes
ter ia.[40] Ce tre aru cities such as Mhe j-ar, Harappa, Dhlavira,
a Kaliba ga , a relyi g varie frms f subsiste ce, the civilisati e g
age rbustly i crafts pructi a wie-ra gi g trae.[39]
Map f the ia subc ti e t uri g the Veic peri
Duri g the peri 2000500 BCE, i terms f culture, ma y regi s f the subc ti
e t tra siti e frm the Chalclithic t the r Age.[41] The Veas, the les
t scriptures f Hi uism,[42] were cmpse uri g this peri,[43] a histria
s have a alyse these t psit a Veic culture i the Pu jab regi a the upp
er Ga getic Plai .[41] Mst histria s als c sier this peri t have e cmpa
sse several waves f -Arya migrati i t the subc ti e t.[44][42] The ca
ste system arse uri g this peri, creati g a hierarchy f priests, warrirs,
free peasa ts a traers, a lastly the i ige us peples wh were regare a
s impure; a small tribal u its graually calesce i t m archical, state-lev
el plities.[45][46] O the Decca Plateau, archaelgical evie ce frm this pe
ri suggests the existe ce f a chiefm stage f plitical rga isati .[41]
suther ia, a prgressi t see tary life is i icate by the large umb
er f megalithic m ume ts ati g frm this peri,[47] as well as by earby tra
ces f agriculture, irrigati ta ks, a craft traiti s.[47]
Damage brw pai ti g f a recli i g ma a wma .
Pai ti gs at the Aja ta Caves i Aura gaba, Maharashtra, 6th ce tury
the late Veic peri, aru the 6th ce tury BCE, the small states a chief
ms f the Ga ges Plai a the rth-wester regi s ha c sliate i t 16
majr ligarchies a m archies that were k w as the mahaja apaas.[48][49] T
he emergi g urba isati gave rise t -Veic religius mveme ts, tw f whic
h became i epe e t religi s. Jai ism came i t prmi e ce uri g the life f
its exemplar, Mahavira.[50] Buhism, base the teachi gs f Gautama Buha a
ttracte fllwers frm all scial classes excepti g the mile class; chr icli
g the life f the Buha was ce tral t the begi i gs f recre histry i
ia.[51][52][53] a age f i creasi g urba wealth, bth religi s hel up r
e u ciati as a ieal,[54] a bth establishe l g-lasti g m astic traiti
s. Plitically, by the 3r ce tury BCE, the ki gm f Magaha ha a exe r r
euce ther states t emerge as the Maurya Empire.[55] The empire was ce th
ught t have c trlle mst f the subc ti e t excepti g the far suth, but it
s cre regi s are w thught t have bee separate by large aut mus areas.
[56][57] The Maurya ki gs are k w as much fr their empire-buili g a eter
mi e ma ageme t f public life as fr Ashka's re u ciati f militarism a f
ar-flu g avcacy f the Buhist hamma.[58][59]
The Sa gam literature f the Tamil la guage reveals that, betwee 200 BCE a 20
0 CE, the suther pe i sula was bei g rule by the Cheras, the Chlas, a the
Pa yas, y asties that trae exte sively with the Rma Empire a with West a
Suth-East Asia.[60][61] Nrth ia, Hi uism asserte patriarchal c tr
l withi the family, leai g t i crease subri ati f wme .[62][55] By the
4th a 5th ce turies, the Gupta Empire ha create i the greater Ga ges Plai
a cmplex system f ami istrati a taxati that became a mel fr later
ia ki gms.[63][64] U er the Guptas, a re ewe Hi uism base evti r

ather tha the ma ageme t f ritual bega t assert itself.[65] The re ewal was
reflecte i a flweri g f sculpture a architecture, which fu patr s am
g a urba elite.[64] Classical Sa skrit literature flwere as well, a ia
scie ce, astr my, meici e, a mathematics mae sig ifica t ava ces.[64]
Meieval ia
The gra ite twer f Brihaeeswarar Temple i Tha javur was cmplete i 1010 CE
by Raja Raja Chla .
The ia early meieval age, 600 CE t 1200 CE, is efi e by regi al ki gm
s a cultural iversity.[66] Whe Harsha f Ka auj, wh rule much f the
-Ga getic Plai frm 606 t 647 CE, attempte t expa suthwars, he was efea
te by the Chalukya ruler f the Decca .[67] Whe his successr attempte t exp
a eastwars, he was efeate by the Pala ki g f Be gal.[67] Whe the Chalukya
s attempte t expa suthwars, they were efeate by the Pallavas frm farthe
r suth, wh i tur were ppse by the Pa yas a the Chlas frm still farth
er suth.[67] N ruler f this peri was able t create a empire a c siste
tly c trl la s much bey his cre regi .[66] Duri g this time, pastral pe
ples whse la ha bee cleare t make way fr the grwi g agricultural ec
my were accmmate withi caste sciety, as were ew -traiti al ruli g cl
asses.[68] The caste system c seque tly bega t shw regi al iffere ces.[68]
the 6th a 7th ce turies, the first evti al hym s were create i the Tam
il la guage.[69] They were imitate all ver ia a le t bth the resurge c
e f Hi uism a the evelpme t f all mer la guages f the subc ti e t.[6
9] ia ryalty, big a small, a the temples they patr ise, rew citize s
i great umbers t the capital cities, which became ec mic hubs as well.[70]
Temple tw s f varius sizes bega t appear everywhere as ia u erwe t a
ther urba isati .[70] By the 8th a 9th ce turies, the effects were felt i S
uth-East Asia, as Suth ia culture a plitical systems were exprte t la
s that became part f mer -ay Mya mar, Thaila , Las, Cambia, Viet am, P
hilippi es, Malaysia, a Java.[71] ia mercha ts, schlars, a smetimes ar
mies were i vlve i this tra smissi ; Suth-East Asia s tk the i itiative a
s well, with ma y sjur i g i ia semi aries a tra slati g Buhist a H
i u texts i t their la guages.[71]
After the 10th ce tury, Muslim Ce tral Asia maic cla s, usi g swift-hrse ca
valry a raisi g vast armies u ite by eth icity a religi , repeately verr
a Suth Asia's rth-wester plai s, leai g eve tually t the establishme t f
the slamic Delhi Sulta ate i 1206.[72] The sulta ate was t c trl much f N
rth ia, a t make ma y frays i t Suth ia. Althugh at first isrupti
ve fr the ia elites, the sulta ate largely left its vast -Muslim subject
ppulati t its w laws a custms.[73][74] By repeately repulsi g M gl
raiers i the 13th ce tury, the sulta ate save ia frm the evastati visi
te West a Ce tral Asia, setti g the sce e fr ce turies f migrati f fl
eei g sliers, lear e me , mystics, traers, artists, a artisa s frm that r
egi i t the subc ti e t, thereby creati g a sy cretic -slamic culture i
the rth.[75][76] The sulta ate's raii g a weake i g f the regi al ki g
ms f Suth ia pave the way fr the i ige us Vijaya agara Empire.[77] Emb
raci g a str g Shaivite traiti a buili g up the military tech lgy f
the sulta ate, the empire came t c trl much f pe i sular ia,[78] a was
t i flue ce Suth ia sciety fr l g afterwars.[77]
Early mer ia
Writi g the will a testame t f the Mughal ki g curt i Persia , 15901595
the early 16th ce tury, rther ia, bei g the u er mai ly Muslim rulers
,[79] fell agai t the superir mbility a firepwer f a ew ge erati f C
e tral Asia warrirs.[80] The resulti g Mughal Empire i t stamp ut the lc
al scieties it came t rule, but rather bala ce a pacifie them thrugh ew
ami istrative practices[81][82] a iverse a i clusive ruli g elites,[83] le
ai g t mre systematic, ce tralise, a u ifrm rule.[84] Eschewi g tribal b
s a slamic ie tity, especially u er Akbar, the Mughals u ite their far-f
lu g realms thrugh lyalty, expresse thrugh a Persia ise culture, t a empe

