A Thesis

on

CIRCULARLY POLARIZED HIGH GAIN PATCH

ANTENNA FOR WLAN APPLICATIONS
submitted by

NRIPIN THAMPAN
(200071)
in partial fulfilment for the award of Degree of
Master of Technology
in
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
(Advanced Communication and Information Systems)

Department of Electronics and Communication

Engineering
Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology
Kottayam 686 501
2016

A Thesis
on

CIRCULARLY POLARIZED HIGH GAIN PATCH

ANTENNA FOR WLAN APPLICATION
submitted by

NRIPIN THAMPAN
(200071)
in partial fulfillment for the award of Degree of
Master of Technology
in
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
(Advanced Communication and Information Systems)

Under the guidance of

Prof. Annie George

Department of Electronics and Communication

Engineering
Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Pampady
Kottayam 686 501
2016

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING

Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology

Pampady
Kottayam-686 501

Certificate
This is to certify that this Thesis entitled Circularly Polarized
high Gain patch Antenna For WLAN Application is an authentic report for the Masters Thesis (MECCI 401) done by Nripin Thampan, bearing register number 200071 during the year 2015-16 in partial fulfillment for the award of the Degree of Master of Technology in ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING with specialization in
Advanced Communication and Information Systems, Mahatma Gandhi University Kottayam.

Guide

Thesis Coordinator

Prof.Annie George
Assistant Professor
RIT, Kottayam

Prof.Rajeev Rajan
Assistant Professor
RIT, Kottayam

P G Coordinator

Head of Department

Dr. Leena Mary

Professor
RIT, Kottayam

Prof Joseph Zacharias

Associate Professor
RIT, Kottayam

Acknowledgement

The success accomplished in this thesis would not have been possible
without the timely help and guidance rendered by many people to whom I
feel obliged and grateful.
First of all, I would like to express my sincere thanks to our beloved principal Dr. Padmini A K, for her support and encouragement.
I use this occasion to express my thanks to Prof. M. S. Jayamohan,
PG Dean, Prof. Joseph Zacharias, Head of Electronics and Communication Engineering Department, and Dr. Leena Mary , PG Co-ordinator for
their continuous encouragement to fulfill my thesis.
I sincerely extend my gratitude to Prof. Josemartin M. J., Staff Advisor and Prof. Annie George , my guide for their cooperation, encouragement and guidance for completing and presenting the thesis.
I am thankful to Prof. Rajeev Rajan, project coordinator for his valuable suggestions, inspiration and motivation to develop the thesis.
I am thankful to ENTUPLE TECHNOLOGIES,BANGALORE for
their valuable suggestions to fabricate the antenna and to develop the thesis.
I am thankful to Electronics and Communication department ,
CUSAT for their valuable suggestions to develop the thesis.
I am also thankful to all the teaching and non teaching staffs in Electronics and Communication Department for their timely assistance.
I am also thankful to Mohana krishnan M J ,Swathi Sidharthan
,Jason Joy and Anumol for their valuable suggestion.
I thank my parents and friends for their kind co-operation and suggestions which helped me very much for the accomplishment of thesis.
Above all, I would like to express my sincere thanks to the almighty God,
who empowered me to complete this work, by showering his abundant grace
and mercy.

Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology

August, 2016

Nripin Thampan

Abstract

In this paper a novel idea of circularly polarized sector shaped micro strip
antenna using a coaxial feed method is proposed. Circular polarization (CP)
is more suited for antennas used in mobile communication, due to their insensitivity to transmitter and receiver orientation. In this paper the circular
disc sector patch is truncated at one corner so as to obtain a fan shape. The
structure is fabricated on an inexpensive FR4 substrate of dielectric constant
4.4 and has dimensions of 48 x 52mm x 2.4mm. The single coaxial probe
fed antenna generates circularly polarized radiation and covers the WLAN
bandwidth (2.4-2.484 GHz) and right circular polarization is obtained at the
resonating frequency.

ii

Contents
Acknowledgment

Abstract

ii

List of Figures

iv

List of Tables

1 INTRODUCTION

2 LITERATURE SURVEY

3 ANTENNA THEORY
3.1 ANTENNA BASICS . . . . . . . .
3.1.1 RADIATION MECHANISM
3.2 PARAMETERS OF ANTENNA .
3.2.1 ANTENNA BANDWIDTH
3.2.2 RADIATION PATTERN .
3.2.3 DIRECTIVITY . . . . . . .
3.2.4 ANTENNA GAIN . . . . .
3.2.5 ANTENNA EFFICIENCY .
3.2.6 RETURN LOSS . . . . . .
3.2.7 ANTENNA BEAM-WIDTH

. . . . . . . . . . . .
OF AN ANTENNA
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4 MICRO STRIP PATCH ANTENNA

4.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.1.1 RADIATION MECHANISM OF PATCH
4.2 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES . . .
4.2.1 ADVANTAGES . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2.2 DISADVANTAGES . . . . . . . . . . . .

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ANTENNA
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5 DESIGN
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5.1 THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF CIRCULAR SECTOR SHAPED
ANTENNA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
5.2 DESIGN OF THE PROPOSED ANTENNA . . . . . . . . . . 18
6 FABRICATION
6.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . .
6.2 CREATING A DXF FILE . .
6.3 CREATING A MIT FILE . .
6.4 STEPS FOR FABRICATION
6.5 DESIGNED ANTENNA . . .

