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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Cul
ture of India</h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" cl
ass="mw-content-ltr"><p>The <b>culture of India</b> is the way of living of the
people of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. India's <a href="/wiki/
Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rel
igions_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Religions of India">religions</a>, <
a href="/wiki/Dance_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Dance of India">dance</

a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_India" title="Music of India">music</a>, <a href="/w
iki/Architecture_of_India" title="Architecture of India">architecture</a>, <a hr
ef="/wiki/Indian_cuisine" title="Indian cuisine">food</a>, and customs differs f
rom place to place within the country. The Indian culture, often labelled as an
amalgamation of several cultures, spans across the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcont
inent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> and has been influenc
ed by a history that is several millennia old.<sup id="cite_ref-John_Keay_2011_1
-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_Keay_2011-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id
="cite_ref-Mohammada.2C_Malika_2007_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-M
ohammada.2C_Malika_2007-2">[2]</a></sup> Many elements of India's diverse cultur
es, such as <a href="/wiki/Dharmic" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmic">Indian r
eligions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Indian
philosophy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_cuisine" title="Indian cuisine">Indian
cuisine</a>, have had a profound impact across the world.</p>
<p></p>
<div id="toc" class="toc">
<div id="toctitle">
<h2>Contents</h2>
</div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Culture"><span class="tocnumber">1
</span> <span class="toctext">Culture</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Religions"><span class="tocnumber"
>2</span> <span class="toctext">Religions</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Philosophy"><span class="tocnumber
">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Philosophy</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Family_structure_and_marriage"><sp
an class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Family structure and marriag
e</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Arranged_marriage"><span class="to
cnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Arranged marriage</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Wedding_rituals"><span class="tocn
umber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Wedding rituals</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Greetings"><span class="tocnumber"
>4</span> <span class="toctext">Greetings</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Festivals"><span class="tocnumber"
>5</span> <span class="toctext">Festivals</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Animals"><span class="tocnumber">6
</span> <span class="toctext">Animals</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Cuisine"><span class="tocnumber">
7</span> <span class="toctext">Cuisine</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Clothing"><span class="tocnumber"
>8</span> <span class="toctext">Clothing</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Languages_and_literature"><span c
lass="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Languages and literature</span><
/a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">
9.1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Epics"><span class="tocnumber">9.
2</span> <span class="toctext">Epics</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Performing_arts"><span class="toc

number">10</span> <span class="toctext">Performing arts</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Dance"><span class="tocnumber">10
.1</span> <span class="toctext">Dance</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Drama_and_theatre"><span class="t
ocnumber">10.2</span> <span class="toctext">Drama and theatre</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Music"><span class="tocnumber">10
.3</span> <span class="toctext">Music</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Visual_arts"><span class="tocnumb
er">11</span> <span class="toctext">Visual arts</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Painting"><span class="tocnumber"
>11.1</span> <span class="toctext">Painting</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Sculpture"><span class="tocnumber
">11.2</span> <span class="toctext">Sculpture</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Architecture"><span class="tocnum
ber">11.3</span> <span class="toctext">Architecture</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#Sports_and_martial_arts"><span cl
ass="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">Sports and martial arts</span></
a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Sports"><span class="tocnumber">1
2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Sports</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Indian_martial_arts"><span class=
"tocnumber">12.2</span> <span class="toctext">Indian martial arts</span></a></li
>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="#Popular_media"><span class="tocnu
mber">13</span> <span class="toctext">Popular media</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Television"><span class="tocnumbe
r">13.1</span> <span class="toctext">Television</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Cinema"><span class="tocnumber">1
3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Cinema</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><a href="#Perceptions_of_Indian_culture"><s
pan class="tocnumber">14</span> <span class="toctext">Perceptions of Indian cult
ure</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><a href="#Miscellaneous"><span class="tocnu
mber">15</span> <span class="toctext">Miscellaneous</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber"
>16</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumbe
r">17</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="#Bibliography"><span class="tocnum
ber">17.1</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliography</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="toc
number">18</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocn
umber">19</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p></p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Culture">Culture</span><span class="mw-editsec
tion"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C
ulture_of_India&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Culture">edi
t</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>India is one of the world's oldest civilizations and one of the most populate
d countries in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-asaw_3-0" class="reference"><a href="
#cite_note-asaw-3">[3]</a></sup> The Indian culture, often labeled as an amalgam
ation of several various cultures, spans across the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcon
tinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> and has been influen
ced and shaped by a history that is several thousand years old.<sup id="cite_ref
-John_Keay_2011_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_Keay_2011-1">[1]
</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mohammada.2C_Malika_2007_2-1" class="reference"><a h
ref="#cite_note-Mohammada.2C_Malika_2007-2">[2]</a></sup> Throughout the history
of India, Indian culture has been heavily influenced by <a href="/wiki/Dharma"
title="Dharma">Dharmic</a> religions.<sup id="cite_ref-Finding_Lost_4-0" class="
reference"><a href="#cite_note-Finding_Lost-4">[4]</a></sup> They have been cred
ited with shaping much of Indian <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">p
hilosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literature</a>, <a
href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">architecture</a>, <a href="/wiki/
Art" title="Art">art</a> and <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</a>.<sup
id="cite_ref-Om_Prakash_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Om_Prakash-5"
>[5]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Greater_India" title="Greater India">Greater India
</a> was the historical extent of Indian culture beyond the <a href="/wiki/India
n_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>. This partic
ularly concerns the spread of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism
</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arc
hitecture" title="Architecture">architecture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_administ
ration" title="Public administration">administration</a> and <a href="/wiki/Writ
ing_system" title="Writing system">writing system</a> from India to other parts
of <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Ro
ad_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Roa
d</a> by the travellers and maritime traders during the early centuries of the <
a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">Common Era</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Referen
ceA_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-7">[7]</a></sup> To th
e west, <a href="/wiki/Greater_India" title="Greater India">Greater India</a> ov
erlaps with <a href="/wiki/Greater_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Pe
rsia">Greater Persia</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Kush" title="Hindu Kush">Hi
ndu Kush</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pamir_Mountains" title="Pamir Mountains">Pamir M
ountains</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</
a></sup> Over the centuries, there has been significant fusion of cultures betwe
en <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindu
ism" title="Hinduism">Hindus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Muslims</a
> (Sunni, Shia, Sufi), <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jains</a>, <a hre
f="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhs</a> and various tribal populations in In
dia.<sup id="cite_ref-Dunn_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dunn-9">[9
]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tharoor_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note
-Tharoor-10">[10]</a></sup></p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Religions">Religions</span><span class="mw-edi
tsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?tit
le=Culture_of_India&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Religion
s">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Aarti-night.jpg
" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/
8/8f/Aarti-night.jpg/220px-Aarti-night.jpg" width="220" height="225" class="thum
bimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Aarti-night.
jpg/330px-Aarti-night.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8

/8f/Aarti-night.jpg/440px-Aarti-night.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1003" data-file-h
eight="1024" /></a>
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Aarti-night.jpg" class="internal" title
="Enlarge"></a></div>
<a href="/wiki/Aarti" title="Aarti">Aarti</a> ritual in <a href="/wiki/Hindu_wor
ship" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu worship">Hindu worship</a> at <a href="/w
iki/Haridwar" title="Haridwar">Haridwar</a></div>
</div>
</div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_India
" title="Religion in India">Religion in India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" titl
e="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arama%E1%B9%87a" title="ramaa">ramaa<
/a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jain
ism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sikhsim" class="mw-redirect" ti
tle="Sikhsim">Sikhsim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, <a hre
f="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, and <a href="/wiki
/Irreligion_in_India" title="Irreligion in India">Irreligion in India</a></div>
<p>India is the birthplace of Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism, collectiv
ely known as Indian religions.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#
cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup> Indian religions are a major form of world religion
s along with <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic" class="mw-redirect" title="Abrahamic">Abr
ahamic</a> ones. Today, Hinduism and Buddhism are the world's third and fourth-l
argest religions respectively, with over 2 billion followers altogether,<sup id=
"cite_ref-googleil_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-googleil-12">[12]
</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</
a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a>
</sup> and possibly as many as 2.5 or 2.6 billion followers.<sup id="cite_ref-go
ogleil_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-googleil-12">[12]</a></sup><s
up id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup> Fol
lowers of Indian religions Hindus, Sikhs, Jains and Buddhists make up around 8082
% population of India.</p>
<p><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> is one of the most religiously
and ethnically diverse nations in the world, with some of the most deeply religi
ous societies and cultures. Religion plays a central and definitive role in the
life of many of its people. Although India is a secular <a href="/wiki/Hinduism"
title="Hinduism">Hindu-majority</a> country, it has a <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_I
ndia" title="Islam in India">large minority Muslim</a> population. Except for <a
href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Jammu and Kashmir">Jammu and Kashmir</a>,
<a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab</a>, <a href="/wiki/
Meghalaya" title="Meghalaya">Meghalaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manipur" title="Manip
ur">Manipur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nagaland" title="Nagaland">Nagaland</a>, <a href
="/wiki/Mizoram" title="Mizoram">Mizoram</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lakshadweep" tit
le="Lakshadweep">Lakshadweep</a>, Hindus form the predominant population in all
<a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union te
rritories of India">23 states</a> and <a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territorie
s_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">6 union territories</a
>. Muslims are present throughout India, with large populations in <a href="/wik
i/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bihar"
title="Bihar">Bihar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharas
htra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telan
gana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West B
engal">West Bengal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a>; while
only <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Jammu and Kashmir">Jammu and Kashm
ir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lakshadweep" title="Lakshadweep">Lakshadweep</a> have
majority Muslim populations. <a href="/wiki/Sikh" title="Sikh">Sikhs</a> and <a
href="/wiki/Christian" title="Christian">Christians</a> are other significant mi
norities of India.</p>
<p>According to the 2011 census, 80% of the <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_India
" title="Demographics of India">population of India</a> practice <a href="/wiki/

Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_India" title="I
slam in India">Islam</a> (14.2%), <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christiani
ty">Christianity</a> (2.3%), <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a>
(1.7%), <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> (0.7%) and <a hr
ef="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> (0.4%) are the other major religi
ons followed by the people of India.<sup id="cite_ref-indiareligion2011_16-0" cl
ass="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indiareligion2011-16">[16]</a></sup> Many <a
href="/wiki/Tribal_religions_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal religi
ons of India">tribal religions</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Sarnaism" title="Sarn
aism">Sarnaism</a>, are found in India, though these have been affected by major
religions such as Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam and Christianity.<sup id="cite_reffcrel_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fcrel-17">[17]</a></sup> Jaini
sm, <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a>, <a
href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3
%A1%27%C3%AD_Faith" title="Bah' Faith">Bah' Faith</a> are also influential but their
numbers are smaller.<sup id="cite_ref-fcrel_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#c
ite_note-fcrel-17">[17]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheis
m</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agnostics" class="mw-redirect" title="Agnostics">agnost
ics</a> also have visible influence in India, along with a self-ascribed toleran
ce to other faiths.<sup id="cite_ref-fcrel_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cit
e_note-fcrel-17">[17]</a></sup> According to a study conducted by the Pew Resear
ch Centre, India will have world's largest populations of Hindus and Muslims by
2050. India is expected to have about 311 million Muslims making up around 1920%
of the population and yet about 1.3 billion Hindus are projected to live in Indi
a comprising around 76% of the population.</p>
<p><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agnost
icism" title="Agnosticism">agnosticism</a> have a long history in India and flou
rished within <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arama%E1%B9%87a" title="ramaa">ramaa movement</a>.
The <i><a href="/wiki/C%C4%81rv%C4%81ka" class="mw-redirect" title="Crvka">Crvka</a
></i> school originated in India around the 6th century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-18
" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup> It is one of the earlie
st form of <a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">materialistic</a> and
<a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheistic</a> movement in ancient India
.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup><
sup id="cite_ref-vvraman_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vvraman-21"
>[21]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sramana" class="mw-redirect" title="Sramana">Sram
ana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/
Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="jvi
ka">jvika</a> and some schools of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindui
sm</a> consider atheism to be valid and reject the concept of <a href="/wiki/Cre
ator_deity#Buddhism" title="Creator deity">creator deity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ved
as" title="Vedas">ritualism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Superstitions" class="mw-redi
rect" title="Superstitions">superstitions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wayoflife_22-0"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wayoflife-22">[22]</a></sup><sup id="cite_
ref-Joshi_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Joshi-23">[23]</a></sup><s
up id="cite_ref-moor_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moor-24">[24]</
a></sup> India has produced some notable <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_India" tit
le="Irreligion in India">atheist politicians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_i
n_India" title="Irreligion in India">social reformers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-secu
larism_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-secularism-25">[25]</a></sup>
According to the 2012 WIN-Gallup Global Index of Religion and Atheism report, 8
1% of Indians were religious, 13% were not religious, 3% were convinced <a href=
"/wiki/Atheist" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheist">atheists</a>, and 3% were un
sure or did not respond.<sup id="cite_ref-gallup2012_26-0" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-gallup2012-26">[26]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-World_Religions_
p._259_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World_Religions_p._259-27">[2
7]</a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Philosophy">Philosophy</span><span class="mw-e
ditsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?t