rr wh ha ear-ivi e status.[83] The Mughal state's ec mic plicies, erivi
g mst reve ues frm agriculture[85] a ma ati g that taxes be pai i the we
ll-regulate silver curre cy,[86] cause peasa ts a artisa s t e ter larger m
arkets.[84] The relative peace mai tai e by the empire uri g much f the 17th
ce tury was a factr i ia's ec mic expa si ,[84] resulti g i greater pat
r age f pai ti g, literary frms, textiles, a architecture.[87] Newly chere
t scial grups i
rther a wester ia, such as the Marathas, the Rajput
s, a the Sikhs, gai e military a gver i g ambiti s uri g Mughal rule, wh
ich, thrugh cllabrati r aversity, gave them bth recg iti a military
experie ce.[88] Expa i g cmmerce uri g Mughal rule gave rise t ew ia c
mmercial a plitical elites al g the casts f suther a easter ia.[8
8] As the empire isi tegrate, ma y am g these elites were able t seek a c
trl their w affairs.[89]
By the early 18th ce tury, with the li es betwee cmmercial a plitical mi
a ce bei g i creasi gly blurre, a umber f Eurpea trai g cmpa ies, i clui
g the E glish East ia Cmpa y, ha establishe castal utpsts.[90][91] The
East ia Cmpa y's c trl f the seas, greater resurces, a mre ava ce
military trai i g a tech lgy le it t i creasi gly flex its military muscle
a cause it t becme attractive t a prti f the ia elite; bth these
factrs were crucial i allwi g the cmpa y t gai c trl ver the Be gal re
gi by 1765 a sieli e the ther Eurpea cmpa ies.[92][90][93][94] ts furt
her access t the riches f Be gal a the subseque t i crease stre gth a siz
e f its army e able it t a ex r subue mst f ia by the 1820s.[95] i
a was the l ger exprti g ma ufacture gs as it l g ha, but was i stea
supplyi g the British Empire with raw materials, a ma y histria s c sier
this t be the set f ia's cl ial peri.[90] By this time, with its ec
mic pwer severely curtaile by the British parliame t a itself effectively m
ae a arm f British ami istrati , the cmpa y bega t mre c sciusly e te
r -ec mic are as such as eucati , scial refrm, a culture.[96]
Mer ia
The British ia Empire, frm the 1909 eiti f The mperial Gazetteer f
ia. Areas irectly gver e by the British are shae pi k; the pri cely states
u er British suzerai ty are i yellw.
Histria s c sier ia's mer age t have begu smetime betwee 1848 a 1
885. The appi tme t i 1848 f Lr Dalhusie as Gver r Ge eral f the East
ia Cmpa y set the stage fr cha ges esse tial t a mer state. These i clu
e the c sliati a emarcati f svereig ty, the surveilla ce f the pp
ulati , a the eucati f citize s (E glish Eucati Act 1835). Tech lgic
al cha gesam g them, railways, ca als, a the telegraphwere i truce t l g
after their i tructi i Eurpe.[97][98][99][100] Hwever, isaffecti with
the cmpa y als grew uri g this time, a set ff the ia Rebelli f 1857
. Fe by iverse rese tme ts a percepti s, i clui g i vasive British-style s
cial refrms, harsh la taxes, a summary treatme t f sme rich la w ers a
pri ces, the rebelli rcke ma y regi s f rther a ce tral ia a
shk the fu ati s f Cmpa y rule.[101][102] Althugh the rebelli was supp
resse by 1858, it le t the issluti f the East ia Cmpa y a t the
irect ami istrati f ia by the British gver me t. Prclaimi g a u itary s
tate a a graual but limite British-style parliame tary system, the ew ruler
s als prtecte pri ces a la e ge try as a feual safeguar agai st future
u rest.[103][104] the ecaes fllwi g, public life graually emerge all v
er ia, leai g eve tually t the fu i g f the ia Nati al C gress i
1885.[105][106][107][108]
Jawaharlal Nehru shari g a jke with Mahatma Ga hi, Mumbai, July 6, 1946
Jawaharlal Nehru (left) became ia's first prime mi ister i 1947. Mahatma Ga
hi (right) le the i epe e ce mveme t.
The rush f tech lgy a the cmmercialisati f agriculture i the sec ha
lf f the 19th ce tury was marke by ec mic setbacksma y small farmers became
epe e t the whims f far-away markets.[109] There was a i crease i the um
ber f large-scale fami es,[110] a , espite the risks f i frastructure evel

pme t br e by ia taxpayers, little i ustrial emplyme t was ge erate fr
ia s.[111] There were als salutary effects: cmmercial crppi g, especially
i the ewly ca alle Pu jab, le t i crease f pructi fr i ter al c s
umpti .[112] The railway etwrk prvie critical fami e relief,[113] tably
reuce the cst f mvi g gs,[113] a helpe asce t ia -w e i ustry.
[112] After Wrl War , i which apprximately e milli ia s serve,[114]
a ew peri bega . t was marke by British refrms but als repressive legisl
ati s, by mre strie t ia calls fr self-rule, a by the begi i gs f a
vile t mveme t f -c-perati , f which Mha as Karamcha Ga hi wu
l becme the leaer a e uri g symbl.[115] Duri g the 1930s, slw legislativ
e refrm was e acte by the British; the ia Nati al C gress w victries
i the resulti g electi s.[116] The ext ecae was beset with crises: ia p
articipati i Wrl War , the C gress's fi al push fr -c-perati , a
a upsurge f Muslim ati alism. All were cappe by the ave t f i epe e c
e i 1947, but tempere by the partiti f ia i t tw states: ia a Pak
ista .[117]
Vital t ia's self-image as a i epe e t ati was its c stituti , cmpl
ete i 1950, which put i place a secular a emcratic republic.[118] the
60 years si ce, ia has ha a mixe recr f successes a failures.[119] t
has remai e a emcracy with civil liberties, a active Supreme Curt, a a la
rgely i epe e t press.[119] Ec mic liberalisati , which was begu i the 19
90s, has create a large urba mile class, tra sfrme ia i t e f the w
rl's fastest-grwi g ec mies,[120] a i crease its geplitical clut.
ia mvies, music, a spiritual teachi gs play a i creasi g rle i glbal cul
ture.[119] Yet, ia is als shape by seemi gly u yieli g pverty, bth rural
a urba ;[119] by religius a caste-relate vile ce;[121] by Maist-i spire
Naxalite i surge cies;[122] a by separatism i Jammu a Kashmir a i Nrt
heast ia.[123] t has u reslve territrial isputes with Chi a[124] a wit
h Pakista .[124] The iaPakista uclear rivalry came t a hea i 1998.[125]
ia's sustai e emcratic freems are u ique am g the wrl's ewer ati s;
hwever, i spite f its rece t ec mic successes, freem frm wa t fr its
isava tage ppulati remai s a gal yet t be achieve.[126]
Gegraphy
Mai article: Gegraphy f ia
Map f ia. Mst f ia is yellw (elevati 1001000 m). Sme areas i the s
uth a mi-east are brw (abve 1000 m). Majr river valleys are gree (belw
100 m).
A tpgraphic map f ia
ia cmprises the bulk f the ia subc ti e t, lyi g atp the ia tect
ic plate, a part f the -Australia Plate.[127] ia's efi i g gelgic
al prcesses bega 75 milli years ag whe the ia plate, the part f the
suther superc ti e t G wa a, bega a rth-eastwar rift cause by seafl
r spreai g t its suth-west, a later, suth a suth-east.[127] Simulta eu
sly, the vast Tethy cea ic crust, t its rtheast, bega t subuct u er the
Eurasia plate.[127] These ual prcesses, rive by c vecti i the Earth's
ma tle, bth create the ia Ocea a cause the ia c ti e tal crust ev
e tually t u er-thrust Eurasia a t uplift the Himalayas.[127] mmeiately s
uth f the emergi g Himalayas, plate mveme t create a vast trugh that rapil
y fille with river-br e seime t[128] a w c stitutes the -Ga getic Pl
ai .[129] Cut ff frm the plai by the a cie t Aravalli Ra ge lies the Thar Des
ert.[130]
The rigi al ia plate survives as pe i sular ia, the lest a gelgica
lly mst stable part f ia. t exte s as far rth as the Satpura a Vi hy
a ra ges i ce tral ia. These parallel chai s ru frm the Arabia Sea cast
i Gujarat i the west t the cal-rich Chta Nagpur Plateau i Jharkha i the
east.[131] T the suth, the remai i g pe i sular la mass, the Decca Plateau,
is fla ke the west a east by castal ra ges k w as the Wester a East
er Ghats;[132] the plateau c tai s the cu try's lest rck frmati s, sme
ver e billi years l. C stitute i such fashi , ia lies t the rth
f the equatr betwee 6 44' a 35 30' rth latitue[e] a 68 7' a 97 25' east
l gitue.[133]
A shi i g white s w-cla ra ge, frame agai st a turquise sky. the mile g
ru , a rige esce s frm the right t frm a sale i the ce tre f the ph
tgraph, partly i shaw. the ear fregru , a lp f a ra is see .
The Kear Ra ge f the Greater Himalayas rises behi Kear ath Temple ( ia s
tate f Uttarakha ), which is e f the twelve jytirli ga shri es.
ia's castli e measures 7,517 kilmetres (4,700 mi) i le gth; f this ista
ce, 5,423 kilmetres (3,400 mi) bel g t pe i sular ia a 2,094 kilmetres
(1,300 mi) t the A ama , Nicbar, a Lakshaweep isla chai s.[134] Accri
g t the ia aval hyrgraphic charts, the mai la castli e c sists f th
e fllwi g: 43% sa y beaches; 11% rcky shres, i clui g cliffs; a 46% muf
lats r marshy shres.[134]
Majr Himalaya -rigi rivers that substa tially flw thrugh ia i clue the
Ga ges a the Brahmaputra, bth f which rai i t the Bay f Be gal.[135] mp
rta t tributaries f the Ga ges i clue the Yamu a a the Ksi; the latter's e
xtremely lw graie t fte leas t severe fls a curse cha ges.[136] Maj
r pe i sular rivers, whse steeper graie ts preve t their waters frm fli g,
i clue the Gavari, the Maha ai, the Kaveri, a the Krish a, which als ra
i i t the Bay f Be gal;[137] a the Narmaa a the Tapti, which rai i t
the Arabia Sea.[138] Castal features i clue the marshy Ra
f Kutch f weste
r ia a the alluvial Su arba s elta f easter ia; the latter is share
with Ba glaesh.[139] ia has tw archipelags: the Lakshaweep, cral atll
s ff ia's suth-wester cast; a the A ama a Nicbar sla s, a vlca
ic chai i the A ama Sea.[140]
The ia climate is str gly i flue ce by the Himalayas a the Thar Desert,
bth f which rive the ec mically a culturally pivtal summer a wi ter m
s s.[141] The Himalayas preve t cl Ce tral Asia katabatic wi s frm blwi
g i , keepi g the bulk f the ia subc ti e t warmer tha mst lcati s at
similar latitues.[142][143] The Thar Desert plays a crucial rle i attracti g
the misture-lae suth-west summer m s wi s that, betwee Ju e a Octb
er, prvie the majrity f ia's rai fall.[141] Fur majr climatic grupi gs
premi ate i ia: trpical wet, trpical ry, subtrpical humi, a m ta
e.[144]
Biiversity
Mai article: Willife f ia
The brahmi y kite (Haliastur i us) is ie tifie with Garua, the mythical mu
t f Vish u. t hu ts fr fish a ther prey ear the casts a aru i la
wetla s.
ia lies withi the malaya ecz e a c tai s three biiversity htspt
s.[145] O e f 17 megaiverse cu tries, it hsts 8.6% f all mammalia , 13.7%
f all avia , 7.9% f all reptilia , 6% f all amphibia , 12.2% f all pisci e, a
6.0% f all flweri g pla t species.[146][147] Abut 21.2% f the cu try's l
a mass is cvere by frests (tree ca py e sity >10%), f which 12.2% cmpris
es merately r very e se frests (tree ca py e sity >40%).[148] E emism is
high am g pla ts, 33%, a am g ecregi s such as the shla frests.[149] Ha
bitat ra ges frm the trpical rai frest f the A ama sla s, Wester Ghats,
a Nrth-East ia t the c iferus frest f the Himalaya. Betwee these ex
tremes lie the mist eciuus sal frest f easter ia; the ry eciuus te
ak frest f ce tral a suther ia; a the babul-mi ate thr frest f
the ce tral Decca a wester Ga getic plai .[150] The meici al eem, wiely
use i rural ia herbal remeies, is a key ia tree. The luxuria t pipal
fig tree, shw the seals f Mhe j-ar, shae Gautama Buha as he sught
e lighte me t.
Ma y ia species esce frm taxa rigi ati g i G wa a, frm which the
ia plate separate mre tha 105 milli years befre prese t.[151] Pe i sular
ia's subseque t mveme t twars a cllisi with the Laurasia la mass s
et ff a mass excha ge f species. Epchal vlca ism a climatic cha ges 20 mil
li years ag frce a mass exti cti .[152] Mammals the e tere ia frm As
ia thrugh tw zgegraphical passes fla ki g the risi g Himalaya.[150] Thus, w