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7 HFSS Simulation Software

7.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.2 STATUS BAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.3 PROGRESS WINDOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.4 PROJECT MANAGER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.5 3D MODELER WINDOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.6 ASSIGNING PORTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.7 ASSIGNING BOUNDARIES . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.7.1 ASSIGNING PERFECT E BOUNDARIES .
7.7.2 ASSIGNING RADIATION BOUNDARIES .
7.8 CURRENT DISTRIBUTION . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.9 RADIATION PATTERN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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8 PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS

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9 RESULTS
9.1 SIMULATED RESULTS . . . . . . . . . .
9.1.1 RETURN LOSS VS FREQUENCY
9.1.2 AXIAL RATIO VS FREQUENCY
9.1.3 RADIATION PATTERN . . . . . .
9.2 EXPERIMENTAL RESULT . . . . . . . .

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10 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

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10.1 CONCLUSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
10.2 FUTURE SCOPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Bibiliography

33

iv

List of Figures
3.1
3.2

Antenna as transition device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

radiation pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.1
4.2
4.3

Top View of Patch antenna. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Side View of Patch antenna. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
View of patch antenna with E-fields shown underneath. . . . . 14

5.1
5.2

(a) Geometry and coordinate system of a CSMA structure (b)

Equivalent magnetic current sources of CSMA geometry. . . . 17
Geometry of the proposed Antenna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4

Fabrication machine . . . . . . . .
Front face of the designed antenna
Rear face of the designed antenna .
Side view of the designed antenna .

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7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5

HFSS window . . .
Status bar . . . . .
Progress bar . . . .
Project manager .
3D modeler window

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9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

S11 Vs frequency . . . . . . . .
Axial ratio Vs Frequency . . . .
Radiation pattern . . . . . . . .
S11 Vs frequency(experimental)

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7
9

Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
Circularly polarized (CP) antennas are attractive for wireless communication
applications, because no strict orientations between the base station and the
mobile unit are required. To achieve CP operations, many designs of patch
antennas have also been reported.
Circular polarization (CP) is more suited for antennas used in mobile communication, due to their insensitivity to transmitter and receiver orientation.
Although CP operation is possible using single feed and double feed schemes,
single feed systems have the advantage of requiring no external polarizers or
power divider networks as compared to double feed systems. A widely used
technique to achieve CP in single feed systems is to modify the antenna
structure itself. This includes truncating the patch corners, using slits or
protruding stubs close to the boundary of the patch and embedding a diagonal slot in the patch center. A single coaxial probe fed circular disc sector
patch has been described for CP radiation by using a sectoral portion of
the patch at a fixed flare angle. The sector shaped patch has been reported
for single feed circularly polarized radiation in the UMTS band. However
the sector shaped patch has not been explored much for WLAN application,
in spite of its advantage of being physically smaller at a fixed frequency as
compared to square or circular shaped patches.
A single coaxial probe-fed antenna making use of a circular disc sector patch
has been employed to achieve circularly polarized radiation in the WLAN
band here. The following sections describe the antenna design, simulation
and experimental verification of the simulated results.For simulation the tool
used is HFSS 13.0 and the tool is explained in chapter 7.

Chapter 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
There exist many type of circular polarized micro strip antenna designs. An
extensive study was done to obtain an outline of some of the methods
In [2], A new, circularly polarized small-size microstrip antenna using a
proximity coupled feed method is proposed. A simple configuration based on
a cross slot with unequal slot lengths on a circular patch is adopted to realize a small-size element antenna. The proposed antenna has no 90 hybrid
coupler for circular polarization. The measured results verify the circular
polarization, and the antenna radius was reduced by about 36% by using
the slot lengths which are nearly equal to the diameter of the circular patch
antenna. Good impedance and axial ratio characteristics have been obtained.
In [3],A novel single-feed broadband circularly polarized patch antenna
is proposed. The proposed antenna has a simple structure, consisting of a
corner-truncated square radiating patch, an L-shaped ground plane, and a
probe feed. Through a via hole in the vertical ground of the L-shaped ground
plane, the radiating patch is easily excited by a probe feed oriented in the
same plane as the patch, and circular polarization (CP) radiation over a wide
frequency range ( 10%) is achieved. Experimental results of a constructed
prototype with the center operating frequency at about 2500 MHz showed
that the antenna has an impedance bandwidth (1.5 : 1 VSWR) of about 30%,
a 3-dB axial-ratio CP bandwidth of about 10.4%, and a gain level of 8.5 dBi
or larger within the CP bandwidth. In addition to the low cost of the proposed antenna due to its simple structure, the obtained CP performance is
among the best that have been reported for single-feed single-element patch
antennas.
In [4], A novel reconfigurable microstrip antenna with switchable polar2

