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HISTORY
Discovered incidentally in 1947 during mosquito and
primate surveillance in Uganda (Dick et al, 1952), Zika
long remained an obscure enzootic virus confined to
the equatorial belt across Africa, spreading, at some
indeterminate time in the past, to equatorial Asia as
well. Zika circulates enzootically between wild primates
and arboreal mosquitoes, and in the past has
VIROLOGY
Zika is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus in
the Flaviviridae family (flaviviruses), which includes
not only many arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses)
but several non-arboviruses as well, e.g., hepatitis C
virus. The arthropod-borne flaviviruses include 37
mosquito-borne viruses such as yellow fever, dengue,
West Nile, and Japanese encephalitis viruses, and 12
tick-borne viruses such as tick-borne encephalitis and
Omsk hemorrhagic fever viruses.
The surface glycoproteins of Zika and other flaviviruses
contain virus-specific epitopes on their attachment and
fusion domains, as well as flavivirus complex or
flavivirus group epitopes shared with other, and in some
cases all other, flaviviruses. This has great importance
for serologic diagnosis: in places where more than one
flavivirus circulates, or where flavivirus vaccines are
used, second and higher-order flavivirus exposures that
follow an initial flavivirus exposure prompt an
anamnestic immune system memory response. This
results in the circulation of antibodies that are
serologically reactive not only with past and currently
infecting flaviviruses, but also with flaviviruses to which
an individual has never been exposed.
CLINICAL PICTURE
Early epidemiologic surveillance and human challenge
studies characterized Zika as a mild or inapparent
dengue-like disease (i.e., with fever, conjunctival
injection, one or more episodes of macular or
maculopapular rash, retro-orbital pain, muscle aches,
arthralgias, lumbar back ache, and prostration). When
present, an initial rash around the first or second day of
illness is likely to be transient, macular, most prominent
on the face, and having the appearance of flushing. A
more distinctive maculopapular rash may appear at or
shortly after defervescence, and is usually pink, finely
maculopapular, and more prominent on the trunk than
the extremities. The Kbner phenomenon, in which
lesions are most pronounced in areas of pressure or
injury to the skin, is commonly seen. Although there is
significant variability between individuals,
maculopapules are typically fine, confluent, and
sometimes indistinct; may be hard to appreciate even
by touching with the fingertips; and may be easily
missed in darker-skinned persons. Fine branny flaking,
but never desquamation in sheets or casts, may be
TREATMENT
TRATAMIENTO
2016).
PREVENCIN
No existen vacunas Zika en desarrollo avanzado, pero
una serie de plataformas de vacunas existentes que se
utilizan para flavivirus relacionados estn siendo
rpidamente adaptados para Zika para acelerar el
proceso de desarrollo de la vacuna normalmente muy
largo. Sin embargo, una vacuna eficaz Zika que
podran ser objeto de licencia para el uso general es
probablemente por lo menos algunos aos de
distancia.Las mejores medidas preventivas contra Zika
son, sin duda, pantallas, aire acondicionado, la
recoleccin de basura regular, y la eliminacin de
desechos de jardn / hogar que conducen a la
acumulacin de agua estancada que proporciona
criaderos de mosquitos, as como medidas de
proteccin personal, tales como el uso de repelentes
de insectos y cubriendo la piel expuesta con la
ropa. Como la informacin sobre Zika y microcefalia
asociada ha sido desplegado rpidamente, se espera
que la comprensin de la enfermedad Zika y
recomendaciones para los mdicos tambin
cambiar. Los proveedores de salud gestin de
pacientes con Zika o los que tienen preocupaciones
sobre la exposicin Zika con frecuencia deben
consultar la informacin actualizada proporcionada por
los departamentos de salud de los CDC, estatales y
locales, las asociaciones profesionales, y la literatura
de investigacin mdica y de salud pblica publicada.
Accessed February 8,
2016. who.int/iris/handle/10665/204348