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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Wat
er scarcity</h1>
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In <a href="/wiki/Meatu_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Meatu district">Mea
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Physical water scarcity and economic water scarcity by country. 2006</div>
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<p><b>Water crisis</b> is the lack of sufficient available water resources to me
et <a href="/wiki/Water_usage" class="mw-redirect" title="Water usage">water nee
ds</a> within a region. It affects every continent and around 2.8 billion people
around the world at least one month out of every year. More than 1.2 billion pe
ople lack access to clean drinking water.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference">
<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup></p>
<p>Water scarcity involves <b>water shortage</b>, <b>water stress</b> or deficit
s, and <b>water crisis</b>. The relatively new concept of <i>water stress</i> is
difficulty in obtaining sources of fresh water for use during a period of time;
it may result in further depletion and deterioration of available water resourc
es.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup> <
i>Water shortages</i> may be caused by <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Cli
mate change">climate change</a>, such as altered weather-patterns (including <a
href="/wiki/Droughts" class="mw-redirect" title="Droughts">droughts</a> or <a hr
ef="/wiki/Floods" class="mw-redirect" title="Floods">floods</a>), increased <a h
ref="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">pollution</a>, and increased
human demand and overuse of <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a>.<sup
id="cite_ref-:2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3">[3]</a></sup> T
he term <i>water crisis</i> labels a situation where the available <a href="/wik
i/Potable_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Potable water">potable</a>, unpollut
ed water within a region is less than that region's demand.<sup id="cite_ref-Fre
shwater:_lifeblood_of_the_planet_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fres
hwater:_lifeblood_of_the_planet-4">[4]</a></sup> Two converging phenomena drive
water scarcity: growing freshwater use and depletion of usable freshwater resour
ces.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup><
/p>
<p>Water scarcity can result from two mechanisms:</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Physical_water_scarcity" title="Physical water scarcity">phys
ical (absolute) water scarcity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economic_water_scarcity" title="Economic water scarcity">econ
omic water scarcity</a></li>
</ul>
<p>Physical water scarcity results from inadequate natural water resources to su
pply a region's demand, and economic water scarcity results from poor management
of the sufficient available water resources. According to the <a href="/wiki/Un

ited_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme"
>United Nations Development Programme</a>, the latter is found more often to be
the cause of countries or regions experiencing water scarcity, as most countries
or regions have enough water to meet household, industrial, agricultural, and e
nvironmental needs, but lack the means to provide it in an accessible manner.<su
p id="cite_ref-:1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6">[6]</a></sup>
</p>
<p>Many countries and governments aim to reduce water scarcity. The <a href="/wi
ki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">UN</a> recognizes the importance of re
ducing the number of people without sustainable access to <a href="/wiki/Water_s
upply" title="Water supply">clean water</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title
="Sanitation">sanitation</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Millennium_Development_Goals" t
itle="Millennium Development Goals">Millennium Development Goals</a> within the
<a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Millennium_Declaration" title="United Nations Mill
ennium Declaration">United Nations Millennium Declaration</a> aimed by 2015 to "
halve the proportion of people who are unable to reach or to afford safe drinkin
g water."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></
sup></p>
<p></p>
<div id="toc" class="toc">
<div id="toctitle">
<h2>Contents</h2>
</div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Water_stress"><span class="tocnumb
er">1</span> <span class="toctext">Water stress</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Changes_in_climate"><span class="t
ocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Changes in climate</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Water_crisis"><span class="tocnumb
er">2</span> <span class="toctext">Water crisis</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Causes_of_water_crisis"><span clas
s="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Causes of water crisis</span></a>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Overview_of_regions_suffering_cris
is_impacts"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Overview of
regions suffering crisis impacts</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Physical_and_economic_scarcity"><s
pan class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Physical and economic scarc
ity</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Human_right_to_water"><span class=
"tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Human right to water</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Millennium_Development_Goals_.28MD
G.29"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Millennium Develo
pment Goals (MDG)</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Water_scarcity.27s_effects_on_envi
ronment"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Water scarcity's
effects on environment</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Climate_change"><span class="tocn
umber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Climate change</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Depletion_of_freshwater_resources
"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Depletion of freshwater
resources</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Groundwater"><span class="tocnumb
er">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Groundwater</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Glaciers"><span class="tocnumber"
>6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Glaciers</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Measurement_of_water_scarcity"><s
pan class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Measurement of water scarci
ty</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Renewable_freshwater_resources"><
span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Renewable freshwater res
ources</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Outlook"><span class="tocnumber">
8</span> <span class="toctext">Outlook</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Global_experiences_in_managing_wa
ter_crisis"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Global experi
ences in managing water crisis</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber"
>10</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumbe
r">11</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="toc
number">12</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocn
umber">13</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p></p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Water_stress">Water stress</span><span class="
mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.p
hp?title=Water_scarcity&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Wate
r stress">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/wiki/File:AfriqueStressHy
drique2025.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/thumb/9/92/AfriqueStressHydrique2025.jpg/300px-AfriqueStressHydrique2025
.jpg" width="300" height="258" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org
/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/AfriqueStressHydrique2025.jpg/450px-AfriqueStressH
ydrique2025.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Afriqu
eStressHydrique2025.jpg/600px-AfriqueStressHydrique2025.jpg 2x" data-file-width=
"612" data-file-height="526" /></a>
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:AfriqueStressHydrique2025.jpg" class="i
nternal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
NGO estimate for 2025, 25 African countries are expected to suffer from water sh
ortage or water stress.</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>
(UN) estimates that, of 1.4 billion cubic kilometers (1 quadrillion acre-feet) o
f water on <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>, just 200,000 cubic kil
ometers (162.1 billion acre-feet) represent fresh water available for human cons
umption.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></s
up></p>
<p>More than one in every six people in the world is water stressed, meaning tha
t they do not have access to potable water.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-1" class="refe
rence"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6">[6]</a></sup> Those that are water stressed mak
e up 1.1 billion people in the world and are living in developing countries. Acc
ording to the Falkenmark Water Stress Indicator,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-0" class=
"reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9">[9]</a></sup> a country or region is said
to experience "water stress" when annual water supplies drop below 1,700 cubic m
etres per person per year. At levels between 1,700 and 1,000 cubic meters per pe
rson per year, periodic or limited water shortages can be expected. When a count
ry is below 1,000 cubic meters per person per year, the country then faces water
scarcity . In 2006, about 700 million people in 43 countries were living below
the 1,700 cubic metres per person threshold.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-2" class="ref
erence"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6">[6]</a></sup> Water stress is ever intensifyin
g in regions such as China, India, and Sub-Saharan Africa, which contains the la
rgest number of water stressed countries of any region with almost one fourth of
the population living in a water stressed country.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-3" cla
ss="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6">[6]</a></sup> The world's most water st
ressed region is the Middle East with averages of 1,200 cubic metres of water pe
r person.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6">[
6]</a></sup> In China, more than 538 million people are living in a water-stress
ed region. Much of the water stressed population currently live in river basins
where the usage of water resources greatly exceed the renewal of the water sourc
e.</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Changes_in_climate">Changes in climate</span><
span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href
="/w/index.php?title=Water_scarcity&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit s
ection: Changes in climate">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span
></span></h3>
<p>Another popular opinion is that the amount of available freshwater is decreas
ing because of <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate cha
nge</a>. Climate change has caused receding glaciers, reduced stream and river f
low, and shrinking lakes and ponds. Many aquifers have been over-pumped and are
not recharging quickly. Although the total fresh water supply is not used up, mu
ch has become polluted, salted, unsuitable or otherwise unavailable for drinking
, industry and agriculture. To avoid a global water crisis, farmers will have to
strive to increase productivity to meet growing demands for food, while industr
y and cities find ways to use water more efficiently.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class
="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup></p>
<p>A New York Times article, "Southeast Drought Study Ties Water Shortage to Pop
ulation, Not <a href="/wiki/Global_Warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global Wa
rming">Global Warming</a>", summarizes the findings of Columbia University resea
rcher on the subject of the droughts in the American Southeast between 2005 and
2007. The findings published in the <i>Journal of Climate</i> say that the water
shortages resulted from population size more than rainfall. Census figures show
that Georgia s population rose from 6.48 to 9.54 million between 1990 and 2007.<s
up id="cite_ref-nytimes1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes1-11
">[11]</a></sup> After studying data from weather instruments, computer models,
and tree ring measurements, they found that the droughts were not unprecedented
and result from normal climate patterns and random weather events. "Similar drou
ghts unfolded over the last thousand years", the researchers wrote, "Regardless
of <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>, the
y added, similar weather patterns can be expected regularly in the future, with
similar results."<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes1_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#ci
te_note-nytimes1-11">[11]</a></sup> As the temperature increases, rainfall in th
e Southeast will increase but because of <a href="/wiki/Evaporation" title="Evap
oration">evaporation</a> the area may get even drier. The researchers concluded
with a statement saying that any rainfall comes from complicated internal proces
ses in the atmosphere and are very hard to predict because of the large amount o
f variables.</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Water_crisis">Water crisis</span><span class="
mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.p
hp?title=Water_scarcity&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Wate
r crisis">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>When there is not enough <a href="/wiki/Potable_water" class="mw-redirect" ti
tle="Potable water">potable water</a> for a given population, the threat of a <i
>water crisis</i> is realized.<sup id="cite_ref-Freshwater:_lifeblood_of_the_pla
net_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Freshwater:_lifeblood_of_the_plan
et-4">[4]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">Un
ited Nations</a> and other world organizations consider a variety of regions to
have water crises of global concern.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a h
ref="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a hre
f="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup> Other organizations, such as the <a href="/wiki
/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Fo
od and Agriculture Organization</a>, argue that there are no water crises in suc
h places, but steps must still be taken to avoid one.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class
="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Causes_of_water_crisis">Causes of water crisis
</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span
><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_scarcity&action=edit&section=4" title
="Edit section: Causes of water crisis">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-brac
ket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>There are several principal manifestations of the water crisis.</p>
<ul>
<li>Inadequate access to safe <a href="/wiki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking wat
er">drinking water</a> for about 884 million people<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="
reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup></li>
<li>Inadequate access to <a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">sanitatio
n</a> for 2.5 billion people,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#c
ite_note-16">[16]</a></sup> which often leads to <a href="/wiki/Water_pollution"
title="Water pollution">water pollution</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">Groundwater</a> <a href="/wi
ki/Overdrafting" title="Overdrafting">overdrafting</a> (excessive use) leading t
o diminished <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agricultural</a> yi
elds<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></su
p></li>
<li>Overuse and <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">pollution</a> of wat
er resources harming <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodivers
ity</a></li>
<li>Regional conflicts over scarce water resources sometimes resulting in <a hre
f="/wiki/War" title="War">warfare</a>.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="/wiki/Waterborne_diseases" title="Waterborne diseases">Waterborne di
seases</a> caused by lack of <a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">sanit
ation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hygiene" title="Hygiene">hygiene</a> are one of the
leading causes of death worldwide. For children under age five, waterborne dise
ases are a leading cause of death. According to the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" t
itle="World Bank">World Bank</a>, 88 percent of all waterborne diseases are caus
ed by unsafe drinking water, inadequate sanitation and poor hygiene.<sup id="cit
e_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup></p>
<p>Water is the underlying tenuous balance of safe water supply, but controllabl
e factors such as the management and distribution of the water supply itself con
tribute to further scarcity.</p>
<p>A 2006 United Nations report focuses on issues of governance as the core of t
he water crisis, saying "There is enough water for everyone" and "Water insuffic
iency is often due to mismanagement, corruption, lack of appropriate institution
s, bureaucratic inertia and a shortage of investment in both human capacity and
physical infrastructure".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_
note-19">[19]</a></sup> Official data also shows a clear correlation between acc