hile 45.8% f reptiles a 55.8% f amphibia s are e emic, ly 12.6% f mammal
s a 4.5% f birs are.[147] Am g them are the Nilgiri leaf m key a Beme
's ta f the Wester Ghats. ia c tai s 172 UCN-esig ate threate e a im
al species, r 2.9% f e a gere frms.[153] These i clue the Asiatic li , th
e Be gal tiger, the s w lepar a the ia white-rumpe vulture, which, by
i gesti g the carri f iclfe ac-lace cattle, early became exti ct.
The pervasive a eclgically evastati g huma e crachme t f rece t ecaes
has critically e a gere ia willife. resp se the system f ati al pa
rks a prtecte areas, first establishe i 1935, was substa tially expa e.
1972, ia e acte the Willife Prtecti Act[154] a Prject Tiger t saf
eguar crucial wiler ess; the Frest C servati Act was e acte i 1980 a a
me me ts ae i 1988.[155] ia hsts mre tha five hu re willife sa ctu
aries a thirtee bisphere reserves,[156] fur f which are part f the Wrl
Netwrk f Bisphere Reserves; twe ty-five wetla s are registere u er the Ram
sar C ve ti .[157]
Plitics
Mai article: Plitics f ia
A parliame tary ji t sessi bei g hel i the Sa sa Bhava .
ia is the wrl's mst ppulus emcracy.[158] A parliame tary republic with
a multi-party system,[159] it has six recg ise ati al parties, i clui g th
e ia Nati al C gress a the Bharatiya Ja ata Party (BJP), a mre tha 4
0 regi al parties.[160] The C gress is c siere ce tre-left i ia pliti
cal culture,[161] a the BJP right-wi g.[162][163][164] Fr mst f the peri
betwee 1950whe ia first became a republica the late 1980s, the C gress hel
a majrity i the parliame t. Si ce the , hwever, it has i creasi gly share
the plitical stage with the BJP,[165] as well as with pwerful regi al parties
which have fte frce the creati f multi-party caliti s at the ce tre.[1
66]
the Republic f ia's first three ge eral electi s, i 1951, 1957, a 196
2, the Jawaharlal Nehru-le C gress w easy victries. O Nehru's eath i 196
4, Lal Bahaur Shastri briefly became prime mi ister; he was succeee, after hi
s w u expecte eath i 1966, by ira Ga hi, wh we t t lea the C gre
ss t electi victries i 1967 a 1971. Fllwi g public isc te t with the
state f emerge cy she eclare i 1975, the C gress was vte ut f pwer i
1977; the the - ew Ja ata Party, which ha ppse the emerge cy, was vte i .
ts gver me t laste just ver three years. Vte back i t pwer i 1980, the
C gress saw a cha ge i leaership i 1984, whe ira Ga hi was assassi ate
; she was succeee by her s Rajiv Ga hi, wh w a easy victry i the ge e
ral electi s later that year. The C gress was vte ut agai i 1989 whe a N
ati al Fr t caliti , le by the ewly frme Ja ata Dal i allia ce with the
Left Fr t, w the electi s; that gver me t t prve relatively shrt-live
, lasti g just u er tw years.[167] Electi s were hel agai i 1991; part
y w a abslute majrity. The C gress, as the largest si gle party, was able
t frm a mi rity gver me t le by P. V. Narasimha Ra.[168]
The Rashtrapati Bhava is the fficial resie ce f the presie t f ia.
A tw-year peri f plitical turmil fllwe the ge eral electi f 1996. Se
veral shrt-live allia ces share pwer at the ce tre. The BJP frme a gver m
e t briefly i 1996; it was fllwe by tw cmparatively l g-lasti g U ite Fr
t caliti s, which epe e exter al supprt. 1998, the BJP was able t
frm a successful caliti , the Nati al Demcratic Allia ce (NDA). Le by Ata
l Bihari Vajpayee, the NDA became the first -C gress, caliti gver me t t
cmplete a five-year term.[169] the 2004 ia ge eral electi s, agai

party w a abslute majrity, but the C gress emerge as the largest si gle
party, frmi g a ther successful caliti : the U ite Prgressive Allia ce (UP
A). t ha the supprt f left-lea i g parties a MPs wh ppse the BJP. The
UPA retur e t pwer i the 2009 ge eral electi with i crease umbers, a i
t l ger require exter al supprt frm ia's cmmu ist parties.[170] That
year, Ma mha Si gh became the first prime mi ister si ce Jawaharlal Nehru i 1