circularly polarized high gain patch antenna for wlan applications

ization sense is proposed. The proposed antenna has a simple structure,
consisting of a corner-truncated square radiating patch, four small triangular conductors, and a microstrip line feed. Using independently biased PIN
diodes on the patch, it can produce linear polarization, or left- or right-hand
circular polarization according to bias voltages. From the measured results,
low cross-polarization levels when operated in the linear state and good axial
ratios in the circular state are observed.
In [5], This paper the authors describes the design and testing of an
aperture-coupled circularly polarized antenna for global positioning satellite
(GPS) applications. The antenna operates at both the L1 and L2 frequencies of 1575 and 1227 MHz, which is required for differential GPS systems in
order to provide maximum positioning accuracy. Electrical performance, low
profile, and cost were equally important requirements for this antenna. The
design procedure is discussed, and measured results are presented. Results
from a manufacturing sensitivity analysis are also included.
In [6], This paper the authors presents a high-isolation printed antenna
array for marine radar applications. The antenna array is composed of 32
identical squaremicrostrip patches operated at a center frequency of 9.35
GHz and includes a 100-MHz bandwidth (subject to a 1.5:1 voltage standing
wave ratio [VSWR]). The patch antennas are arranged in four arms, each of
which contains eight elements and is series-fed using Chebyshev tapering (25
dB side-lobe level). To apply the antenna in marine radar applications, an
antenna with horizontal polarization was employed because, in comparison
with vertical polarization, it can relatively reduce the sea clutter reflectivity.
Therefore, a slit was carved on each patch element to change the current
path, thereby enabling horizontal polarization.
In [7], In this paper the authors propose a new dense dielectric (DD)
patch array antenna prototype operating at 28 GHz for future 5th generation (5G) cellular networks is presented. This array antenna is proposed
and designed with a standard printed circuit board process to be suitable for
integration with radio frequency/microwave circuitry. The proposed structure employs four circular-shaped DD patch radiator antenna elements fed
by a 1-to-4Wilkinson power divider. To improve the array radiation characteristics, a ground structure based on a compact uniplanar electromagnetic
bandgap unit cell has been used. TheDDpatch shows better radiation and
total effciencies compared with the metallic patch radiator. For further gain
improvement, a dielectric layer of a superstrate is applied above the array
antenna. The measured impedance bandwidth of the proposed array antenna
Dept. of ECE, RIT Kottayam

circularly polarized high gain patch antenna for wlan applications

ranges from 27 to beyond 32 GHz for a refection coeffcient (S11) of less than
10 dB. The proposed design exhibits stable radiation patterns over the whole
frequency band of interest, with a total realized gain more than 16 dBi. Due
to the remarkable performance of the proposed array, it can be considered
as a good candidate for 5G communication applications.
In [8], This paper the authors presents a broadband frequency tunable
and polarization reconfigurable circularly polarized (CP) antenna, using a
novel active electromagnetic band gap (EBG) structure. The EBG surface
employs identical metallic rectangular patch arrays on both sides of a thin
substrate, but rotated by 90 degree from each other. The active bias circuits
are also orthogonal for each surface, enabling the reflection phases for orthogonal incident waves to be tuned independently in a wide frequency range. By
placing a wideband coplanar waveguide (CPW) fed monopole antenna above
the EBG surface, and properly tuning the bias voltages across the varactors
in each direction, CP waves can be generated at any desired frequency over a
broad band. In accordance with simulations, the measured 3 dB axial ratio
(AR) bandwidth reaches 40% (1.031.54 GHz), with good input matching
and radiation patterns at six presented sampling frequencies. The polarization reconfigurability is verified by simulations and measurements, and shown
to be capable of switching between left hand circular polarization (LHCP)
and right hand circular polarization (RHCP).
In [9], this paper the authors presents a compact-size, low-cost smart antenna with electronically switchable radiation patterns, and reconfigurable
polarizations. This antenna can be dynamically switched to realize three
different polarizations including two orthogonal linear polarizations and one
diagonally linear polarization. By closely placing several electronically reconfigurable parasitic elements around the driven antenna, the beam switching
can be achieved in any of the three polarization states. In this design, a
polarization reconfigurable square patch antenna with a simple feeding network is used as the driven element. The parasitic element is composed of a
printed dipole with a PIN diode. Using different combinations of PIN diode
ON/OFF states, the radiation pattern can be switched toward different directions to cover an angle range of 00 to 3600 in the azimuth plane. The
concept is confirmed by a series of measurements. This smart antenna has
the advantages of compact size, low cost, low power consumption, reconfigurable polarizations, and beams.
In [10],this paper a novel design concept of multi mode filtering antenna,
which is realized by integrating a multi mode resonator and an antenna, has
been applied to the design of dual-polarized antenna arrays for achieving
Dept. of ECE, RIT Kottayam

circularly polarized high gain patch antenna for wlan applications

a compact size and high performance in terms of broad bandwidth, highfrequency selectivity and out of band rejection. To verify the concept, a 2
by 2 array at C-band is designed and fabricated. The stub-loaded resonator
(SLR) is employed as the feed of the antenna. The resonant characteristics of SLR and patch as well as the coupling between them are presented.
The method of designing the integrated resonator-patch module is explained.
This integrated design not only removes the need for separated filters and
traditional 50- interfaces but also improves the frequency response of the
module. A comparison with the traditional patch array has been made,
showing that the proposed design has a more compact size, wider bandwidth,
better frequency selectivity, and out-of-band rejection. Such low profile light
weight broadband dual-polarized arrays are useful for space-borne synthetic
aperture radar (SAR) and wireless communication applications. The simulated and measured results agree well, demonstrating a good performance
in terms of impedance bandwidth, frequency selectivity, isolation, radiation
pattern, and antenna gain.
In [11], this paper the authors describes Impedance and radiation characteristics of 2.45 GHz wearable antennas in close proximity to human body are
discussed in this paper. Three circular microstrip antennas namely Flectron
antenna, Zelt antenna and Shieldit antenna are considered in this research
work. Each of these three antennas is assumed to be placed in the vicinity
of human torso with an air gap of 1 mm between torso and antenna. In this
study, the human torso has been modeled as a lossy medium of fluid with
permittivity and conductivity close to human torso at a frequency of 2.45
GHz. The results obtained indicate that the wearable antenna can provide
required impedance and radiation characteristics even when it is placed in
the vicinity of human body.