ess to safe water and GDP per capita.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup></p>
<p>It has also been claimed, primarily by economists, that the water situation h
as occurred because of a lack of property rights, government regulations and sub
sidies in the water sector, causing prices to be too low and consumption too hig
h.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup>
<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup><s
up id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup></p>
<p>Vegetation and wildlife are fundamentally dependent upon adequate freshwater
resources. <a href="/wiki/Marsh" title="Marsh">Marshes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bog"
title="Bog">bogs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Riparian_zone" title="Riparian zone">rip
arian zones</a> are more obviously dependent upon sustainable water supply, but
forests and other upland ecosystems are equally at risk of significant productiv
ity changes as water availability is diminished. In the case of wetlands, consid
erable area has been simply taken from wildlife use to feed and house the expand
ing human population. But other areas have suffered reduced productivity from gr
adual diminishing of freshwater inflow, as upstream sources are diverted for hum
an use. In seven states of the U.S. over 80 percent of all historic <a href="/wi
ki/Wetland" title="Wetland">wetlands</a> were filled by the 1980s, when Congress
acted to create a <a href="/wiki/No_net_loss_(wetlands)" class="mw-redirect" tit
le="No net loss (wetlands)">no net loss</a> of wetlands.</p>
<p>In <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> extensive loss of wetland
s has also occurred with resulting loss of biodiversity. For example, many bogs
in <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> have been developed or
diminished through human population expansion. One example is the <a href="/wik
i/Portlethen_Moss" title="Portlethen Moss">Portlethen Moss</a> in <a href="/wiki
/Aberdeenshire" title="Aberdeenshire">Aberdeenshire</a>.</p>
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Madagascar_high
land_plateau.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedi
a/commons/thumb/3/36/Madagascar_highland_plateau.jpg/300px-Madagascar_highland_p
lateau.jpg" width="300" height="225" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimed
ia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Madagascar_highland_plateau.jpg/450px-Madaga
scar_highland_plateau.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3
/36/Madagascar_highland_plateau.jpg/600px-Madagascar_highland_plateau.jpg 2x" da
ta-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a>
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Madagascar_highland_plateau.jpg" class=
"internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
<a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">Deforestation</a> of the <a
href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a> Highland Plateau has l
ed to extensive <a href="/wiki/Siltation" title="Siltation">siltation</a> and un
stable flows of western <a href="/wiki/River" title="River">rivers</a>.</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>On <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a> s highland plat
eau, a massive transformation occurred that eliminated virtually all the heavily
forested vegetation in the period 1970 to 2000. The <a href="/wiki/Slash_and_bu
rn" class="mw-redirect" title="Slash and burn">slash and burn</a> agriculture el
iminated about ten percent of the total country s native biomass and converted it
to a barren wasteland. These effects were from <a href="/wiki/Human_overpopulati
on" title="Human overpopulation">overpopulation</a> and the necessity to feed po
or indigenous peoples, but the adverse effects included widespread gully erosion
that in turn produced heavily silted rivers that run red decades after the <a hre
f="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a>. This eliminated
a large amount of usable fresh water and also destroyed much of the riverine ec
osystems of several large west-flowing rivers. Several fish species have been dr
iven to the edge of extinction and some, such as the disturbed Tokios <a href="/
wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">coral reef</a> formations in the <a href="/w
iki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a>, are effectively lost. I

n October 2008, Peter Brabeck-Letmathe, chairman and former chief executive of N
estl, warned that the production of biofuels will further deplete the world's wat
er supply.</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Overview_of_regions_suffering_crisis_impacts">
Overview of regions suffering crisis impacts</span><span class="mw-editsection">
<span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_s
carcity&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Overview of regions
suffering crisis impacts">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span><
/span></h3>
<p>There are many other countries of the world that are severely impacted with r
egard to <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">human</a> <a href="/wiki/Health" ti
tle="Health">health</a> and inadequate drinking water. The following is a partia
l list of some of the countries with significant populations (numerical populati
on of affected population listed) whose only consumption is of contaminated wate
r:<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup>
</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> 12.3 million</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> 5.0 million</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> 2.7 million</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a> 2.1 million</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> 1.3 million</li>
</ul>
<p>Several world maps showing various aspects of the problem can be found in thi
s <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://environment.newscientist.
com/data/images/archive/2670/26700101.jpg">graph</a> article.<sup id="cite_ref-2
5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup></p>
<p>According to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=California_Department_of_Resourc
es&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="California Department of Re
sources (page does not exist)">California Department of Resources</a>, if more s
upplies aren t found by 2020, the region will face a shortfall nearly as great as
the amount consumed today. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los A
ngeles</a> is a coastal desert able to support at most 1 million people on its o
wn water; the Los Angeles basin now is the core of a <a href="/wiki/Megacity" ti
tle="Megacity">megacity</a> that spans 220 miles (350 km) from <a href="/wi
ki/Santa_Barbara,_California" title="Santa Barbara, California">Santa Barbara</a
> to the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_border" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican borde
r">Mexican border</a>. The region s population is expected to reach 41 million by
2020, up from 28 million in 2009. The population of California continues to grow
by more than two million a year and is expected to reach 75 million in 2030, up
from 49 million in 2009. But water shortage is likely to surface well before th
en.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></sup
></p>
<p>Water deficits, which are already spurring heavy grain imports in numerous sm
aller countries, may soon do the same in larger countries, such as <a href="/wik
i/Chinese_water_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese water crisis">China</
a> and <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class
="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></sup> The water tables are falling
in scores of countries (including Northern China, the US, and India) due to wid
espread overpumping using powerful diesel and electric pumps. Other countries af
fected include <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, <a href="
/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mex
ico</a>. This will eventually lead to water scarcity and cutbacks in grain harve
st. Even with the overpumping of its <a href="/wiki/Aquifers" class="mw-redirect
" title="Aquifers">aquifers</a>, China is developing a grain deficit. When this
happens, it will almost certainly drive grain prices upward. Most of the 3 billi
on people projected to be added worldwide by mid-century will be born in countri
es already experiencing water shortages. Unless population growth can be slowed
quickly, it is feared that there may not be a practical non-violent or humane so
lution to the emerging world water shortage.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="referen

ce"><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference
"><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></sup></p>
<p>After China and India, there is a second tier of smaller countries with large
water deficits
<a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, <a href="/w
iki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>,
Mexico, and Pakistan. Four of these already import a large share of their grain.
But with a population expanding by 4 million a year, they will also likely soon
turn to the world market for grain.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a h
ref="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></sup></p>
<p>According to a UN climate report, the <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himala
yas">Himalayan</a> glaciers that are the sources of <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="
Asia">Asia</a>'s biggest rivers
<a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganges</a>
, <a href="/wiki/Indus" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus">Indus</a>, <a href="/w
iki/Brahmaputra" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmaputra">Brahmaputra</a>, <a hre
f="/wiki/Yangtze" title="Yangtze">Yangtze</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mekong" title="Mek
ong">Mekong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salween" class="mw-redirect" title="Salween">Sal
ween</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yellow" title="Yellow">Yellow</a>
could disappear by
2035 as temperatures rise.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cit
e_note-31">[31]</a></sup> It was later revealed that the source used by the UN c
limate report actually stated 2350, not 2035.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="refere
nce"><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></sup> Approximately 2.4 billion people liv
e in the <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">drainage basin</a
> of the Himalayan rivers.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite
_note-33">[33]</a></sup> India, China, Pakistan, <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" titl
e="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> and
<a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> could experience floods fol
lowed by droughts in coming decades. In India alone, the Ganges provides water f
or drinking and farming for more than 500 million people.<sup id="cite_ref-34" c
lass="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" cla
ss="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class
="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></sup> The west coast of <a href="/
wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, which gets much of
its water from glaciers in mountain ranges such as the <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Moun
tains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nev
ada_(U.S.)" title="Sierra Nevada (U.S.)">Sierra Nevada</a>, also would be affect
ed.<sup id="cite_ref-sciencedaily.com_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_not
e-sciencedaily.com-37">[37]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></sup></p>
<p>By far the largest part of <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Austra
lia</a> is <a href="/wiki/Deserts_of_Australia" title="Deserts of Australia">des
ert</a> or semi-arid lands commonly known as the <a href="/wiki/Outback" title="
Outback">outback</a>. In June 2008 it became known that an expert panel had warn
ed of long term, possibly irreversible, severe ecological damage for the whole <
a href="/wiki/Murray-Darling_basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Murray-Darling ba
sin">Murray-Darling basin</a> if it does not receive sufficient water by October
.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></sup>
<a href="/wiki/Water_restrictions_in_Australia" title="Water restrictions in Aus
tralia">Water restrictions</a> are currently in place in many regions and cities
of Australia in response to chronic shortages resulting from <a href="/wiki/Dro
ught_in_Australia" title="Drought in Australia">drought</a>. The <a href="/wiki/
Australian_of_the_year" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian of the year">Austr
alian of the year</a> 2007, environmentalist <a href="/wiki/Tim_Flannery" title=
"Tim Flannery">Tim Flannery</a>, predicted that unless it made drastic changes,
<a href="/wiki/Perth,_Western_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Perth, Weste
rn Australia">Perth</a> in <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Aust
ralia">Western Australia</a> could become the world s first ghost <a href="/wiki/M
etropolis" title="Metropolis">metropolis</a>, an abandoned city with no more wat
er to sustain its population.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#c
ite_note-40">[40]</a></sup> However, Western Australia's dams reached 50% capaci
ty for the first time since 2000 as of September 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-miraclei

noz_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-miracleinoz-41">[41]</a></sup> A
s a result, heavy rains have brought forth positive results for the region.<sup
id="cite_ref-miracleinoz_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-miracleinoz
-41">[41]</a></sup> Nonetheless, the following year, 2010, Perth suffered its se
cond-driest winter on record<sup id="cite_ref-morewinterblues_42-0" class="refer
ence"><a href="#cite_note-morewinterblues-42">[42]</a></sup> and the water corpo
ration tightened water restrictions for spring.<sup id="cite_ref-savingwater_430" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-savingwater-43">[43]</a></sup></p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Physical_and_economic_scarcity">Physical and e
conomic scarcity</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsectionbracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_scarcity&action=edit&
section=6" title="Edit section: Physical and economic scarcity">edit</a><span cl
ass="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Around one fifth of the world's population currently live in regions affected
by <a href="/wiki/Physical_water_scarcity" title="Physical water scarcity">Phys
ical water scarcity</a>, where there is inadequate water resources to meet a cou
ntry's or regional demand, including the water needed to fulfill the demand of e
cosystems to function effectively.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-5" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-:1-6">[6]</a></sup> Arid regions frequently suffer from physic
al water scarcity. It also occurs where water seems abundant but where resources
are over-committed, such as when there is over development of hydraulic infrast
ructure for irrigation. Symptoms of physical water scarcity include environmenta
l degradation and declining groundwater as well as other forms of exploitation o
r overuse.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</
a></sup></p>
<p><a href="/wiki/Economic_water_scarcity" title="Economic water scarcity">Econo
mic water scarcity</a> is caused by a lack of investment in infrastructure or te
chnology to draw water from rivers, aquifers or other water sources, or insuffic
ient human capacity to satisfy the demand for water. One quarter of the world's
population is affected by economic water scarcity. Economic water scarcity inclu
des a lack of infrastructure, causing the people without reliable access to wate
r to have to travel long distances to fetch water, that is often contaminated fr
om rivers for domestic and agricultural uses. Large parts of Africa suffer from
economic water scarcity; developing water infrastructure in those areas could th
erefore help to reduce poverty. Critical conditions often arise for economically
poor and politically weak communities living in already dry environment. Consum
ption increases with GDP per capita in most developed countries the average amou
nt is around 200-300 litres daily. In underdeveloped (e.g. African countries suc
h as Mozambique, average daily water consumption per capita was below 10 l. This
is against the backdrop of international organisations, which recommend a minim
um of 20 l of water (not including the water needed for washing clothes), availa
ble at most 1 km from the household. Increased water consumption is correla
ted with increasing income, as measured by GDP per capita. In countries sufferin
g from water shortages water is the subject of speculation.<sup id="cite_ref-45"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a></sup></p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Human_right_to_water">Human right to water</sp
an><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a
href="/w/index.php?title=Water_scarcity&action=edit&section=7" title="Ed
it section: Human right to water">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]
</span></span></h2>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Right_to_wa
ter" title="Right to water">Right to water</a></div>
<p>The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Committee_on_Economic,_Social_and_Cultural_
Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Committee on Economic, Social
and Cultural Rights">United Nations Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural R
ights</a> established a foundation of five core attributes for water security. T
hey declare that the human <a href="/wiki/Right_to_water" title="Right to water"
>right to water</a> entitles everyone to sufficient, safe, acceptable, physicall
y accessible, and affordable water for personal and domestic use.<sup id="cite_r
ef-:1_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6">[6]</a></sup></p>

