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COMPANY LAW 2
Allocation
Test 1
Test 2
PBL
Tentative Date
18 Jan 2007
Lecture hours
Marks
15
15
20
40
2 questions
No question
4 questions
Company 2 ~ 06/07
Any body that is incorporated within Malaysia and is by notice of the Minister
published in the Gazette declared to b~ a public authority or an instrumentality
of agency of the government or of any state or to be a body corporate which is
not incorporated for commercial purposes;
Any corporation sole;
Any societies registered under any written law relating to cooperative
societies; or
Trade unions registered under any written law as a trade union.
Company 2 ~ 06/07
NGOs is not a legal person because form under societies act, association act
and gain any profit (money) from it.
Firm is not a legal person because law does not recognised it as a legal
person.
o Its depends to the law
o Even you are legal person but law does not recognised as legal person.
Artificial
o It is there (exist) but actually it is not there.
o Company is in the existence in the name but in actual fact it is
artificial.
o Company need human being or person to handle or manage or generate
the company.
o Organ of the company consist of
Directors right of dividend
Members right to vote & dividend
o Directors have power to decide either to reject @ accept the member to
be registered in the registered member.
To distinguish between member and non-members.
Members have power in the AGM @ EGM to decide which can be done
within 18 months in the year calendar (cannot say one year @ one and the half
year).
o EGM can be done any time need not to wait till the mature time of 18
months.
o It is important to solve the current problem immediately by passing
special resolution.
Class meeting between the directors or member of company need not in AGM
or EGM.
Company 2 ~ 06/07
The rights it holds and the obligations it incurs are the companys own, not
those of its managers, the people who have invested in it, or employees.
What are consequences of treating the company
as a separate legal entity?
The effect of incorporation is set out in Section 16 (5) of the Companies Act
1965. On and from the date of incorporation specified in the certificate of
incorporation, the subscribers to the company's memorandum, together with any other
people who from time to time become members of the company, are a body corporate.
That body corporate is capable of exercising all the functions of an incorporated
company; it can sue and be sued, has perpetual (unending) succession and a
common seal and has power to hold land. Liability on the part of the members to
contribute to the assets of the company in the event of its being wound up is as
provided by the Companies Act.
DIRECTOR'S DUTIES
In most jurisdictions, directors owe strict duties of good faith, as well as duties of care
and skill, to safeguard the interests of the company and the members.
The standard of skill and care that a director owes is usually described as acquiring
and maintaining sufficient knowledge and understanding of the company's business to
enable him to properly discharge his duties.
Directors are also strictly charged to exercise their powers only for a proper purpose.
Accordingly, where directors issue a large number of new shares, not for the purposes
of raising capital, but in order to defeat a potential takeover bid, that would be an
improper purposes.
Directors also owe strict duties not to permit any conflict of interest or conflict with
their duty to act in the best interests of the company. The rule is so strictly enforced
that, even where the conflict of interest or conflict of duty is purely hypothetical, the
directors can be forced to disgorge all personal gains arising from it. In Aberdeen Ry
v Blaikie (1854) 1 Macq HL 461 it was expressed by by Lord Cranworth thus:
"A corporate body can only act by agents, and it is, of course, the duty
of those agents so to act as best to promote the interests of the
corporation whose affairs they are conducting. Such agents have duties
to discharge of a fiduciary nature towards their principal. And it is a
rule of universal application that no one, having such duties to
discharge, shall be allowed to enter into engagements in which he has,
or can have, a personal interest conflicting or which possibly may
conflict, with the interests of those whom he is bound to protect... So
Company 2 ~ 06/07
However, in many jurisdictions the members of the company are permitted to ratify
transactions, which would otherwise fall foul of this principle. It is also largely
accepted in most jurisdictions that this principle should be capable of being abrogated
in the company's constitution.