957 a 1962 t be re-electe t a c secutive five-year term.[171] the 2014
ge eral electi , the BJP became the first plitical party si ce 1984 t wi a m
ajrity a gver withut the supprt f ther parties.[172] The Prime Mi ister
f ia is Nare ra Mi, wh was frmerly Chief Mi ister f Gujarat.
Gver me t
Mai articles: Gver me t f ia a C stituti f ia
ia is a feerati with a parliame tary system gver e u er the C stituti
f ia, which serves as the cu try's supreme legal cume t. t is a republ
ic a represe tative emcracy, i which "majrity rule is tempere by mi rity
rights prtecte by law". Feeralism i ia efi es the pwer istributi be
twee the feeral gver me t a the states. The gver me t abies by c stituti
al checks a bala ces. The C stituti f ia, which came i t effect 2
6 Ja uary 1950,[173] states i its preamble that ia is a svereig , scialist
, secular, emcratic republic.[174] ia's frm f gver me t, traiti ally
escribe as "quasi-feeral" with a str g ce tre a weak states,[175] has grw
i creasi gly feeral si ce the late 1990s as a result f plitical, ec mic, a
scial cha ges.[176][177]
Nati al symbls[1]
Flag
Tira ga (Triclur)
Emblem Sar ath Li Capital
A them Ja a Ga a Ma a
S g
Va e Mataram
Curre cy
( ia rupee)
Cale ar
Saka
A imal Tiger (la )
River lphi (aquatic)
Bir
ia peafwl
Flwer Ltus
Fruit Ma g
Tree
Ba ya
River Ga ga
Game
Nt eclare[178]
The feeral gver me t cmprises three bra ches:
Executive: The Presie t f ia is the hea f state[179] a is electe i ir
ectly by a ati al electral cllege[180] fr a five-year term.[181] The Prime
Mi ister f ia is the hea f gver me t a exercises mst executive pwer.[
182] Appi te by the presie t,[183] the prime mi ister is by c ve ti suppr
te by the party r plitical allia ce hli g the majrity f seats i the lwe
r huse f parliame t.[182] The executive bra ch f the ia gver me t c sis
ts f the presie t, the vice-presie t, a the Cu cil f Mi istersthe cabi et
bei g its executive cmmitteeheae by the prime mi ister. A y mi ister hli g a
prtfli must be a member f e f the huses f parliame t.[179] the i
a parliame tary system, the executive is subri ate t the legislature; the pr
ime mi ister a his cu cil are irectly resp sible t the lwer huse f the
parliame t.[184]
Legislative: The legislature f ia is the bicameral parliame t. t perates u
er a Westmi ster-style parliame tary system a cmprises the upper huse call
e the Rajya Sabha ("Cu cil f States") a the lwer calle the Lk Sabha ("H
use f the Peple").[185] The Rajya Sabha is a perma e t by that has 245 membe
rs wh serve i staggere six-year terms.[186] Mst are electe i irectly by th
e state a territrial legislatures i
umbers prprti al t their state's sh
are f the ati al ppulati .[183] All but tw f the Lk Sabha's 545 members
are irectly electe by ppular vte; they represe t i iviual c stitue cies v
ia five-year terms.[187] The remai i g tw members are mi ate by the presie
t frm am g the A gl- ia cmmu ity, i case the presie t ecies that they
are t aequately represe te.[188]
Juicial: ia has a u itary three-tier i epe e t juiciary[189] that cmpris
es the Supreme Curt, heae by the Chief Justice f ia, 24 High Curts, a
a large umber f trial curts.[189] The Supreme Curt has rigi al jurisicti
ver cases i vlvi g fu ame tal rights a ver isputes betwee

e ce tre; it has appellate jurisicti ver the High Curts.[190]
wer bth t eclare the law a t strike w u i r state laws
e e the c stituti ,[191] as well as t i valiate a y gver me t
ms u c stituti al.[192]
Subivisi s
Mai article: Ami istrative ivisi s f ia
See als: Plitical i tegrati f ia
states a th
t has the p
which c trav
acti it ee
A clickable map f the 29 states a 7 u i territries f ia

States (1-29) & U i territries (A-G)
1. A hra Praesh
10. Jammu a Kashmir 19. Nagala
28. Uttarakha
2. Aru achal Praesh
11. Jharkha
20. Oisha
29. West Be gal
3. Assam
12. Kar ataka 21. Pu jab
A. A ama a Nicbar sla s
4. Bihar
13. Kerala
22. Rajastha
B. Cha igarh
5. Chhattisgarh 14. Mahya Praesh
23. Sikkim
C. Dara a Nagar Havel
i
6. Ga 15. Maharashtra 24. Tamil Nau D. Dama a Diu
7. Gujarat
16. Ma ipur
25. Tela ga a E. Lakshaweep
8. Harya a
17. Meghalaya 26. Tripura
F. Nati al Capital Territry f
Delhi
9. Himachal Praesh
18. Mizram
27. Uttar Praesh
G. Puucherry
ia is a feerati cmpse f 29 states a 7 u i territries.[193] All st
ates, as well as the u i territries f Puucherry a the Nati al Capital Te
rritry f Delhi, have electe legislatures a gver me ts, bth patter e t
he Westmi ster mel. The remai i g five u i territries are irectly rule by
the ce tre thrugh appi te ami istratrs. 1956, u er the States Rerga i
sati Act, states were rerga ise a li guistic basis.[194] Si ce the , thei
r structure has remai e largely u cha ge. Each state r u i territry is fur
ther ivie i t ami istrative istricts. The istricts i tur are further i
vie i t tehsils a ultimately i t villages.
Freig relati s a military
Mai articles: Freig relati s f ia a ia Arme Frces
Tw sta i g me are picture shaki g ha s. The first is resse i ia clt
hi g; the sec is i a Wester busi ess suit; bth sta i g behi a Russia f
lag.
Nare ra Mi meets Vlaimir Puti at the 6th BRCS summit. ia a Russia sha
re exte sive ec mic, efe ce, a tech lgical ties.
Si ce its i epe e ce i 1947, ia has mai tai e crial relati s with mst
ati s. the 1950s, it str gly supprte ecl isati i Africa a Asia
a playe a lea rle i the N -Alig e Mveme t.[195] the late 1980s, the
ia military twice i terve e abra at the i vitati f eighburi g cu tr
ies: a peace-keepi g perati i Sri La ka betwee 1987 a 1990; a a arme
i terve ti t preve t a 1988 cup 'tat attempt i Malives. ia has te se re
lati s with eighburi g Pakista ; the tw ati s have g e t war fur times:
i 1947, 1965, 1971, a 1999. Three f these wars were fught ver the ispute
territry f Kashmir, while the furth, the 1971 war, fllwe frm ia's su
pprt fr the i epe e ce f Ba glaesh.[196] After wagi g the 1962 Si - ia
War a the 1965 war with Pakista , ia pursue clse military a ec mic t
ies with the Sviet U i ; by the late 1960s, the Sviet U i was its largest a
rms supplier.[197]
Asie frm gi g strategic relati s with Russia, ia has wie-ra gi g efe
ce relati s with srael a Fra ce. rece t years, it has playe key rles i
the Suth Asia Assciati fr Regi al Cperati a the Wrl Trae Orga i
sati . The ati has prvie 100,000 military a plice pers el t serve i
35 UN peacekeepi g perati s acrss fur c ti e ts. t participates i the E
ast Asia Summit, the G8+5, a ther multilateral frums.[198] ia has clse e
c mic ties with Suth America,[199] Asia, a Africa; it pursues a "Lk East"
plicy that seeks t stre gthe part erships with the ASEAN ati s, Japa , a
Suth Krea that revlve aru ma y issues, but especially thse i vlvi g ec
mic i vestme t a regi al security.[200][201]