<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Millennium_Development_Goals_.28MDG.29">Millen
nium Development Goals (MDG)</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mweditsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_scarcity&acti
on=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Millennium Development Goals (MDG)">
edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Millennium_Develop
ment_Goals" title="Millennium Development Goals">Millennium Development Goals</a
></div>
<p>At the 2000 <a href="/wiki/Millennium_Summit" title="Millennium Summit">Mille
nnium Summit</a>, the United Nations addressed the effects of economic water sca
rcity by making increased access to safe drinking water an international develop
ment goal. During this time, they drafted the Millennium Development Goals and a
ll 189 UN members agreed on eight goals. MDG 7 sets a target for reducing the pr
oportion of the population without sustainable safe drinking water access by hal
f by 2015. This would mean that more than 600 million people would gain access t
o a safe source of drinking water. In 2016, the <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Devel
opment_Goals" title="Sustainable Development Goals">Sustainable Development Goal
s</a> replace the Millennium Development Goals.</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Water_scarcity.27s_effects_on_environment">Wat
er scarcity's effects on environment</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span cl
ass="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_scarcity&
amp;action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Water scarcity's effects on
environment">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><a href="/wiki/File:AralShip.jpg" c
lass="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2
1/AralShip.jpg/200px-AralShip.jpg" width="200" height="140" class="thumbimage" s
rcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/AralShip.jpg/300px-Ar
alShip.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/AralShip.jp
g/400px-AralShip.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1543" data-file-height="1081" /></a>
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:AralShip.jpg" class="internal" title="E
nlarge"></a></div>
An abandoned ship in the former <a href="/wiki/Aral_Sea" title="Aral Sea">Aral S
ea</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Aral,_Kazakhstan" title="Aral, Kazakhstan">Aral, Kaz
akhstan</a>.</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>Water scarcity has many negative impacts on the environment, including lakes,
rivers, wetlands, and other fresh water resources. The resulting water overuse
that is related to water scarcity, often located in areas of irrigation agricult
ure, harms the environment in several ways including increased <a href="/wiki/Sa
linity" title="Salinity">salinity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nutrient_pollution" title=
"Nutrient pollution">nutrient pollution</a>, and the loss of <a href="/wiki/Floo
dplains" class="mw-redirect" title="Floodplains">floodplains</a> and wetlands.<s
up id="cite_ref-:1_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6">[6]</a></sup
><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a></sup>
Furthermore, water scarcity makes flow management in the rehabilitation of urban
streams problematic.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note
-47">[47]</a></sup></p>
<p>Through the last hundred years, more than half of the Earth's wetlands have b
een destroyed and have disappeared.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-1" class="reference"><
a href="#cite_note-:2-3">[3]</a></sup> These wetlands are important not only bec
ause they are the habitats of numerous inhabitants such as mammals, birds, fish,
amphibians, and <a href="/wiki/Invertebrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Invert
ebrates">invertebrates</a>, but they support the growing of rice and other food
crops as well as provide <a href="/wiki/Water_filtration" class="mw-redirect" ti
tle="Water filtration">water filtration</a> and protection from storms and flood
ing. Freshwater lakes such as the <a href="/wiki/Aral_Sea" title="Aral Sea">Aral
Sea</a> in central Asia have also suffered. Once the fourth largest freshwater
lake, it has lost more than 58,000 square km of area and vastly increased in sal
t concentration over the span of three decades.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-2" class="
reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3">[3]</a></sup></p>
<p>Subsidence, or the gradual sinking of landforms, is another result of water s
carcity. The <a href="/wiki/U.S._Geological_Survey" class="mw-redirect" title="U
.S. Geological Survey">U.S. Geological Survey</a> estimates that subsidence has
affected more than 17,000 square miles in 45 U.S. states, 80 percent of it due t
o groundwater usage. In some areas east of <a href="/wiki/Houston,_Texas" class=
"mw-redirect" title="Houston, Texas">Houston, Texas</a> the land has dropped by
more than nine feet due to subsidence.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a></sup> Brownwood, a subdivision near <a href="/wik
i/Baytown,_Texas" title="Baytown, Texas">Baytown, Texas</a>, was abandoned due t
o frequent flooding caused by subsidence and has since become part of the <a hre
f="/wiki/Baytown_Nature_Center" title="Baytown Nature Center">Baytown Nature Cen
ter</a>.</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Climate_change">Climate change</span><span cla
ss="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/ind
ex.php?title=Water_scarcity&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section:
Climate change">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h
3>
<p><a href="/wiki/Aquifer" title="Aquifer">Aquifer</a> drawdown or overdrafting
and the pumping of fossil water increases the total amount of water within the h
ydrosphere subject to transpiration and evaporation processes, thereby causing a
ccretion in water vapour and cloud cover, the primary absorbers of infrared radi
ation in the earth's atmosphere. Adding water to the system has a forcing effect
on the whole earth system, an accurate estimate of which hydrogeological fact i
s yet to be quantified.</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Depletion_of_freshwater_resources">Depletion o
f freshwater resources</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editse
ction-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_scarcity&action=edi
t&section=11" title="Edit section: Depletion of freshwater resources">edit</
a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Apart from the conventional surface water sources of freshwater such as river
s and lakes, other resources of freshwater such as groundwater and glaciers have
become more developed sources of freshwater, becoming the main source of clean
water. <a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">Groundwater</a> is water
that has pooled below the surface of the Earth and can provide a usable quantity
of water through springs or wells. These areas where groundwater is collected a
re also known as aquifers. <a href="/wiki/Glaciers" class="mw-redirect" title="G
laciers">Glaciers</a> provide freshwater in the form <a href="/wiki/Meltwater" t
itle="Meltwater">meltwater</a>, or freshwater melted from snow or ice, that supp
ly streams or springs as temperatures rise. More and more of these sources are b
eing drawn upon as conventional sources' usability decreases due to factors such
as pollution or disappearance due to climate changes. The exponential growth ra
te of the human population is a main contributing factor in the increasing use o
f these types of water resources.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_49-0" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-:3-49">[49]</a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Groundwater">Groundwater</span><span class="mw
-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php
?title=Water_scarcity&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Groun
dwater">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Until recent history, groundwater was not a highly utilized resource. In the
1960s, more and more groundwater aquifers developed. Changes in knowledge, techn
ology and funding have allowed for focused development into abstracting water fr
om groundwater resources away from surface water resources. These changes allowe
d for progress in society such as the "agricultural groundwater revolution," exp
anding the irrigation sector allowing for increased food production and developm
ent in rural areas.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5
0">[50]</a></sup> Groundwater supplies nearly half of all drinking water in the
world.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a></