itle=Culture_of_India&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Philos
ophy">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Maitreya_Buddha
_the_next_Buddha.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Maitreya_Buddha_the_next_Buddha.jpg/170px-Maitreya_Budd
ha_the_next_Buddha.jpg" width="170" height="227" class="thumbimage" srcset="//up
load.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Maitreya_Buddha_the_next_Buddha.
jpg/255px-Maitreya_Buddha_the_next_Buddha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikip
edia/commons/thumb/8/80/Maitreya_Buddha_the_next_Buddha.jpg/340px-Maitreya_Buddh
a_the_next_Buddha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a>
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Maitreya_Buddha_the_next_Buddha.jpg" cl
ass="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
Close-up of a statue depicting <a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Maitrey
a</a> at the Thikse Monastery in <a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a
>. Buddhist philosophy has deeply impacted India</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>Indian philosophy comprises the philosophical traditions of the <a href="/wik
i/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>. Ther
e are six schools of orthodox <a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu phil
osophy">Hindu philosophy</a><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a>, <a hre
f="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samkhy
a" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yoga_(philosophy)" title="Yoga (p
hilosophy)">Yoga</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mms">Mms<
and <a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a>and four <a href="/wiki/H
eterodoxy" title="Heterodoxy">heterodox</a> schools<a href="/wiki/Jainism" title=
"Jainism">Jain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a>, <a h
ref="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="jvika">jvika</a> and <a href="/wiki/C%C4%81rv%C
4%81ka" class="mw-redirect" title="Crvka">Crvka</a> last two are also schools of Hin
duism.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></
sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></su
p> However, there are other methods of classification; <a href="/wiki/Vidyaranya
" title="Vidyaranya">Vidyaranya</a> for instance identifies sixteen schools of I
ndian philosophy by including those that belong to the <a href="/wiki/Shaivism"
title="Shaivism">aiva</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rase%C5%9Bvara" title="Rasevara">Rasev
ara</a> traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-cowell_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#ci
te_note-cowell-30">[30]</a></sup> Since <a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Me
dieval India">medieval India</a> (ca.10001500), schools of Indian philosophical t
hought have been classified by the Brahmanical tradition<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNO
TENicholson2010_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholson201
0-31">[31]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chatterjee_and_Datta.2C_p._5_32-0" class="
reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chatterjee_and_Datta.2C_p._5-32">[32]</a></sup> a
s either orthodox or non-orthodox <a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" t
itle="stika and nstika">stika or nstika</a> depending on whether they regard the <a
href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a> as an infallible source of knowledge.
<sup id="cite_ref-World_Religions_p._259_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_
note-World_Religions_p._259-27">[27]</a></sup></p>
<p>The main schools of Indian philosophy were formalised chiefly between 1000 BC
E to the early centuries of the <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">Co
mmon Era</a>. According to philosopher <a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan"
title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan</a>, the earliest of t
hese, which date back to the composition of the <a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title
="Upanishads">Upanishads</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Vedic_period#Later_Vedic_peri
od_.281000.E2.80.93500_BCE.29" title="Vedic period">later Vedic period (1000500 B
CE)</a>, constitute "the earliest philosophical compositions of the world."<sup
id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></sup> Compet
ition and integration between the various schools was intense during their forma
tive years, especially between 800 BCE and 200 CE. Some schools like Jainism, Bu
ddhism, aiva and <a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita
Vedanta</a> survived, but others, like <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">S
amkhya</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="jvika">jvika</a>, did not; t
hey were either assimilated or became extinct. Subsequent centuries produced com
mentaries and reformulations continuing up to as late as the 20th century. Autho
rs who gave contemporary meaning to traditional philosophies include <a href="/w
iki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda</a>, <a href=
"/wiki/Ram_Mohan_Roy" title="Ram Mohan Roy">Ram Mohan Roy</a>, and <a href="/wik
i/Swami_Dayananda_Saraswati" class="mw-redirect" title="Swami Dayananda Saraswat
i">Swami Dayananda Saraswati</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClarke2006209_34-0" c
lass="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke2006209-34">[34]</a></sup></p
>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Family_structure_and_marriage">Family structur
e and marriage</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-br
acket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_India&action=edit&
section=4" title="Edit section: Family structure and marriage">edit</a><span cla
ss="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:HinduBrideIndia
.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/th
umb/3/3c/HinduBrideIndia.jpg/220px-HinduBrideIndia.jpg" width="220" height="147"
class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/
HinduBrideIndia.jpg/330px-HinduBrideIndia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikip
edia/commons/thumb/3/3c/HinduBrideIndia.jpg/440px-HinduBrideIndia.jpg 2x" data-f
ile-width="1280" data-file-height="853" /></a>
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:HinduBrideIndia.jpg" class="internal" t
itle="Enlarge"></a></div>
A bride during a traditional <a href="/wiki/Hindu_wedding" title="Hindu wedding"
>Hindu wedding ceremony</a> in <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, Indi
a">Punjab</a>.</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>For generations, India has a prevailing tradition of the joint family system.
It is a system under which extended members of a family parents, children, the
children's spouses and their offspring, etc. live together. Usually, the oldest
male member is the head in the joint Indian family system. He mostly makes all i
mportant decisions and rules, and other family members are likely abide by them.
<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></sup><
/p>
<p>In a 1966 study, Orenstein and Micklin analysed India's population data and f
amily structure. Their studies suggest that Indian household sizes had remained
similar over the 1911 to 1951 period. Thereafter, with urbanisation and economic
development, India has witnessed a break up of traditional joint family into mo
re nuclear-like families.<sup id="cite_ref-rs1_36-0" class="reference"><a href="
#cite_note-rs1-36">[36]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href
="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></sup> Sinha, in his book, after summarising the numero
us sociological studies done on Indian family, notes that over the last 60 years
, the cultural trend in most parts of India has been an accelerated change from
joint family to nuclear families, much like population trends in other parts of
the world. The traditional large joint family in India, in the 1990s, accounted
for a small percent of Indian households, and on average had lower per capita ho
usehold income. He finds that joint family still persists in some areas and in c
ertain conditions, in part due to cultural traditions and in part due to practic
al factors.<sup id="cite_ref-rs1_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rs1
-36">[36]</a></sup> Youth in lower socio-economic classes are more inclined to s
pend time with their families than their peers due to differing ideologies in ru
ral and urban parenting.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_n
ote-38">[38]</a></sup> With the spread of education and growth of economics, the
traditional joint-family system is breaking down rapidly across India and attit
ude towards the working women has changed.</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Arranged_marriage">Arranged marriage</span><sp
an class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="
/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_India&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit s
ection: Arranged marriage">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span>
</span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Arranged_marriage
" title="Arranged marriage">Arranged marriage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Women_in_In
dia" title="Women in India">Women in India</a></div>
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bride_by_prakha
r.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/t
humb/f/f0/Bride_by_prakhar.jpg/220px-Bride_by_prakhar.jpg" width="220" height="1
65" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/
f0/Bride_by_prakhar.jpg/330px-Bride_by_prakhar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/
wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Bride_by_prakhar.jpg/440px-Bride_by_prakhar.jpg 2x"
data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a>
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Bride_by_prakhar.jpg" class="internal"
title="Enlarge"></a></div>
A bride in India.</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>For centuries, arranged marriages have been the tradition in Indian society.
Even today, the majority of Indians have their marriages planned by their parent
s and other respected family-members. In the past, the age of marriage was young
.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></sup>
The average age of marriage for women in India has increased to 21 years, accord
ing to 2011 Census of India.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#ci
te_note-40">[40]</a></sup> In 2009, about 7% of women got married before the age
of 18.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><
/sup></p>
<p>In some marriages the bride's family provide a dowry to the bridegroom. Tradi
tionally, the dowry was considered a woman's share of the family wealth, since a
daughter had no legal claim on her natal family's real estate. It also typicall
y included portable valuables such as jewellery and household goods that a bride
could control throughout her life.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a hr
ef="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></sup> Historically, in most families the inheritance
of family estates passed down the male line. Since 1956, Indian laws treat male
s and females as equal in matters of inheritance without a legal will.<sup id="c
ite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></sup> Indians are
increasingly using a legal will for inheritance and property succession, with a
bout 20 percent using a legal will by 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="referenc
e"><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></sup></p>
<p>In India, the divorce rate is low 1% compared with about 40% in the United St
ates.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a></s
up><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a></sup
> These statistics do not reflect a complete picture, though. There is a dearth
of scientific surveys or studies on Indian marriages where the perspectives of b
oth husbands and wives were solicited in-depth. Sample surveys suggest the issue
s with marriages in India are similar to trends observed elsewhere in the world.
The divorce rates are rising in India. Urban divorce rates are much higher. Wom
en initiate about 80 percent of divorces in India.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="r
eference"><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a></sup></p>
<blockquote class="templatequote">
<p>Opinion is divided over what the phenomenon means: for traditionalists the ri
sing numbers portend the breakdown of society while, for some modernists, they s
peak of a healthy new empowerment for women.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="referen
ce"><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a></sup></p>
</blockquote>
<p>Recent studies suggest that Indian culture is trending away from traditional
arranged marriages. <a href="/wiki/Banerjee" title="Banerjee">Banerjee</a> et al
. surveyed 41,554 households across 33 <a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_
India" class="mw-redirect" title="States and territories of India">states and un
ion territories in India</a> in 2005. They find that the marriage trends in Indi
a are similar to trends observed over last 40 years in China, Japan and other na
tions.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a></
sup> The study found that fewer marriages are purely arranged without consent an
d that the majority of surveyed Indian marriages are arranged with consent. The
percentage of self-arranged marriages (called love marriages in India) were also
increasing, particularly in the urban parts of India.<sup id="cite_ref-50" clas
s="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Wedding_rituals">Wedding rituals</span><span c
lass="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/i
ndex.php?title=Culture_of_India&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit secti
on: Wedding rituals">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span
></h3>
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hindu_marriage_
ceremony_offering.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wik
ipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Hindu_marriage_ceremony_offering.jpg/220px-Hindu_marri
age_ceremony_offering.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="/
/upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Hindu_marriage_ceremony_offer
ing.jpg/330px-Hindu_marriage_ceremony_offering.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/
wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Hindu_marriage_ceremony_offering.jpg/440px-Hindu_ma
rriage_ceremony_offering.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536"
/></a>
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Hindu_marriage_ceremony_offering.jpg" c
lass="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
A Hindu wedding ritual in progress. The bride and the groom are seated together,
receiving instructions from the priest. The sacred square fire container (<i><a
href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">yajna</a> kund</i>) is behind the priest.</div
>
</div>
</div>
<p>Weddings are festive occasions in India with extensive decorations, colors, m
usic, dance, costumes and rituals that depend on the religion of the bride and t
he groom, as well as their preferences.<sup id="cite_ref-ft2008_51-0" class="ref
erence"><a href="#cite_note-ft2008-51">[51]</a></sup> The nation celebrates abou
t 10 million weddings per year,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="
#cite_note-52">[52]</a></sup> of which over 80% are <a href="/wiki/Hindu_wedding
" title="Hindu wedding">Hindu weddings</a>.</p>
<p>While there are many festival-related rituals in Hinduism, <i>vivaha</i> (wed
ding) is the most extensive personal ritual an adult Hindu undertakes in his or
her life.<sup id="cite_ref-rjb1969_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r
jb1969-53">[53]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jgl2001_54-0" class="reference"><a hr
ef="#cite_note-jgl2001-54">[54]</a></sup> Typical Hindu families spend significa
nt effort and financial resources to prepare and celebrate weddings. The rituals
and process of a Hindu wedding vary depending on region of India, local adaptat
ions, resources of the family and preferences of the bride and the groom. Nevert
heless, there are a few <a href="/wiki/Hindu_wedding#Main_rituals" title="Hindu
wedding">key rituals</a> common in <a href="/wiki/Hindu_wedding" title="Hindu we
dding">Hindu weddings</a> <i>Kanyadaan</i>, <i>Panigrahana</i>, and <i>Saptapadi
</i>; these are respectively, gifting away of daughter by the father, voluntaril
y holding hand near the fire to signify impending union, and taking seven steps
before fire with each step including a set of mutual vows. After the seventh ste
p and vows of <i><a href="/wiki/Hindu_wedding#Saptapadi_-_Short_Form" title="Hin
du wedding">Saptapadi</a></i>, the couple is legally husband and wife.<sup id="c
ite_ref-jgl2001_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jgl2001-54">[54]</a>

</sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a></
sup><sup id="cite_ref-prabhu2011_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pra
bhu2011-56">[56]</a></sup> Sikhs get married through a ceremony called Anand Kar
aj. The couple walk around the holy book, the Guru Granth Sahib four times. Indi
an Muslims celebrate a traditional <a href="/wiki/Islamic_marital_practices#Indi
a" title="Islamic marital practices">Islamic wedding</a> following customs simil
ar to those practiced in the Middle East. The rituals include <i>Nikah</i>, paym
ent of financial dower called <i>Mahr</i> by the groom to the bride, signing of
marriage contract, and a reception.<sup id="cite_ref-Zawaj_57-0" class="referenc
e"><a href="#cite_note-Zawaj-57">[57]</a></sup> Indian <a href="/wiki/Wedding" t
itle="Wedding">Christian weddings</a> follow customs similar to those practiced
in the Christian countries in the West in states like Goa but have more Indian c
ustoms in other states.</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Greetings">Greetings</span><span class="mw-edi
le=Culture_of_India&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Greeting
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:An_Oberoi_Hotel
_employee_doing_Namaste,_New_Delhi.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.
wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/An_Oberoi_Hotel_employee_doing_Namast
e%2C_New_Delhi.jpg/220px-An_Oberoi_Hotel_employee_doing_Namaste%2C_New_Delhi.jpg
" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wik
ipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/An_Oberoi_Hotel_employee_doing_Namaste%2C_New_Delhi.jp
g/330px-An_Oberoi_Hotel_employee_doing_Namaste%2C_New_Delhi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.w
ikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/An_Oberoi_Hotel_employee_doing_Namaste
%2C_New_Delhi.jpg/440px-An_Oberoi_Hotel_employee_doing_Namaste%2C_New_Delhi.jpg
2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="536" /></a>
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:An_Oberoi_Hotel_employee_doing_Namaste,
_New_Delhi.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
Pressing hands together with a smile to greet Namaste a common cultural practice
in India.</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>Greetings include <i>Namaste (Hindi and Sanskrit)</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Nama
skar" class="mw-redirect" title="Namaskar">Namaskar</a> (Hindi)</i>, Juhar/Namas
kar in <a href="/wiki/Odia_language" title="Odia language">Odia</a>, <i>Namaskar
(<a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a>),</i> <i
>Namaskara</i> (<a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a>), <i>Namaska
ram</i> (<a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a>, <a
href="/wiki/Malayalam_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayalam language">M
alayalam</a>), <i>Vanakkam</i> (<a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil lang
uage">Tamil</a>), <i>Nomoshkaar</i> (<a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Ben
gali language">Bengali</a>), <i>Nomoskar</i> (<a href="/wiki/Assamese_language"
title="Assamese language">Assamese</a>). All these are common spoken greetings o
r salutations when people meet, and are forms of farewell when they depart. Nama
skar is considered slightly more formal than Namaste but both express deep respe
ct. Namaskar is commonly used in India and <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">N
epal</a> by <a href="/wiki/Hindus" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindus">Hindus</a>
, Jains and Buddhists, and many continue to use this outside the <a href="/wiki/
Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>. In Ind
ian and Nepali culture, the word is spoken at the beginning of written or verbal
communication. However, the same hands folded gesture may be made wordlessly, o
r said without the folded hand gesture. The word is derived from <i><a href="/wi
ki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></i> (namah): to <a href="/wiki/Bowing
_(social)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bowing (social)">bow</a>, reverential <a h
ref="/wiki/Salutation_(greeting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Salutation (greetin
g)">salutation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Respect" title="Respect">respect</a>, and
(te): "to you". Taken literally, it means "I bow to you".<sup id="cite_ref-58"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a></sup> In Hinduism it means "I
bow to the divine in you."<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cit
e_note-59">[59]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_
note-60">[60]</a></sup> In most Indian families, younger men and women are taugh
t to seek the blessing of their elders by reverentially bowing to their elders.
This custom is known as <a href="/wiki/Pran%C4%81ma" title="Pranma">Pranma</a>.</p
>
<p>Other greetings include <i>"Jai Jagannath"</i> in <a href="/wiki/Odia_languag
e" title="Odia language">Odia</a> Language, <i>"Ami Aschi"</i> (in <a href="/wik
i/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>),<i>"Jai Shri Krishna"<
/i> (in <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a>
), <i>"Ram Ram"</i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Sat_Sri_Akaal" title="Sat Sri Akaal">
Sat Sri Akal</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">
Punjabi</a>, used by followers of <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhis
m</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/Jai_Jinendra" title="Jai Jinendra">Jai Jinendra</a></i
>, a common greeting used across the <a href="/wiki/Jain_community" title="Jain
community">Jain community</a>, "Jai Bhim" used by Buddhist Converts in <a href="
/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a> after <a href="/wiki/B._R
._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a> and <i>"Nama Shivaya"</i>,
"Jai ambe", "Jai Sri Ram" etc.</p>
<p>These traditional forms of greeting may be absent in the world of business an
d in India's urban environment, where the handshake is a common form of greeting
/p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Festivals">Festivals</span><span class="mw-edi
le=Culture_of_India&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Festival
<div class="thumb tleft">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Deepawali-festi
val.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons
/thumb/5/5e/Deepawali-festival.jpg/220px-Deepawali-festival.jpg" width="220" hei
ght="159" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/th
umb/5/5e/Deepawali-festival.jpg/330px-Deepawali-festival.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wiki
media.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Deepawali-festival.jpg 2x" data-file-width="416
" data-file-height="300" /></a>
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Deepawali-festival.jpg" class="internal
" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
Homes, buildings and temples are decorated with festive lights for <a href="/wik
i/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a>, a major festival of India<sup id="cite_ref62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a></sup></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hindu_festival_
rituals_Holi_colors.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/w
ikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Hindu_festival_rituals_Holi_colors.jpg/220px-Hindu_f
estival_rituals_Holi_colors.jpg" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" src
set="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Hindu_festival_rituals_
Holi_colors.jpg/330px-Hindu_festival_rituals_Holi_colors.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wiki
media.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Hindu_festival_rituals_Holi_colors.jpg/44
0px-Hindu_festival_rituals_Holi_colors.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-fileheight="4000" /></a>
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Hindu_festival_rituals_Holi_colors.jpg"
class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
<a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a> celebrations</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Tug_of_war,_at_
Pushkar_Fair,_Rajasthan.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.o
rg/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Tug_of_war%2C_at_Pushkar_Fair%2C_Rajasthan.jpg/2
20px-Tug_of_war%2C_at_Pushkar_Fair%2C_Rajasthan.jpg" width="220" height="154" cl
ass="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Tug
_of_war%2C_at_Pushkar_Fair%2C_Rajasthan.jpg/330px-Tug_of_war%2C_at_Pushkar_Fair%
2C_Rajasthan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Tug_of_war%
2C_at_Pushkar_Fair%2C_Rajasthan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="
245" /></a>
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Tug_of_war,_at_Pushkar_Fair,_Rajasthan.
jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
India has many regional festivals. A <a href="/wiki/Tug_of_war" title="Tug of wa
r">tug of war</a>, at Pushkar Fair in <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan
">Rajasthan</a>.</div>
</div>
</div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Festivals_in_India
" class="mw-redirect" title="Festivals in India">Festivals in India</a></div>
<p>India, being a multi-cultural, multi-ethnic and multi-religious society, cele
brates holidays and festivals of various religions. The three <a href="/wiki/Nat
ional_holidays_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="National holidays in India">
national holidays in India</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(India)" tit
le="Independence Day (India)">Independence Day</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Republic_
Day_(India)" title="Republic Day (India)">Republic Day</a> and the <a href="/wik
i/Gandhi_Jayanti" title="Gandhi Jayanti">Gandhi Jayanti</a>, are celebrated with
zeal and enthusiasm across India. In addition, many <a href="/wiki/States_of_In
dia" class="mw-redirect" title="States of India">Indian states</a> and regions h
ave local festivals depending on prevalent religious and linguistic demographics
. Popular religious festivals include the Hindu festivals of <a href="/wiki/Navr
atri" title="Navratri">Navratri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Janmashtami" class="mw-redir
ect" title="Janmashtami">Janmashtami</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">
Diwali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivratri" class="mw-redirect" title="Maha Shivr
atri">Maha Shivratri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturt
hi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Pu
ja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rath_Yatra" c
lass="mw-redirect" title="Rath Yatra">Rath Yatra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ugadi" titl
e="Ugadi">Ugadi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a>, <a href="/wiki/
Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Vasant Panchami</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rak
shabandhan" class="mw-redirect" title="Rakshabandhan">Rakshabandhan</a>, and <a
href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Dussehra</a>. Several <a href="/wiki/
Harvest_festival" title="Harvest festival">harvest festivals</a> such as <a href
="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a>, <a href="/
wiki/Thai_Pongal" title="Thai Pongal">Pongal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Raja_Parba"
class="mw-redirect" title="Raja Parba">Raja sankaranti swinging festival</a> are
also fairly popular.</p>
<p>Indian New year festival are celebrated in different part of India with uniqu
e style in different times. <a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Ugadi</a>, <a hr
ef="/wiki/Bihu" title="Bihu">Bihu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gudhi_Padwa" class="mw-red
irect" title="Gudhi Padwa">Gudhi Padwa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puthandu" title="Puth
andu">Puthandu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pohela_Boishakh" title="Pohela Boishakh">Pohe
la Boishakh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a> and <a href="/wik
i/Vishuva_Sankranti" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishuva Sankranti">Vishuva Sankr
anti</a> are the New years festival of different part of India.</p>
<p>Certain festivals in India are celebrated by multiple religions. Notable exam
ples include <a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a>, which is celebrat
ed by Hindus, Sikhs and Jains across the country and <a href="/wiki/Vesak" title
="Vesak">Buddha Purnima</a>, celebrated by Buddhists. Sikh festivals, such as <a
href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak_Jayanti" class="mw-redirect" title="Guru Nanak Jayanti">