NS Vikramaitya, the ia Navy's biggest warship.
Chi a's uclear test f 1964, as well as its repeate threats t i terve e i su
pprt f Pakista i the 1965 war, c vi ce ia t evelp uclear weap s.[2
02] ia c ucte its first uclear weap s test i 1974 a carrie ut furth
er u ergru testi g i 1998. Despite criticism a military sa cti s, ia
has sig e either the Cmprehe sive Nuclear-Test-Ba Treaty r the Nuclear N
-Prliferati Treaty, c sieri g bth t be flawe a iscrimi atry.[203]
ia mai tai s a " first use" uclear plicy a is evelpi g a uclear tria
capability as a part f its "mi imum creible eterre ce" ctri e.[204][205] t
is evelpi g a ballistic missile efe ce shiel a , i cllabrati with Rus
sia, a fifth-ge erati fighter jet.[206] Other i ige us military prjects i v
lve the esig a impleme tati f Vikra t-class aircraft carriers a Ariha
t-class uclear submari es.[206]
Si ce the e f the Cl War, ia has i crease its ec mic, strategic, a
military c-perati with the U ite States a the Eurpea U i .[207] 200
8, a civilia uclear agreeme t was sig e betwee ia a the U ite States.
Althugh ia pssesse uclear weap s at the time a was t party t the Nu
clear N -Prliferati Treaty, it receive waivers frm the ter ati al Atmi
c E ergy Age cy a the Nuclear Suppliers Grup, e i g earlier restricti s
ia's uclear tech lgy a cmmerce. As a c seque ce, ia became the sixt
h e fact uclear weap s state.[208] ia subseque tly sig e c-perati ag
reeme ts i vlvi g civilia uclear e ergy with Russia,[209] Fra ce,[210] the U
ite Ki gm,[211] a Ca aa.[212]
The Presie t f ia is the supreme cmma er f the ati 's arme frces; wi
th 1.325 milli active trps, they cmpse the wrl's thir-largest military.
[213] t cmprises the ia Army, the ia Navy, a the ia Air Frce; a
uxiliary rga isati s i clue the Strategic Frces Cmma a three paramilita
ry grups: the Assam Rifles, the Special Fr tier Frce, a the ia Cast Gu
ar.[214] The fficial ia efe ce buget fr 2011 was US$36.03 billi , r 1
.83% f GDP.[215] Fr the fiscal year spa i g 20122013, US$40.44 billi was bu
gete.[216] Accri g t a 2008 SPR reprt, ia's a ual military expe itur
e i terms f purchasi g pwer st at US$72.7 billi .[217] 2011, the a ua
l efe ce buget i crease by 11.6%,[218] althugh this es t i clue fu s t
hat reach the military thrugh ther bra ches f gver me t.[219] As f 2012,
ia is the wrl's largest arms imprter; betwee 2007 a 2011, it accu te f
r 10% f fu s spe t i ter ati al arms purchases.[220] Much f the military
expe iture was fcuse efe ce agai st Pakista a cu teri g grwi g Chi e
se i flue ce i the ia Ocea .[218]
Ec my
Mai article: Ec my f ia
See als: Ec mic Histry f ia a Ec mic evelpme t i ia
ia's GDP has i crease mre tha te -fl after the ec mic refrms i 1991.
Accri g t the ter ati al M etary Fu (MF), the ia ec my i 2015 w
as mi ally wrth US$2.183 trilli ; it is the 7th-largest ec my by market ex
cha ge rates, a is, at US$8.027 trilli , the thir-largest by purchasi g pwe
r parity, r PPP.[18] With its average a ual GDP grwth rate f 5.8% ver the p
ast tw ecaes, a reachi g 6.1% uri g 201112,[221] ia is e f the wrl'
s fastest-grwi g ec mies.[222] Hwever, the cu try ra ks 140th i the wrl
i mi al GDP per capita a 129th i GDP per capita at PPP.[223] U til 1991, a
ll ia gver me ts fllwe prtecti ist plicies that were i flue ce by s
cialist ec mics. Wiesprea state i terve ti a regulati largely walle t
he ec my ff frm the utsie wrl. A acute bala ce f payme ts crisis i 19
91 frce the ati t liberalise its ec my;[224] si ce the it has slwly m
ve twars a free-market system[225][226] by emphasisi g bth freig trae a
irect i vestme t i flws.[227] ia's rece t ec mic mel is largely capita
list.[226] ia has bee a member f WTO si ce 1 Ja uary 1995.[228]
The 486.6-milli wrker ia labur frce is the wrl's sec -largest, as
f 2011.[214] The service sectr makes up 55.6% f GDP, the i ustrial sectr 26.
3% a the agricultural sectr 18.1%. ia's freig excha ge remitta ces were
US$70 billi i year 2014, the largest i the wrl, c tribute t its ec my
by 25 milli ia s wrki g i freig cu tries.[229] Majr agricultural pr
ucts i clue rice, wheat, ilsee, ctt , jute, tea, sugarca e, a ptates.[
193] Majr i ustries i clue textiles, telecmmu icati s, chemicals, pharmaceu
ticals, bitech lgy, f prcessi g, steel, tra sprt equipme t, ceme t, mi i
g, petrleum, machi ery, a sftware.[193] 2006, the share f exter al tra
e i ia's GDP st at 24%, up frm 6% i 1985.[225] 2008, ia's share
f wrl trae was 1.68%;[230] 2011, ia was the wrl's te th-largest impr
ter a the i etee th-largest exprter.[231] Majr exprts i clue petrleum pr
ucts, textile gs, jewellery, sftware, e gi eeri g gs, chemicals, a le
ather ma ufactures.[193] Majr imprts i clue crue il, machi ery, gems, ferti
liser, a chemicals.[193] Betwee 2001 a 2011, the c tributi f petrchemi
cal a e gi eeri g gs t ttal exprts grew frm 14% t 42%.[232] ia was
the sec largest textile exprter after Chi a i the wrl i cale ar year 20
13.[233]
Averagi g a ec mic grwth rate f 7.5% fr several years prir t 2007,[225]
ia has mre tha uble its hurly wage rates uri g the first ecae f the
21st ce tury.[234] Sme 431 milli ia s have left pverty si ce 1985; ia
's mile classes are prjecte t umber aru 580 milli by 2030.[235] Thug
h ra ki g 51st i glbal cmpetitive ess, ia ra ks 17th i fi a cial market s
phisticati , 24th i the ba ki g sectr, 44th i busi ess sphisticati , a
39th i i vati , ahea f several ava ce ec mies, as f 2010.[236] With 7
f the wrl's tp 15 i frmati tech lgy utsurci g cmpa ies base i
ia, the cu try is viewe as the sec -mst favurable utsurci g esti ati
after the U ite States, as f 2009.[237] ia's c sumer market, the wrl's e
leve th-largest, is expecte t becme fifth-largest by 2030.[235]
Drive by grwth, ia's mi al GDP per capita has steaily i crease frm US$
329 i 1991, whe ec mic liberalisati bega , t US$1,265 i 2010, a is est
imate t i crease t US$2,110 by 2016; hwever, it has remai e lwer tha ths
e f ther Asia evelpi g cu tries such as esia, Malaysia, Philippi es,
Sri La ka, a Thaila , a is expecte t remai s i the ear future. Hweve
r, it is higher tha Pakista , Nepal, Afgha ista , Ba glaesh a thers.[238]
Accri g t a 2011 PricewaterhuseCpers reprt, ia's GDP at purchasi g pw
er parity cul vertake that f the U ite States by 2045.[239] Duri g the ext
fur ecaes, ia GDP is expecte t grw at a a ualise average f 8%, ma
ki g it pte tially the wrl's fastest-grwi g majr ec my u til 2050.[239] T
he reprt highlights key grwth factrs: a yu g a rapily grwi g wrki g-age
ppulati ; grwth i the ma ufacturi g sectr because f risi g eucati a
e gi eeri g skill levels; a sustai e grwth f the c sumer market rive by
a rapily grwi g mile class.[239] The Wrl Ba k cauti s that, fr ia t
achieve its ec mic pte tial, it must c ti ue t fcus public sectr refr
m, tra sprt i frastructure, agricultural a rural evelpme t, remval f lab
ur regulati s, eucati , e ergy security, a public health a utriti .[240
]
2016, the Ec mist tellige ce U it (EU) release Tp 10 cheapest cities i
the wrl which 4 f it were frm ia: Ba galre (2 ), Mumbai (3r), Che a
i (6th) a New Delhi (8th) base the cst f 160 pructs a services.[241]
Sectrs
ia's telecmmu icati i ustry, the wrl's fastest-grwi g, ae 227 milli
subscribers uri g the peri 201011,[242] a after the first quarter f 2013
, ia surpasse Japa t becme the thir largest smartph e market i the wr
l after Chi a a the US[243]
A feeer ship i Diam Harbur, West Be gal. ter ati al trae accu te fr
14% f ia's GDP i 1988, 24% i 1998, a 53% i 2008.
ts autmtive i ustry, the wrl's sec fastest grwi g, i crease mestic
sales by 26% uri g 200910,[244] a exprts by 36% uri g 200809.[245] ia's ca
pacity t ge erate electrical pwer is 250 gigawatts, f which 8% is re ewable.
At the e f 2011, the ia T i ustry emplye 2.8 milli prfessi als, g
e erate reve ues clse t US$100 billi equalli g 7.5% f ia GDP a c tr
ibute 26% f ia's mercha ise exprts.[246]
The pharmaceutical i ustry i ia is am g the sig ifica t emergi g markets f
r glbal pharma i ustry. The ia pharmaceutical market is expecte t reach
$48.5 billi by 2020. ia's R & D spe i g c stitutes 60% f the bipharmac
eutical i ustry.[247][248] ia is am g the tp 12 bitech esti ati s f th
e wrl.[249][250] The ia bitech i ustry grew by 15.1% i 201213, i creasi
g its reve ues frm 204.4 Billi NR ( ia Rupees) t 235.24 Billi NR (3.9
4 B US$ - excha ge rate Ju e 2013: 1 US$ apprx. 60 NR).[251] Althugh harly 2
% f ia s pay i cme taxes.[252]
Pverty
Mai article: Pverty i ia
Despite impressive ec mic grwth uri g rece t ecaes, ia c ti ues t fac
e sci-ec mic challe ges. ia c tai s the largest c ce trati f peple
livi g belw the Wrl Ba k's i ter ati al pverty li e f US$1.25 per ay,[253
] the prprti havi g ecrease frm 60% i 1981 t 42% i 2005, a 25% i 20
11.[254] 30.7% f ia's chilre u er the age f five are u erweight.[255] A
ccri g t a F a Agriculture Orga izati reprt i 2015, 15% f ia p
pulati is u er urishe.[256][257] The Mi-Day Meal Scheme attempts t lwer
these rates.[258] Si ce 1991, ec mic i equality betwee ia's states has c
siste tly grw : the per-capita et state mestic pruct f the richest states
i 2007 was 3.2 times that f the prest.[259] Crrupti i ia is perceive
t have i crease sig ifica tly,[260] with e reprt estimati g the illegal c
apital flws si ce i epe e ce t be US$462 billi .[261]
ia has the highest umber f peple livi g i c iti s f slavery, 18 milli
, mst f whm are i b e labur.[262] ia has the largest umber f chil
laburers u er the age f 14 i the wrl with a estimate 12.6 milli chil
re e gage i hazarus ccupati s.[263][264][265]
Demgraphics
Mai article: Demgraphics f ia
See als: La guages f ia a Religi i ia
Map f ia. High ppulati e sity areas (abve 1000 pers s per square kilm
etre) ce tre Klkata al g with ther parts f the Ga ges River Basi , Mumbai
, Ba galre, the suth-west cast, a the Lakshaweep sla s. Lw e sity area
s (belw 100) i clue the wester esert, easter Kashmir, a the easter fr t
ier.
A ppulati e sity a ia Railways c ectivity map. The alreay e sely s
ettle -Ga getic Plai is the mai river f ia ppulati grwth.
A ha icraft seller i Hyeraba, Tela ga a
With 1,210,193,422 resie ts reprte i the 2011 prvisi al ce sus reprt,[266
] ia is the wrl's sec -mst ppulus cu try. ts ppulati grew by 17.6
4% uri g 20012011,[267] cmpare t 21.54% grwth i the previus ecae (1991200
1).[267] The huma sex rati, accri g t the 2011 ce sus, is 940 females per 1
,000 males.[266] The meia age was 24.9 i the 2001 ce sus.[214] The first pst
-cl ial ce sus, c ucte i 1951, cu te 361.1 milli peple.[268] Meical
ava ces mae i the last 50 years as well as i crease agricultural pructivit
y brught abut by the "Gree Revluti " have cause ia's ppulati t grw
rapily.[269] ia c ti ues t face several public health-relate challe ges.
[270][271]
Life expecta cy i ia is at 68 years with life expecta cy fr wme bei g 69.
6 years a fr me bei g 67.3.[272] There are aru 50 physicia s per 100,000
ia s.[273] The umber f ia s livi g i urba areas has grw by 31.2% bet
wee 1991 a 2001.[274] Yet, i 2001, ver 70% live i rural areas.[275][276]
The level f urba isati i crease frm 27.81% i 2001 Ce sus t 31.16% i 2011
Ce sus. The slwi g w f the verall grwth rate f ppulati was ue t th
e sharp ecli e i the grwth rate i rural areas si ce 1991.[277] Accri g t
the 2011 ce sus, there are 53 milli -plus cities i ia; am g them Mumbai, D
elhi, Ba galre, Hyeraba, Che ai, Ahmeaba, a Klkata, i ecreasi g rer
by ppulati .[278] The literacy rate i 2011 was 74.04%: 65.46% am g females
a 82.14% am g males.[279] The rural urba literacy gap which was 21.2 perce t
age pi ts i 2001, rppe t 16.1 perce tage pi ts i 2011. The imprveme t i
literacy rate i rural area is tw times that i urba areas.[277] Kerala is t
he mst literate state with 93.91% literacy; while Bihar the least with 63.82%.[
279]
ia is hme t tw majr la guage families: -Arya (spke by abut 74% f
the ppulati ) a Draviia (24%). Other la guages spke i ia cme frm
the Austrasiatic a Si -Tibeta la guage families. ia has ati al la g
uage.[280] Hi i, with the largest umber f speakers, is the fficial la guage
f the gver me t.[281][282] E glish is use exte sively i busi ess a ami is
trati a has the status f a "subsiiary fficial la guage";[6] it is imprta
t i eucati , especially as a meium f higher eucati . Each state a u i
territry has e r mre fficial la guages, a the c stituti recg ises
i particular 22 "scheule la guages". The C stituti f ia recg ises 212
scheule tribal grups which tgether c stitute abut 7.5% f the cu try's p
pulati .[283] The 2011 ce sus reprte[284] that Hi uism (79.8% f the ppula
ti ) is the largest religi i ia, fllwe by slam (14.23%). Other religi
s r e (5.97% f the ppulati ) i clue Christia ity (2.30%), Sikhism (1.7
2%), Buhism (0.70%), Jai ism, Juaism, Zrastria ism, a the Bah' Faith.[285]
ia has the wrl's largest Hi u, Sikh, Jai , Zrastria , a Bah' ppulati s
, a has the thir-largest Muslim ppulati a the largest Muslim ppulati
fr a -Muslim majrity cu try.[286][287]
Culture
Mai article: Culture f ia
A Warli tribal pai ti g by Jivya Sma Mashe frm Tha e, Maharashtra