sup> The large volumes of water stored underground in most aquifers have a consi
derable <a href="/wiki/Buffer_capacity" class="mw-redirect" title="Buffer capaci
ty">buffer capacity</a> allowing for water to be withdrawn during periods of dro
ught or little rainfall.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#c
ite_note-:3-49">[49]</a></sup> This is crucial for people that live in regions t
hat cannot depend on <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipi
tation</a> or surface water as a supply alone, instead providing reliable access
to water all year round. As of 2010, the world's aggregated groundwater abstrac
tion is estimated at approximately 1,000 km<sup>3</sup> per year, with 67%
used for irrigation, 22% used for domestic purposes and 11% used for industrial
purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-49"
>[49]</a></sup> The top ten major consumers of abstracted water (India, China, U
nited States of America, Pakistan, Iran, Bangladesh, Mexico, Saudi Arabia, Indon
esia, and Italy) make up 72% of all abstracted water use worldwide.<sup id="cite
_ref-:3_49-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-49">[49]</a></sup> Ground
water has become crucial for the livelihoods and food security of 1.2 to 1.5 bil
lion rural households in the poorer regions of Africa and Asia.<sup id="cite_ref
-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a></sup></p>
<p>Although groundwater sources are quite prevalent, one major area of concern i
s the renewal rate or recharge rate of some groundwater sources. <a href="/w/ind
ex.php?title=Abstracting&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abstr
acting (page does not exist)">Abstracting</a> from groundwater sources that are
non-renewable could lead to exhaustion if not properly monitored and managed.<su
p id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a></sup> Anot
her concern of increased groundwater usage is the diminished water quality of th
e source over time. Reduction of natural outflows, decreasing stored volumes, de
clining water levels and water degradation are commonly observed in groundwater
systems.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_49-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-49">
[49]</a></sup> Groundwater depletion may result in many negative effects such as
increased cost of groundwater pumping, induced salinity and other water quality
changes, land subsidence, degraded springs and reduced baseflows. Human polluti
on is also harmful to this important resource.</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Glaciers">Glaciers</span><span class="mw-edits
ection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title
=Water_scarcity&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Glaciers">e
dit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Glaciers are noted as a vital water source due to their contribution to <a hr
ef="/wiki/Stream_flow" class="mw-redirect" title="Stream flow">stream flow</a>.
Rising global temperatures have noticeable effects on the rate at which glaciers
melt, causing glaciers in general to shrink worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-54" cla
ss="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a></sup> Although the meltwater fro
m these glaciers are increasing the total water supply for the present, the disa
ppearance of glaciers in the long term will diminish available water resources.
Increased meltwater due to rising global temperatures can also have negative eff
ects such as flooding of lakes and dams and catastrophic results.<sup id="cite_r
ef-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a></sup></p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Measurement_of_water_scarcity">Measurement of
water scarcity</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-br
acket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_scarcity&action=edit&se
ction=14" title="Edit section: Measurement of water scarcity">edit</a><span clas
s="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Collecting_clea
n_water_in_rural_Sindh_(5367575654).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload
.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Collecting_clean_water_in_rural_Sind
h_%285367575654%29.jpg/220px-Collecting_clean_water_in_rural_Sindh_%285367575654
%29.jpg" width="220" height="330" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.
org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Collecting_clean_water_in_rural_Sindh_%28536757
5654%29.jpg/330px-Collecting_clean_water_in_rural_Sindh_%285367575654%29.jpg 1.5
x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Collecting_clean_water_in
_rural_Sindh_%285367575654%29.jpg/440px-Collecting_clean_water_in_rural_Sindh_%2
85367575654%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3168" data-file-height="4752" /></a>
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Collecting_clean_water_in_rural_Sindh_(
5367575654).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
In 2012 in <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakista
n" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> a shortage of clean water led people to queue t
o collect it where available</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>Hydrologists today typically assess water scarcity by looking at the populati
on-water equation. This is done by comparing the amount of total available water
resources per year to the population of a country or region. A popular approach
to measuring water scarcity has been to rank countries according to the amount
of annual water resources available per person. For example, according to the Fa
lkenmark Water Stress Indicator,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-1" class="reference"><a h
ref="#cite_note-:0-9">[9]</a></sup> a country or region is said to experience "w
ater stress" when annual water supplies drop below 1,700 cubic metres per person
per year. At levels between 1,700 and 1,000 cubic metres per person per year, p
eriodic or limited water shortages can be expected. When water supplies drop bel
ow 1,000 cubic metres per person per year, the country faces "water scarcity".<s
up id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a></sup> The
United Nations' <a href="/wiki/FAO" class="mw-redirect" title="FAO">FAO</a> sta
tes that by 2025, 1.9 billion people will live in countries or regions with abso
lute water scarcity, and two-thirds of the world population could be under stres
s conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57">[57
]</a></sup> The World Bank adds that <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Clima
te change">climate change</a> could profoundly alter future patterns of both wat
er availability and use,thereby increasing levels of water stress and insecurity
, both at the global scale and in sectors that depend on water.<sup id="cite_ref
-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a></sup></p>
<p>Other ways of measuring water scarcity include examining the physical existen
ce of water in nature, comparing nations with lower or higher volumes of water a
vailable for use. This method often fails to capture the accessibility of the wa
ter resource to the population that may need it. Others have related water avail
ability to population.</p>
<p>Another measurement, calculated as part of a wider assessment of water manage
ment in 2007,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59">[59
]</a></sup> aimed to relate water availability to how the resource was actually
used. It therefore divided water scarcity into physical and economic . <a href="/wiki
/Physical_water_scarcity" title="Physical water scarcity">Physical water scarcit
y</a> is where there is not enough water to meet all demands, including that nee
ded for ecosystems to function effectively. Arid regions frequently suffer from
physical water scarcity. It also occurs where water seems abundant but where res
ources are over-committed, such as when there is overdevelopment of hydraulic in
frastructure for irrigation. Symptoms of physical water scarcity include environ
mental degradation and declining groundwater. Water stress harms living things b
ecause every organism needs water to live.</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Renewable_freshwater_resources">Renewable fres
hwater resources</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsectionbracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_scarcity&action=edit&
section=15" title="Edit section: Renewable freshwater resources">edit</a><span c
lass="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Renewable freshwater supply is a metric often used in conjunction when evalua
ting water scarcity. This metric is informative because it can describe the tota
l available water resource each country contains. By knowing the total available
water source, an idea can be gained about whether a country is prone to experie
ncing physical water scarcity. This metric has its faults in that it is an avera
ge; precipitation delivers water unevenly across the planet each year and annual
renewable water resources vary from year to year. This metric also does not des
cribe the accessibility of water to individuals, households, industries, or the
government. Lastly, as this metric is a description of a whole country, it does
not accurately portray whether a country is experiencing water scarcity. Canada
and Brazil both have very high levels of available water supply, but still exper
ience various water related problems.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_49-5" class="reference
"><a href="#cite_note-:3-49">[49]</a></sup></p>
<p>It can be observed that tropical countries in Asia and Africa have low availa
bility of freshwater resources.</p>
<p>The following table displays the average annual renewable freshwater supply b
y country including both surface-water and groundwater supplies.<sup id="cite_re
f-:4_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-60">[60]</a></sup> This tabl
e represents data from the UN FAO AQUASTAT, much of which are produced by modeli
ng or estimation as opposed to actual measurements.</p>
<table class="wikitable sortable collapsible collapsed">
<caption>Total renewable freshwater supply by country<sup id="cite_ref-:4_60-1"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-60">[60]</a></sup></caption>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Rank</th>
<th scope="col">Country</th>
<th scope="col">Annual renewable water
<p>resources (km<sup>3</sup>/year)</p>
</th>
<th scope="col">Region</th>
<th scope="col">Year of estimate</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1</td>
<td>Kuwait</td>
<td>0.02</td>
<td>Asia</td>
<td>2008</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>2</td>
<td>St. Kitts and Nevis</td>
<td>0.02</td>
<td>North and Central America</td>
<td>2000</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>3</td>
<td>Maldives</td>
<td>0.03</td>
<td>Asia</td>
<td>1999</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>4</td>
<td>Malta</td>
<td>0.07</td>
<td>Europe</td>
<td>2005</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>5</td>
<td>Antigua and Barbuda</td>
<td>0.1</td>
<td>2000</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>6</td>
<td>Qatar</td>
<td>0.1</td>
<td>Asia</td>
<td>2008</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>7</td>
<td>Barbados</td>
<td>0.1</td>
<td>2003</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>8</td>
<td>Bahrain</td>
<td>0.1</td>
<td>Asia</td>
<td>2008</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>9</td>
<td>United Arab Emirates</td>
<td>0.2</td>
<td>Asia</td>
<td>2008</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>10</td>
<td>Cape Verde</td>
<td>0.3</td>
<td>Africa</td>
<td>2005</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>11</td>
<td>Djibouti</td>
<td>0.3</td>
<td>Africa</td>
<td>2005</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>12</td>
<td>Cyprus</td>
<td>0.3</td>
<td>Europe</td>
<td>2007</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>13</td>
<td>Libya</td>
<td>0.6</td>
<td>Africa</td>
<td>2005</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>14</td>
<td>Singapore</td>
<td>0.6</td>
<td>Asia</td>
<td>1975</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>15</td>
<td>Jordan</td>
<td>0.9</td>
<td>Asia</td>
<td>2008</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>16</td>
<td>Comoros</td>
<td>1.2</td>
<td>Africa</td>
<td>2005</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>17</td>
<td>Oman</td>
<td>1.4</td>
<td>Asia</td>
<td>2008</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>18</td>
<td>Luxembourg</td>
<td>1.6</td>
<td>Europe</td>
<td>2007</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>19</td>
<td>Israel</td>
<td>1.8</td>
<td>Asia</td>
<td>2008</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>20</td>
<td>Yemen</td>
<td>2.1</td>
<td>Asia</td>
<td>2008</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>21</td>
<td>Saudi Arabia</td>
<td>2.4</td>
<td>Asia</td>
<td>2008</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>22</td>
<td>Mauritius</td>
<td>2.8</td>
<td>Africa</td>
<td>2005</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>23</td>
<td>Burundi</td>
<td>3.6</td>
<td>Africa</td>
<td>1987</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>24</td>
<td>Trinidad and Tobago</td>
<td>3.8</td>
<td>2000</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>25</td>
<td>Swaziland</td>
<td>4.5</td>
<td>Africa</td>
<td>1987</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>26</td>
<td>Lebanon</td>
<td>4.5</td>
<td>Asia</td>
<td>2008</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>27</td>
<td>Tunisia</td>
<td>4.6</td>
<td>Africa</td>
<td>2005</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>28</td>
<td>Reunion</td>
<td>5.0</td>
<td>Africa</td>
<td>1988</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>29</td>
<td>Lesotho</td>
<td>5.2</td>
<td>Africa</td>
<td>1987</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>30</td>
<td>Eritrea</td>
<td>6.3</td>
<td>Africa</td>
<td>2001</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>31</td>
<td>Macedonia</td>
<td>6.4</td>
<td>Europe</td>
<td>2001</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>32</td>
<td>Armenia</td>
<td>7.8</td>
<td>Former Soviet Union</td>
<td>2008</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>33</td>
<td>Gambia</td>
<td>8.0</td>
<td>Africa</td>
<td>2005</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>34</td>
<td>Brunei</td>
<td>8.5</td>
<td>Asia</td>
<td>1999</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>35</td>
<td>Jamaica</td>
<td>9.4</td>
<td>2000</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>36</td>
<td>Rwanda</td>
<td>9.5</td>
<td>Africa</td>
<td>2005</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>37</td>
<td>Mauritania</td>
<td>11.4</td>
<td>Africa</td>
<td>2005</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>38</td>
<td>Algeria</td>
<td>11.6</td>
<td>Africa</td>
<td>2005</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>39</td>
<td>Moldova</td>
<td>11.7</td>
<td>1997</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>40</td>
<td>Estonia</td>
<td>12.3</td>
<td>Europe</td>
<td>2007</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>41</td>
<td>Estonia</td>
<td>12.8</td>
<td>1997</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>42</td>
<td>Haiti</td>
<td>14.0</td>
<td>2000</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>43</td>
<td>Somalia</td>
<td>14.2</td>
<td>Africa</td>
<td>2005</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>44</td>
<td>Botswana</td>
<td>14.7</td>
<td>Africa</td>
<td>2001</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>45</td>
<td>Togo</td>
<td>14.7</td>
<td>Africa</td>
<td>2001</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>46</td>
<td>Czech Republic</td>
<td>16.0</td>
<td>Europe</td>
<td>2007</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>47</td>
<td>Denmark</td>
<td>16.3</td>
<td>Europe</td>
<td>2007</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>48</td>
<td>Syria</td>
<td>16.8</td>
<td>Asia</td>
<td>2008</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>49</td>
<td>Malawi</td>
<td>17.3</td>
<td>Africa</td>
<td>2001</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>50</td>
<td>Burkina Faso</td>
<td>17.5</td>
<td>Africa</td>
<td>2001</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>51</td>
<td>Namibia</td>
<td>17.7</td>
<td>Africa</td>
<td>2005</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>52</td>
<td>Belize</td>
<td>18.6</td>
<td>2000</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>53</td>
<td>Zimbabwe</td>
<td>20.0</td>
<td>Africa</td>
<td>1987</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>54</td>
<td>Belgium</td>
<td>20.0</td>
<td>Europe</td>
<td>2007</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>55</td>
<td>Dominican Republic</td>
<td>21.0</td>
<td>2000</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>56</td>
<td>Lithuania</td>
<td>24.5</td>
<td>2007</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>57</td>
<td>El Salvador</td>
<td>25.2</td>
<td>2001</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>58</td>
<td>Romania</td>
<td>25.7</td>
<td>Europe</td>
<td>2007</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>59</td>
<td>Benin</td>
<td>25.8</td>
<td>Africa</td>
<td>2001</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>60</td>
<td>Equatorial Guinea</td>
<td>26</td>
<td>Africa</td>
<td>2001</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>61</td>
<td>Fiji</td>
<td>28.6</td>
<td>Oceania</td>
<td>1987</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>62</td>
<td>Morocco</td>
<td>29.0</td>
<td>Africa</td>
<td>2005</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>63</td>
<td>Kenya</td>
<td>30.7</td>
<td>Africa</td>
<td>2005</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>64</td>
<td>Guinea-Bissau</td>
<td>31.0</td>
<td>Africa</td>
<td>2005</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>65</td>
<td>Slovenia</td>
<td>32.1</td>
<td>Europe</td>
<td>2007</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>66</td>
<td>Niger</td>
<td>33.7</td>
<td>Africa</td>
<td>2005</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>67</td>
<td>Azerbaijan</td>
<td>34.7</td>
<td>2008</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>68</td>
<td>Mongolia</td>
<td>34.8</td>
<td>Asia</td>
<td>1999</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>69</td>
<td>Bosnia and Herzegovina</td>
<td>37.5</td>
<td>Europe</td>
<td>2003</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>70</td>
<td>Cuba</td>
<td>38.1</td>
<td>2000</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>71</td>
<td>Senegal</td>
<td>39.4</td>
<td>Africa</td>
<td>1987</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>72</td>
<td>Albania</td>
<td>41.7</td>
<td>Europe</td>
<td>2001</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>73</td>
<td>Chad</td>
<td>43.0</td>
<td>Africa</td>
<td>1987</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>74</td>
<td>Solomon Islands</td>
<td>44.7</td>
<td>Oceania</td>
<td>1987</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>75</td>
<td>Kyrgyzstan</td>
<td>46.5</td>
<td>1997</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>76</td>
<td>Ireland</td>
<td>46.8</td>
<td>Europe</td>
<td>2003</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>77</td>
<td>South Africa</td>
<td>50.0</td>
<td>Africa</td>
<td>2005</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>78</td>
<td>Sri Lanka</td>
<td>50.0</td>
<td>Asia</td>
<td>1999</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>79</td>
<td>Slovakia</td>
<td>50.1</td>
<td>Europe</td>
<td>2007</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>80</td>
<td>Ghana</td>
<td>53.2</td>
<td>Africa</td>
<td>2001</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>81</td>
<td>Switzerland</td>
<td>53.5</td>
<td>Europe</td>
<td>2007</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>82</td>
<td>Belarus</td>
<td>58.0</td>
<td>1997</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>83</td>
<td>Egypt</td>
<td>58.3</td>
<td>Africa</td>
<td>2005</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>84</td>
<td>Turkmenistan</td>
<td>60.9</td>
<td>1997</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>85</td>
<td>Poland</td>
<td>63.1</td>
<td>Europe</td>
<td>2007</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>86</td>
<td>Georgia</td>
<td>63.3</td>
<td>2008</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>87</td>
<td>Sudan</td>
<td>64.5</td>
<td>Africa</td>
<td>2005</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>88</td>
<td>Afghanistan</td>
<td>65.0</td>
<td>Asia</td>
<td>1997</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>89</td>
<td>Uganda</td>
<td>66.0</td>
<td>Africa</td>
<td>2005</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>90</td>
<td>Taiwan</td>
<td>67.0</td>
<td>Asia</td>
<td>2000</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>91</td>
<td>Korea Rep</td>
<td>69.7</td>
<td>Asia</td>
<td>1999</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>92</td>
<td>Greece</td>
<td>72.0</td>
<td>Europe</td>
<td>2007</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>93</td>
<td>Uzbekistan</td>
<td>72.2</td>
<td>2003</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>94</td>
<td>Portugal</td>
<td>73.6</td>
<td>Europe</td>
<td>2007</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>95</td>
<td>Iraq</td>
<td>75.6</td>
<td>Asia</td>
<td>2008</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>96</td>
<td>Korea DPR</td>
<td>77.1</td>
<td>Asia</td>
<td>1999</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>97</td>
<td>Cte d'Ivoire</td>
<td>81</td>
<td>Africa</td>
<td>2001</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>98</td>
<td>Austria</td>
<td>84.0</td>
<td>Europe</td>
<td>2007</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>99</td>
<td>Netherlands</td>
<td>89.7</td>
<td>Europe</td>
<td>2007</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>100</td>
<td>Tanzania</td>
<td>91</td>
<td>Africa</td>
<td>2001</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>101</td>
<td>Bhutan</td>
<td>95.0</td>
<td>Asia</td>
<td>1987</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>102</td>
<td>Honduras</td>
<td>95.9</td>
<td>2000</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>103</td>
<td>Tajikistan</td>
<td>99.7</td>
<td>1997</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>104</td>
<td>Mali</td>
<td>100.0</td>
<td>Africa</td>
<td>2005</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>105</td>
<td>Zambia</td>
<td>105.2</td>
<td>Africa</td>
<td>2001</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>106</td>
<td>Croatia</td>
<td>105.5</td>
<td>Europe</td>
<td>1998</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>107</td>
<td>Bulgaria</td>
<td>107.2</td>
<td>Europe</td>
<td>2010</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>108</td>
<td>Kazakhstan</td>
<td>109.6</td>
<td>1997</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>109</td>
<td>Ethiopia</td>
<td>110.0</td>
<td>Africa</td>
<td>1987</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>110</td>
<td>Finland</td>
<td>110.0</td>
<td>Europe</td>
<td>2007</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>111</td>
<td>Spain</td>
<td>111.1</td>
<td>Europe</td>
<td>2007</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>112</td>
<td>Guatemala</td>
<td>111.3</td>
<td>2000</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>113</td>
<td>Costa Rica</td>
<td>112.4</td>
<td>2000</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>114</td>
<td>Hungary</td>
<td>116.4</td>
<td>Europe</td>
<td>2007</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>115</td>
<td>Suriname</td>
<td>122.0</td>
<td>South America</td>
<td>2003</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>116</td>
<td>Iran</td>
<td>137.5</td>
<td>Asia</td>
<td>2008</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>117</td>
<td>Uruguay</td>
<td>139.0</td>
<td>2000</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>118</td>
<td>Ukraine</td>
<td>139.5</td>
<td>1997</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>119</td>
<td>Central African Republic</td>
<td>144.4</td>
<td>Africa</td>
<td>2005</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>120</td>
<td>Panama</td>
<td>148.0</td>
<td>2000</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>121</td>
<td>Sierra Leone</td>
<td>160.0</td>
<td>Africa</td>
<td>1987</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>122</td>
<td>Gabon</td>
<td>164.0</td>
<td>Africa</td>
<td>1987</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>123</td>
<td>Iceland</td>
<td>170.0</td>
<td>Europe</td>
<td>2007</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>124</td>
<td>Italy</td>
<td>175.0</td>
<td>Europe</td>
<td>2007</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>125</td>
<td>United Kingdom</td>
<td>175.3</td>
<td>Europe</td>
<td>2007</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>126</td>
<td>Sweden</td>
<td>183.4</td>
<td>Europe</td>
<td>2007</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>127</td>
<td>Angola</td>
<td>184.0</td>
<td>Africa</td>
<td>1987</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>128</td>
<td>France</td>
<td>186.3</td>
<td>Europe</td>
<td>2007</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>129</td>
<td>Germany</td>
<td>188.0</td>
<td>Europe</td>
<td>2007</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>130</td>
<td>Nicaragua</td>
<td>196.7</td>
<td>2000</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>131</td>
<td>Serbia-Montenegro*</td>
<td>208.5</td>
<td>Europe</td>
<td>2003</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>132</td>
<td>Nepal</td>
<td>210.2</td>
<td>Asia</td>
<td>1999</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>133</td>
<td>Turkey</td>
<td>213.6</td>
<td>Asia</td>
<td>2008</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>134</td>
<td>Mozambique</td>
<td>217.1</td>
<td>Africa</td>
<td>2005</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>135</td>
<td>Guinea</td>
<td>226.0</td>
<td>Africa</td>
<td>1987</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>136</td>
<td>Liberia</td>
<td>232.0</td>
<td>Africa</td>
<td>1987</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>137</td>
<td>Pakistan</td>
<td>233.8</td>
<td>Asia</td>
<td>2003</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>138</td>
<td>Guyana</td>
<td>241.0</td>
<td>2000</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>139</td>
<td>Cameroon</td>
<td>285.5</td>
<td>Africa</td>
<td>2003</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>140</td>
<td>Nigeria</td>
<td>286.2</td>
<td>Africa</td>
<td>2005</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>141</td>
<td>Laos</td>
<td>333.6</td>
<td>Asia</td>
<td>2003</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>142</td>
<td>Paraguay</td>
<td>336.0</td>
<td>2000</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>143</td>
<td>Australia</td>
<td>336.1</td>
<td>Oceania</td>
<td>2005</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>144</td>
<td>Madagascar</td>
<td>337.0</td>
<td>Africa</td>
<td>2005</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>145</td>
<td>Latvia</td>
<td>337.3</td>
<td>2007</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>146</td>
<td>Norway</td>
<td>389.4</td>
<td>Europe</td>
<td>2007</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>147</td>
<td>New Zealand</td>
<td>397.0</td>
<td>Oceania</td>
<td>1995</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>148</td>
<td>Thailand</td>
<td>409.9</td>
<td>Asia</td>
<td>1999</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>149</td>
<td>Japan</td>
<td>430.0</td>
<td>Asia</td>
<td>1999</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>150</td>
<td>Ecuador</td>
<td>432.0</td>
<td>2000</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>151</td>
<td>Mexico</td>
<td>457.2</td>