Guru Nanak Jayanti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baisakhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bais
akhi">Baisakhi</a> are celebrated with full fanfare by Sikhs and Hindus of <a hr
ef="/wiki/Punjab" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab">Punjab</a> and <a href="/wi
ki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a> where the two communities together form an ove
rwhelming majority of the population. Adding colours to the culture of India, th
e <a href="/wiki/Dree_Festival" title="Dree Festival">Dree Festival</a> is one o
f the tribal festivals of India celebrated by the Apatanis of the Ziro valley of
<a href="/wiki/Arunachal_Pradesh" title="Arunachal Pradesh">Arunachal Pradesh</
a>, which is the easternmost state of India. <a href="/wiki/Nowruz" title="Nowru
z">Nowruz</a> is the most important festival among the Parsi community of India.
</p>
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:India_-_Delhi_J
ama_masjid_-_5142.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wik
ipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/India_-_Delhi_Jama_masjid_-_5142.jpg/220px-India_-_Del
hi_Jama_masjid_-_5142.jpg" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="/
/upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/India_-_Delhi_Jama_masjid_-_5
142.jpg/330px-India_-_Delhi_Jama_masjid_-_5142.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/
wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/India_-_Delhi_Jama_masjid_-_5142.jpg/440px-India_-_
Delhi_Jama_masjid_-_5142.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336"
/></a>
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:India_-_Delhi_Jama_masjid_-_5142.jpg" c
lass="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
<a href="/wiki/Jama_Masjid,_Delhi" title="Jama Masjid, Delhi">Jama Masjid, Delhi
</a>. Muslims constitute about 14% of Indian population, and some Islamic festiv
als are national or regional holidays.</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_India" title="Islam in India">Islam in India</a> is t
he second largest religion with over 172 million Muslims, according to India's 2
011 census.<sup id="cite_ref-indiareligion2011_16-1" class="reference"><a href="
#cite_note-indiareligion2011-16">[16]</a></sup> The Islamic festivals which are
observed and are declared public holiday in India are; <a href="/wiki/Eid_ul_Fit
r" class="mw-redirect" title="Eid ul Fitr">Eid ul Fitr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eid_u
l_Adha" class="mw-redirect" title="Eid ul Adha">Eid ul Adha</a>-(Bakri Eid), <a
href="/wiki/Milad_un_Nabi" class="mw-redirect" title="Milad un Nabi">Milad un Na
bi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mourning_of_Muharram" title="Mourning of Muharram">Muharr
am</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shab-e-Barat" class="mw-redirect" title="Shab-e-Barat"
>Shab-e-Barat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ph10_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_
note-ph10-63">[63]</a></sup> Some of the Indian states have declared regional ho
liday's for the particular regional popular festivals; such as <a href="/wiki/Ar
ba%27een" title="Arba'een">Arba'een</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jumu%27ah-tul-Wida" clas
s="mw-redirect" title="Jumu'ah-tul-Wida">Jumu'ah-tul-Wida</a> and <a href="/wiki
/Shab-e-Qadar" class="mw-redirect" title="Shab-e-Qadar">Shab-e-Qadar</a>.</p>
<p>Christianity is India's third largest religion. With over 23 million Christia
ns, of which 17 million are Roman Catholics, India is home to many Christian fes
tivals. The country celebrates <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Chris
tmas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday" title="Good Friday">Good Friday</a> as
public holidays.<sup id="cite_ref-ph10_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_no
te-ph10-63">[63]</a></sup></p>
<p>Regional and community fairs are also common festival in India. For example,
Pushkar fair of Rajasthan is one of the world's largest markets of cattle and li
vestock.</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Animals">Animals</span><span class="mw-editsec
ulture_of_India&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Animals">edi
t</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:132px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Cowmeenakshi.jp

g" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb
/0/05/Cowmeenakshi.jpg/130px-Cowmeenakshi.jpg" width="130" height="195" class="t
humbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Cowmeenak
shi.jpg/195px-Cowmeenakshi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/th
umb/0/05/Cowmeenakshi.jpg/260px-Cowmeenakshi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2066" data
-file-height="3101" /></a>
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Cowmeenakshi.jpg" class="internal" titl
e="Enlarge"></a></div>
Cows depicted in the decorated <a href="/wiki/Gopuram" title="Gopuram">gopuram</
a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kapaleeshwarar_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Kapal
eeshwarar temple">Kapaleeshwarar temple</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Ch
ennai">Chennai</a>.</div>
</div>
</div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_India" tit
le="Wildlife of India">Wildlife of India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry_in
_India" title="Animal husbandry in India">Animal husbandry in India</a>, and <a
href="/wiki/Cattle_in_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Cattle in religion">C
attle in religion</a></div>
<p>The varied and rich <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_India" title="Wildlife of Indi
a">wildlife of India</a> has had a profound impact on the region's popular cultu
re. Common name for wilderness in India is <a href="/wiki/Jungle" title="Jungle"
>Jungle</a> which was adopted by the British <a href="/wiki/Colonialists" class=
"mw-redirect" title="Colonialists">colonialists</a> to the English language. The
word has been also made famous in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jungle_Book" title="The
Jungle Book">The Jungle Book</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="
Rudyard Kipling">Rudyard Kipling</a>. India's wildlife has been the subject of n
umerous other tales and fables such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Panchatantra" title
="Panchatantra">Panchatantra</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Jataka_tales" tit
le="Jataka tales">Jataka tales</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><
a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a></sup></p>
<p>In Hinduism, the cow is regarded as a symbol of <i><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" tit
le="Ahimsa">ahimsa</a></i> (non-violence), <a href="/wiki/Mother_goddess" title=
"Mother goddess">mother goddess</a> and bringer of good fortune and wealth.<sup
id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a></sup> For th
is reason, cows are revered in Hindu culture and feeding a cow is seen as an act
of worship.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]
</a></sup></p>
<p>As of January 2012, cow remains a divisive topic in India. Several states of
India have passed laws to protect cows, while many states have no restrictions o
n the production and consumption of beef. Some groups oppose the butchering of c
ows, while other Indian groups are vehement that what kind of meat one eats ough
t to be a matter of personal choice in a democracy. <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Prades
h" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a> enacted a law in January 2012, name
ly the Gau-Vansh Vadh Pratishedh (Sanshodhan) Act, which makes cow slaughter a s
erious offence. Gujarat, a western state of India, has the Animal Preservation A
ct, enacted in October 2011, that prohibits killing of cows along with buying, s
elling and transport of beef. In contrast, Odisha and Andhra Pradesh allow butch
ering of cattle with a fit-for-slaughter certificate. In the states of West Beng
al and Kerala, consumption of beef is not deemed an offence. Contrary to stereot
ypes, a sizeable number of Hindus eat beef, and many argue that their scriptures
, such as vedic texts, do not prohibit its consumption. In southern Indian state
Kerala, for instance, beef accounts for nearly half of all meat consumed by all
communities, including Hindus. Sociologists theorise that the widespread consum
ption of cow meat in India is because it is a far cheaper source of animal prote
in for the poor than lamb or chicken, which retail at double the price. For thes
e reasons, India's beef consumption post-independence in 1947 has witnessed a mu
ch faster growth than any other kind of meat; currently, India is one of the fiv
e largest producer and consumer of cattle livestock meat in the world. A beef ba
n has been made in Maharashtra and other states as of 2015. While states such as
Madhya Pradesh are passing local laws to prevent cruelty to cows, other Indians
are arguing "If the real objective is to prevent cruelty to animals, then why s
ingle out the cow when hundreds of other animals are maltreated?"<sup id="cite_r
ef-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref
-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6
9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a></sup></p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Cuisine">Cuisine</span><span class="mw-editsec
ulture_of_India&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Cuisine">ed
it</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Indian_cuisine" ti
tle="Indian cuisine">Indian cuisine</a></div>
<div class="thumb tmulti tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px">
<div class="tsingle" style="margin:1px;width:202px;max-width:202px">
<div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Chennai_Veg_Thali.JPG" class="image"
><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Chennai_Ve
g_Thali.JPG/200px-Chennai_Veg_Thali.JPG" width="200" height="311" srcset="//uplo
ad.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Chennai_Veg_Thali.JPG/300px-Chenna
i_Veg_Thali.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Chenna
i_Veg_Thali.JPG/400px-Chennai_Veg_Thali.JPG 2x" data-file-width="997" data-fileheight="1551" /></a></div>
</div>
<div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:A_thali_with_daal_roti_bhindi_ki_sab
zi_and_mango_pickle.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/w
ikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/A_thali_with_daal_roti_bhindi_ki_sabzi_and_mango_pic
kle.jpg/200px-A_thali_with_daal_roti_bhindi_ki_sabzi_and_mango_pickle.jpg" width
="200" height="150" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/
A_thali_with_daal_roti_bhindi_ki_sabzi_and_mango_pickle.jpg/300px-A_thali_with_d
aal_roti_bhindi_ki_sabzi_and_mango_pickle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikip
edia/commons/thumb/d/dd/A_thali_with_daal_roti_bhindi_ki_sabzi_and_mango_pickle.
jpg/400px-A_thali_with_daal_roti_bhindi_ki_sabzi_and_mango_pickle.jpg 2x" data-f
ile-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></div>
</div>
<div class="thumbcaption" style="clear:left;text-align:left;background-color:tra
nsparent"><a href="/wiki/Indian_cuisine" title="Indian cuisine">Indian cuisine</
a> is diverse, ranging from very spicy to very mild, varying with seasons in eac
h region. These reflect the <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_India" title="Agricult
ure in India">local agriculture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_India" title="Cli
mate of India">regional climate</a>, culinary innovations and cultural diversity
. Food in India is sometimes served in <a href="/wiki/Thali" title="Thali">thali
</a> a plate with rice, bread and a selection of sides. Above are thali samples.
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Nimmatnama-i_Na
siruddin-Shahi_283.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wi
kipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Nimmatnama-i_Nasiruddin-Shahi_283.jpg/220px-Nimmatnam
a-i_Nasiruddin-Shahi_283.jpg" width="220" height="156" class="thumbimage" srcset
="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Nimmatnama-i_Nasiruddin-Sh
ahi_283.jpg/330px-Nimmatnama-i_Nasiruddin-Shahi_283.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia
.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Nimmatnama-i_Nasiruddin-Shahi_283.jpg/440px-Ni
mmatnama-i_Nasiruddin-Shahi_283.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="
543" /></a>
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Nimmatnama-i_Nasiruddin-Shahi_283.jpg"
class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
Nimmatnama-i Nasiruddin-Shahi (Book of Recipes), written about 1500 C.E, documen
ts the fine art of making <i>Kheer</i>, a milk based dessert of India: Select th
e cows carefully; to get quality milk, pay attention to what the cows eat; feed
them sugar canes; use this milk to make the best <i>Kheer</i>.</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Kheer.jpg" clas
s="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/K
heer.jpg/220px-Kheer.jpg" width="220" height="146" class="thumbimage" srcset="//
upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Kheer.jpg/330px-Kheer.jpg 1.5x
, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Kheer.jpg/440px-Kheer.jpg
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Kheer.jpg" class="internal" title="Enla
rge"></a></div>
<a href="/wiki/Kheer" title="Kheer">Kheer</a> is a traditional Indian sweet dish
.</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>Indian food is as diverse as India. Indian cuisines use numerous ingredients,
deploy a wide range of food preparation styles, cooking techniques and culinary
presentation. From salads to sauces, from vegetarian to meat, from spices to se
nsuous, from breads to desserts, Indian cuisine is invariably complex. Harold Mc
Gee, a favourite of many Michelin-starred chefs, writes "for sheer inventiveness
with milk itself as the primary ingredient, no country on earth can match India
."<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a></sup>
</p>
<p>I travel to India at least three to four times a year. It's always inspiratio
nal. There is so much to learn from India because each and every state is a coun
try by itself and each has its own cuisine. There are lots of things to learn ab
out the different cuisines it just amazes me. I keep my mind open and like to ex
plore different places and pick up different influences as I go along. I don't a
ctually think that there is a single state in India that I haven't visited.&#160
;... Indian food is a cosmopolitan cuisine that has so many ingredients. I don't
think any cuisine in the world has got so many influences the way that Indian f
ood has. It is a very rich cuisine and is very varied. Every region in the world
has their own sense of how Indian food should be perceived.</p>
<div class="templatequotecite"><cite> <a href="/wiki/Atul_Kochhar" title="Atul Koch
har">Atul Kochhar</a>, the first Indian to receive two <a href="/wiki/Michelin_s
tar" class="mw-redirect" title="Michelin star">Michelin stars</a><sup id="cite_r
ef-ak1_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ak1-71">[71]</a></sup></cite>
</div>
</blockquote>
<p>... it takes me back to the first Christmas I can remember, when the gra
ndmother I hadn't yet met, who was Indian and lived in England, sent me a box. F
or me it still carries the taste of strangeness and confusion and wonder.</p>
<div class="templatequotecite"><cite> <a href="/wiki/Harold_McGee" title="Harold Mc
Gee">Harold McGee</a>, author of <i><a href="/wiki/On_Food_and_Cooking" title="O
n Food and Cooking">On Food and Cooking</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="refe
rence"><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a></sup></cite></div>
</blockquote>
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Chum_chums.jpg"
class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d
/d9/Chum_chums.jpg/220px-Chum_chums.jpg" width="220" height="147" class="thumbim
age" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Chum_chums.jpg/
330px-Chum_chums.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/C

hum_chums.jpg/440px-Chum_chums.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="
683" /></a>
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Chum_chums.jpg" class="internal" title=
"Enlarge"></a></div>
Some Indian confectionery <a href="/wiki/South_Asian_sweets" title="South Asian
sweets">desserts</a> from hundreds of varieties. In certain parts of India, thes
e are called <i>mithai</i> or sweets. Sugar and desserts have a long history in
India: by about 500 BCE, people in India had developed the technology to produce
sugar crystals. In the local language, these crystals were called <i>khanda</i>
(
), which is the source of the word <i>candy</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="refer
ence"><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a></sup></div>
</div>
</div>
<p>According to <a href="/wiki/Sanjeev_Kapoor" title="Sanjeev Kapoor">Sanjeev Ka
poor</a>, a member of Singapore Airlines' International Culinary Panel, Indian f
ood has long been an expression of world cuisine. Kapoor claims, "if you looked
back in India's history and study the food that our ancestors ate, you will noti
ce how much attention was paid to the planning and cooking of a meal. Great thou
ght was given to the texture and taste of each dish."<sup id="cite_ref-74" class
="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a></sup> One such historical record i
s <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration" class="Unicod
e" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">Mnasollsa</span>, (<a href="/
wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</
a>: <span lang="sa" xml:lang="sa">
</span>, The Delight of Mind), written in the 12t
ry. The book describes the need to change cuisine and food with seasons, various
methods of cooking, the best blend of flavours, the feel of various foods, plan
ning and style of dining amongst other things.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="refer
ence"><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a></sup></p>
<p>India is known for its love for food and spices. Indian cuisine varies from r
egion to region, reflecting the local produce, cultural diversity, and <a href="
/wiki/Demographics_of_India" title="Demographics of India">varied demographics</
a> of the country. Generally, Indian cuisine can be split into five categories <
a href="/wiki/North_Indian_cuisine" title="North Indian cuisine">northern</a>, <
a href="/wiki/South_Indian_cuisine" title="South Indian cuisine">southern</a>, e
astern, western, and north-eastern. The diversity of Indian cuisine is character
ised by differing use of many <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_spices" title="List
of Indian spices">spices</a> and herbs, a wide assortment of recipes and cooking
techniques. Though a significant portion of Indian food is <a href="/wiki/Veget
arian" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetarian">vegetarian</a>, many traditional I
ndian dishes also include chicken, goat, beef, buffalo, lamb, fish, and other me
ats. Fish-based cuisines are common in eastern states of India, particularly <a
href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a> and Southernmost st
ate, <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" clas
s="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a></sup></p>
<p>Despite this diversity, some unifying threads emerge. Varied uses of spices a
re an integral part of certain food preparations, and are used to enhance the fl
avour of a dish and create unique flavours and aromas. Cuisine across India has
also been influenced by various cultural groups that entered India throughout hi
story, such as the <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asi
ans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mughals"
class="mw-redirect" title="Mughals">Mughals</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Colonialism_
in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonialism in India">European colonists</a
>.</p>
<p>Indian cuisine is one of the most popular cuisines across the globe.<sup id="
cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a></sup> In most In
dian restaurants outside India, the menu does not do justice to the enormous var
iety of Indian cuisine available the most common cuisine served on the menu woul
d be <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_cuisine" title="Punjabi cuisine">Punjabi cuisine</a>
(<a href="/wiki/Chicken_tikka_masala" title="Chicken tikka masala">chicken tikk