Dept. of ECE, RIT Kottayam

Chapter 3
ANTENNA THEORY
The main objective of this project is to design antennas that are suitable for
WLAN application. Before the design work, it is necessary to get familiar
with the fundamental antenna theory in this chapter. Some important parameters that always have to be considered in antenna design are described.
At the same time, the primary requirements for a circularly polarized antenna
are discussed. Some general approaches to achieve circular polarization are
presented. Also, some classic circularly polarized patch antenna configurations are introduced.

3.1

ANTENNA BASICS

Antennas are an essential part of any wireless system. According to The

IEEE Standard Definitions of terms for Antennas, an antenna is defined as
a means for radiating or receiving radio waves. In other words, a transmit
antenna is a device that takes the signals from a transmission line, converts
them into electromagnetic waves and then broadcasts them into free space,
while operating in receive mode, the antenna collects the incident electromagnetic waves and converts them back into signals.

3.1.1

RADIATION MECHANISM OF AN ANTENNA

A conducting wire radiates mainly because of time-varying current or an

acceleration (or deceleration) of charge. If there is no motion of charges in a
wire, no radiation takes place, since no flow of current occurs. Radiation will
not occur even if charges are moving with uniform velocity along a straight
wire. However, charges moving with uniform velocity along a curved or
bent wire will produce radiation. If the charge is oscillating with time, then

circularly polarized high gain patch antenna for wlan applications

radiation occurs even along a straight wire.

The radiation from an antenna can be explained with the help of Figure 3.1
which shows a voltage source connected to a two conductor transmission line.
When a sinusoidal voltage is applied across the transmission line, an electric
field is created which is sinusoidal in nature and this result in the creation of
electric lines of force which are tangential to the electric field. The magnitude
of the electric field is indicated by the bunching of the electric lines of force.
The free electrons on the conductors are forcibly displaced by the electric
lines of force and the movement of these charges causes the flow of current
which in turn leads to the creation of a magnetic field.

Figure 3.1: Antenna as transition device

3.2

PARAMETERS OF ANTENNA

To describe the performance of an antenna, various parameters are necessary.

In practice there are several commonly used parameters, including frequency
bandwidth, radiation pattern, directivity, gain, input impedance, etc.

3.2.1

ANTENNA BANDWIDTH

Frequency bandwidth (BW) is the range of frequencies within which the

performance of the antenna, with respect to some characteristic, conforms
to a specified standard. The bandwidth can be considered to be the range
of frequencies, on either side of the centre frequency, where the antenna
characteristics are within an acceptable value of those at the centre frequency.
Dept. of ECE, RIT Kottayam

circularly polarized high gain patch antenna for wlan applications

Generally, in wireless communications, the antenna is required to provide a

return loss less than -10dB over its frequency bandwidth.
The frequency bandwidth of an antenna can be expressed as either absolute
band-width (ABW) or fractional bandwidth (FBW). If fH and fL denote the
upper edge and the lower edge of the antenna bandwidth, respectively. The
ABW is defined as the difference of the two edges and the FBW is designated
as the percentage of the frequency difference over the centre frequency.
ABW = fH fL
F BW =

2(fH fL )
fH fL

(3.1)
(3.2)

For broadband antennas, the bandwidth can also be expressed as the ratio
of the upper to the lower frequencies, where the antenna performance is
acceptable, as shown in equation
F BW =

3.2.2

fH
fL

(3.3)

RADIATION PATTERN

The radiation pattern (or antenna pattern) is the representation of the radiation properties of the antenna as a function of space coordinates. In most
cases, it is determined in the far-field region where the spatial (angular) distribution of the radiated power does not depend on the distance. Usually,
the pattern describes the normalized field (power) values with respect to the
maximum values. For a linearly polarised antenna, its performance is often
described in terms of its principle E-plane and H-plane patterns. The E-plane
is defined as the plane containing the electric-field vector and the direction
of maximum radiation whilst the H-plane is defined as the plane containing
the magnetic field vector and the direction of maximum radiation.
Figure 3.2 shows the following:
1. HPBW: The half power beam width (HPBW) can be defined as the angle
subtended by the half power points of the main lobe.
2. Main Lobe: This is the radiation lobe containing the direction of maximum radiation.
3. Minor Lobe: All the lobes other then the main lobe are called the minor
lobes. These lobes represent the radiation in undesired directions. The level
of minor lobes is usually expressed as a ratio of the power density in the lobe
in question to that of the major lobe. This ratio is called as the side lobe
level (expressed in decibels).
Dept. of ECE, RIT Kottayam

circularly polarized high gain patch antenna for wlan applications

Figure 3.2: radiation pattern

4. Back Lobe: This is the minor lobe diametrically opposite the main lobe.
5. Side Lobes: These are the minor lobes adjacent to the main lobe and are
separated by various nulls. Side lobes are generally the largest among the
minor lobes. In most wireless systems, minor lobes are undesired. Hence a
good antenna design should minimize the minor lobes.
There are three common radiation patterns that are used to describe an antennas radiation property:
(a) Isotropic- A hypothetical lossless antenna having equal radiation in all
directions. It is only applicable for an ideal antenna and is often taken as a
reference for expressing the directive properties of actual antennas.
(b) Directional - An antenna having the property of radiating or receiving
electromagnetic waves more effectively in some directions than in others.
This is usually applicable to an antenna where its maximum directivity is
significantly greater than that of a half-wave dipole.
(c) Omni-directional - An antenna having an essentially non-directional pattern in a given plane and a directional pattern in any orthogonal plane.