<td>2000</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>152</td>
<td>Cambodia</td>
<td>476.1</td>
<td>Asia</td>
<td>1999</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>153</td>
<td>Philippines</td>
<td>479.0</td>
<td>Asia</td>
<td>1999</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>154</td>
<td>Malaysia</td>
<td>580.0</td>
<td>Asia</td>
<td>1999</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>155</td>
<td>Bolivia</td>
<td>622.5</td>
<td>2000</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>156</td>
<td>Papua New Guinea</td>
<td>801.0</td>
<td>Oceania</td>
<td>1987</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>157</td>
<td>Argentina</td>
<td>814.0</td>
<td>2000</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>158</td>
<td>Congo</td>
<td>832.0</td>
<td>Africa</td>
<td>1987</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>159</td>
<td>Vietnam</td>
<td>891.2</td>
<td>Asia</td>
<td>1999</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>160</td>
<td>Chile</td>
<td>922.0</td>
<td>2000</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>161</td>
<td>Myanmar</td>
<td>1045.6</td>
<td>Asia</td>
<td>1999</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>162</td>
<td>Bangladesh</td>
<td>1210.6</td>
<td>Asia</td>
<td>1999</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>163</td>
<td>Venezuela</td>
<td>1233.2</td>
<td>2000</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>164</td>
<td>Congo, Democratic Republic (formerly Zaire)</td>
<td>1283</td>
<td>Africa</td>
<td>2001</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>165</td>
<td>India</td>
<td>1907.8</td>
<td>Asia</td>
<td>1999</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>166</td>
<td>Peru</td>
<td>1913.0</td>
<td>2000</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>167</td>
<td>Colombia</td>
<td>2132.0</td>
<td>2000</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>168</td>
<td>China</td>
<td>2738.8</td>
<td>Asia</td>
<td>2008</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>169</td>
<td>Indonesia</td>
<td>2838.0</td>
<td>Asia</td>
<td>1999</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>170</td>
<td>United States of America</td>
<td>3069.0</td>
<td>1985</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>171</td>
<td>Canada</td>
<td>3300.0</td>
<td>1985</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>172</td>
<td>Russia</td>
<td>4498.0</td>
<td>1997</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>173</td>
<td>Brazil</td>
<td>8233.0</td>
<td>2000</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</table>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Outlook">Outlook</span><span class="mw-editsec
tion"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=W
ater_scarcity&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Outlook">edit
</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Madagascar_well
.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/th
umb/4/46/Madagascar_well.jpg/220px-Madagascar_well.jpg" width="220" height="165"
class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/
Madagascar_well.jpg/330px-Madagascar_well.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikip
edia/commons/thumb/4/46/Madagascar_well.jpg/440px-Madagascar_well.jpg 2x" data-f
ile-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a>
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Madagascar_well.jpg" class="internal" t
itle="Enlarge"></a></div>
Wind and solar power such as this installation in a village in northwest <a href
="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a> can make a difference in s
afe water supply.</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>Construction of <a href="/wiki/Wastewater_treatment" title="Wastewater treatm
ent">wastewater treatment</a> plants and reduction of groundwater overdrafting a

ppear to be obvious solutions to the worldwide problem; however, a deeper look r
eveals more fundamental issues in play. Wastewater treatment is highly <a href="
/wiki/Capital_intensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital intensive">capital i
ntensive</a>, restricting access to this technology in some regions; furthermore
the rapid increase in population of many countries makes this a race that is di
fficult to win. As if those factors are not daunting enough, one must consider t
he enormous costs and skill sets involved to maintain wastewater treatment plant
s even if they are successfully developed.</p>
<p>Reducing groundwater overdrafting is usually politically unpopular, and can h
ave major economic impacts on farmers. Moreover, this strategy necessarily reduc
es crop output, something the world can ill-afford given the current population.
</p>
<p>At more realistic levels, developing countries can strive to achieve primary
wastewater treatment or secure <a href="/wiki/Septic_system" class="mw-redirect"
title="Septic system">septic systems</a>, and carefully analyse wastewater outf
all design to minimise impacts to drinking water and to ecosystems. Developed co
untries can not only share technology better, including cost-effective wastewate
r and water treatment systems but also in <a href="/wiki/Hydrological_transport_
model" title="Hydrological transport model">hydrological transport modeling</a>.
At the individual level, people in developed countries can look inward and redu
ce overconsumption, which further strains worldwide water consumption. Both deve
loped and developing countries can increase protection of ecosystems, especially
wetlands and riparian zones. These measures will not only conserve <a href="/wi
ki/Biota_(ecology)" title="Biota (ecology)">biota</a>, but also render more effe
ctive the natural <a href="/wiki/Water_cycle" title="Water cycle">water cycle</a
> flushing and transport that make water systems more healthy for humans.</p>
<p>A range of local, low-tech solutions are being pursued by a number of compani
es. These efforts center around the use of solar power to distill water at tempe
ratures slightly beneath that at which water boils. By developing the capability
to purify any available water source, local business models could be built arou
nd the new technologies, accelerating their uptake. For example, bedouins from t
he town of <a href="/wiki/Dahab" title="Dahab">Dahab</a> in Egypt have installed
AquaDania's WaterStillar, which uses a solar thermal collector measuring two sq
uare metres to distill from 40 to 60 litres per day from any local water source.
This is five times more efficient than conventional stills and eliminates the n
eed for polluting plastic PET bottles or transportation of water supply.<sup id=
"cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a></sup></p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Global_experiences_in_managing_water_crisis">G
lobal experiences in managing water crisis</span><span class="mw-editsection"><s
pan class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_sca
rcity&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Global experiences in
managing water crisis">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></s
pan></h2>
<table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-style ambox-essay-like" role="pres
entation">
<tr>
<td class="mbox-image">
<div style="width:52px"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thu
mb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" width="40" height="40" srcset="/
/upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg
.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Ed
it-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div>
</td>
<td class="mbox-text"><span class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>is written li
ke a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#ESSAY" title="Wikipedia:What
Wikipedia is not">personal reflection or opinion essay</a> that states the Wiki
pedia editor's personal feelings about a topic, rather than the opinions of expe
rts</b>. <span class="hide-when-compact">Please <a class="external text" href="/
/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_scarcity&action=edit">help improve
it</a> by rewriting it in an <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Encyclopedic_style" class

="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Encyclopedic style">encyclopedic style</a>.</spa
n> <small><i>(September 2009)</i></small> <small class="hide-when-compact"><i>(<
a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance templat
e removal">Learn how and when to remove this template message</a>)</i></small></
span></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>It is alleged that the likelihood of conflict rises if the rate of change wit
hin the basin exceeds the capacity of institution to absorb that change.<sup id=
"cite_ref-sciencedaily.com_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scienceda
ily.com-37">[37]</a></sup> Although water crisis is closely related to regional
tensions, history showed that acute conflicts over water are far less than the r
ecord of cooperation.</p>
<p>The key lies in strong institutions and cooperation. The Indus River Commissi
on and the Indus Water Treaty survived two wars between India and Pakistan despi
te their hostility, proving to be a successful mechanism in resolving conflicts
by providing a framework for consultation inspection and exchange of data. The M
ekong Committee has also functioned since 1957 and survived the Vietnam War. In
contrast, regional instability results when there is an absence of institutions
to co-operate in regional collaboration, like Egypt s plan for a high dam on the N
ile. However, there is currently no global institution in place for the manageme
nt and management of trans-boundary water sources, and international co-operatio
n has happened through ad hoc collaborations between agencies, like the Mekong C
ommittee which was formed due to an alliance between UNICEF and the US Bureau of
Reclamation. Formation of strong international institutions seems to be a way f
orward they fuel early intervention and management, preventing the costly disput
e resolution process.</p>
<p>One common feature of almost all resolved disputes is that the negotiations h
ad a need-based instead of a right based paradigm. Irrigable lands, population, techni
calities of projects define "needs". The success of a need-based paradigm is ref
lected in the only water agreement ever negotiated in the Jordan River Basin, wh
ich focuses in needs not on rights of riparians. In the Indian subcontinent, irr
igation requirements of Bangladesh determine water allocations of The <a href="/
wiki/Ganges_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganges River">Ganges River</a>. A
need based, regional approach focuses on satisfying individuals with their need
of water, ensuring that minimum quantitative needs are being met. It removes the
conflict that arises when countries view the treaty from a national interest po
int of view, move away from the zero-sum approach to a positive sum, integrative
approach that equitably allocated the water and its benefits.</p>
<p>The Blue Peace framework developed by Strategic Foresight Group in partnershi
p with the Governments of Switzerland and Sweden offers a unique policy structur
e which promotes sustainable management of water resources combined with coopera
tion for peace. By making the most of shared water resources through cooperation
rather than mere allocation between countries, the chances for peace can be inc
reased.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><
/sup> The Blue Peace approach has proven to be effective in cases like the <a re
l="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.strategicforesight.com/publi
cation_pdf/40595Blue%20Peace_Middle%20East.pdf">Middle East</a> <sup id="cite_re
f-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a></sup> and the <a rel="n
ofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.strategicforesight.com/publicati
on_pdf/84153Blue%20Peace%20for%20the%20Nile.pdf">Nile basin</a>.<sup id="cite_re
f-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a></sup></p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-edits
ection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title
=Water_scarcity&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also">e
dit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portal plainlist trig
ht" style="margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px">
<ul style="display:table;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0.1em;max-width:175px;bac
kground:#f9f9f9;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-style:italic;font-weight:bol
d">
<li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vert
ical-align:middle;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/File:Drinking_water.jpg" cla
ss="image"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a
/ae/Drinking_water.jpg/18px-Drinking_water.jpg" width="18" height="28" class="no
viewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Drinking_wat
er.jpg/28px-Drinking_water.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/th
umb/a/ae/Drinking_water.jpg/37px-Drinking_water.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" da
ta-file-height="450" /></a></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em
0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Water" title="Por
tal:Water">Water portal</a></span></li>
<li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vert
ical-align:middle;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_
ies.jpg" class="image"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/com
mons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/32px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.j
pg" width="32" height="28" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikip
edia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/48px-Aegopodium_podagrari
a1_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_
podagraria1_ies.jpg/64px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800
" data-file-height="700" /></a></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.
2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Environment"
title="Portal:Environment">Environment portal</a></span></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="div-col columns column-count column-count-2" style="-moz-column-coun
t: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2;">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/California_Water_Wars" title="California Water Wars">Californ
ia Water Wars</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_water_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese wate
r crisis">Chinese water crisis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Consumptive_water_use" title="Consumptive water use">Consumpt
ive water use</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Deficit_irrigation" title="Deficit irrigation">Deficit irriga
tion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_water_supply_and_sanitation_by_country" title="List o
f water supply and sanitation by country">List of water supply and sanitation by
country</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Peak_water" title="Peak water">Peak water</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Water_resource_policy" title="Water resource policy">Water re
source policy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Water_conflict" title="Water conflict">Water conflict</a></li
>
<li><a href="/wiki/Water_footprint" class="mw-redirect" title="Water footprint">
Water footprint</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Water_security" title="Water security">Water security</a></li
>
<li><a href="/wiki/Water_contamination" class="mw-redirect" title="Water contami
nation">Water contamination</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources" title="Water resources">Water resources</a><
/li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity_in_Africa" title="Water scarcity in Africa">Wa
ter scarcity in Africa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Water_crisis_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="
Water crisis in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Water crisis in the Democr
atic Republic of the Congo</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div style="clear:both;"></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-e

ditsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?t
itle=Water_scarcity&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Referen
ces">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 3
0em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;">
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ty.shtml&rft.jtitle=un.org&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajo
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er for food, Water for life: A Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in A
griculture.</i></a> Earthscan/IWMI.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-:4-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_
60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b
></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><
a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldwater.org/datav7/da
ta_table_1_total_renewable_freshwater_supply_by_country.pdf">"Total Renewable Fr
eshwater Supply, by Country"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>T
he World's Water</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="
nowrap">5 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&am
p;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+scarcity&rft.atitle=Total+Ren
ewable+Freshwater+Supply%2C+by+Country&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%
2F%2Fwww.worldwater.org%2Fdatav7%2Fdata_table_1_total_renewable_freshwater_suppl
y_by_country.pdf&rft.jtitle=The+World%27s+Water&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2
Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </sp
an></span></span></li>
</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mansfield, Barry (1 December 2012),
<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.barrymansfield.com/pdf
/easyJet%20Traveller%20December%202012%20Egypt%20edition.pdf">"The man who can c
hange fire into water"</a>, <i>easyJet Traveller</i>.</span></li>
</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Turkish Review, March 2013</span></
li>
ext" href="http://www.deza.admin.ch/en/Home/Projects/Selected_projects/Water_man
agement_and_peace_promotion_in_the_Middle_East">eda.base.components.templates.ba
se.accessKeys</a>. Deza.admin.ch. Retrieved on 2015-11-24.</span></li>
</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external a
utonumber" href="http://finance.yahoo.com/news/blue-peace-solution-averting-wate
r-040000860.html">[1]</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white
-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link ro
t"><span title=" Dead link since June 2016">dead link</span></a></i>]</span
></sup></span></li>
</ol>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span c
lass="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/i
ndex.php?title=Water_scarcity&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit sectio
n: Further reading">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span>
</h2>
<ul>
<li>An International Food Policy Research Institute <a rel="nofollow" class="ext
ernal text" href="http://www.springer.com/environment/global+change+-+climate+ch
ange/book/978-3-642-04614-8">book</a> about the intersection of water policy, gl
obalization and food security: Ringler, C., Biswas, A., and Cline, S., eds. 2010
. Global Change: Impacts on Water and Food Security. Heidelberg: Springer.</li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Steven Solomon (2010). <i>Water: The Epic Strugg
le for Wealth, Power, and Civilization</i>. Harper. p. 608. <a href="/wiki/
International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">I
SBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-054830-8" title="Specia
l:BookSources/978-0-06-054830-8">978-0-06-054830-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_v
.au=Steven+Solomon&rft.btitle=Water%3A+The+Epic+Struggle+for+Wealth%2C+Power
%2C+and+Civilization&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-06054830-8&rft.pages=608&rft.pub=Harper&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3
Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span
></li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Alexander Bell (2009). <i>Peak Water : Civi
lisation and the world's water crisis</i>. Edinburgh: Luath. p. 208. <a hre
f="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book
Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-906817-19-7" title="S
pecial:BookSources/1-906817-19-7">1-906817-19-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=
Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+scarcity&rft.au
=Alexander+Bell&rft.btitle=Peak+Water+%3A+Civilisation+and+the+world%27s+wat
er+crisis&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=1-906817-19-7&rf
t.pages=208&rft.pub=Edinburgh%3A+Luath&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Ake
v%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></
li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Peter H. Gleick, ed. (2009). <i>The World's Wate

r 2008 2009: The Biennial Report on Freshwater Resources</i>. Washington D.C.&#160
;: Island Press. p. 402. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"
title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special
:BookSources/1597265055" title="Special:BookSources/1597265055">1597265055</a>.<
/cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%
3AWater+scarcity&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Water+2008%932009%3A+The+Biennial+
Report+on+Freshwater+Resources&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn
=1597265055&rft.pages=402&rft.pub=Washington+D.C.+%3A+Island+Press&r
ft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="displ
ay:none;"> </span></span></li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Maude Barlow (2007). <i>Blue covenant : the
global water crisis and the coming battle for the right to water</i>. New York&
#160;: New Press : Distributed by W.W. Norton. p. 196. <a href="/wiki/
International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">I
SBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59558-186-0" title="Specia
l:BookSources/978-1-59558-186-0">978-1-59558-186-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_v
.au=Maude+Barlow&rft.btitle=Blue+covenant+%3A+the+global+water+crisis+and+th
e+coming+battle+for+the+right+to+water&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=book&
rft.isbn=978-1-59558-186-0&rft.pages=196&rft.pub=New+York+%3A+New+Press+
%3A+Distributed+by+W.W.+Norton&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abo
ok" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Richard Heinberg (2007). <i>Peak Everything: Wak
ing Up to the Century of Declines</i>. Gabriola, BC : New Society Publisher
s. p. 213. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="Intern
ational Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9
78-0-86571-598-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86571-598-1">978-0-86571-5981</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikiped
ia.org%3AWater+scarcity&rft.au=Richard+Heinberg&rft.btitle=Peak+Everythi
ng%3A+Waking+Up+to+the+Century+of+Declines&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=book&
amp;rft.isbn=978-0-86571-598-1&rft.pages=213&rft.pub=Gabriola%2C+BC+%3A+
New+Society+Publishers&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" clas
s="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Engelbert, Ernest A.; Ann Foley Scheuring, eds.
(c. 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ark.cdlib.org/ar
k:/13030/ft0f59n72f/"><i>Water Scarcity: Impacts on Western Agriculture</i></a>.
Berkeley: University of California Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-200
4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+scarcity&rft.btitle=Water
+Scarcity%3A+Impacts+on+Western+Agriculture&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3
A%2F%2Fark.cdlib.org%2Fark%3A%2F13030%2Fft0f59n72f%2F&rft.place=Berkeley%3A+
+University+of+California+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ab
ook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
<li><cite class="citation news">Jameel M. Zayed. <a rel="nofollow" class="extern
al text" href="http://www.jnews.org.uk/commentary/ no-peace-without-water - -the-roleof-hydropolitics-in-the-israel-palestine-conflict">"No Peace Without Water The R
ole of Hydropolitics in the Israel-Palestine Conflict"</a>. London.</cite><span
title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+scar
city&rft.atitle=No+Peace+Without+Water+%93+The+Role+of+Hydropolitics+in+the+
Israel-Palestine+Conflict&rft.au=Jameel+M.+Zayed&rft.genre=article&r
ft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jnews.org.uk%2Fcommentary%2F%9Cno-peace-without-water%9D%93-the-role-of-hydropolitics-in-the-israel-palestine-conflict&rft_val_fmt=i
nfo%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"
> </span></span></li>
</ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span cla
ss="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/ind
ex.php?title=Water_scarcity&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section:
External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h
2>
<table class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="border:1px solid #aaa;

background-color:#f9f9f9">
<tr>
<td class="mbox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class
="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wi
kibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" width="40"
height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/t
humb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png
1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-nos
logan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data
-file-height="400" /></a></td>
<td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: <i><b><a h
ref="//en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Drinking_water" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Drin
king water">Drinking water</a></b></i></td>
</tr>
</table>
<ul>
<li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="htt
p://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/global/hdr2006/">"Beyond scarcity: Power, poverty an
d the global water crisis"</a>. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). 200
6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.o
rg%3AWater+scarcity&rft.btitle=Beyond+scarcity%3A+Power%2C+poverty+and+the+g
lobal+water+crisis&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fen%2Freports%2Fglobal%2Fhdr2006%2F&rft.pub=United+Nations+
Development+Programme+%28UNDP%29&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3A
book" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://water.worldbank.org/wat
er/">The World Bank's work and publications on water resources</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/engli
sh/static/in_depth/world/2000/world_water_crisis/default.stm">BBC News World Wat
er Crisis Maps</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thrall.org/special/
From Middletown Thrall Library. Subje
water.html">Water Crisis Information Guide
cts include: Drinking Water, Government Information, International Challenges an
d Efforts, Global Water Issues, Oceanography, Sea Levels, Desalination, Water Sc
arcity, Pollution and Contaminants, Conservation and Recycling, News and Special
Reports, and library catalog subject headings for further research.</a></li>
</ul>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Human_impact_on_the_envir
onment" style="padding:3px">
<table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="bo
rder-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
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<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3">
<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
<ul>
<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Human_impact_on_the_environment" tit
le="Template:Human impact on the environment"><abbr title="View this template" s
tyle=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Human_impact_on_the_environment
" title="Template talk:Human impact on the environment"><abbr title="Discuss thi
s template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.ph
p?title=Template:Human_impact_on_the_environment&action=edit"><abbr title="E
dit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">e</abbr></
a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div id="Human_impact_on_the_environment" style="font-size:114%"><a href="/wiki/
Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human i
mpact on the environment</a></div>

</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">General</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;
border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anthropocene" title="Anthropocene">Anthropocene</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issue" title="Environmental issue">Environmenta
l issues</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the e
nvironment">Human impact</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_assessment" title="Environmental impact
assessment">Impact assessment</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_issues" title="List of environmental is
sues">List of issues</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_boundaries" title="Planetary boundaries">Planetary
boundaries</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
<td class="navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:0%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px">
<div><a href="/wiki/File:Planetary_boundaries.svg" class="image" title="Planetar
y boundaries"><img alt="Planetary boundaries" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipe
dia/commons/thumb/7/70/Planetary_boundaries.svg/140px-Planetary_boundaries.svg.p
ng" width="140" height="115" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/th
umb/7/70/Planetary_boundaries.svg/210px-Planetary_boundaries.svg.png 1.5x, //upl
oad.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Planetary_boundaries.svg/280px-Pl
anetary_boundaries.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1417" data-file-height="1163" />
</a></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Causes</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px
;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_agriculture" title="Environmental imp
act of agriculture">Agriculture</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fishing" title="Environmental impact
of fishing">fishing</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_irrigation" title="Environmental impa
ct of irrigation">irrigation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_meat_production" title="Environmental
impact of meat production">meat production</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Social_and_environmental_impact_of_palm_oil" title="Social an
d environmental impact of palm oil">palm oil</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_the_energy_industry" title="Environme
ntal impact of the energy industry">Energy industry</a>

