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Fundamentals
First
The
P
is
the
heart
of
the
processing
within
a
computer.
Similarly
a
solar
cell
is
the
key
component
in
the
chain
of
the
Photovoltaic
Solar
System.
The
word
Photovoltaic
is
broken
into
photo
and
voltaic.
Photo
is
associated
with
light
and
voltaic
means
voltage
and
is
associated
with
the
voltage
that
develops
within
the
solar
cell.
So
it
is
necessary
to
have
an
understanding
of
the
photo
physics
involved
with
photons
of
light
and
then
build
our
understanding
towards
the
func4onality
of
a
typical
solar
cell.
Par4cle
1.
E
=
KE
+
PE
2.
p
=
mv
Concept
1.
Energy,
E
2.
Momentum,
p
Photon
1.
E
=
hf
2.
p
=
h/
Energy
of
a
Photon
Solar
Thermal
Conversion
Sun
Increase
in
PE
and
charge
separa.on.
Photovoltaic
Conversion
Increase
in
PE
and
charge
reac.on
Photochemical
Conversion
Ecient
Cells
and
Band
Gap
Materials.
Op4mum
value
of
Eg.
to
have
high
values
of:
For
an
Ecient
cell
it
is
desirable
Fill
factor,
Short
circuit
current,
and
Open
circuit
voltage.
From
solid
state
physics
theory,
expressions
can
be
derived
for
each
of
these
quan..es.
The
expressions
show
that
high
values
of
Isc
are
obtained
with
low
band
gap
materials.
while
high
values
of
Voc
and
FF
are
possible
with
high
band
gap
materials.
Thus
if
theore.cal
values
of
Nmax
are
calculated
for
dierent
values
of
Eg,
it
is
obvious
that
a
maximum
value
would
be
obtained
at
some
values
of
Eg.
Eciency
Op.mal
design
of
solar
cells
to
delivering
power
with
high
eciency.
{
Isc,
Voc
and
FF}
.
For
Isc
-
Band
Gap.
band
gap
-
is
the
Voc
and
FF
of
solar
cell.
Thus
if
theore.cal
values
of
Nmax
are
calculated
for
dierent
values
of
Eg,
it
is
obvious
that
a
maximum
value
would
be
obtained
at
some
values
of
E
Losses
experienced
in
photovoltaic
conversion
not
now
known.
100%
77%
44%
26.4%
21.6 %
16.9 %
15.2 %
14.7 %
14.2%
23 %
long wavelength
Photons not
Absorbed
43 %
Of absorbed photon energy converted to heat
28 %
junction loss.
18 %
Curve factor loss
12 %
recombination
10 %
Curve factor loss
3%
Series resistance.
3%
reflectance loss
14.2 %
useable power
0.77 Absorbed
119.1 cm x 53.3 cm
Module Weight
7.5 kg
Cell Size
12.5 cm x 12.5 cm
Number of Cells
36
Nominal Output
80 W
Nominal Voltage
12 V
Maximum voltage
17 V
21.2 V
4.9 A
Conversion Eciency
12.5%
1000 W/cm2
Air Mass
AM 1.5 spectrum.
Cell temperature
250C
Cost
Reduc.on
Cost
reduc.on
has
been
achieved
by
developing
innova4ve
manufacturing
techniques,
which
speed
up
the
produc4on
process,
reduce
material
wastage
and
yield
large
size
cells.
Cost
reduc.on
has
also
been
possible
because
of
the
development
of
thin
lm
devices
which
require
much
less
material
and
the
use
of
inexpensive
material.
A
possible
approach
which
could
lead
to
signicant
cost
reduc.on
in
PV
conversion
systems
is
to
use
concentrators
to
focus
the
sunlight
on
high
eciency
solar
cells.
Germany
Pricing.
The
lowest
retail
price
for
a
mul4crystalline
silicon
solar
module
is
$1.06
per
waf
(0.78
per
wao)
from
a
German
retailer.
The
lowest
retail
price
for
a
monocrystalline
silicon
module
is
$1.10
per
waf
(0.81
per
wao),
also
from
a
German
retailer.
South Africa
Other
Technology
Progression
The
last
century
or
so,
saw
the
introduc.on,
development
and
con.nuous
evolu.on
of
the
internal
combus4on
engine.
It
took
an
appreciable
amount
of
.me
and
con.nuous
eorts
in
R&D,
to
perfect
the
internal
combus.on
engine
technology
to
where
it
is
today.
In
a
similar
stride
Computer
Technology
and
Cellular
Technology
has
gone
and
con.nues
to
go
through
its
technology
progression
and
evolu.on
processes.
Renewable
Energy
Technology:
i.e.
Solar
PV,
Wind
Turbine
and
Biomass
are
poised
to
grow
strongly
in
the
coming
years.
Research
topics
There
are
currently
many
research
groups
ac.ve
in
the
eld
References
1.
DME
2003a.
White
paper
on
the
Renewable
Energy
Policy
of
the
Republic
of
South
Africa.
Department
of
Minerals
and
Energy,
Pretoria.
2.
DME
2003b.
Green
Power:
Business
opportuni.es
in
South
Africa
for
renewable
energy
independent
power
producers
2003.
DME
brochure.
Page
3.
3.
DME
2004.
Capacity
building
in
Energy
Eciency
and
Renewable
Energy.
Report
no.
2.
3.
4.
19.
Economic
and
Financial
Calcula.ons
and
Modeling
for
the
Renewable
Energy
Strategy
Formula.on.
Department
of
Minerals
and
Energy,
Pretoria.
4.
Solar
Photovoltaics:
Fundamentals,
Technologies
and
Applica.ons.
By
Professor
Chetan
Singh
Solanki.
References
.
Solar
Cells:
Opera.ng
Principles,
Technology
and
System
Applica.ons,
M.
Green
6.
Applied
Photovoltaics
(Second
Edi.on),
7.
Wenham,
M.A.
Green,
M.E.
Wao,
R.
Corkish
8.
Silicon
Solar
Cells:
Advanced
Principles
and
Prac.ce,
M.A.
Green
9.
Third
Genera.on
Photovoltaics
Advanced
Solar
Energy,
M.A.
Green
10.
Crystalline
Silicon
Solar
Cells
-
Advanced
Surface
Passiva.on
&
Analysis,
A.G.
Aberle
11.
Speed
of
Light:
The
1996
World
Solar
Challenge,
D.M.
Roche,
A.E.T.
Schinckel,
J.W.V.
Storey,
C.P.
Humphris
and
M.R.
Guelden
12
Resources
for
the
Secondary
Science
Teacher,
S.
Wenham
and
R.
Largent.
Thank You