a masala</a> is a very popular dish in the United Kingdom). There do exist some
restaurants serving cuisines from other regions of India, although these are few
and far between. Historically, Indian spices and herbs were one of the most sou
ght after trade commodities. The <a href="/wiki/Spice_trade" title="Spice trade"
>spice trade</a> between India and Europe led to the rise and dominance of Arab
traders to such an extent that European explorers, such as <a href="/wiki/Vasco_
da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama">Vasco da Gama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christopher_
Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a>, set out to find
new trade routes with India leading to the <i><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery"
title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="r
eference"><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a></sup> The popularity of <i><a href="/
wiki/Curry" title="Curry">curry</a></i>, which originated in India, across Asia
has often led to the dish being labeled as the "pan-Asian" dish.<sup id="cite_re
f-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a></sup></p>
<p>Regional Indian cuisine continues to evolve. A fusion of East Asian and Weste
rn cooking methods with traditional cuisines, along with regional adaptations of
fast food are prominent in major Indian cities.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="ref
erence"><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a></sup></p>
<p>Hyderabadi Biryani</p>
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Chickenbiryani.
JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thu
mb/4/4d/Chickenbiryani.JPG/220px-Chickenbiryani.JPG" width="220" height="165" cl
ass="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Chi
ckenbiryani.JPG/330px-Chickenbiryani.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/thumb/4/4d/Chickenbiryani.JPG/440px-Chickenbiryani.JPG 2x" data-file-wid
th="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a>
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Chickenbiryani.JPG" class="internal" ti
tle="Enlarge"></a></div>
<i><a href="/wiki/Hyderabadi_Biryani" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyderabadi Biry
ani">Hyderabadi Biryani</a></i> from the city of Hyderabad</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>The cuisine of <a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a> cons
ists of the <a href="/wiki/Telugu_cuisine" title="Telugu cuisine">Telugu cuisine
</a>, of Telangana's <a href="/wiki/Telugu_people" title="Telugu people">Telugu
people</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Hyderabadi_cuisine" title="Hyderabadi cuisi
ne">Hyderabadi cuisine</a> (also known as Nizami cuisine), of Telangana's <a hre
f="/wiki/Hyderabadi_Muslims" title="Hyderabadi Muslims">Hyderabadi Muslim commun
ity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dubey_and_Pat_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_n
ote-Dubey_and_Pat-81">[81]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pat_82-0" class="reference
"><a href="#cite_note-Pat-82">[82]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hyderabadi_cuisine"
title="Hyderabadi cuisine">Hyderabadi food</a> is based heavily on non-vegetaria
n ingredients while, <a href="/wiki/Telugu_cuisine" title="Telugu cuisine">Telug
u food</a> is a mix of both vegetarian and non-vegetarian ingredients. Telugu fo
od is rich in spices and chillies are abundantly used. The food also generally t
ends to be more on the tangy side with tamarind and lime juice both used liberal
ly as souring agents. Rice is the staple food of Telugu people. Starch is consum
ed with a variety of curries and lentil <a href="/wiki/Soup" title="Soup">soups<
/a> or <a href="/wiki/Broth" title="Broth">broths</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Edelstei
n2011_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edelstein2011-83">[83]</a></su
p><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a></sup>
Vegetarian and non-vegetarian foods are both popular. Hyderabadi cuisine includ
es popular delicacies such as <i><a href="/wiki/Hyderabadi_Biryani" class="mw-re
direct" title="Hyderabadi Biryani">Biryani</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Hyderabadi
_Haleem" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyderabadi Haleem">Haleem</a></i>, <i><a hre
f="/wiki/Baghara_baingan" title="Baghara baingan">Baghara baingan</a></i> and <i
>Kheema,</i> while Hyderabadi day to day dishes see some commonalities with Tela
nganite Telugu food, with its use of tamarind, rice, and lentils, along with mea
t.<sup id="cite_ref-Edelstein2011_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ed
elstein2011-83">[83]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Yogurt" title="Yogurt">Yogurt</a>
is a common addition to meals, as a way of tempering <a href="/wiki/Piquance" cl
ass="mw-redirect" title="Piquance">spiciness</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dum_Pukht_coo
king_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dum_Pukht_cooking-85">[85]</a><
/sup></p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Clothing">Clothing</span><span class="mw-edits
ection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title
=Culture_of_India&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Clothing"
>edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_India"
title="Clothing in India">Clothing in India</a></div>
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Punjabi_woman_s
mile.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/common
s/thumb/0/05/Punjabi_woman_smile.jpg/170px-Punjabi_woman_smile.jpg" width="170"
height="247" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons
/thumb/0/05/Punjabi_woman_smile.jpg/255px-Punjabi_woman_smile.jpg 1.5x, //upload
.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Punjabi_woman_smile.jpg/340px-Punjab
i_woman_smile.jpg 2x" data-file-width="378" data-file-height="550" /></a>
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Punjabi_woman_smile.jpg" class="interna
l" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
Punjabi woman dressed traditionally for 'Teej' festival.</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Styles_of_Sari.
jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thu
mb/d/df/Styles_of_Sari.jpg/200px-Styles_of_Sari.jpg" width="200" height="388" cl
ass="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Sty
les_of_Sari.jpg/300px-Styles_of_Sari.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/thumb/d/df/Styles_of_Sari.jpg/400px-Styles_of_Sari.jpg 2x" data-file-wid
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Styles_of_Sari.jpg" class="internal" ti
Illustration of different styles of <a href="/wiki/Sari" title="Sari">Sari</a>,
<a href="/wiki/Gagra_Choli" class="mw-redirect" title="Gagra Choli">Gagra Choli<
/a> and <a href="/wiki/Shalwar_Kameez" class="mw-redirect" title="Shalwar Kameez
">Shalwar Kameez</a> worn by women in India.</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>Traditional clothing in India greatly varies across different parts of the co
untry and is influenced by local culture, geography, climate and rural/urban set
tings. Popular styles of dress include draped garments such as <a href="/wiki/Sa
ri" title="Sari">sari</a> for women and <a href="/wiki/Dhoti" title="Dhoti">dhot
i</a> or <a href="/wiki/Lungi" title="Lungi">lungi</a> or panche (in Kannada) fo
r men. Stitched clothes are also popular such as <a href="/wiki/Churidar" title=
"Churidar">churidar</a> or <i>salwar-kameez</i> for women, with <i>dupatta</i> (
long scarf) thrown over shoulder completing the outfit. Salwar is often loose fi
tting, while churidar is a tighter cut.<sup id="cite_ref-mc1_86-0" class="refere
nce"><a href="#cite_note-mc1-86">[86]</a></sup></p>
<p>Indian women perfect their sense of charm and fashion with make up and orname
nts. Bindi, mehendi, earrings, bangles and other jewelry are common. On special
occasions, such as marriage ceremonies and festivals, women may wear cheerful co
lours with various ornaments made with gold, silver or other regional stones and
gems. <a href="/wiki/Bindi_(decoration)" title="Bindi (decoration)">Bindi</a> i
s often an essential part of a Hindu woman's make up. Worn on their forehead, so
me consider the <i>bindi</i> as an auspicious mark. Traditionally, the red bindi

was worn only by married Hindu women, and coloured bindi was worn by single wom
en, but now all colours and glitter has become a part of women's fashion. Some w
omen wear <a href="/wiki/Sindoor" title="Sindoor">sindoor</a> a traditional red
or orange-red powder (vermilion) in the parting of their hair (locally called <i
>mang</i>). Sindoor is the traditional mark of a married woman for Hindus. Singl
e Hindu women do not wear <i>sindoor</i>; neither do over 1 million Indian women
from religions other than Hindu and agnostics/atheists who may be married.<sup
id="cite_ref-mc1_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mc1-86">[86]</a></s
up> The make up and clothing styles differ regionally between the Hindu groups,
and also by climate or religion, with Christians preferring Western and Muslim p
referring the Arabic styles.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#ci
te_note-87">[87]</a></sup> For men, stitched versions include <a href="/wiki/Kur
ta" title="Kurta">kurta</a>-<a href="/wiki/Pajama" class="mw-redirect" title="Pa
jama">pyjama</a> and European-style trousers and shirts. In urban and semi-urban
centres, men and women of all religious backgrounds, can often be seen in jeans
, trousers, shirts, suits, kurtas and variety of other fashions.<sup id="cite_re
f-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a></sup></p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Languages_and_literature">Languages and litera
ture</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</
span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_India&action=edit&section=12
" title="Edit section: Languages and literature">edit</a><span class="mw-editsec
tion-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Indian_literature"
title="Indian literature">Indian literature</a></div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsec
ulture_of_India&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: History">ed
it</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div class="thumb tmulti tleft">
<div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Asian_Language_Families.jpg" c
lass="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1
2/South_Asian_Language_Families.jpg/200px-South_Asian_Language_Families.jpg" wid
th="200" height="218" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1
2/South_Asian_Language_Families.jpg/300px-South_Asian_Language_Families.jpg 1.5x
, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/South_Asian_Language_Famil
ies.jpg/400px-South_Asian_Language_Families.jpg 2x" data-file-width="637" data-f
ile-height="695" /></a></div>
</div>
<div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Indo-European_languages_distribution
.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/th
umb/7/7d/Indo-European_languages_distribution.png/200px-Indo-European_languages_
distribution.png" width="200" height="96" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikiped
ia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Indo-European_languages_distribution.png/300px-Indo-Europe
an_languages_distribution.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thu
mb/7/7d/Indo-European_languages_distribution.png/400px-Indo-European_languages_d
istribution.png 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="650" /></a></div>
</div>
nsparent">Language families in India and its neighbouring countries. India has 2
2 official languages 15 of which are <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" tit
le="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a>. The 2001 census of India found 1
22 <a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">first languages</a> in
active use. The second map shows the distribution of the Indo-European languages
throughout the world.</div>
</div>
</div>

<div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Rigveda_MS2097.
jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thu
mb/0/02/Rigveda_MS2097.jpg/200px-Rigveda_MS2097.jpg" width="200" height="194" cl
ass="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Rig
veda_MS2097.jpg/300px-Rigveda_MS2097.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/thumb/0/02/Rigveda_MS2097.jpg/400px-Rigveda_MS2097.jpg 2x" data-file-wid
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Rigveda_MS2097.jpg" class="internal" ti
<i><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Padap
atha" class="mw-redirect" title="Padapatha">padapatha</a>) manuscript in <a href
="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a>, early 19th century. After
a scribal benediction (<i>"rgayanama ;; Aum(3) ;;"</i>), the first line has
the opening words of RV.1.1.1 (<i>agni ; ie ; pura-hita ; yajasya&#160
;; deva ; tvija</i>). The <a href="/wiki/Vedic_accent" title="Vedic accent">Ve
dic accent</a> is marked by underscores and vertical overscores in red.</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><a href="/wiki/File:AsokaKandahar.j
pg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thum
b/1/10/AsokaKandahar.jpg/200px-AsokaKandahar.jpg" width="200" height="172" class
="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/AsokaK
andahar.jpg/300px-AsokaKandahar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commo
ns/thumb/1/10/AsokaKandahar.jpg/400px-AsokaKandahar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="544
" data-file-height="469" /></a>
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:AsokaKandahar.jpg" class="internal" tit
le="Enlarge"></a></div>
Literary records suggest India had interacted in languages of other ancient civi
lisations. This inscription is from Indian emperor <a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title=
"Ashoka">Ashoka</a>, carved in stone about 250 BCE, found in Afghanistan. Inscri
ptions are in <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> an
d <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_language" title="Aramaic language">Aramaic</a>, with id
eas of non-violence against men and all living beings, as the doctrine of <a hre
f="/wiki/Eusebeia" title="Eusebeia">Eusebeia</a> spiritual maturity.</div>
</div>
</div>
<table class="wikitable floatright">
<tr>
<td width="200pt">
<table style="background-color:black;border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid b
lack;width:200px">
<tr>
<td style="border-top:0;padding:1px 0 0 1px">
<table style="background-color:black;border-collapse:collapse">
<tr>
<td style="border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:(1)_Bandanna_Sw
eet_Pink.jpg" class="image" title="Bandanna"><img alt="Bandanna" src="//upload.w
ikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/%281%29_Bandanna_Sweet_Pink.jpg/99px-%
281%29_Bandanna_Sweet_Pink.jpg" width="99" height="84" srcset="//upload.wikimedi
a.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/%281%29_Bandanna_Sweet_Pink.jpg/149px-%281%29
_Bandanna_Sweet_Pink.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/
3c/%281%29_Bandanna_Sweet_Pink.jpg/198px-%281%29_Bandanna_Sweet_Pink.jpg 2x" dat
a-file-width="2800" data-file-height="2387" /></a></td>
<td style="border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:A_platinum_bang
le_with_diamonds.jpg" class="image" title="Bangle"><img alt="Bangle" src="//uplo
ad.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/A_platinum_bangle_with_diamonds.jp
g/99px-A_platinum_bangle_with_diamonds.jpg" width="99" height="88" srcset="//upl

oad.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/A_platinum_bangle_with_diamonds.j
pg/149px-A_platinum_bangle_with_diamonds.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipe
dia/commons/thumb/a/ab/A_platinum_bangle_with_diamonds.jpg/198px-A_platinum_bang
le_with_diamonds.jpg 2x" data-file-width="531" data-file-height="472" /></a></td
>
</tr>
</table>
<table style="background-color:black;border-collapse:collapse">
<tr>
<td style="border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:Bungalow,_on_th
e_B4313,_near_Rosebush_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1000849.jpg" class="image" title="Bun
galow"><img alt="Bungalow" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0
/0c/Bungalow%2C_on_the_B4313%2C_near_Rosebush_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1000849.jpg/99
px-Bungalow%2C_on_the_B4313%2C_near_Rosebush_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1000849.jpg" wi
dth="99" height="74" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c
/Bungalow%2C_on_the_B4313%2C_near_Rosebush_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1000849.jpg/149px
-Bungalow%2C_on_the_B4313%2C_near_Rosebush_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1000849.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Bungalow%2C_on_the_B4313%2C
_near_Rosebush_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1000849.jpg/198px-Bungalow%2C_on_the_B4313%2C
_near_Rosebush_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1000849.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-fi
le-height="480" /></a></td>
<td style="border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:Hair_wash_with_
shampoo.jpg" class="image" title="Shampoo"><img alt="Shampoo" src="//upload.wiki
media.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Hair_wash_with_shampoo.jpg/99px-Hair_wash
_with_shampoo.jpg" width="99" height="74" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikiped
ia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Hair_wash_with_shampoo.jpg/149px-Hair_wash_with_shampoo.jp
g 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Hair_wash_with_shamp
oo.jpg/198px-Hair_wash_with_shampoo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-heig
ht="375" /></a></td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="font-size:smaller">Numerous words from India entered English vocabul
ary during the British colonial era.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a h
ref="#cite_note-89">[89]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a hre
f="#cite_note-90">[90]</a></sup> Examples: <a href="/wiki/Bandana" class="mw-red
irect" title="Bandana">bandana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangle" title="Bangle">bangle
s</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bungalow" title="Bungalow">bungalow</a> and <a href="/wiki
/Shampoo" title="Shampoo">shampoo</a>.</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>The Sanskrit language, whatever be its antiquity, is of a wonderful structure
; more perfect than the Greek, more copious than the Latin, and more exquisitely
refined than either, yet bearing to both of them a stronger affinity, both in t
he roots of verbs and the forms of grammar, than could possibly have been produc
ed by accident; so strong indeed, that no philologer could examine them all thre
e, without believing them to have sprung from <i>some common source</i>, which,
perhaps, no longer exists; there is a similar reason, though not quite so forcib
le, for supposing that both the Gothic and the Celtic, though blended with a ver
y different idiom, had the same origin with the Sanskrit ...</p>
<div class="templatequotecite"><cite> Sir William Jones, 1786<sup id="cite_ref-jone
s_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jones-91">[91]</a></sup></cite></d
iv>
</blockquote>
<p>The <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigvedic</a> <a href="/wiki/Sansk
rit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> is one of the oldest attestations of any <a h