3.2.3

DIRECTIVITY

The directivity of an antenna has been defined as the ratio of energy

transmitted (or received) by the antenna in a particular direction to the energy transmitted (or received) in that direction by an isotropic source . This
is also known as the Directive Gain.

Dept. of ECE, RIT Kottayam

circularly polarized high gain patch antenna for wlan applications

U
Ui
4U
D=
P
D=

(3.4)
(3.5)

Where D is the directivity of the antenna.

U is the radiation intensity of the antenna.
Ui is the radiation intensity of an isotropic source.
P is the total power radiated.
Directivity is a dimensionless quantity, since it is the ratio of two radiation
intensities. Hence, it is generally expressed in dB. The directivity of an
antenna can be easily estimated from the radiation pattern of the antenna.
An antenna that has a narrow main lobe would have better directivity, then
the one which has a broad main lobe, hence it is more directive.

3.2.4

ANTENNA GAIN

Gain of an antenna is defined as the ability of the antenna to concentrate

the radiated power in a given direction or to absorb effectively the incident
power from that direction. Gain is a relative term in which actual antenna
is compared with a reference antenna. The reference antenna normally used
is a lossless isotropic antenna.
Gain of an antenna is expressed by
G = KD

(3.6)

Where K is the efficiency factor (0K1), D is the directivity. G=D when

K=1.

3.2.5

ANTENNA EFFICIENCY

Antenna efficiency is the measure of the antennas ability to transmit the

input power into radiation. Antenna efficiency is the ratio between the radiated power to the input power. It is denoted by K (0K1).
Gain of an antenna is expressed by
Pr
Pi n
Pr
GAIN =
Pl + Pr
GAIN =

Dept. of ECE, RIT Kottayam

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(3.7)
(3.8)

circularly polarized high gain patch antenna for wlan applications

where pr is the power radiated, pl is ohmic losses.

3.2.6

RETURN LOSS

Return loss is a measure of the effectiveness of power delivery from a transmission line to a load such as an antenna. If the power incident on the
antenna-under-test (AUT) is P and the power reflected back to the source is
PREF , the degree of mismatch between the incident and reflected power in
the travelling waves is given by PIN/ PREF. The higher this power ratio is,
the better the load and line are matched.
Stated another way, RL is the difference in dB between the power sent towards the AUT and the power reflected. It is a positive non-dissipative term
representing the reduction in amplitude of the reflected wave in comparison
with the incident one. This is the situation for a passive AUT. A negative
return loss is possible with active devices.

3.2.7

ANTENNA BEAM-WIDTH

Antenna beam-width is a measure of directivity of an antenna. It is an

angular width in degrees, measured on the major lobe of its radiation pattern
between points where the radiated power has fallen to half of its maximum
value. This is called Half Power Beam-Width (HPBW), also known as 3dB
beam-width because at half power points, the power is 3dB down of the
maximum power value of the major lobe.

Dept. of ECE, RIT Kottayam

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Chapter 4
MICRO STRIP PATCH
ANTENNA
4.1

INTRODUCTION

A patch antenna (rectangular microstrip antenna) is a type of radio antenna

with a low profile, which can be mounted on a flat surface. It consists of
a flat rectangular sheet or patch of metal, mounted over a larger sheet of
metal called a ground plane. The micro-strip antenna is generally a singlelayer design and consists of a radiating metallic patch or an array of patches,
situated on one side of a thin, non-conducting substrate panel with a metallic
ground plane situated on the other side of the panel. The metallic patch is
normally made of thin copper foil or is a copper-foil plated with a corrosion
resistive metal, such as gold, tin or nickel. Each patch can be designed with a
variety of shapes, with the most popular shapes being rectangular or circular.
Consider the microstrip antenna shown in Figure 4.1 and figure 4.2, fed by
a microstrip transmission line. The patch antenna, microstrip transmission
line and ground plane are made of high conductivity metal (typically copper).
The patch is of length L, width W, and sitting on top of a substrate (some
dielectric circuit board) of thickness h with permittivity r . The thickness
of the ground plane or of the microstrip is not critically important. Typically
the height h is much smaller than the wavelength of operation, but not much
smaller than 0.05 of a wavelength.
The frequency of operation of the patch antenna of Figure 4.1 is determined
by the length L. The center frequency will be approximately given by:
fc =

2L r

12

(4.1)

circularly polarized high gain patch antenna for wlan applications

Figure 4.1: Top View of Patch antenna.

Figure 4.2: Side View of Patch antenna.

The above equation says that the microstrip antenna should have a length
equal to one half of a wavelength within the dielectric (substrate) medium.
The width W of the microstrip antenna controls the input impedance. Larger
widths also can increase the bandwidth.