<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_biodiesel" title="Environmental impac
t of biodiesel">biodiesel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_the_coal_industry" title="Environment
al impact of the coal industry">coal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_electricity_generation" title="Enviro
nmental impact of electricity generation">electricity generation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_nuclear_power" title="Environmental i
mpact of nuclear power">nuclear power</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_the_oil_shale_industry" title="Enviro
nmental impact of the oil shale industry">oil shale</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_the_petroleum_industry" title="Enviro
nmental impact of the petroleum industry">petroleum</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_reservoirs" title="Environmental impa
ct of reservoirs">reservoirs</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_wind_power" title="Environmental impa
ct of wind power">wind power</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">Manufacturing</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_cleaning_agents" title="Environmental
impact of cleaning agents">cleaning agents</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_concrete" title="Environmental impact
of concrete">concrete</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_nanotechnology" class="mw-redirect" t
itle="Environmental impact of nanotechnology">nanotechnology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_paint" title="Environmental impact of
paint">paint</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_paper" title="Environmental impact of
paper">paper</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_pesticides" title="Environmental impa
ct of pesticides">pesticides</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceuticals_and_personal_care_pro
ducts" title="Environmental impact of pharmaceuticals and personal care products
">pharmaceuticals and personal care</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_transport" title="Environmental impac
t of transport">Transport</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_aviation" title="Environmental impact
of aviation">aviation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_roads" title="Environmental impact of
roads">roads</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_shipping" title="Environmental impact
of shipping">shipping</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Other
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Land_use#Environment" title="Land use">land use</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_mining" title="Environmental impact o
f mining">mining</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_pollution" title="Genetic pollution">genetic pollutio
n</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Human_overpopulation" title="Human overpopulation">human over
population</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Overexploitation" title="Overexploitation">overexploitation</
a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Particulates" title="Particulates">particulates</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">pollution</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_war" title="Environmental impact of w
ar">war</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Effects</th>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_threats" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiversity
threats">Biodiversity threats</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a></li
>
<li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">Deforestation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">Desertification</a><
/li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ecocide" title="Ecocide">Ecocide</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">Erosion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_with_coral_reefs" title="Environmental i
ssues with coral reefs">Coral reefs</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Freshwater cycle
">Freshwater cycle</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Global_warming" title="Global warming">Global warming</a></li
>
<li><a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">Habitat dest
ruction</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_extinction" title="Holocene extinction">Holocene ext
inction</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_nitrogen_cycle" title="Human impact on th
e nitrogen cycle">Nitrogen cycle</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Land_degradation" title="Land degradation">Land degradation</
a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Land_surface_effects_on_climate" title="Land surface effects
on climate">Land surface effects on climate</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_cycle#Human_influences" title="Phosphorus cycle">P
hosphorus cycle</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification#Possible_impacts" title="Ocean acidificat
ion">Ocean acidification</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">Ozone depletion</a><
/li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Runaway_climate_change" title="Runaway climate change">Runawa
y climate change</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Mitigation</th>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">Birth control</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cleaner_production" title="Cleaner production">Cleaner produc
tion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">
Climate change mitigation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_engineering" title="Climate engineering">Climate engi
neering</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_engineering" title="Ecological engineering">Ecolog
ical engineering</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_engineering" title="Environmental engineering">
Environmental engineering</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_mitigation" title="Environmental mitigation">En
vironmental mitigation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_ecology" title="Industrial ecology">Industrial eco
logy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mitigation_banking" title="Mitigation banking">Mitigation ban
king</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Organic_farming" title="Organic farming">Organic farming</a><
/li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Reforestation" title="Reforestation">Reforestation</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Urban_reforestation" title="Urban reforestation">urban</a></l
i>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_ecology" title="Restoration ecology">Restoration
ecology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_consumption" title="Sustainable consumption">Sust
ainable consumption</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Waste_minimisation" title="Waste minimisation">Waste minimiza
tion</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3">
<div>
<ul>
<li> <img alt="Commons page" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb
/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" title="Commons page" width="12
" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-log
o.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/
4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" datafile-height="1376" /> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:En
vironmental_impact" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Environmental impact">
Commons</a></b></li>
<li> <img alt="Category" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4
8/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" title="Category"
width="16" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/F
older_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikim
edia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal
_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="31" /> <a href="/wiki/C
ategory:Environmental_impact_by_source" title="Category:Environmental impact by
source">Category</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Environmental_impact_by_country" title="Category:Env
ironmental impact by country">by country</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Environmental_impact_assessment" title="Category:Env
ironmental impact assessment">assessment</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Environmental_impact_mitigation" title="Category:Env
ironmental impact mitigation">mitigation</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Human.2FWorld_population"
style="padding:3px">
<table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-s
pacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
<tr>
<ul>
<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Population" title="Template:Populati
on"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border
:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Population" title="Template tal
k:Population"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none trans
parent;border:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
p?title=Template:Population&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" st
yle=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div id="Human.2FWorld_population" style="font-size:114%">Human/<a href="/wiki/W
orld_population" title="World population">World population</a></div>
</th>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#eee;">Major topics</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-widt
h:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Biocapacity" title="Biocapacity">Biocapacity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Optimum_population" title="Optimum population">Optimum popula
tion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Human_overpopulation" title="Human overpopulation">Overpopula
tion</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Malthusian_catastrophe" title="Malthusian catastrophe">Malthu
sian catastrophe</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">Population</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Population_ethics" title="Population ethics">Population ethic
s</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Population_momentum" title="Population momentum">Population m
omentum</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">Sust
ainable development</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">Women's repr
oductive rights</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zero_population_growth" title="Zero population growth">Zero p
opulation growth</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#eee;">Biological and<br
/>
related topics</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-wid
th:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">Family planning</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Population_Matters#Pledge_two_or_fewer" title="Population Mat
ters">Pledge two or fewer</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Human_population_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Human po
pulation control">Human population control</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/One-child_policy" title="One-child policy">One-child policy</
a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Two-child_policy" title="Two-child policy">Two-child policy</
a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Population_biology" title="Population biology">Population bio
logy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Population_decline" title="Population decline">Population dec
line</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Population_density" title="Population density">Population den
sity</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Physiological_density" title="Physiological density">Physiolo
gical density</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Population_dynamics" title="Population dynamics">Population d
ynamics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Population_growth" title="Population growth">Population growt
h</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Population_model" title="Population model">Population model</
a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Population_pyramid" title="Population pyramid">Population pyr
amid</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Projections_of_population_growth" title="Projections of popul
ation growth">Projections of population growth</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#eee;"><a href="/wiki/Hum
an_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impa
ct on<br />
the environment</a></th>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Desalination" title="Desalination">Desalination</a></li>
/li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the e
nvironment">Environmental impact</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_agriculture" title="Environmental imp
act of agriculture">of agriculture</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_aviation" title="Environmental impact
of aviation">of aviation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_biodiesel" title="Environmental impac
t of biodiesel">of biodiesel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_concrete" title="Environmental impact
of concrete">of concrete</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_electricity_generation" title="Enviro
nmental impact of electricity generation">of electricity generation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_the_energy_industry" title="Environme
ntal impact of the energy industry">of the energy industry</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fishing" title="Environmental impact
of fishing">of fishing</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_irrigation" title="Environmental impa
ct of irrigation">of irrigation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_mining" title="Environmental impact o
f mining">of mining</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Off-roading#Environmental_impact" title="Off-roading">of offroading</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_the_oil_shale_industry" title="Enviro
nmental impact of the oil shale industry">of oil shale industry</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Social_and_environmental_impact_of_palm_oil" title="Social an
d environmental impact of palm oil">of palm oil</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_paper" title="Environmental impact of
paper">of paper</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_the_petroleum_industry" title="Enviro
nmental impact of the petroleum industry">of the petroleum industry</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_reservoirs" title="Environmental impa
ct of reservoirs">of reservoirs</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_shipping" title="Environmental impact
of shipping">of shipping</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_war" title="Environmental impact of w
ar">of war</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Industrialisation" title="Industrialisation">Industrialisatio
n</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Land_degradation" title="Land degradation">Land degradation</
a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Land_reclamation" title="Land reclamation">Land reclamation</
a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Overconsumption" title="Overconsumption">Overconsumption</a><
/li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">Pollution</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Quarry" title="Quarry">Quarrying</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">Urbanization</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Green_belt" title="Green belt">Loss of green belts</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Urban_sprawl" title="Urban sprawl">Urban sprawl</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Waste" title="Waste">Waste</a></li>
<li><strong class="selflink">Water scarcity</strong>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Overdrafting" title="Overdrafting">Overdrafting</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#eee;">
<div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Population_ecolog
y" title="Population ecology">Population<br />
ecology</a></div>
</th>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Carrying_capacity#Humans" title="Carrying capacity">Carrying
capacity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Deep_ecology" title="Deep ecology">Deep ecology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_energy_budget" title="Earth's energy budget">Earth'
s energy budget</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Food_security" title="Food security">Food security</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">Habitat dest
ruction</a></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/I_%3D_PAT" title="I = PAT">I = P A? T</a
></span></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Malthusian_growth_model" title="Malthusian growth model">Malt
husian growth model</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Overshoot_(population)" title="Overshoot (population)">Oversh
oot (population)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/World_energy_consumption" title="World energy consumption">Wo
rld energy consumption</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/World_energy_resources" title="World energy resources">World
energy resources</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/World3" title="World3">World3 model</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#eee;">Literature</th>
<ul>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Modest_Proposal" title="A Modest Proposal">A Modest Prop
osal</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Observations_Concerning_the_Increase_of_Mankind,_Peopling_
of_Countries,_etc." title="Observations Concerning the Increase of Mankind, Peop
ling of Countries, etc.">Observations Concerning the Increase of Mankind, Peopli
ng of Countries, etc.</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/An_Essay_on_the_Principle_of_Population" title="An Essay o
n the Principle of Population">An Essay on the Principle of Population</a></i></
li>
<li>"<a href="/wiki/How_Much_Land_Does_a_Man_Need%3F" title="How Much Land Does
a Man Need?">How Much Land Does a Man Need?</a>"</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Operating_Manual_for_Spaceship_Earth" title="Operating Man
ual for Spaceship Earth">Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Population_Control:_Real_Costs,_Illusory_Benefits" title="
Population Control: Real Costs, Illusory Benefits">Population Control: Real Cost
s, Illusory Benefits</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Limits_to_Growth" title="The Limits to Growth">The Lim
its to Growth</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Population_Bomb" title="The Population Bomb">The Popul
ation Bomb</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Skeptical_Environmentalist" title="The Skeptical Envir
onmentalist">The Skeptical Environmentalist</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ultimate_Resource" title="The Ultimate Resource">The U
ltimate Resource</a></i></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#eee;">Publications</th>
h:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;font-style:italic;">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Population_and_Environment" title="Population and Environment
">Population and Environment</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Population_and_Development_Review" title="Population and Deve
lopment Review">Population and Development Review</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#eee;">Lists</th>

<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Population_and_housing_censuses_by_country" title="Population
and housing censuses by country">Population and housing censuses by country</a>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_by_population" title="List of metr
opolitan areas by population">Metropolitan areas by population</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Population_milestone_babies" title="Population milestone babi
es">Population milestone babies</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#eee;">
<div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Events and<br />
organizations</div>
</th>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/7_Billion_Actions" title="7 Billion Actions">7 Billion Action
s</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_on_Population_and_Development" title
="International Conference on Population and Development">International Conferen
ce on Population and Development</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Population_Action_International" title="Population Action Int
ernational">Population Action International</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Population_Connection" title="Population Connection">Populati
on Connection</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Population_Matters" title="Population Matters">Population Mat
ters</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Population_Research_Institute" title="Population Research Ins
titute">Population Research Institute</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Population_Fund" title="United Nations Populat
ion Fund">United Nations Population Fund</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_Human_Extinction_Movement" title="Voluntary Human E
xtinction Movement">Voluntary Human Extinction Movement</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/World_Population_Day" title="World Population Day">World Popu
lation Day</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/World_Population_Foundation" title="World Population Foundati
on">World Population Foundation</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#eee;">Related topics</th
>