ref="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Aryan language">
Indo-Aryan language</a>, and one of the earliest attested members of the <a href
="/wiki/Indo-European_language_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-European
language family">Indo-European language family</a>. The discovery of Sanskrit by
early European explorers of India led to the development of comparative Philolo
gy. The scholars of the 18th century were struck by the far reaching similarity
of Sanskrit, both in grammar and vocabulary, to the classical languages of Europ
e. Intensive scientific studies that followed have established that Sanskrit and
many Indian derivative languages belong to the family which includes English, G
erman, French, Italian, Spanish, Celtic, Greek, Baltic, Armenian, Persian, Tocha
rian and other Indo-European languages.<sup id="cite_ref-burrow1_92-0" class="re
ference"><a href="#cite_note-burrow1-92">[92]</a></sup></p>
<p>The evolution of language within India may be distinguished over three period
s: old, middle and modern Indo-Aryan. The classical form of old Indo-Aryan was <
i>sanskrit</i> meaning polished, cultivated and correct, in distinction to <i>Pr
akrit</i> the practical language of the migrating masses evolving without concer
n to proper pronunciation or grammar, the structure of language changing as thos
e masses mingled, settled new lands and adopted words from people of other nativ
e languages. <i>Prakrita</i> became middle Indo-Aryan leading to <i>Pali</i> (th
e language of early Buddhists and Ashoka era in 200300 BCE), <i>Prakrit</i> (the
language of Jain philosophers) and <i>Apabhramsa</i> (the language blend at the
final stage of middle Indo-Aryan). It is <i>Apabhramsa</i>, scholars claim,<sup
id="cite_ref-burrow1_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burrow1-92">[92
]</a></sup> that flowered into Hindi, Gujarati, Bengali, Marathi, Punjabi and ma
ny other languages now in use in India's north, east and west. All of these Indi
an languages have roots and structure similar to Sanskrit, to each other and to
other Indo-European languages. Thus we have in India three thousand years of con
tinuous linguistic history recorded and preserved in literary documents. This en
ables scholars to follow language evolution and observe how, by changes hardly n
oticeable from generation to generation, an original language alters into descen
dant languages that are now barely recognisable as the same.<sup id="cite_ref-bu
rrow1_92-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burrow1-92">[92]</a></sup></p>
<p>Sanskrit has had a profound impact on the languages and literature of India.
<a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>, India's most spoken language, is
a "Sanskritised register" of the <a href="/wiki/Khariboli_dialect" title="Kharib
oli dialect">Khariboli dialect</a>. In addition, all modern Indo-Aryan languages
, <a href="/wiki/Munda_languages" title="Munda languages">Munda languages</a> an
d <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian lang
uages</a>, have borrowed many words either directly from Sanskrit (<i><a href="/
wiki/Tatsama" title="Tatsama">tatsama</a></i> words), or indirectly via middle I
ndo-Aryan languages (<i><a href="/wiki/Tadbhava" title="Tadbhava">tadbhava</a></
i> words).<sup id="cite_ref-Staal_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-St
aal-93">[93]</a></sup> Words originating in Sanskrit are estimated to constitute
roughly fifty percent of the vocabulary of modern Indo-Aryan languages,<sup id=
"cite_ref-Chatterji_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chatterji-94">[9
4]</a></sup> and the literary forms of (Dravidian) <a href="/wiki/Telugu_languag
e" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayala
m">Malayalam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kannada_language" class="mw-redirect" title=
"Kannada language">Kannada</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil lang
uage">Tamil</a>, although to a slightly smaller extent, has also been significan
tly influenced by Sanskrit.<sup id="cite_ref-Staal_93-1" class="reference"><a hr
ef="#cite_note-Staal-93">[93]</a></sup> Part of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Easte
rn_Indo-Aryan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Eastern Indo-Aryan l
anguages">Eastern Indo-Aryan languages</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language"
title="Bengali language">Bengali language</a> arose from the eastern <a href="/
wiki/Middle_Indic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Indic languages">
Middle Indic languages</a> and its roots are traced to the 5th-century BCE <a hr
ef="/wiki/Ardhamagadhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ardhamagadhi">Ardhamagadhi</a
> language.<sup id="cite_ref-jain_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ja
in-95">[95]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-keith_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#c

ite_note-keith-96">[96]</a></sup></p>
<p><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>, one of India
's major classical language, descends from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Dravidian" class
="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Dravidian">Proto-Dravidian</a> languages spoken arou
nd the third millennium BCE in peninsular India. The earliest inscriptions of Ta
mil have been found on pottery dating back to 500 BC. <a href="/wiki/Tamil_liter
ature" title="Tamil literature">Tamil literature</a> has existed for over two th
ousand years<sup id="cite_ref-companion_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_n
ote-companion-97">[97]</a></sup> and the earliest <a href="/wiki/Epigraphy" titl
e="Epigraphy">epigraphic</a> records found date from around the 3rd century BCE.
<sup id="cite_ref-Maloney1970_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malone
y1970-98">[98]</a></sup></p>
<p>Another major Classical Dravidian language, <a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Ka
nnada">Kannada</a> is attested epigraphically from the mid-1st millennium AD, an
d literary <a href="/wiki/Old_Kannada_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Old
Kannada literature">Old Kannada</a> flourished in the 9th- to 10th-century <a h
ref="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta Dynasty">
Rashtrakuta Dynasty</a>. Pre-old Kannada (or <i>Purava HazheGannada</i>) was the
language of <a href="/wiki/Banavasi" title="Banavasi">Banavasi</a> in the early
Common Era, the <a href="/wiki/Satavahana" class="mw-redirect" title="Satavahan
a">Satavahana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kadamba_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title=
"Kadamba Dynasty">Kadamba</a> periods and hence has a history of over 2000 years
sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a></sup>
<sup id="cite_ref-pai_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pai-101">[101
]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tamil_epigraphy1_102-0" class="reference"><a href="
#cite_note-Tamil_epigraphy1-102">[102]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Ashoka_rock_
edict" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashoka rock edict">Ashoka rock edict</a> found
at <a href="/wiki/Brahmagiri_archaeological_site" title="Brahmagiri archaeologi
cal site">Brahmagiri</a> (dated 230 BCE) has been suggested to contain a word in
identifiable Kannada.<sup id="cite_ref-isila_103-0" class="reference"><a href="
#cite_note-isila-103">[103]</a></sup></p>
<p><a href="/wiki/Odia_language" title="Odia language">Odia</a> is India's 6th c
lassical language in addition to Sanskrit, Tamil, Telugu, Kannada and Malayalam.
<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a></sup
> It is also one of the 22 official languages in the 8th schedule of Indian cons
titution. Oriya's importance to Indian culture, from ancient times, is evidenced
by its presence in Ashoka's Rock Edict X at Kalsi palitiditu (Dhauli, Jaugada p
alitiditu), dated to be from 2nd century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="refere
nce"><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="refer
ence"><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a></sup></p>
<p>In addition to Indo-European and Dravidian languages, Austro-Asiatic and Tibe
to-Burman languages are in use in India.<sup id="cite_ref-nature.com_107-0" clas
s="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nature.com-107">[107]</a></sup><sup id="cite_r
ef-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a></sup> The 2011 Ling
uistic Survey of India states that India has over 780 languages and 66 different
scripts, with its state of <a href="/wiki/Arunachal_Pradesh" title="Arunachal P
radesh">Arunachal Pradesh</a> with 90 languages.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="re
ference"><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a></sup></p>
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Kurukshetra.jpg
" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/
8/81/Kurukshetra.jpg/200px-Kurukshetra.jpg" width="200" height="139" class="thum
bimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Kurukshetra.
jpg/300px-Kurukshetra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8
/81/Kurukshetra.jpg/400px-Kurukshetra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="614" data-file-he
ight="428" /></a>
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Kurukshetra.jpg" class="internal" title
="Enlarge"></a></div>
Manuscript illustration of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kurukshetra" class="mw-r
edirect" title="Battle of Kurukshetra">Battle of Kurukshetra</a>.</div>
</div>
</div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Epics">Epics</span><span class="mw-editsection
"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultu
re_of_India&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Epics">edit</a>
<span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>The <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Rmyaa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/M
ahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahbhrata</a> are the oldest preserved and well-kn
own epics of India. Versions have been adopted as the epics of Southeast Asian c
ountries like Philippines, Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia. The Ramayana consis
ts of 24,000 verses in seven books (<i><span title="International Alphabet of Sa
nskrit Transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decorati
on: none">kas</span></i>) and 500 <a href="/wiki/Canto" title="Canto">cantos</a> (<
i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration" class="Unicod
e" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">sargas</span></i>),<sup id=
"cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a></sup> and te
lls the story of Rama (an incarnation or <a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">A
vatar</a> of the Hindu preserver-god <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishn
u</a>), whose wife <a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a> is abducted by the
<a href="/wiki/Rakshasa" title="Rakshasa">demon</a> king of <a href="/wiki/Lank
a" title="Lanka">Lanka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ravana" title="Ravana">Ravana</a>. Th
is epic played a pivotal role in establishing the role of <a href="/wiki/Dharma"
title="Dharma">dhrma</a> as a principal ideal guiding force for Hindu way of lif
e.<sup id="cite_ref-Brockington_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bro
ckington-111">[111]</a></sup> The earliest parts of the Mahabharata text date to
400 BC<sup id="cite_ref-Brockington_111-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_not
e-Brockington-111">[111]</a></sup> and is estimated to have reached its final fo
rm by the early <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta period</
a> (c. 4th century AD).<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_n
ote-112">[112]</a></sup> Other regional variations of these, as well as unrelate
d epics include the Tamil <a href="/wiki/Ramavataram" title="Ramavataram">Ramava
taram</a>, Kannada <i>Pampa Bharata</i>, Hindi <i><a href="/wiki/Ramacharitamana
sa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramacharitamanasa">Ramacharitamanasa</a></i>, and
Malayalam <i><a href="/wiki/Thunchaththu_Ramanujan_Ezhuthachan" class="mw-redir
ect" title="Thunchaththu Ramanujan Ezhuthachan">Adhyathmaramayanam</a></i>. In a
ddition to these two great Indian epics, there are five major epics in the class
ical <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil language</a> <i
><a href="/wiki/Silappatikaram" title="Silappatikaram">Silappatikaram</a></i>, <
i><a href="/wiki/Manimekalai" title="Manimekalai">Manimekalai</a></i>, <i><a hre
f="/w/index.php?title=Jivika_Cintamani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new
" title="Jivika Cintamani (page does not exist)">Jivika-cintamani</a></i> and Va
layapathi-kundalakesi.</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Performing_arts">Performing arts</span><span c
ndex.php?title=Culture_of_India&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit sect
ion: Performing arts">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></spa
n></h2>
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Kuchipudi_Perfo
rmer_DS.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/com
mons/thumb/a/ae/Kuchipudi_Performer_DS.jpg/170px-Kuchipudi_Performer_DS.jpg" wid
th="170" height="241" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedi
a/commons/thumb/a/ae/Kuchipudi_Performer_DS.jpg/255px-Kuchipudi_Performer_DS.jpg
1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Kuchipudi_Performer_D
S.jpg/340px-Kuchipudi_Performer_DS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-heig
ht="2405" /></a>
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Kuchipudi_Performer_DS.jpg" class="inte

rnal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
<a href="/wiki/Kuchipudi" title="Kuchipudi">Kuchipudi</a></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Sitara_Thobani_
Odissi_classical_dance_mudra_India_(16).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//up
load.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Sitara_Thobani_Odissi_classical_
dance_mudra_India_%2816%29.jpg/170px-Sitara_Thobani_Odissi_classical_dance_mudra
_India_%2816%29.jpg" width="170" height="256" class="thumbimage" srcset="//uploa
d.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Sitara_Thobani_Odissi_classical_dan
ce_mudra_India_%2816%29.jpg/255px-Sitara_Thobani_Odissi_classical_dance_mudra_In
dia_%2816%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Sitar
a_Thobani_Odissi_classical_dance_mudra_India_%2816%29.jpg/340px-Sitara_Thobani_O
dissi_classical_dance_mudra_India_%2816%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2658" data-f
ile-height="4003" /></a>
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Sitara_Thobani_Odissi_classical_dance_m
udra_India_(16).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
<a href="/wiki/Odissi" title="Odissi">Odissi</a> dance.</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bhangra_dance.j
pg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thum
b/6/6d/Bhangra_dance.jpg/170px-Bhangra_dance.jpg" width="170" height="256" class
="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Bhangr
a_dance.jpg/255px-Bhangra_dance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commo
ns/thumb/6/6d/Bhangra_dance.jpg/340px-Bhangra_dance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="186
3" data-file-height="2806" /></a>
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Bhangra_dance.jpg" class="internal" tit
le="Enlarge"></a></div>
<a href="/wiki/Bhangra_(dance)" title="Bhangra (dance)">Bhangra</a> folk dance.<
/div>
</div>
</div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Dance">Dance</span><span class="mw-editsection
re_of_India&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Dance">edit</a>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dance_in_India" ti
tle="Dance in India">Dance in India</a></div>
) be the fifth vedic scripture. Combined with an epic st
<p>Let drama and dance (Ntya,
ory, tending to virtue, wealth, joy and spiritual freedom, it must contain the s
ignificance of every scripture, and forward every art.</p>
<div class="templatequotecite"><cite> First chapter of <i>Ntyastra</i>, sometime betwe
en 200BC 200AD<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113">
[113]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mog17_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_n
ote-mog17-114">[114]</a></sup></cite></div>
</blockquote>
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bharatanatyam_6
umb/7/7c/Bharatanatyam_6.jpg/170px-Bharatanatyam_6.jpg" width="170" height="167"
class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/
Bharatanatyam_6.jpg/255px-Bharatanatyam_6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikip
edia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Bharatanatyam_6.jpg/340px-Bharatanatyam_6.jpg 2x" data-f
ile-width="378" data-file-height="371" /></a>

<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Bharatanatyam_6.jpg" class="internal" t
Indian has numerous dance-drama traditions, of which 10 are major.<sup id="cite_
ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams200483.E2.80.9384.2C_Quote:_The_major_classical_Indian_dance
s_are:_Bharatanatyam.2C_Kathak.2C_Kuchipudi.2C_Odissi.2C_Kathakali.2C_Manipuri.2
C_Cchau.2C_Satriya.2C_Yaksagana_and_Bhagavata_Mela._115-0" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams200483.E2.80.9384.2C_Quote:_The_major_classical
_Indian_dances_are:_Bharatanatyam.2C_Kathak.2C_Kuchipudi.2C_Odissi.2C_Kathakali.
2C_Manipuri.2C_Cchau.2C_Satriya.2C_Yaksagana_and_Bhagavata_Mela.-115">[115]</a><
/sup> Of these, the <a href="/wiki/Bharatanatyam" title="Bharatanatyam">Bharatan
atyam</a> culture has grown to be its most popular tradition in India and abroad
.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a></su
p></div>
</div>
</div>
<p>India has had a long romance with the art of dance. The Hindu Sanskrit texts
<i>Ntyastra</i> (Science of Dance) and <i>Abhinaya Darpana</i> (Mirror of Gesture)
are estimated to be from 200 BCE to early centuries of the 1st millennium CE.<su
p id="cite_ref-mog17_114-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mog17-114">[11
4]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENatalia_Lidova2014_117-0" class="reference
"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENatalia_Lidova2014-117">[117]</a></sup><sup id="ci
te_ref-FOOTNOTETarla_Mehta1995xxiv.2C_19.E2.80.9320_118-0" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarla_Mehta1995xxiv.2C_19.E2.80.9320-118">[118]</a></su
p></p>
<p>The Indian art of dance as taught in these ancient books, according to Ragini
Devi, is the expression of inner beauty and the divine in man.<sup id="cite_ref
-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a></sup> It is a deliber
ate art, nothing is left to chance, each gesture seeks to communicate the ideas,
each facial expression the emotions.</p>
<p><a href="/wiki/Dance_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Dance of India">Ind
ian dance</a> includes eight classical dance forms, many in narrative forms with
<a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">mythological</a> elemen
ts. The eight classical forms accorded <a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_dance" ti
tle="Indian classical dance">classical dance status</a> by India's <i><a href="/
wiki/Sangeet_Natak_Academi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangeet Natak Academi">Na
tional Academy of Music, Dance, and Drama</a></i> are: <i><a href="/wiki/Bharata
natyam" title="Bharatanatyam">bharatanatyam</a></i> of the state of <a href="/wi
ki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Kathak" titl
e="Kathak">kathak</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh"
>Uttar Pradesh</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Kathakali" title="Kathakali">kathakali</a>
</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Mohiniattam" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohiniattam">
mohiniattam</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, <i><a h
ref="/wiki/Kuchipudi" title="Kuchipudi">kuchipudi</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Andh
ra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Yakshag
ana" title="Yakshagana">yakshagana</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="K
arnataka">Karnataka</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Manipuri_dance" title="Manipuri dance
">manipuri</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Manipur" title="Manipur">Manipur</a>, <i><a
href="/wiki/Odissi" title="Odissi">odissi</a> (orissi)</i> of the state of <a h
ref="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Sattriya_
dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Sattriya dance">sattriya</a></i> of <a href="/
wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a></sup></p>
<p>In addition to the formal arts of dance, Indian regions have a strong free fo
rm, folksy dance tradition. Some of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_folk_dance" class=
"mw-redirect" title="Indian folk dance">folk dances</a> include the <i><a href="
/wiki/Bhangra_(dance)" title="Bhangra (dance)">bhangra</a></i> of <a href="/wiki
/Punjab_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab region">Punjab</a>; the <i><a
href="/wiki/Bihu" title="Bihu">bihu</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assa