4.1.1

RADIATION MECHANISM OF PATCH ANTENNA

The fringing fields around the antenna can help explain why the microstrip
antenna radiates. Consider the side view of a patch antenna, shown in Figure 4.2. Note that since the current at the end of the patch is zero (open
circuit end), the current is maximum at the center of the half-wave patch and
(theoretically) zero at the beginning of the patch. This low current value at
Dept. of ECE, RIT Kottayam

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circularly polarized high gain patch antenna for wlan applications

the feed explains in part why the impedance is high when fed at the end.
Since the patch antenna can be viewed as an open circuited transmission
line, the voltage reflection coefficient will be -1. When this occurs, the voltage and current are out of phase. Hence, at the end of the patch the voltage
is at a maximum (say +V volts). At the start of the patch antenna (a halfwavelength away), the voltage must be at minimum (-V Volts).
Hence, the fields underneath the patch will resemble that of Figure 4.3, which
roughly displays the fringing of the fields around the edges.
It is the fringing fields that are responsible for the radiation. Note that

Figure 4.3: View of patch antenna with E-fields shown underneath.

the fringing fields near the surface of the patch antenna are both in the +y
direction. Hence, the fringing E-fields on the edge of the microstrip antenna
add up in phase and produce the radiation of the microstrip antenna. The
current adds up in phase on the patch antenna as well; however, an equal
current but with opposite direction is on the ground plane, which cancels the
radiation. This also explains why the microstrip antenna radiates but the
microstrip transmission line does not. The microstrip antennas radiation
arises from the fringing fields, which are due to the advantageous voltage
distribution; hence the radiation arises due to the voltage and not the current. The patch antenna is therefore a voltage radiator, as opposed to
the wire antennas, which radiate because the currents add up in phase and
are therefore current radiators. The smaller r is, the more bowed the
fringing fields become; they extend farther away from the patch. Therefore,
using a smaller permittivity for the substrate yields better radiation. In contrast, when making a microstrip transmission line (where no power is to be
radiated), a high value of r is desired, so that the fields are more tightly contained (less fringing), resulting in less radiation. This is one of the trade-offs
in patch antenna design.

Dept. of ECE, RIT Kottayam

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circularly polarized high gain patch antenna for wlan applications

4.2
4.2.1

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

ADVANTAGES

a) Ease of manufacturing
b) It has a very low fabrication cost.
c) Microstrip patch antennas are efficient radiators.
d) It has a support for both linear and circular polarization.
e) Easy in integration with microwave integration circuits.

4.2.2

DISADVANTAGES

a) Less bandwidth.
b) Low gain.
c) Extra radiation occurs from its feeds and junctions.
d) Excitation of surface waves.
e) Size of micro strip antenna comes in both advantages and disadvantages
but there are some applications where the size of microstrip antenna is too
large to be used.

Dept. of ECE, RIT Kottayam

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Chapter 5
DESIGN

5.1

THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF CIRCULAR SECTOR SHAPED ANTENNA

A circular sector microstrip antenna with coordinate system is shown in Fig.

5.1(a). It consists of a planer circular sector of sector angle , radius a on
a thin dielectric substrate of thickness h, relative substrate permittivity r
and loss tangent tan . Out of different analytical techniques, this geometry
is analyzed by applying cavity model based modal expansion technique, because it is simple in application and reliable results may be obtained. Since
the substrate thickness h<< 0 , the fields within the substrate do not vary
along the z-direction and component of current normal to the edge of antenna approaches zero at the edges. Under this condition, present structure
supports only TMnm modes. With this assumption, antenna is considered as
a circular resonator with magnetic sidewalls bounded at its top and bottom
electric walls. Many modal waves may get excited when a cable feeds such
an antenna. A uniform current of effective width 2w centered on the feed
axis at a distance d from the center of the patch is considered flowing from
the ground plane to the patch.
Let mv be the eigen function of the homogeneous wave equation and kvm is
the eigen values of wave number in the dielectric substrate. Assuming eigen
functions to be orthogonal, the solution of wave equation for Ez in the cavity
with excitation current Jz in z direction will be
PP
jo
hJz vm ivm
(5.1)
Ez =
2
2
i
(k kvm )hvm vm
p
k = ko r [1 jtan()]
(5.2)
16

circularly polarized high gain patch antenna for wlan applications

Figure 5.1: (a) Geometry and coordinate system of a CSMA structure (b)
Equivalent magnetic current sources of CSMA geometry.

If we consider that m, th cavity mode for a circular sector microstrip

antenna is
0
vm = Jv (Kvm )cos( )
(5.3)
Z a Z /2 Z h
0
00

hvm vm i =
[Jv (kvm )]2 cos2 ( )dd dz
(5.4)
0

/2

2
hvm vm
i = (h/4)[Jv (kvm )]2 [a2 ( 2 /kvm
)][ + sin(2)/2]

(5.5)

Let the patch is excited in such a way that the input filamentary current at
feed location (d) is
Z

hJz v mi =

Jz ()[Jv (km d)/d]cos( )dd dz

+w

Dept. of ECE, RIT Kottayam

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(5.6)

circularly polarized high gain patch antenna for wlan applications

Jz vm i = 2Jh(sin(w)/)cos(v )Jv (km d)

(5.7)

On substituting Eqs (5.5) and (5.7) in Eq. (5.1), the solution of electric field
Ez which satisfies the boundary conditions, is given by
0

(2J(sin(w)/)cos(v )Jv (km d))(Jv (Kvm )cos( ))

Ez = j
2 [J (k
2 1
2
2
2
k 2 kvm
v vm a)] ( 4 )[a ( /kvm )][ + sin(2)/2]
v
m
(5.8)
Here J (km ) is the cylindrical function of first kind of Bessels function of
order and =n and =n/ otherwise.
The resonance occurs when k=km =knm /a and knm is the mth zero of the
derivative of the Bessel function of order n
The resonance frequency of antenna is determined by
XX

fr =

knm c

2ae r

(5.9)

where c velocity of light in vacuum ,ae effective radius of the patch r is the
relative permitivity of the material used to fabricate the antenna.