ia cultural histry spa s mre tha 4,500 years.[288] Duri g the Veic peri
(c. 1700 500 BCE), the fu ati s f Hi u philsphy, mythlgy, thelgy a
literature were lai, a ma y beliefs a practices which still exist tay,
such as hrma, krma, yga, a mka, were establishe.[26] ia is table fr its r
eligius iversity, with Hi uism, Buhism, Sikhism, slam, Christia ity, a J
ai ism am g the ati 's majr religi s.[289] The premi a t religi , Hi ui
sm, has bee shape by varius histrical schls f thught, i clui g thse f
the Upa ishas,[290] the Yga Sutras, the Bhakti mveme t,[289] a by Buhist
philsphy.[291]
Art a architecture
Mai article: Architecture f ia
Much f ia architecture, i clui g the Taj Mahal, ther wrks f Mughal arch
itecture, a Suth ia architecture, ble s a cie t lcal traiti s with im
prte styles.[292] Ver acular architecture is als highly regi al i it flavu
rs. Vastu shastra, literally "scie ce f c structi " r "architecture" a asc
ribe t Mamu i Maya ,[293] explres hw the laws f ature affect huma welli
gs;[294] it emplys precise gemetry a irecti al alig me ts t reflect perce
ive csmic c structs.[295] As applie i Hi u temple architecture, it is i fl
ue ce by the Shilpa Shastras, a series f fu ati al texts whse basic mythl
gical frm is the Vastu-Purusha ma ala, a square that embie the "abslute".
[296] The Taj Mahal, built i Agra betwee 1631 a 1648 by rers f Emperr Sh
ah Jaha i memry f his wife, has bee escribe i the UNESCO Wrl Heritage
List as "the jewel f Muslim art i ia a e f the u iversally amire mas
terpieces f the wrl's heritage".[297] -Sarace ic Revival architecture, e
velpe by the British i the late 19th ce tury, rew -slamic architectu
re.[298]
Literature
Mai article: ia literature
The earliest literary writi gs i ia, cmpse betwee 1700 BCE a 1200 CE,
were i the Sa skrit la guage.[299][300] Prmi e t wrks f this Sa skrit litera
ture i clue epics such as the Mahbhrata a the Ramaya a, the ramas f Klisa such
as the Abhij aku talam (The Recg iti f aku tal), a petry such as the Mahkvy
1][302][303] Kamasutra, the famus bk abut sexual i tercurse als rigi ate
i ia. Develpe betwee 600 BCE a 300 CE i Suth ia, the Sa gam liter
ature, c sisti g f 2,381 pems, is regare as a preecessr f Tamil literatu
re.[304][305][306][307] Frm the 14th t the 18th ce turies, ia's literary tr
aiti s we t thrugh a peri f rastic cha ge because f the emerge ce f ev
ti al pets such as Kabr, Tulss, a Guru N ak. This peri was characterise by
a varie a wie spectrum f thught a expressi ; as a c seque ce, meieval
ia literary wrks iffere sig ifica tly frm classical traiti s.[308]
the 19th ce tury, ia writers tk a ew i terest i scial questi s a ps
ychlgical escripti s. the 20th ce tury, ia literature was i flue ce
by the wrks f Be gali pet a velist Rabi ra ath Tagre.[309]
Perfrmi g arts
A Kuchipui a ce perfrma ce is accmpa ie by Car atic vcalisati s.
Mai articles: Music f ia a Da ce i ia
ia music ra ges ver varius traiti s a regi al styles. Classical music
e cmpasses tw ge res a their varius flk ffshts: the rther Hi usta
i a suther Car atic schls.[310] Regi alise ppular frms i clue filmi a
flk music; the sy cretic traiti f the bauls is a well-k w frm f the
latter. ia a ce als features iverse flk a classical frms. Am g the b
etter-k w flk a ces are the bha gra f Pu jab, the bihu f Assam, the chhau
f Oisha, West Be gal a Jharkha , garba a a iya f Gujarat, ghmar f R
ajastha , a the lava i f Maharashtra. Eight a ce frms, ma y with arrative
frms a mythlgical eleme ts, have bee accre classical a ce status by
ia's Nati al Acaemy f Music, Da ce, a Drama. These are: bharata atyam f t
he state f Tamil Nau, kathak f Uttar Praesh, kathakali a mhi iyattam f K
erala, kuchipui f A hra Praesh, ma ipuri f Ma ipur, issi f Oisha, a t
he sattriya f Assam.[311] Theatre i ia mels music, a ce, a imprvise
r writte ialgue.[312] Ofte base Hi u mythlgy, but als brrwi g frm
meieval rma ces r scial a plitical eve ts, ia theatre i clues the b
havai f Gujarat, the jatra f West Be gal, the auta ki a ramlila f Nrth
ia, tamasha f Maharashtra, burrakatha f A hra Praesh, terukkuttu f Tamil N
au, a the yakshaga a f Kar ataka.[313]
Mti pictures, televisi
Mai articles: Ci ema f ia a Televisi i ia
The ia film i ustry pruces the wrl's mst-watche ci ema.[314] Establis
he regi al ci ematic traiti s exist i the Assamese, Be gali, Bhjpuri, Hi
i, Ka aa, Malayalam, Pu jabi, Gujarati, Marathi, Oia, Tamil, a Telugu la gu
ages.[315] Suth ia ci ema attracts mre tha 75% f ati al film reve ue.[
316]
Televisi bracasti g bega i ia i 1959 as a state-ru meium f cmmu ic
ati , a ha slw expa si fr mre tha tw ecaes.[317][318] The state m
ply televisi bracast e e i the 1990s a , si ce the , satellite cha
els have i creasi gly shape ppular culture f ia sciety.[319] Tay, tel
evisi is the mst pe etrative meia i ia; i ustry estimates i icate that
as f 2012 there are ver 554 milli TV c sumers, 462 milli with satellite
a /r cable c ecti s, cmpare t ther frms f mass meia such as press (3
50 milli ), rai (156 milli ) r i ter et (37 milli ).[320]
Cuisi e
Mai article: ia cuisi e
A assrtme t f ia spices
ia cuisi e e cmpasses a wie variety f regi al a traiti al cuisi es,
fte epe i g a particular state (such as Maharashtria cuisi e). Staple f
s f ia cuisi e i clue pearl millet (bjra), rice, whle-wheat flur (aa), a
a variety f le tils, such as masr (mst fte re le tils), tr (pige pe
as), ura (black gram), a m g (mu g bea s). Le tils may be use whle, ehusk
efr example, huli m g r huli urar split. Split le tils, r al, are use
exte sively.[321] The spice trae betwee ia a Eurpe is fte cite by his
tria s as the primary catalyst fr Eurpe's Age f Discvery.[322]
Sciety
Mai article: Culture f ia