m">Assam</a>; the zeliang of <a href="/wiki/Nagaland" title="Nagaland">Nagaland<
/a>; the <i><a href="/wiki/Chhau_dance" title="Chhau dance">chhau</a></i> of <a
href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_B
engal" title="West Bengal">Bengal</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Ghumura_Dance" title="
Ghumura Dance">Ghumura Dance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gotipua" title="Gotipua">Gotipu
a</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahari_dance" title="Mahari dance">Mahari dance</a> and <a
href="/wiki/Dalkhai" title="Dalkhai">Dalkhai</a> of <a href="/wiki/Odisha" titl
e="Odisha">Odisha</a>; the qauwwalis, birhas and charkulas of <a href="/wiki/Utt
ar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>; the jat-jatin, nat-natin an
d saturi of <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>; the <i><a href="/wiki
/Ghoomar" title="Ghoomar">ghoomar</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Ra
jasthan">Rajasthan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a>;
the <i><a href="/wiki/Dandiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Dandiya">dandiya</a></
i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Garba_(dance)" title="Garba (dance)">garba</a></i> of <
a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>; the kolattam of <a href="/wi
ki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a> and <a href="/wiki/
Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a> ; the <i><a href="/wiki/Yakshaga
na" title="Yakshagana">yakshagana</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Ka
rnataka">Karnataka</a> ; <i><a href="/wiki/Lavani" title="Lavani">lavani</a
></i> of <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>; <i><a
href="/wiki/Dekhnni" class="mw-redirect" title="Dekhnni">Dekhnni</a></i> of <a h
ref="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a>. Recent developments include adoption of int
ernational dance forms particularly in the urban centres of India, and the exten
sion of Indian classical dance arts by the Kerala Christian community, to tell s
tories from the Bible.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_no
te-122">[122]</a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Drama_and_theatre">Drama and theatre</span><sp
an class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="
/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_India&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit
section: Drama and theatre">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span
></span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Theatre_in_India"
class="mw-redirect" title="Theatre in India">Theatre in India</a></div>
<p>Indian drama and theatre has a long history alongside its music and dance. <a
href="/wiki/K%C4%81lid%C4%81sa" title="Klidsa">Kalidasa</a>'s plays like <a href=
"/wiki/Shakuntala" title="Shakuntala">Shakuntala</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meghadoo
t" class="mw-redirect" title="Meghadoot">Meghadoota</a> are some of the older dr
amas, following those of Bhasa. One of the oldest surviving theatre traditions o
f the world is the 2,000-year-old <a href="/wiki/Kutiyattam" class="mw-redirect"
title="Kutiyattam">Kutiyattam</a> of Kerala. It strictly follows the <a href="/
wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12
3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a></sup> Ntychrya <a href="/wi
ki/M%C4%81ni_M%C4%81dhava_Ch%C4%81ky%C4%81r" class="mw-redirect" title="Mni Mdhava
Chkyr">Mni Mdhava Chkyr</a> is credited for reviving the age old drama tradition from
extinction. He was known for mastery of <a href="/wiki/Rasa_(aesthetics)" title
="Rasa (aesthetics)">Rasa Abhinaya</a>. He started to perform the Kalidasa plays
like <i><a href="/wiki/Abhij%C3%B1%C4%81na%C5%9B%C4%81kuntala" class="mw-redire
ct" title="Abhijnakuntala">Abhijnakuntala</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Vikramorva%C5%9B
%ABya" class="mw-redirect" title="Vikramorvaya">Vikramorvaya</a></i> and <i><a href=
"/wiki/M%C4%81lavik%C4%81gnimitra" class="mw-redirect" title="Mlavikgnimitra">Mlavi
kgnimitra</a></i>; Bhasa's <i><a href="/wiki/Swapnav%C4%81savadatta" class="mw-re
direct" title="Swapnavsavadatta">Swapnavsavadatta</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Pa
nchar%C4%81tra" title="Panchartra">Panchartra</a></i>; <a href="/wiki/Harsha" titl
e="Harsha">Harsha</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Nagananda" title="Nagananda">Nagananda
</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]
</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125">[125
]</a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Music">Music</span><span class="mw-editsection
re_of_India&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Music">edit</a>

<div class="thumb tmulti tright">
<div class="tsingle" style="float:left;margin:1px;width:202px;max-width:202px">
<div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Intruments-Inde-1.jpg" class="image"
><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Intruments
-Inde-1.jpg/200px-Intruments-Inde-1.jpg" width="200" height="284" srcset="//uplo
ad.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Intruments-Inde-1.jpg/300px-Intrum
ents-Inde-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Intrum
ents-Inde-1.jpg/400px-Intruments-Inde-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-fileheight="727" /></a></div>
</div>
<div class="tsingle" style="float:left;margin:1px;width:202px;max-width:202px">
<div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Intruments-Inde-2.jpg" class="image"
><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Intruments
-Inde-2.jpg/200px-Intruments-Inde-2.jpg" width="200" height="284" srcset="//uplo
ad.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Intruments-Inde-2.jpg/300px-Intrum
ents-Inde-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Intrum
ents-Inde-2.jpg/400px-Intruments-Inde-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-fileheight="727" /></a></div>
</div>
<div style="clear:left"></div>
nsparent">Images of musical instruments drawn by Pierre Sonnerat, the French exp
lorer, in 1782 during his voyage through India.</div>
</div>
</div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_India" ti
tle="Music of India">Music of India</a></div>
<p>Music is an integral part of India's culture. <a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" t
itle="Natya Shastra">Natyasastra</a>, a 2000-year-old Sanskrit text, describes f
ive systems of taxonomy to classify musical instruments.<sup id="cite_ref-126" c
lass="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a></sup> One of these ancient I
ndian systems classifies musical instruments into four groups according to four
primary sources of vibration: strings, membranes, cymbals, and air. According to
Reis Flora, this is similar to the Western theory of organology. Archeologists
have also reported the discovery of a 3000-year-old, 20-key, carefully shaped po
lished basalt lithophone in the <a href="/wiki/Sankarjang" title="Sankarjang">hi
ghlands of Odisha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_no
te-127">[127]</a></sup></p>
<p>The oldest preserved examples of Indian music are the melodies of the <i><a h
ref="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></i> (1000 BC) that are still
sung in certain Vedic <a href="/wiki/Shrauta" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrauta
">rauta</a> sacrifices; this is the earliest account of Indian musical hymns.<sup
id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a></sup> It
proposed a tonal structure consisting of seven notes, which were named, in desc
ending order, as <i>Krusht</i>, <i>Pratham</i>, <i>Dwitiya</i>, <i>Tritiya</i>,
<i>Chaturth</i>, <i>Mandra</i> and <i>Atiswr</i>. These refer to the notes of a f
lute, which was the only fixed frequency instrument. The Samaveda, and other <a
href="/wiki/Hindu" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> texts, heavily influenced <a href="/w
iki/Indian_classical_music" title="Indian classical music">India's classical mus
ic</a> tradition, which is known today in two distinct styles: <a href="/wiki/Ca
rnatic_music" title="Carnatic music">Carnatic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_
music" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindustani music">Hindustani music</a>. Both t
he Carnatic music and Hindustani music systems are based on the melodic base (kn
own as <a href="/wiki/Raga" title="Raga">Rga</a>), sung to a rhythmic cycle (know
n as <a href="/wiki/Tala_(music)" title="Tala (music)">Tla</a>); these principles
were refined in the <a href="/wiki/Natyashastra" class="mw-redirect" title="Nat
yashastra">ntyastra</a> (200 BC) and the <a href="/wiki/Dattilam" title="Dattilam">
dattilam</a> (300 AD).<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_no

te-129">[129]</a></sup></p>
<p>The current music of India includes multiple varieties of religious, classica
l, <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk</a>, popular and pop music
.</p>
<p>Prominent contemporary Indian musical forms included <a href="/wiki/Filmi" ti
tle="Filmi">filmi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indipop" class="mw-redirect" title="Ind
ipop">Indipop</a>. Filmi refers to the wide range of music written and performed
for mainstream <a href="/wiki/Indian_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian
cinema">Indian cinema</a>, primarily <a href="/wiki/Bollywood" title="Bollywood"
>Bollywood</a>, and accounts for more than 70 percent of all music sales in the
country.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]<
/a></sup> Indipop is one of the most popular contemporary styles of Indian music
which is either a fusion of <a href="/wiki/Indian_folk_music" title="Indian fol
k music">Indian folk</a>, classical or <a href="/wiki/Sufi_music" title="Sufi mu
sic">Sufi music</a> with Western musical traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class
="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a></sup></p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Visual_arts">Visual arts</span><span class="mw
-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php
?title=Culture_of_India&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Vis
ual arts">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Indian_art" title=
"Indian art">Indian art</a></div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Painting">Painting</span><span class="mw-edits
=Culture_of_India&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Painting"
<div role="note" class="hatnote">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Indian_painting" t
itle="Indian painting">Indian painting</a></div>
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Meister_des_Mah
%C3%A2janaka_J%C3%A2taka_001.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikime
dia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Meister_des_Mah%C3%A2janaka_J%C3%A2taka_001
.jpg/220px-Meister_des_Mah%C3%A2janaka_J%C3%A2taka_001.jpg" width="220" height="
183" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d
/d3/Meister_des_Mah%C3%A2janaka_J%C3%A2taka_001.jpg/330px-Meister_des_Mah%C3%A2j
anaka_J%C3%A2taka_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d
/d3/Meister_des_Mah%C3%A2janaka_J%C3%A2taka_001.jpg/440px-Meister_des_Mah%C3%A2j
anaka_J%C3%A2taka_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="1682" /><
/a>
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Meister_des_Mah%C3%A2janaka_J%C3%A2taka
_001.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
The <a href="/wiki/Jataka_tales" title="Jataka tales">Jataka tales</a> from <a h
ref="/wiki/Ajanta_Caves" title="Ajanta Caves">Ajanta Caves</a>.</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>Cave paintings from <a href="/wiki/Ajanta_Caves" title="Ajanta Caves">Ajanta<
/a>, <a href="/wiki/Bagh_Caves" title="Bagh Caves">Bagh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ello
ra" class="mw-redirect" title="Ellora">Ellora</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sittanavasa
l" title="Sittanavasal">Sittanavasal</a> and temple paintings testify to a love
of naturalism. Most early and medieval art in India is Hindu, Buddhist or Jain.
A freshly made coloured floor design (<a href="/wiki/Rangoli" title="Rangoli">Ra
ngoli</a>) is still a common sight outside the doorstep of many (mostly South In
dian) Indian homes. <a href="/wiki/Raja_Ravi_Varma" title="Raja Ravi Varma">Raja
Ravi Varma</a> is one of the classical painters from medieval India.</p>
<p><a href="/wiki/Pattachitra" title="Pattachitra">Pattachitra</a>, <a href="/wi
ki/Madhubani_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Madhubani painting">Madhubani
painting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mysore_painting" title="Mysore painting">Mysore pai
nting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rajput_painting" title="Rajput painting">Rajput painti
ng</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanjore_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanjore pain