5.2

DESIGN OF THE PROPOSED ANTENNA

Fig 5.2 shows the geometry of the proposed antenna. The design is for WLAN
application that is 2.4 GHz so the resonating frequency is 2.4 GHz and the
structure is fabricated on an FR4 substrate with r = 4.4 and thickness h=2.4
mm. Substitute these values in equation 5.9 then the radius of the patch is
obtained as 36.5 mm. The patch is printed on the top side of the substrate
and a ground plane of size W x L mm2 covers the bottom side.
The basic patch is a circular disc sector of radius R mm. A truncation of sectoral shape is done from the tip (corner 1) of the circular disc
sector with length r mm. The dimensions of the antenna are R = 36.5
mm,K=650 , r=5mm and W=52 mm and L=48mm. The coaxial-probe feed
point A (xp ,yp ) is located along the locus of 50 characteristic impedance
and is adjusted for perfect matching in the resonance band. The coordinates
of point A are obtained as xp = 29mm, yp = 5mm. The truncation of r=5
mm achieves a patch size reduction of about 2.5% of the sectoral patch.

Dept. of ECE, RIT Kottayam

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circularly polarized high gain patch antenna for wlan applications

Figure 5.2: Geometry of the proposed Antenna

Dept. of ECE, RIT Kottayam

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Chapter 6
FABRICATION
6.1

INTRODUCTION

Fabrication process involves many steps. First, the HFSS design is made
into a DXF file. It is then converted to a MIT file using Design Pro software.
Next, the design is made into hardware by loading it to the MITS PCB
machine.

6.2

CREATING A DXF FILE

The basic steps involved to convert the HFSS design to a DXF file can be
briefed into the following.
i. Select the design you want to convert to DXF.
ii. Remove the radiation box.
iii. Click on the modeler icon in the menu bar of HFSS window.
iv. Export the file by selecting the extension as .dxf. Now the ground plane
has been converted to .dxf.
v. Remove the ground plane and move the patch to the XY plane.
vi. Export the file by clicking on the modeler icon.
vii. Save the file as .dxf .

6.3

CREATING A MIT FILE

In order to convert to an MIT file we use the software Design pro. This is
software for PCB design converting data from other CAD systems and controls the machine.

20

circularly polarized high gain patch antenna for wlan applications

The basic steps involved are the following:

i. Import the DXF file to Design Pro software.
ii. Fill the regions where copper is required.
iii. Add a new layer.
iv. Assign milling outline to the new layer created.
v. Assign rubout area.
vi. Make counter routing data.
vii. Save the file as .mit.

6.4

STEPS FOR FABRICATION

We used the PCB prototyping system Eleven Lab (Serial no: LAB 12143)
by the MITS Electronics (shown in fig: 6.1). The fabrication steps of the
patch and the ground plane of a microstrip antenna are different. The steps
are summarized below.
I. After making the MIT file change the application to cam lab.
II. Click manual operation for testing the drill and mill bit.
III. Then take start job and select mill top.
IV. Use the camera of the machine to locate reference points P.
V. Drill the reference hole P using the drill bit.
VI. Change the bit to mill bit and the machine starts milling.

Figure 6.1: Fabrication machine

Dept. of ECE, RIT Kottayam

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circularly polarized high gain patch antenna for wlan applications

6.5

DESIGNED ANTENNA

Figure 6.2: Front face of the designed antenna

Figure 6.3: Rear face of the designed antenna

Figure 6.4: Side view of the designed antenna

Dept. of ECE, RIT Kottayam

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Chapter 7
HFSS Simulation Software
7.1

INTRODUCTION

HFSS is an interactive software package for calculating the electromagnetic

behaviour of a structure. The software includes post-processing commands
for analyzing this behaviour in detail.
We are expected to draw the structure, specify material characteristics for
each object, and identify ports and special surface characteristics. HFSS then
generates the necessary field solutions and associated port characteristics and
S-parameters. To set up an HFSS design, follow this general procedure.

Figure 7.1: HFSS window

23

circularly polarized high gain patch antenna for wlan applications

1. Insert an HFSS design into a project.

2. Select the solution type.
3. Set the models units of measurement.
4. Draw the model geometry and assign material characteristics to objects.
5. Assign boundaries which specify the field behavior at the edges of the
problem region and object interfaces.
6. For Driven solution-type designs, assign excitations - sources of electromagnetic fields and charges, currents, or voltages on objects or surfaces.
7. Specify how HFSS will compute the solution.

7.2

STATUS BAR

The status bar is located at the bottom of the application window. It displays
information about the command currently being performed.

Figure 7.2: Status bar

7.3

PROGRESS WINDOW

The Progress window monitors a simulation while it is running.