<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Classic_Maya_collapse" title="Classic Maya collapse">Classic
Maya collapse</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fertility_and_intelligence" title="Fertility and intelligence
">Fertility and intelligence</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution" title="Green Revolution">Green Revolution</
a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_extinction" title="Holocene extinction">Holocene ext
inction</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Human_migration" title="Human migration">Migration</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2">
<div>
<ul>
<li><img alt="Commons page" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/
Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" title="Commons page" width="12" heig
ht="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/
18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/C
ommons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-h
eight="1376" /> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Human_ov
erpopulation" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Human overpopulation">Common
s</a></b></li>
<li><img alt="Category" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Fold
er_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" title="Category" width
="16" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_
Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.o
rg/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.
svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="31" /> <a href="/wiki/Categor
y:Human_overpopulation" title="Category:Human overpopulation">Human overpopulati
on</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Environmental_issues_with_population" title="Categor
y:Environmental issues with population">Environmental issues with population</a>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_migration" title="Category:Human migration">Hu
man migration</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lists_of_countries_by_pop
ulation_statistics" style="padding:3px">
<tr>
<ul>
<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lists_of_countries_by_population_sta
tistics" title="Template:Lists of countries by population statistics"><abbr titl
e="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</abb
r></a></li>
<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lists_of_countries_by_populatio
n_statistics" title="Template talk:Lists of countries by population statistics">
<abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:
none;">t</abbr></a></li>
p?title=Template:Lists_of_countries_by_population_statistics&action=edit"><a
bbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;
">e</abbr></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div id="Lists_of_countries_by_population_statistics" style="font-size:114%"><a
href="/wiki/Lists_of_countries_and_territories" title="Lists of countries and te
rritories">Lists of countries</a> by <a href="/wiki/Population_statistics" title
="Population statistics">population statistics</a></div>
</th>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/World_population" title="Wor
ld population">World population</a></th>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List
of countries and dependencies by population">Current population</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_(United_Nations)" title="List
of countries by population (United Nations)">Current population (United Nations
)</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/List_of_continents_by_popula
tion" title="List of continents by population">Continental</a></th>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Asian_countries_by_population" title="List of Asian c
ountries by population">Asia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_countries_by_population" title="List of Afric
an countries by population">Africa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_population" title="List of Euro
pean countries by population">Europe</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_North_American_countries_by_population" title="List o
f North American countries by population">North America</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Oceanian_countries_by_population" title="List of Ocea
nian countries by population">Oceania</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_South_American_countries_by_population" title="List o
f South American countries by population">South America</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Regional</th>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_in_the_Americas_by_population" title="List
of countries in the Americas by population">Americas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arab_countries_by_population" title="List of Arab cou
ntries by population">Arab world</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_island_countries_by_population" title="List
of Caribbean island countries by population">Caribbean</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_member_states_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations_by_popul
ation" title="List of member states of the Commonwealth of Nations by population
">Commonwealth of Nations</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Eurasian_countries_by_population" title="List of Eura
sian countries by population">Eurasia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_Union_member_states_by_population" title="Li
st of European Union member states by population">European Union</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_by_population" title="List of islands by popu
lation">Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin_American_countries_by_population" title="List o
f Latin American countries by population">Latin America</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Middle_East_countries_by_population" title="List of M
iddle East countries by population">Middle East</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Cities</th>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_capitals_by_population" title="List of natio
nal capitals by population">National capitals</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_proper_by_population" title="List of cities pr
oper by population">Cities proper</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_by_population" title="List of metr
opolitan areas by population">Metropolitan areas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_areas_by_population" title="List of urban areas
by population">Urban areas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Megacity" title="Megacity">Megacities</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Megalopolis_(city_type)" title="Megalopolis (city type)">Mega
lopolises</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Past population</th>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_past_population_(United_Nations)" class=
"mw-redirect" title="List of countries by past population (United Nations)">Past
population (United Nations)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_past_and_future_population" title="List
of countries by past and future population">Past and future population</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_in_1500" title="List of count
ries by population in 1500">1500</a></li>
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</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Population_density" title="P
opulation density">Population density</a></th>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_by_population_density" titl
e="List of countries and territories by population density">Current density</a><
/li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_real_population_density_based_on_food_gr
owing_capacity" title="List of countries by real population density based on foo
d growing capacity">Current real density based on food growing capacity</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
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</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Growth indicators</th>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_growth_rate" title="List of c
ountries by population growth rate">Population growth rate</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_natural_increase" title="List of countri
es by natural increase">Natural increase</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_by_birth_r
ate" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories by birth rate">Bi
rth rate</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_by_mortali
ty_rate" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories by mortality
rate">Mortality rate</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_by_fertili
ty_rate" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories by fertility
rate">Fertility rate</a></li>
</ul>
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</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Other<br />
<a href="/wiki/Demographics" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics">demographi
cs</a></th>
<ul>
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t marriage">Age at first marriage</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Divorce_demography" title="Divorce demography">Divorce rate</
a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_domestic_citizen_popula
tion" title="List of countries and dependencies by domestic citizen population">
Domestic citizens</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_ranked_by_ethnic_and_cultural_diversity_lev
el" title="List of countries ranked by ethnic and cultural diversity level">Ethn
ic and cultural diversity level</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_foreign-born_population" title="List of
countries by foreign-born population">Foreign-born population</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_immigrant_population" title="List of cou
ntries by immigrant population">Immigrant population</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_median_age" title="List of countries by
median age">Median age</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_net_migration_rate" title="List of count
ries by net migration rate">Net migration rate</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_households" title="List of cou
ntries by number of households">Number of households</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_sex_ratio" title="List of countries by s
ex ratio">Sex ratio</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_urban_population" title="List of countri
es by urban population">Urban population</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Urbanization_by_country" title="Urbanization by country">Urba
nization</a></li>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Health" title="Health">Healt
h</a></th>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Stockpiling_antiviral_medications_for_pandemic_influenza" tit
le="Stockpiling antiviral medications for pandemic influenza">Antiviral medicati
ons for pandemic influenza</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_HIV/AIDS_adult_prevalence_rate" title="L
ist of countries by HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate">HIV/AIDS adult prevalence ra
te</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_infant_mortality_rate" title="List of co
untries by infant mortality rate">Infant mortality rate</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_life_expectancy" title="List of countrie
s by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_percentage_of_population_suffering_from_
undernourishment" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by percentage of
population suffering from undernourishment">Percentage suffering from undernouri
shment</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_health_expenditure_covered_by_government
" title="List of countries by health expenditure covered by government">Health e
xpenditure covered by government</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_suicide_rate" title="List of countries b
y suicide rate">Suicide rate</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_total_health_expenditure_(PPP)_per_capit
a" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by total health expenditure (PPP
) per capita">Total health expenditure (PPP) per capita</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Body_Mass_Index_(BMI)" title="List of co
untries by Body Mass Index (BMI)">Body Mass Index (BMI)</a></li>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Education<br />
and innovation</th>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_Innovation_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloomb
erg Innovation Index">Bloomberg Innovation Index</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Education_Index" title="Education Index">Education Index</a><
/li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_graduates_in_natural_sciences_and_engine
ering" title="List of countries by graduates in natural sciences and engineering
">Graduates in natural sciences and engineering</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/International_Innovation_Index" title="International Innovati
on Index">International Innovation Index</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Innovation_Union_Scoreboard" title="Innovation Union Scoreboa
rd">Innovation Union Scoreboard</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_literacy_rate" title="List of countries

by literacy rate">Literacy rate</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Programme_for_the_International_Assessment_of_Adult_Competenc
ies" title="Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies">Pr
ogramme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Progress_in_International_Reading_Literacy_Study" title="Prog
ress in International Reading Literacy Study">Progress in International Reading
Literacy Study</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_student_skills" class="mw-redirect" titl
e="List of countries by student skills">Student skills</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_tertiary_education_attainment" title="Li
st of countries by tertiary education attainment">Tertiary education attainment<
/a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Trends_in_International_Mathematics_and_Science_Study" title=
"Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study">Trends in International
Mathematics and Science Study</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_women%27s_average_years_in_school" title
="List of countries by women's average years in school">Women's average years in
school</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Indicators" title="World Intellec
tual Property Indicators">World Intellectual Property Indicators</a></li>
</ul>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Demographic_economics" title
="Demographic economics">Economic</a></th>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_development_aid_country_donors" title="List of develo
pment aid country donors">Development aid given</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_foreign_aid_received" class="mw-redirect
" title="List of countries by foreign aid received">Foreign aid received</a></li
>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_employment_rate" title="List of countrie
s by employment rate">Employment rate</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_irrigated_land_area" title="List of coun
tries by irrigated land area">Irrigated land area</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Huma
n Development Index</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of
countries by Human Development Index">by country</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_inequality-adjusted_HDI" title="List of
countries by inequality-adjusted HDI">inequality-adjusted</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Human_Poverty_Index" title="Human Poverty Index">Human Povert
y Index</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_imports" title="List of countries by imp
orts">Imports</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_income_equality" title="List of countrie

s by income equality">Income equality</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_job_security" class="mw-redirect" title=
"List of countries by job security">Job security</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_labour_force" title="List of countries b
y labour force">Labour force</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Millionaire" title="Millionaire">Number of millionaires (US d
ollars)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_the_number_of_US_dollar_billionaires" ti
tle="List of countries by the number of US dollar billionaires">Number of billio
naires (US dollars)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_percentage_of_population_living_in_pover
ty" title="List of countries by percentage of population living in poverty">Perc
entage living in poverty</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_public_sector" title="List of countries
by public sector">Public sector</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Sen_social_welfare_function" title="List
of countries by Sen social welfare function">Sen social welfare function</a></l
i>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_unemployment_rate" title="List of countr
ies by unemployment rate">Unemployment rate</a></li>
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<div class="hlist" style="text-align:center">
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<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_rankings" title="List of international
rankings">List of international rankings</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_top_international_rankings_by_country" title="List of
top international rankings by country">List of top international rankings by co
untry</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lists_by_country" title="Lists by country">Lists by country</
a></li>
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a href="/wiki/Biocoenosis" title="Biocoenosis">Biocoenosis</a> > <a href
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rganism" title="Organism">Organism</a> > <a href="/wiki/Biological_syste
m" title="Biological system">Organ system</a> > <a href="/wiki/Organ_(an
atomy)" title="Organ (anatomy)">Organ</a> > <a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biolo
gy)" title="Tissue (biology)">Tissue</a> > <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)
" title="Cell (biology)">Cell</a> > <a href="/wiki/Organelle" title="Org
anelle">Organelle</a> > <a href="/wiki/Biomolecular_complex" title="Biom
olecular complex">Biomolecular complex</a> > <a href="/wiki/Macromolecul
e" title="Macromolecule">Macromolecule</a> > <a href="/wiki/Biomolecule"
title="Biomolecule">Biomolecule</a></span></li>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Defore
station">Deforestation</a></th>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Assarting" title="Assarting">Assarting</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_and_climate_change" title="Deforestation and cl
imate change">Deforestation and climate change</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_by_region" title="Deforestation by region">Defo
restation by region</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_during_the_Roman_period" title="Deforestation d
uring the Roman period">Deforestation during the Roman period</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_logging" title="Illegal logging">Illegal logging</a><
/li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mountaintop_removal" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountaintop r
emoval">Mountaintop removal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Slash-and-burn" title="Slash-and-burn">Slash-and-burn</a></li
>
<li><a href="/wiki/Slash-and-char" title="Slash-and-char">Slash-and-char</a></li
>
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<td class="navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:0%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px">
<div><a href="/wiki/File:Manantenina_bushfire.jpg" class="image" title="Illegal
slash and burn in Madagascar"><img alt="Illegal slash and burn in Madagascar" sr
c="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Manantenina_bushfire.jpg/
140px-Manantenina_bushfire.jpg" width="140" height="105" srcset="//upload.wikime
dia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Manantenina_bushfire.jpg/210px-Manantenina_
bushfire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Mananteni
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Dese
rtification">Desertification</a></th>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aridification" title="Aridification">Aridification</a></li>
/li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Moisture_recycling" title="Moisture recycling">Moisture recyc
ling</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Soil_retrogression_and_degradation" title="Soil retrogression
and degradation">Soil retrogression and degradation</a></li>
<li><strong class="selflink">Water scarcity</strong></li>

</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Mitigation</th>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Afforestation" title="Afforestation">Afforestation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Arid_Lands_Information_Network" title="Arid Lands Information
Network">Arid Lands Information Network</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Biochar" title="Biochar">Biochar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_grazing" title="Conservation grazing">Conservati
on grazing</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Desert_greening" title="Desert greening">Desert greening</a><
/li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ecoforestry" title="Ecoforestry">Ecoforestry</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_engineering" title="Ecological engineering">Ecolog
ical engineering</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Farmer-managed_natural_regeneration" title="Farmer-managed na
tural regeneration">Farmer-managed regeneration</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Flexible_Mechanisms" title="Flexible Mechanisms">Flexible Mec
hanisms</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Great_Green_Wall" title="Great Green Wall">Great Green Wall</
a> (Africa)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Managed_intensive_rotational_grazing" title="Managed intensiv
e rotational grazing">Managed intensive rotational grazing</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Oasification" title="Oasification">Oasification</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Reforestation" title="Reforestation">Reforestation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Three-North_Shelter_Forest_Program" title="Three-North Shelte
r Forest Program">Three-North Shelter Forest</a> (China)</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Related articles</th>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Savory" title="Allan Savory">Allan Savory</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_analysis" title="Economic impact analysis">Ec
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<li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_philosophy" title="Environmental philosophy">En
vironmental philosophy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">Extinction</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Intact_forest_landscape" title="Intact forest landscape">Inta
ct forest landscape</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/International_Year_of_Forests" title="International Year of F
orests">International Year of Forests</a></li>

<li><a href="/wiki/Land_surface_effects_on_climate" title="Land surface effects
on climate">Land surface effects on climate</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Land_use,_land-use_change_and_forestry" title="Land use, land
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e</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Richard_St._Barbe_Baker" title="Richard St. Barbe Baker">Rich
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<li><a href="/wiki/Satoyama" title="Satoyama">Satoyama</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Terraforming" title="Terraforming">Terraforming</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Terra_preta" title="Terra preta">Terra preta</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wilderness" title="Wilderness">Wilderness</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/World_Forestry_Congress" title="World Forestry Congress">Worl
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<!

of the sufficient available water resources. According to the <a href="/wiki/Un

note-19">[19]</a></sup> Official data also shows a clear correlation between acc

iki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a>, are effectively lost. I

lution to the emerging world water shortage.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="referen

ty for the first time since 2000 as of September 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-miraclei

ef-:1_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6">[6]</a></sup></p>

world.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a></

<td>North and Central America</td>

ent">wastewater treatment</a> plants and reduction of groundwater overdrafting a

it</a> by rewriting it in an <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Encyclopedic_style" class

<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-e

ted Nations Development Programme (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text

nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90

nternational Water Management Institute</span></li>

<li><cite class="citation book">Peter H. Gleick, ed. (2009). <i>The World's Wate

<table class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="border:1px solid #aaa;

mpact on the environment</a></div>

ntal impact of the energy industry">Energy industry</a>

<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-wid

<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">

<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_literacy_rate" title="List of countries

<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_income_equality" title="List of countrie

<li><strong class="selflink">Water scarcity</strong></li>

orests">International Year of Forests</a></li>

tion" id='p-navigation' aria-labelledby='p-navigation-label'>

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