ting">Tanjore painting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mughal_painting" title="Mughal painti
ng">Mughal painting</a> are some notable Genres of Indian Art; while <a href="/w
iki/Nandalal_Bose" title="Nandalal Bose">Nandalal Bose</a>, <a href="/wiki/M._F.
_Husain" title="M. F. Husain">M. F. Husain</a>, <a href="/wiki/S._H._Raza" title
="S. H. Raza">S. H. Raza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geeta_Vadhera" title="Geeta Vadhera
">Geeta Vadhera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jamini_Roy" title="Jamini Roy">Jamini Roy</a
> and B. Venkatappa<sup id="cite_ref-venka_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#ci
te_note-venka-132">[132]</a></sup> are some modern painters. Among the present d
ay artists, Atul Dodiya, Bose Krishnamacnahri, <a href="/wiki/Devajyoti_Ray" tit
le="Devajyoti Ray">Devajyoti Ray</a> and Shibu Natesan represent a new era of In
dian art where global art shows direct amalgamation with Indian classical styles
. These recent artists have acquired international recognition. <a href="/wiki/J
ehangir_Art_Gallery" title="Jehangir Art Gallery">Jehangir Art Gallery</a> in <a
href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mysore_Palace" ti
tle="Mysore Palace">Mysore Palace</a> has on display a few good Indian paintings
.</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Sculpture">Sculpture</span><span class="mw-edi
le=Culture_of_India&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Sculptu
re">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ellora_cave10_0
01.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/
thumb/3/32/Ellora_cave10_001.jpg/170px-Ellora_cave10_001.jpg" width="170" height
="255" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb
/3/32/Ellora_cave10_001.jpg/255px-Ellora_cave10_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia
.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Ellora_cave10_001.jpg/340px-Ellora_cave10_001.
jpg 2x" data-file-width="853" data-file-height="1280" /></a>
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Ellora_cave10_001.jpg" class="internal"
The 5th-century Buddhist <i>vishvakarma</i> cave at <a href="/wiki/Ellora" class
="mw-redirect" title="Ellora">Ellora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Mah
arashtra">Maharashtra</a></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:132px;"><a href="/wiki/File:WLA_lacma_Celes
tial_Nymph_ca_1450_Rajasthan.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikime
dia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/WLA_lacma_Celestial_Nymph_ca_1450_Rajasthan
.jpg/130px-WLA_lacma_Celestial_Nymph_ca_1450_Rajasthan.jpg" width="130" height="
173" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1
/10/WLA_lacma_Celestial_Nymph_ca_1450_Rajasthan.jpg/195px-WLA_lacma_Celestial_Ny
mph_ca_1450_Rajasthan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1
/10/WLA_lacma_Celestial_Nymph_ca_1450_Rajasthan.jpg/260px-WLA_lacma_Celestial_Ny
mph_ca_1450_Rajasthan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></
a>
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:WLA_lacma_Celestial_Nymph_ca_1450_Rajas
than.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
Marble Sculpture of female, c. 1450, Rajasthan</div>
</div>
</div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sculpture_in_India
" class="mw-redirect" title="Sculpture in India">Sculpture in India</a></div>
<p>The first <a href="/wiki/Sculptures" class="mw-redirect" title="Sculptures">s
culptures</a> in India date back to the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilisation
" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley civilisation">Indus Valley civilisatio
n</a>, where stone and bronze figures have been discovered. Later, as Hinduism,
Buddhism, and Jainism developed further, India produced some extremely intricate
<a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronzes</a> as well as temple carvings. S
ome huge shrines, such as the one at <a href="/wiki/Ellora_Caves" title="Ellora
Caves">Ellora</a> were not constructed by using blocks but carved out of solid r
ock.</p>
<p>Sculptures produced in the northwest, in <a href="/wiki/Stucco" title="Stucco
">stucco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schist" title="Schist">schist</a>, or <a href="/wik
i/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a>, display a very strong blend of Indian and Classic
al <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic">Hellenist
ic</a> or possibly even <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman" class="mw-redirect" title="G
reco-Roman">Greco-Roman</a> influence. The pink <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title=
"Sandstone">sandstone</a> sculptures of <a href="/wiki/Mathura,_Uttar_Pradesh" c
lass="mw-redirect" title="Mathura, Uttar Pradesh">Mathura</a> evolved almost sim
ultaneously. During the <a href="/wiki/Gupta_period" class="mw-redirect" title="
Gupta period">Gupta period</a> (4th to 6th centuries) sculpture reached a very h
igh standard in execution and delicacy in modeling. These styles and others else
where in India evolved leading to classical Indian art that contributed to Buddh
ist and Hindu sculpture throughout Southeast Central and East Asia.</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Architecture">Architecture</span><span class="
mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.p
hp?title=Culture_of_India&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: A
rchitecture">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_In
dia" title="Architecture of India">Architecture of India</a></div>
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:TajMahalbyAmalM
ongia.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commo
ns/thumb/4/4d/TajMahalbyAmalMongia.jpg/220px-TajMahalbyAmalMongia.jpg" width="22
0" height="220" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/comm
ons/thumb/4/4d/TajMahalbyAmalMongia.jpg/330px-TajMahalbyAmalMongia.jpg 1.5x, //u
pload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/TajMahalbyAmalMongia.jpg/440pxTajMahalbyAmalMongia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1009" data-file-height="1007" /></
a>
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:TajMahalbyAmalMongia.jpg" class="intern
al" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
Considered to be an "unrivaled architectural wonder",<sup id="cite_ref-133" clas
s="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Taj_Ma
hal" title="Taj Mahal">Taj Mahal</a> in <a href="/wiki/Agra" title="Agra">Agra</
a> is a prime example of <a href="/wiki/Indo-Islamic_architecture" title="Indo-I
slamic architecture">Indo-Islamic architecture</a>. One of the world's <a href="
/wiki/Wonders_of_the_World" title="Wonders of the World">seven wonders</a>.</div
>
</div>
</div>
<p>Indian architecture encompasses a multitude of expressions over space and tim
e, constantly absorbing new ideas. The result is an evolving range of architectu
ral production that nonetheless retains a certain amount of continuity across hi
story. Some of its earliest production are found in the <i><a href="/wiki/Indus_
Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley Civilisation
</a></i> (26001900 BC) which is characterised by well planned cities and houses.
<a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religion</a> and kingship do not seem
to have played an important role in the planning and layout of these towns.</p>
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:272px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Konark_Sun_Temp
le_Front_view.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikiped
ia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Konark_Sun_Temple_Front_view.jpg/270px-Konark_Sun_Temple_F
ront_view.jpg" width="270" height="203" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wiki
media.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Konark_Sun_Temple_Front_view.jpg/405px-Ko
nark_Sun_Temple_Front_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/th
umb/b/b8/Konark_Sun_Temple_Front_view.jpg/540px-Konark_Sun_Temple_Front_view.jpg
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Konark_Sun_Temple_Front_view.jpg" class
="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
<a href="/wiki/Konark_Sun_Temple" title="Konark Sun Temple">Konark Sun Temple</a
> in <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a></div>
</div>
</div>
<p>During the period of the <a href="/wiki/Mauryan" class="mw-redirect" title="M
auryan">Mauryan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta<
/a> empires and their successors, several Buddhist architectural complexes, such
as the caves of <a href="/wiki/Ajanta_Caves" title="Ajanta Caves">Ajanta</a> an
d <a href="/wiki/Ellora_Caves" title="Ellora Caves">Ellora</a> and the monumenta
l <a href="/wiki/Sanchi" title="Sanchi">Sanchi</a> <a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="
Stupa">Stupa</a> were built. Later on, South India produced several Hindu temple
s like <a href="/wiki/Chennakesava_Temple" title="Chennakesava Temple">Chennakes
ava Temple</a> at <a href="/wiki/Belur" title="Belur">Belur</a>, the <a href="/w
iki/Hoysaleswara_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoysaleswara temple">Hoysale
swara Temple</a> at <a href="/wiki/Halebidu" title="Halebidu">Halebidu</a>, and
the <a href="/wiki/Chennakesava_Temple_at_Somanathapura" class="mw-redirect" tit
le="Chennakesava Temple at Somanathapura">Kesava Temple</a> at <a href="/wiki/So
manathapura" title="Somanathapura">Somanathapura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brihadeeswa
ra_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Brihadeeswara Temple">Brihadeeswara Temple
</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thanjavur" title="Thanjavur">Thanjavur</a> built by Raja Ra
ja Chola, the <a href="/wiki/Sun_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun Temple">
Sun Temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Konark" title="Konark">Konark</a>, <a href="/wiki
/Sri_Ranganathaswamy_Temple_(Srirangam)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Ranganat
haswamy Temple (Srirangam)">Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple</a> at <a href="/wiki/Sri
rangam" title="Srirangam">Srirangam</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha"
title="Gautama Buddha">Buddha</a> <a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">stupa</a>
(Chinna Lanja dibba and Vikramarka kota dibba) at <a href="/wiki/Bhattiprolu" ti
tle="Bhattiprolu">Bhattiprolu</a>. <a href="/wiki/Angkor_Wat" title="Angkor Wat"
>Angkor Wat</a>, Borobudur and other <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect
" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hindu" title="Hindu">Hindu</a
> temples indicate strong Indian influence on South East Asian architecture, as
they are built in styles almost identical to traditional Indian religious buildi
ngs.</p>
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:UmaidBhawan_Ext
erior_1.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/com
mons/thumb/5/53/UmaidBhawan_Exterior_1.jpg/220px-UmaidBhawan_Exterior_1.jpg" wid
a/commons/thumb/5/53/UmaidBhawan_Exterior_1.jpg/330px-UmaidBhawan_Exterior_1.jpg
1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/UmaidBhawan_Exterior_
1.jpg/440px-UmaidBhawan_Exterior_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="767" data-file-heigh
t="500" /></a>
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:UmaidBhawan_Exterior_1.jpg" class="inte
The <a href="/wiki/Umaid_Bhawan_Palace" title="Umaid Bhawan Palace">Umaid Bhawan
Palace</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jodhpur" title="Jodhpur">Jodhpur</a>, <a href="/wi
ki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="refe
rence"><a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a></sup></div>
</div>
</div>
<p>The traditional system of <a href="/wiki/Vaastu_Shastra" class="mw-redirect"
title="Vaastu Shastra">Vaastu Shastra</a> serves as India's version of <a href="
/wiki/Feng_Shui" class="mw-redirect" title="Feng Shui">Feng Shui</a>, influencin
g town planning, architecture, and ergonomics. It is unclear which system is old
er, but they contain certain similarities. Feng Shui is more commonly used throu
ghout the world. Though Vastu is conceptually similar to Feng Shui in that it al
so tries to harmonise the flow of energy, (also called life-force or <a href="/w
iki/Prana" title="Prana">Prana</a> in Sanskrit and <a href="/wiki/Qi" title="Qi"
>Chi</a>/<a href="/wiki/Qi" title="Qi">Ki</a> in Chinese/Japanese), through the
house, it differs in the details, such as the exact directions in which various
objects, rooms, materials, etc. are to be placed..</p>
<p>With the advent of Islamic influence from the west, Indian architecture was a
dapted to allow the traditions of the new religion. <a href="/wiki/Fatehpur_Sikr
i" title="Fatehpur Sikri">Fatehpur Sikri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taj_Mahal" title="T
aj Mahal">Taj Mahal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gol_Gumbaz" title="Gol Gumbaz">Gol Gumba
z</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qutub_Minar" class="mw-redirect" title="Qutub Minar">Qutub
Minar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_Fort_of_Delhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Red For
t of Delhi">Red Fort of Delhi</a> are creations of this era, and are often used
as the stereotypical symbols of India. The colonial rule of the British Empire s
aw the development of <a href="/wiki/Indo-Saracenic" class="mw-redirect" title="
Indo-Saracenic">Indo-Saracenic</a> style, and mixing of several other styles, su
ch as European Gothic. The <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Memorial_(India)" class="mw-r
edirect" title="Victoria Memorial (India)">Victoria Memorial</a> or the <a href=
"/wiki/Chhatrapati_Shivaji_Terminus" class="mw-redirect" title="Chhatrapati Shiv
aji Terminus">Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus</a> are notable examples.</p>
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Victoria_by_nab
arun.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/common
s/thumb/9/99/Victoria_by_nabarun.jpg/220px-Victoria_by_nabarun.jpg" width="220"
height="175" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons
/thumb/9/99/Victoria_by_nabarun.jpg/330px-Victoria_by_nabarun.jpg 1.5x, //upload
.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Victoria_by_nabarun.jpg/440px-Victor
ia_by_nabarun.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="813" /></a>
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Victoria_by_nabarun.jpg" class="interna
l" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
The <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Memorial" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria Memori
al">Victoria Memorial</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a>
illuminated at night.</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>Indian architecture has influenced eastern and southeastern Asia, due to the
spread of Buddhism. A number of Indian architectural features such as the temple
mound or <a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">stupa</a>, temple spire or <a href
="/wiki/Shikhara" title="Shikhara">shikhara</a>, temple tower or <a href="/wiki/
Pagoda" title="Pagoda">pagoda</a> and temple gate or <a href="/wiki/Torana" titl
e="Torana">torana</a>, have become famous symbols of Asian culture, used extensi
vely in <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a> and <a href="/
wiki/South_East_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="South East Asia">South East Asi
a</a>. The central spire is also sometimes called a <a href="/wiki/Gopuram" titl
e="Gopuram">vimanam</a>. The southern temple gate, or <a href="/wiki/Gopuram" ti
tle="Gopuram">gopuram</a> is noted for its intricacy and majesty.</p>
<p>Contemporary <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_India" title="Architecture of Ind
ia">Indian architecture</a> is more cosmopolitan. Cities are extremely compact a
nd densely populated. Mumbai's <a href="/wiki/Nariman_Point" title="Nariman Poin
t">Nariman Point</a> is famous for its <a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco"
>Art Deco</a> buildings. Recent creations such as the <a href="/wiki/Lotus_Templ
e" title="Lotus Temple">Lotus Temple</a>, and the various modern urban developme
nts of India like <a href="/wiki/Bhubaneswar" title="Bhubaneswar">Bhubaneswar</a
> and <a href="/wiki/Chandigarh" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a>, are notable.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Sports_and_martial_arts">Sports and martial ar
ts</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</sp
an><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_India&action=edit&section=23"
title="Edit section: Sports and martial arts">edit</a><span class="mw-editsectio

n-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Sports">Sports</span><span class="mw-editsecti
on"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cul
ture_of_India&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Sports">edit<
/a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Cricket_picture
umb/3/3e/Cricket_picture.jpg/220px-Cricket_picture.jpg" width="220" height="99"
class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/C
ricket_picture.jpg/330px-Cricket_picture.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipe
dia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Cricket_picture.jpg/440px-Cricket_picture.jpg 2x" data-fi
le-width="1178" data-file-height="531" /></a>
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Cricket_picture.jpg" class="internal" t
<a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">Cricket</a> was introduced to India by t
he British. Now it is the country's most popular sport.</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Kerala_boatrace
umb/4/4f/Kerala_boatrace.jpg/220px-Kerala_boatrace.jpg" width="220" height="96"
class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/K
erala_boatrace.jpg/330px-Kerala_boatrace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipe
dia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Kerala_boatrace.jpg/440px-Kerala_boatrace.jpg 2x" data-fi
le-width="1024" data-file-height="449" /></a>
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Kerala_boatrace.jpg" class="internal" t
The annual <a href="/wiki/Snake_boat_race" class="mw-redirect" title="Snake boat
race">Snake boat race</a> is performed during <a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam"
>Onam</a> Celebrations on the <a href="/wiki/Pamba_River" title="Pamba River">Pa
mba River</a> at <a href="/wiki/Aranmula" title="Aranmula">Aranmula</a> near <a
href="/wiki/Pathanamthitta" title="Pathanamthitta">Pathanamthitta</a>.</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Force_india_Bud
dh.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/
thumb/d/d1/Force_india_Buddh.jpg/220px-Force_india_Buddh.jpg" width="220" height
="75" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/
d/d1/Force_india_Buddh.jpg/330px-Force_india_Buddh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.
org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Force_india_Buddh.jpg/440px-Force_india_Buddh.j
pg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="351" /></a>
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Force_india_Buddh.jpg" class="internal"
In 2011, India hosted its first Formula One Grand Prix event.</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Yoga_prayer_by_
the_Sea.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/com
mons/thumb/5/5d/Yoga_prayer_by_the_Sea.jpg/220px-Yoga_prayer_by_the_Sea.jpg" wid
a/commons/thumb/5/5d/Yoga_prayer_by_the_Sea.jpg/330px-Yoga_prayer_by_the_Sea.jpg
1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Yoga_prayer_by_the_Se
a.jpg/440px-Yoga_prayer_by_the_Sea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-heigh

t="427" /></a>
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Yoga_prayer_by_the_Sea.jpg" class="inte
<a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a> originated in India. <a href="/wiki/P
ata%C3%B1jali" class="mw-redirect" title="Patajali">Patajali</a>, in India's ancie
nt books, suggests yoga's goal is to help one focus, reflect upon, know and expr
ess one's highest self.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_n
ote-135">[135]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_
note-136">[136]</a></sup> India's cultural journey with yoga is now popular in m
any parts of the world.</div>
</div>
</div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sports_in_India" c
lass="mw-redirect" title="Sports in India">Sports in India</a></div>
<p><a href="/wiki/Field_hockey" title="Field hockey">Field hockey</a> is the off
icial national sport in India.<sup id="cite_ref-Gooptu_137-0" class="reference">
<a href="#cite_note-Gooptu-137">[137]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Karafin_138-0"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karafin-138">[138]</a></sup> At a time whe
n it was especially popular, the <a href="/wiki/India_men%27s_national_field_hoc
key_team" title="India men's national field hockey team">India national field ho
ckey team</a> won the 1975 <a href="/wiki/Hockey_World_Cup" title="Hockey World
Cup">Men's Hockey World Cup</a>, and 8 <a href="/wiki/Gold_medal" title="Gold me
dal">gold</a>, 1 <a href="/wiki/Silver_medal" title="Silver medal">silver</a>, a
nd 2 <a href="/wiki/Bronze_medal" title="Bronze medal">bronze</a> medals at the
Olympic Games. However, field hockey in India no longer has the following that i
t once did.<sup id="cite_ref-Karafin_138-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_not
e-Karafin-138">[138]</a></sup></p>
<p><a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">Cricket</a> is considered the most po
pular sport in India.<sup id="cite_ref-Gooptu_137-1" class="reference"><a href="
#cite_note-Gooptu-137">[137]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/India_national_cricket
_team" title="India national cricket team">India national cricket team</a> won t
he <a href="/wiki/1983_Cricket_World_Cup" title="1983 Cricket World Cup">1983 Cr
icket World Cup</a>, the <a href="/wiki/2011_Cricket_World_Cup" title="2011 Cric
ket World Cup">2011 Cricket World Cup</a>, the <a href="/wiki/2007_ICC_World_Twe
nty20" title="2007 ICC World Twenty20">2007 ICC World Twenty20</a>, the <a href=
"/wiki/2013_ICC_Champions_Trophy" title="2013 ICC Champions Trophy">2013 ICC Cha
mpions Trophy</a> and shared the <a href="/wiki/2002_ICC_Champions_Trophy" title
="2002 ICC Champions Trophy">2002 ICC Champions Trophy</a> with <a href="/wiki/S
ri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>. Domestic competitions include the <a
href="/wiki/Ranji_Trophy" title="Ranji Trophy">Ranji Trophy</a>, the <a href="/w
iki/Duleep_Trophy" title="Duleep Trophy">Duleep Trophy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/D
eodhar_Trophy" title="Deodhar Trophy">Deodhar Trophy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ira
ni_Trophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Irani Trophy">Irani Trophy</a> and the <a
href="/wiki/NKP_Salve_Challenger_Trophy" title="NKP Salve Challenger Trophy">Cha
llenger Series</a>. In addition, <a href="/wiki/Board_of_Control_for_Cricket_in_
India" title="Board of Control for Cricket in India">BCCI</a> conducts the <a hr
ef="/wiki/Indian_Premier_League" title="Indian Premier League">Indian Premier Le
ague</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Twenty20" title="Twenty20">Twenty20</a> competition.<
/p>
<p><a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Football</a
> is popular in the Indian state of <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Beng
al">West Bengal</a>. The city of <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata
</a> is the home to the largest stadium in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">I
ndia</a>, and the second <a href="/wiki/List_of_stadiums_by_capacity" title="Lis
t of stadiums by capacity">largest stadium in the world</a> by capacity, <a href
="/wiki/Salt_Lake_Stadium" title="Salt Lake Stadium">Salt Lake Stadium</a>. The
city of joy is a centre of football activity in India and is home to top nationa
l clubs such as <a href="/wiki/Mohun_Bagan_A.C." title="Mohun Bagan A.C.">Mohun
Bagan A.C.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingfisher_East_Bengal_F.C." class="mw-redirect"

title="Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.">Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.</a>, <a href="/w
iki/Prayag_United_S.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Prayag United S.C.">Prayag Un
ited S.C.</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Mohammedan_Sporting_Club_(Kolkata)" class=
"mw-redirect" title="Mohammedan Sporting Club (Kolkata)">Mohammedan Sporting Clu
b</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a
></sup></p>
<p><a href="/wiki/Chess" title="Chess">Chess</a> is commonly believed to have or
iginated in northwestern India during the <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gu
pta Empire">Gupta empire</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Leibs92_140-0" class="reference">
<a href="#cite_note-Leibs92-140">[140]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RobinsonEstes3
4_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RobinsonEstes34-141">[141]</a></s
up><sup id="cite_ref-Murray_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murray142">[142]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note
-143">[143]</a></sup> where its early form in the 6th century was known as <i><a
href="/wiki/Chaturanga" title="Chaturanga">chaturanga</a></i>. Other games whic
h originated in India and continue to remain popular in wide parts of northern I
ndia include <a href="/wiki/Kabaddi" title="Kabaddi">Kabaddi</a>, <a href="/wiki
/Gilli-danda" title="Gilli-danda">Gilli-danda</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kho_kho" t
itle="Kho kho">Kho kho</a>. Traditional southern Indian games include <a href="/
wiki/Snake_boat_race" class="mw-redirect" title="Snake boat race">Snake boat rac
e</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kuttiyum_kolum" title="Kuttiyum kolum">Kuttiyum kolum</
a>.</p>
<p>In 2011, India inaugurated a privately built <a href="/wiki/Buddh_Internation
al_Circuit" title="Buddh International Circuit">Buddh International Circuit</a>,
its first motor racing circuit. The 5.14-kilometre circuit is in <a href="/wiki
/Greater_Noida" title="Greater Noida">Greater Noida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pr
adesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title
="Delhi">Delhi</a>. The first <a href="/wiki/Formula_One" title="Formula One">Fo
rmula One</a> <a href="/wiki/Indian_Grand_Prix" title="Indian Grand Prix">Indian
Grand Prix</a> event was hosted here in October 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-144" cla
ss="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-145" cl
ass="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Indian_martial_arts">Indian martial arts</span
><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a hr
ef="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_India&action=edit&section=25" title="E
dit section: Indian martial arts">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]
</span></span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Indian_martial_art
s" title="Indian martial arts">Indian martial arts</a></div>
<p>One of the best known forms of ancient Indian martial arts is the <i><a href=
"/wiki/Kalarippayattu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalarippayattu">Kalarippayattu
</a></i> from <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>. This ancient fig
hting style originated in southern India in the 12th century BCE and is regarded
as one of the oldest surviving martial arts.<sup id="cite_ref-Zarilli1998_146-0
" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zarilli1998-146">[146]</a></sup> In this
form martial arts, various stages of physical training include <a href="/wiki/A
yurveda" title="Ayurveda">ayurvedic</a> massage with <a href="/wiki/Sesame_oil"
title="Sesame oil">sesame oil</a> to impart suppleness to the body (<i>uzichil</
i>); a series of sharp body movements so as to gain control over various parts o
f the body (<i>miapayattu</i>); and, complex sword fighting techniques (<i>paliy
ankam</i>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space
:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citatio
n needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (Septemb
er 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Silambam" title="
Silambam">Silambam</a>, which was developed around 200 AD, traces its roots to t
he <a href="/wiki/Sangam_period" title="Sangam period">Sangam period</a> in sout
hern India.<sup id="cite_ref-Raj_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ra
j-147">[147]</a></sup> Silambam is unique among Indian martial arts because it u
ses complex footwork techniques (<i>kaaladi</i>), including a variety of spinnin
g styles. A <a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">bamboo</a> staff is used as th