Figure 7.3: Progress bar

7.4

PROJECT MANAGER

The Project Manager window displays the open projects structure, which is
referred to as the project tree.
Dept. of ECE, RIT Kottayam

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circularly polarized high gain patch antenna for wlan applications

Figure 7.4: Project manager

7.5

3D MODELER WINDOW

The 3D Modeler window is the area where you create the model geometry.
It appears to the right of the Project Manager window after you insert an
HFSS design to a project. The 3D Modeler window consists of the model
view area, or grid, and the history tree, as shown below:

Figure 7.5: 3D modeler window

Dept. of ECE, RIT Kottayam

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circularly polarized high gain patch antenna for wlan applications

7.6

ASSIGNING PORTS

Wave ports represent places in the geometry through which excitation signals enter and leave the structure. Lumped ports are similar to traditional
wave ports, but can be located internally and have a complex user-defined
impedance. Lumped ports compute S-parameters directly at the port. They
are used when modeling microstrip structures.

7.7

ASSIGNING BOUNDARIES

Boundary conditions specify the field behavior at the edges of the problem
region and object interfaces.

7.7.1

ASSIGNING PERFECT E BOUNDARIES

A perfect E boundary is used to represent a perfectly conducting surface in

a structure.

7.7.2

ASSIGNING RADIATION BOUNDARIES

These are used so that the radiation from the structure is absorbed and not
reflected back. Radiation box measurement are given by
L=

2d2

(7.1)

A radiation boundary is used to simulate an open problem that allows waves

to radiate infinitely far into space, such as antenna designs. HFSS absorbs the
wave at the radiation boundary, essentially ballooning the boundary infinitely
far away from the structure. In HFSS, these are sometimes described as
Absorbing Boundary Condition, or ABC.
A radiation surface does not have to be spherical, but it must be exposed
to the background, convex with regard to the radiation source, and located
at least a quarter wavelengths from the radiating source. In some cases
the radiation boundary may be located closer than one-quarter wavelength,
such as portions of the radiation boundary where little radiated energy is
expected.

Dept. of ECE, RIT Kottayam

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circularly polarized high gain patch antenna for wlan applications

7.8

CURRENT DISTRIBUTION

This gives an idea of how the current flow in an antenna occurs. Since current
flow in turn causes the radiations to occur, it gives an exact idea of how the
radiation pattern would be distributed. It has an animation option by which
lively current flow can be seen.

7.9

RADIATION PATTERN

A radiation pattern is a 2D polar plot displaying the intensity of near- or

far-field radiation patterns. It is divided by the spherical coordinates R and
theta, where R is the radius, or distance from the origin, and theta is the
angle from the x-axis.

Dept. of ECE, RIT Kottayam

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Chapter 8
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS
The table 8.1 provide the comparison between the existing and designed
antenna.
Table 8.1: Comparison between Existing and Proposed system
Parameter
Existing Antenna
Proposed Antenna
Substrate Used
FR4 Epoxy
FR4 Epoxy
Size of Antenna
54mm*62mm
48mm*52mm
Feedline
Coaxial feed
Coaxial feed
Thickness
1.6mm
2.4mm
Shape of Patch
Sector shaped
Sector Shaped(truncated corners)
0
angle of sector
72
720
Gain
0.7db
6db
axial ratio(at 2.4 GHz)
6db
5.1db

28

Chapter 9
RESULTS
9.1

SIMULATED RESULTS

Figure 9.1 ,9.2 and 9.3 shows he simulated results of the proposed antenna.

9.1.1

RETURN LOSS VS FREQUENCY

Figure 9.1: S11 Vs frequency

29

circularly polarized high gain patch antenna for wlan applications

9.1.2

AXIAL RATIO VS FREQUENCY

Figure 9.2: Axial ratio Vs Frequency

9.1.3

RADIATION PATTERN

Figure 9.3: Radiation pattern

Dept. of ECE, RIT Kottayam

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circularly polarized high gain patch antenna for wlan applications

9.2

EXPERIMENTAL RESULT

Figure 9.4: S11 Vs frequency(experimental)

By observing both graphs 9.4 and 9.1 we can say that the experimental
and simulated results complement each other and the antenna has single
patch gain of 6 db.

Dept. of ECE, RIT Kottayam

31

Chapter 10
CONCLUSION AND
FUTURE SCOPE
10.1

CONCLUSION

A single feed dual band antenna with a simple sector shaped patch has been
proposed and experimentally analyzed. The antenna resonates in the WLAN
band with circular polarization. The patch size reduction is 2.2 %. No
external perturbation elements or shorting pins need to be employed. The
structure can be made further compact by the use of slots.
The antenna was tested using R and S ZVL network analyzer 1-9 GHz. But,
due to practical limitations obtained frequency range is from 1GHz-3GHz.

10.2

FUTURE SCOPE

At present situation the circular polarization is present only in the 2.4 GHz
(axial ratio at 2.4 GHz is about 5db).The future scope of this antenna is
extent the circular polarization to other resonating frequencies of the antenna
by further truncation of the corners of the patch or providing multiple feeding
technique.

32

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Dept. of ECE, RIT Kottayam

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circularly polarized high gain patch antenna for wlan applications

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Dept. of ECE, RIT Kottayam

35

List Of Publications
Nripin Thampan and Annie George circularly polarized high gain patch
antenna for wlan applications,in International Symposium on Antennas
and Propogation, CUSAT,IEEE AP-S Kerala chapter., (communicated)

36