Muslims ffer amaz at a msque i Sri agar, Jammu a Kashmir.
Traiti al ia sciety is smetimes efi e by scial hierarchy. The ia
caste system embies much f the scial stratificati a ma y f the scial r
estricti s fu i the ia subc ti e t. Scial classes are efi e by thu
sa s f e gamus hereitary grups, fte terme as jtis, r "castes".[323]
ia eclare u tuchability t be illegal[324] i 1947 a has si ce e acte th
er a ti-iscrimi atry laws a scial welfare i itiatives. At the wrkplace i
urba ia a i i ter ati al r leai g ia cmpa ies, the caste relate
ie tificati has pretty much lst its imprta ce.[325][326]
Family values are imprta t i the ia traiti , a multi-ge erati al patr
iarchal ji t families have bee the rm i ia, thugh uclear families are
becmi g cmm i urba areas.[327] A verwhelmi g majrity f ia s, with t
heir c se t, have their marriages arra ge by their pare ts r ther elers i
the family.[328] Marriage is thught t be fr life,[328] a the ivrce rate i
s extremely lw.[329] As f 2001, just 1.6 perce t f ia wme were ivrce
but this figure was risi g ue t their eucati a ec mic i epe e ce.[32
9] Chil marriages are cmm , especially i rural areas; ma y wme we befre
reachi g 18, which is their legal marriageable age.[330] ia has the largest
umber f sexually abuse chilre , with 53% bei g subjecte t sexual abuse,[331
] a it is argue t be rive by a higher relucta ce t expse relatives, wh
are fte the abusers.[332] Female i fa ticie a female feticie i the cu t
ry have cause a iscrepa cy i the sex rati, as f 2005 it was estimate that
there were 50 milli mre males tha females i the ati .[333][334] Hwever a
reprt frm 2011 has shw imprveme t i the ge er rati.[335] The payme t f
wry, althugh illegal, remai s wiesprea acrss class li es.[336] Deaths res
ulti g frm wry, mstly frm brie bur i g, are the rise.[337]
Ma y ia festivals are religius i rigi . The best k w i clue Diwali, Ga
esh Chaturthi, Thai P gal, Hli, Durga Puja, Ei ul-Fitr, Bakr-, Christmas,
a Vaisakhi.[338][339] ia has three ati al hliays which are bserve i
all states a u i territries Republic Day, epe e ce Day a Ga hi Jaya
ti. Other sets f hliays, varyi g betwee i e a twelve, are fficially bse
rve i i iviual states.
Clthi g
Mai article: Clthi g i ia
Ctt was mesticate i ia by 4000 BCE. Traiti al ia ress varies i
clur a style acrss regi s a epe s varius factrs, i clui g clima
te a faith. Ppular styles f ress i clue rape garme ts such as the sari f
r wme a the hti r lu gi fr me . Stitche clthes, such as the shalwar k
ameez fr wme a kurtapyjama cmbi ati s r Eurpea -style trusers a shirt
s fr me , are als ppular.[340] Use f elicate jewellery, melle real fl
wers wr i a cie t ia, is part f a traiti ati g back sme 5,000 years
; gemst es are als wr i ia as talisma s.[341]
Sprts
Mai article: Sprt i ia
Bys play ftball i Ma ipur.
ia, several traiti al i ige us sprts remai fairly ppular, such as k
abai, kh kh, pehlwa i a gilli-a a. Sme f the earliest frms f Asia m
artial arts, such as kalarippayattu, musti yuha, silambam, a marma ai, rig
i ate i ia. Chess, cmm ly hel t have rigi ate i ia as chaturaga, i
s regai i g wiesprea ppularity with the rise i the umber f ia gra mas
ters.[342][343] Pachisi, frm which parcheesi erives, was playe a gia t mar
ble curt by Akbar.[344]
The imprve results gar ere by the ia Davis Cup team a ther ia te
is players i the early 2010s have mae te is i creasi gly ppular i the cu t
ry.[345] ia has a cmparatively str g prese ce i shti g sprts, a has w
several meals at the Olympics, the Wrl Shti g Champi ships, a the Cm
m wealth Games.[346][347] Other sprts i which ia s have succeee i ter at
i ally i clue bami t [348] (Sai a Nehwal is the tp ra ke female bami t
player i the wrl), bxi g,[349] a wrestli g.[350] Ftball is ppular i We
st Be gal, Ga, Tamil Nau, Kerala, a the rth-easter states.[351] ia is
scheule t hst the 2017 FFA U-17 Wrl Cup.[352]
Fiel hckey i ia is ami istere by Hckey ia. The ia ati al hcke
y team w the 1975 Hckey Wrl Cup a have, as f 2012, take eight gl, e
silver, a tw br ze Olympic meals, maki g it the sprt's mst successful te
am i the Olympics.
ia has als playe a majr rle i ppularisi g cricket. Thus, cricket is, by
far, the mst ppular sprt i ia. The ia ati al cricket team w the
1983 a 2011 Cricket Wrl Cup eve ts, the 2007 CC Wrl Twe ty20, share the
2002 CC Champi s Trphy with Sri La ka, a w 2013 CC Champi s Trphy. Cri
cket i ia is ami istere by the Bar f C trl fr Cricket i ia (BCC
); the Ra ji Trphy, the Duleep Trphy, the Dehar Trphy, the ra i Trphy, a
the NKP Salve Challe ger Trphy are mestic cmpetiti s. The BCC is als re
sp sible fr c ucti g a a ual Twe ty20 cmpetiti k w as the ia Prem
ier League.
ia has hste r c-hste several i ter ati al sprti g eve ts: the 1951 a
1982 Asia Games; the 1987, 1996, a 2011 Cricket Wrl Cup tur ame ts; the
2003 Afr-Asia Games; the 2006 CC Champi s Trphy; the 2010 Hckey Wrl Cup;
a the 2010 Cmm wealth Games. Majr i ter ati al sprti g eve ts hel a ua
lly i ia i clue the Che ai Ope , the Mumbai Marath , the Delhi Half Marat
h , a the ia Masters. The first ia Gra Prix feature i late 2011 b
ut has bee isc ti ue frm the F1 seas cale ar si ce 2014.[353]
ia has traiti ally bee the mi a t cu try at the Suth Asia Games. A e
xample f this mi a ce is the basketball cmpetiti where Team ia w thre
e ut f fur tur ame ts t ate.[354] The Rajiv Ga hi Khel Rat a a the Arju
a Awar are the highest frms f gver me t recg iti fr athletic achieveme
t; the Dr acharya Awar is aware fr excelle ce i cachi g.
See als
ia prtal ic Asia prtal
Ntes
Jump up ^ "[...] Ja a Ga a Ma a is the Nati al A them f ia, subject t such
alterati s i the wrs as the Gver me t may authrise as ccasi arises; a
the s g Va e Mataram, which has playe a histric part i the struggle fr
ia freem, shall be h ure equally with Ja a Ga a Ma a a shall have equa
l status with it." (C stitue t Assembly f ia 1950).
Jump up ^ "The cu try's exact size is subject t ebate because sme brers ar
e ispute. The ia gver me t lists the ttal area as 3,287,260 km2 (1,269,2
20 sq mi) a the ttal la area as 3,060,500 km2 (1,181,700 sq mi); the U ite
Nati s lists the ttal area as 3,287,263 km2 (1,269,219 sq mi) a ttal la
area as 2,973,190 km2 (1,147,960 sq mi)." (Library f C gress 2004).
Jump up ^ See als: Official ames f ia
Jump up ^ The Gver me t f ia als regars Afgha ista as a breri g cu tr
y, as it c siers all f Kashmir t be part f ia. Hwever, this is ispute
, a the regi breri g Afgha ista is ami istere by Pakista . Surce: "Mi
istry f Hme Affairs (Departme t f Brer Ma ageme t)" (PDF). Retrieve 1 Sept
ember 2008.
Jump up ^ The rther mst pi t u er ia c trl is the ispute Siache Gl
acier i Jammu a Kashmir; hwever, the Gver me t f ia regars the e tire
regi f the frmer pri cely state f Jammu a Kashmir, i clui g the Gilgit-B
altista ami istere by Pakista , t be its territry. t therefre assig s the
l gitue 37 6' t its rther mst pi t.
Jump up ^ Hi i i the Deva agari script is the fficial la guage f the U i .
E glish is a aiti al la guage fr gver me t wrk.[6][1][7]
Refere ces
^ Jump up t: a b c e Nati al frmatics Ce tre 2005.
Jump up ^ Wlpert 2003, p. 1.
^ Jump up t: a b "Nati al Symbls | Nati al Prtal f ia". ia.gv.i . R
etrieve 6 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "Hi i, t a ati al la guage: Curt".

Jump up ^ "C stituti al Prvisi s - Official La guage Relate Part-17 Of The
C stituti Of ia". Nati al frmatics Ce tre (i Hi i). Retrieve 27 Dec
ember 2015.
^ Jump up t: a b Mi istry f Hme Affairs 1960.
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t 2013.
Jump up ^ "Eighth Scheule" (PDF). Retrieve 1 July 2013.
Jump up ^ Kha , Saee (25 Ja uary 2010). "There's ati al la guage i ia:
Gujarat High Curt". The Times f ia. Retrieve 5 May 2014.
Jump up ^ Press Trust f ia (25 Ja uary 2010). "Hi i, t a ati al la guag
e: Curt". The Hi u. Ahmeaba. Retrieve 23 December 2014.
Jump up ^ "Ce sus f ia : C-1 Ppulati By Religius Cmmu ity".
Jump up ^ "2.87 milli ia s have faith, ce sus reveals fr first time".
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ia. Retrieve 2016-06-17.
^ Jump up t: a b c e f "Wrl Ec mic Outlk Database, Octber 2015 - Repr
t fr Selecte Cu tries a Subjects". ter ati al M etary Fu (MF). Retri
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Cu try, Tw Names". Suth Asia Multiiscipli ary Acaemic Jur al. 10.
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^ Jump up t: a b Si gh 2009, p. 181.
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^ Jump up t: a b c Si gh 2009, p. 255.
^ Jump up t: a b Si gh 2009, pp. 186187.
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Si gh 2009, pp. 260-265.
Si gh 2009, pp. 312313.
Stei 1998, p. 21.
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Kulke & Rthermu 2004, p. 70.
Si gh 2009, p. 367.
Kulke & Rthermu 2004, p. 63.
Stei 1998, pp. 8990.
Si gh 2009, pp. 408415.
Stei 1998, pp. 9295.
t: a b c Si gh 2009, p. 545.
Stei 1998, pp. 9899.
t: a b Stei 1998, p. 132.
t: a b c Stei 1998, pp. 119120.
t: a b Stei 1998, pp. 121122.
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Lue 2002, p. 68.
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t: a b Asher & Talbt 2008, p. 53.
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Rbb 2001, p. 80.
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Rbb 2001, pp. 9091.
t: a b Metcalf & Metcalf 2006, p. 17.
t: a b c Asher & Talbt 2008, p. 152.
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and administered directly by the United Kingdom after the Indian Rebellion of 185

7, India became an independent nation in 1947 after a struggle for independence

ia ki gms.[63][64] U er the Guptas, a re ewe Hi uism base evti r

lu g realms thrugh lyalty, expresse thrugh a Persia ise culture, t a empe

ber f large-scale fami es,[110] a , espite the risks f i frastructure evel

ia thrugh tw zgegraphical passes fla ki g the risi g Himalaya.[150] Thus, w

year, Ma mha Si gh became the first prime mi ister si ce Jawaharlal Nehru i 1

ver cases i vlvi g fu ame tal rights a ver isputes betwee

A clickable map f the 29 states a 7 u i territries f ia

mic i vestme t a regi al security.[200][201]

A Warli tribal pai ti g by Jivya Sma Mashe frm Tha e, Maharashtra

Mai article: Culture f ia

Jump up ^ "Hi i, t a ati al la guage: Curt".

Kulke & Rthermu 2004, pp. 4143.

Jump up ^ Rbb 2001, p. 183.

Jump up ^ BBC 2012.

Jump up ^ Stckhlm ter ati al Peace Research itiative 2012.

a Experie ce, 1990-2010 (Oxfr U iversity Press, 2015); 307 pages

"C stitue t Assembly f iaVlume X", C stitue t Assembly f ia: Debates

ia Willife (Prtecti ) Act, 1972, Mi istry f E vir me ts a Frests, G

e Nati s Ppulati Divisi , retrieve 5 Octber 2011

Mera, N. (2003), "Mate Selecti i C temprary ia: Lve Marriages Versus

ship, The Times f ia, retrieve 5 Octber 2010

Chi a Nepal Bhuta

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