e main weapon.<sup id="cite_ref-Raj_147-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note
-Raj-147">[147]</a></sup> The ancient Tamil <a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" ti
tle="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a> mentions that between 400 BCE and
600 CE, soldiers from southern India received special martial arts training whic
h revolved primarily around the use of <a href="/wiki/Spear" title="Spear">spear
</a> (<i>vel</i>), <a href="/wiki/Sword" title="Sword">sword</a> (<i>val</i>) an
d <a href="/wiki/Shield" title="Shield">shield</a> (<i>kedaham</i>).<sup id="cit
e_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a></sup></p>
<p>Among eastern states, <i><a href="/wiki/Paika_akhada" title="Paika akhada">Pa
ika akhada</a></i> is a martial art found in <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odish
a">Odisha</a>. Paika akhada, or paika akhara, roughly translates as "warrior gym
nasium" or "warrior school".<sup id="cite_ref-iakoweb_149-0" class="reference"><
a href="#cite_note-iakoweb-149">[149]</a></sup> In ancient times, these were tra
ining schools of the peasant militia. Today's paika akhada teach physical exerci
ses and martial arts in addition to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paika_dance&
amp;action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paika dance (page does not exi
st)">paika dance</a>, a performance art with rhythmic movements and weapons bein
g hit in time to the drum. It incorporates acrobatic maneuvres and use of the <a
href="/wiki/Khanda_(sword)" title="Khanda (sword)">khanda (straight sword)</a>,
<a href="/wiki/Pata_(sword)" title="Pata (sword)">patta (guantlet-sword)</a>, s
ticks, and other weapons.</p>
<p>In northern India, the <i><a href="/wiki/Musti_yuddha" class="mw-redirect" ti
tle="Musti yuddha">musti yuddha</a></i> evolved in 1100 AD and focussed on menta
l, physical and spiritual training.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a h
ref="#cite_note-150">[150]</a></sup> In addition, the <i>Dhanur Veda</i> traditi
on was an influential fighting arts style which considered the <a href="/wiki/Bo
w_(weapon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bow (weapon)">bow</a> and the <a href="/w
iki/Arrow" title="Arrow">arrow</a> to be the supreme weapons. The <i>Dhanur Veda
</i> was first described in the 5th-century BCE <a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" ti
tle="Vishnu Purana">Viu Pura</a><sup id="cite_ref-Zarilli1998_146-1" class="referenc
e"><a href="#cite_note-Zarilli1998-146">[146]</a></sup> and is also mentioned in
both of the major ancient Indian epics, the <i>Rmyaa</i> and <i>Mahbhrata</i>. A dis
tinctive factor of Indian martial arts is the heavy emphasis laid on meditation
(<i><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Hinduism" title="Dhyana in Hinduism">dhyna</a></i>)
as a tool to remove fear, doubt and anxiety.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="refere
nce"><a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a></sup></p>
<p>Indian martial arts techniques have had a profound impact on other martial ar
ts styles across Asia. The 3rd-century BCE <i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Pata
njali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a></i> taught
how to meditate single-mindedly on points located inside one's body, which was l
ater used in <a href="/wiki/Martial_arts" title="Martial arts">martial arts</a>,
while various <a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">mudra</a> finger movements we
re taught in <a href="/wiki/Yogacara" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogacara">Yogac
ara</a> Buddhism. These elements of <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">yoga</a>,
as well as finger movements in the <i>nata</i> dances, were later incorporated i
nto various martial arts.<sup id="cite_ref-Svinth_152-0" class="reference"><a hr
ef="#cite_note-Svinth-152">[152]</a></sup> According to some historical accounts
, the South Indian Buddhist monk <a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma"
>Bodhidharma</a> was one of the main founders of the <a href="/wiki/Shaolin_Kung
fu" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaolin Kungfu">Shaolin Kungfu</a>.<sup id="cite_
ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a></sup></p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Popular_media">Popular media</span><span class
="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index
.php?title=Culture_of_India&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section:
Popular media">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2
>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Television">Television</span><span class="mw-e
itle=Culture_of_India&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Telev
ision">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Television_in_Indi
a" title="Television in India">Television in India</a></div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_televis
ion_stations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Indian television stations">Lis
t of Indian television stations</a></div>
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:IIFA_Toronto_20
11_(10).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/com
mons/thumb/1/12/IIFA_Toronto_2011_%2810%29.jpg/220px-IIFA_Toronto_2011_%2810%29.
jpg" width="220" height="124" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/
wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/IIFA_Toronto_2011_%2810%29.jpg/330px-IIFA_Toronto_2
011_%2810%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/IIFA_
Toronto_2011_%2810%29.jpg/440px-IIFA_Toronto_2011_%2810%29.jpg 2x" data-file-wid
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:IIFA_Toronto_2011_(10).jpg" class="inte
Bollywood actors at <a href="/wiki/International_Indian_Film_Academy_Awards" tit
le="International Indian Film Academy Awards">International Indian Film Academy
Awards</a>, Toronto 2011</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>Indian television started off in 1959 in New Delhi with tests for educational
telecasts.<sup id="cite_ref-tvhistory_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_n
ote-tvhistory-154">[154]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a hr
ef="#cite_note-155">[155]</a></sup> Indian small screen programming started off
in the mid-1970s. At that time there was only one national channel <a href="/wik
i/Doordarshan" title="Doordarshan">Doordarshan</a>, which was government owned.
1982 saw revolution in TV programming in India, with the New Delhi Asian games,
India saw the colour version of TV, that year. The <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" titl
e="Ramayana">Ramayana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mahabharat" class="mw-redirect" tit
le="Mahabharat">Mahabharat</a> were some among the popular television series pro
duced. By the late 1980s more and more people started to own television sets. Th
ough there was a single channel, television programming had reached saturation.
Hence the government opened up another channel which had part national programmi
ng and part regional. This channel was known as DD 2 later DD Metro. Both channe
ls were broadcast terrestrially.</p>
<p>In 1991, the government liberated its markets, opening them up to <a href="/w
iki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">cable television</a>. Since then,
there has been a spurt in the number of channels available. Today, Indian small
screen is a huge industry by itself, and has thousands of programmes in all the
states of India. The small screen has produced numerous celebrities of their ow
n kind some even attaining national fame for themselves. TV soaps are extremely
popular with housewives as well as working women, and even men of all kinds. Som
e lesser known actors have found success in <a href="/wiki/Bollywood" title="Bol
lywood">Bollywood</a>. Indian TV now has many of the same channels as Western TV
, including stations such as <a href="/wiki/Cartoon_Network" title="Cartoon Netw
ork">Cartoon Network</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon" title="Nickelodeon">Nickel
odeon</a>, <a href="/wiki/HBO" title="HBO">HBO</a>, <a href="/wiki/FX_(TV_channe
l)" title="FX (TV channel)">FX</a>, and <a href="/wiki/MTV_India" title="MTV Ind
ia">MTV India</a>.</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Cinema">Cinema</span><span class="mw-editsecti
on"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cul
ture_of_India&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Cinema">edit<
/a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_India" t
itle="Cinema of India">Cinema of India</a></div>
<p><i><a href="/wiki/Bollywood" title="Bollywood">Bollywood</a></i> is the infor
mal name given to the popular <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a>-b
ased <a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">film industry</a> in India. Bollywood and

the other major cinematic hubs (in <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_West_Bengal" title=
"Cinema of West Bengal">Bengali Cinema</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oriya_film_industry"
class="mw-redirect" title="Oriya film industry">Oriya film industry</a>, Assames
e, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil lang
uage">Tamil</a>, Punjabi and Telugu) constitute the broader <a href="/wiki/Cinem
a_of_India" title="Cinema of India">Indian film industry</a>, whose output is co
nsidered to be the largest in the world in terms of number of films produced and
number of tickets sold.</p>
<p>India has produced many cinema-makers like <a href="/wiki/Satyajit_Ray" title
="Satyajit Ray">Satyajit Ray</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mrinal_Sen" title="Mrinal Sen">
Mrinal Sen</a>, <a href="/wiki/J._C._Daniel" title="J. C. Daniel">J. C. Daniel</
a>, <a href="/wiki/Kasinathuni_Viswanath" title="Kasinathuni Viswanath">Kasinath
uni Viswanath</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bapu_(film_director)" title="Bapu (film direct
or)">Bapu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ritwik_Ghatak" title="Ritwik Ghatak">Ritwik Ghatak
</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guru_Dutt" title="Guru Dutt">Guru Dutt</a>, <a href="/wiki/
K._Vishwanath" class="mw-redirect" title="K. Vishwanath">K. Vishwanath</a>, <a h
ref="/wiki/Adoor_Gopalakrishnan" title="Adoor Gopalakrishnan">Adoor Gopalakrishn
an</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaji_N._Karun" title="Shaji N. Karun">Shaji N. Karun</a>
, <a href="/wiki/Girish_Kasaravalli" title="Girish Kasaravalli">Girish Kasaraval
li</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shekhar_Kapoor" class="mw-redirect" title="Shekhar Kapoor
">Shekhar Kapoor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hrishikesh_Mukherjee" title="Hrishikesh Muk
herjee">Hrishikesh Mukherjee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shyam_Benegal" title="Shyam Ben
egal">Shyam Benegal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shankar_Nag" title="Shankar Nag">Shankar
Nag</a>, <a href="/wiki/Girish_Karnad" title="Girish Karnad">Girish Karnad</a>,
<a href="/wiki/G._V._Iyer" title="G. V. Iyer">G. V. Iyer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ma
ni_Ratnam" title="Mani Ratnam">Mani Ratnam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/K._Balachande
r" title="K. Balachander">K. Balachander</a> (see also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_I
ndian_film_directors" title="List of Indian film directors">Indian film director
s</a>). With the opening up of the economy in recent years and consequent exposu
re to world cinema, audience tastes have been changing. In addition, multiplexes
have mushroomed in most cities, changing the revenue patterns.</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Perceptions_of_Indian_culture">Perceptions of
Indian culture</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-br
acket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_India&action=edit&
section=29" title="Edit section: Perceptions of Indian culture">edit</a><span cl
ass="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Stereotypes_of_Sou
th_Asians" title="Stereotypes of South Asians">Stereotypes of South Asians</a></
div>
<p>India's diversity has inspired many writers to pen their perceptions of the c
ountry's culture. These writings paint a complex and often conflicting picture o
f the culture of India. India is one of the ethnically and religiously diverse c
ountries in the world. The concept of '<b>Indian culture'</b> is a very complex
and complicated matter. Because Indian citizens are divided into various ethnic,
religious, caste, linguistic and regional groups. It makes the realities of "In
dianness" extremely complicated. This is why the conception of Indian identity p
oses certain difficulties and presupposes a series of assumptions about what con
cisely the expression "Indian" means. However, despite its vast heterogeneous co
mposition, the creation of some sort of typical or shared Indian culture is the
result of some inherent internal forces- such as a robust Constitution, universa
l adult franchise, flexible federal structure, secular educational policy etc. a
nd by certain historical events- such as Indian Independence Movement, Partition
, wars against Pakistan etc.</p>
<p>According to industry consultant Eugene M. Makar, for example, traditional In
dian culture is defined by a relatively strict social hierarchy. He also mention
s that from an early age, children are reminded of their roles and places in soc
iety.<sup id="cite_ref-makar_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-makar156">[156]</a></sup> This is reinforced, Makar notes, by the way many believe go
ds and spirits have an integral and functional role in determining their life. S
everal differences such as religion divide the culture. However, a far more powe
rful division is <a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_India" title="Caste system in In
dia">the traditional Hindu bifurcation into non-polluting and polluting occupati
ons</a>. Strict social taboos have governed these groups for thousands of years,
claims Makar. In recent years, particularly in cities, some of these lines have
blurred and sometimes even disappeared. He writes important family relations ex
tend as far as <a href="/wiki/Gotra" title="Gotra">gotra</a>, the mainly patrili
near lineage or clan assigned to a Hindu at birth. In rural areas & sometime
s in urban areas as well, it is common that three or four generations of the fam
ily live under the same roof. The <a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">pa
triarch</a> often resolves family issues.<sup id="cite_ref-makar_156-1" class="r
eference"><a href="#cite_note-makar-156">[156]</a></sup></p>
<p>Others have a different perception of Indian culture. According to an intervi
ew with <a href="/wiki/C._K._Prahalad" title="C. K. Prahalad">C.K. Prahalad</a>
by <a href="/wiki/Des_Dearlove" title="Des Dearlove">Des Dearlove</a>, author of
many best selling business books, modern India is a country of very diverse cul
tures with many languages, religions and traditions. Children begin by coping an
d learning to accept and assimilate in this diversity. Prahalad who was born in
India and grew up there claimed, in the interview, that Indians, like everyone e
lse in the world, want to be treated as unique, as individuals, want to express
themselves and seek innovation.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href=
"#cite_note-157">[157]</a></sup> In another report, Nancy Lockwood of <a href="/
wiki/Society_for_Human_Resource_Management" title="Society for Human Resource Ma
nagement">Society for Human Resource Management</a>, the world's largest human r
esources association with members in 140 countries, writes that in the past two
decades or so, social change in India is in dramatic contrast to the expectation
s from traditional Indian culture. These changes have led to Indian families giv
ing education opportunities to girls, accepting women working outside home, purs
uing a career, and opening the possibility for women to attain managerial roles
in corporate India. Lockwood claims that change is slow, yet the scale of cultur
al change can be sensed from the fact that of India's 397 million workers, 124 m
illion are now women. The issues in India with women empowerment are similar to
those elsewhere in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#
cite_note-158">[158]</a></sup></p>
<p>According to <a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Amartya Sen</a>,
the India born Nobel Laureate in Economics, the culture of modern India is a co
mplex blend of its historical traditions, influences from the effects of colonia
lism over centuries and current Western culture both collaterally and dialectica
lly. Sen observes that external images of India in the West often tend to emphas
ise the difference real or imagined between India and the West.<sup id="cite_ref
-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a></sup> There is a cons
iderable inclination in the Western countries to distance and highlight the diff
erences in Indian culture from the mainstream of Western traditions, rather than
discover and show similarities. Western writers and media usually misses, in im
portant ways, crucial aspects of Indian culture and traditions. The deep-seated
heterogeneity of Indian traditions, in different parts of India, is neglected in
these homogenised description of India. The perceptions of Indian culture, by t
hose who weren't born and raised in India, tend to be one of at least three cate
gories, writes Sen:</p>
<ul>
<li>Exoticist approach: it concentrates on the wondrous aspects of the culture o
f India. The focus of this approach of understanding Indian culture is to presen
t the different, the strange and as Hegel put it, "a country that has existed fo
r millennia in the imaginations of the Europeans."</li>
<li>Magisterial approach: it assumes a sense of superiority and guardianship nec
essary to deal with India, a country that James Mill's imperialist history thoug
ht of as grotesquely primitive culture. While great many British observers did n
ot agree with such views of India, and some non-British ones did, it is an appro
ach that contributes to some confusion about the culture of India.</li>
<li>Curatorial approach: it attempts to observe, classify and record the diversi
ty of Indian culture in different parts of India. The curators do not look only
for the strange, are not weighed by political priorities, and tend to be more fr
ee from stereotypes. The curatorial approach, nevertheless, have an inclination
to see Indian culture as more special and extraordinarily interesting than it ac
tually may be.</li>
</ul>
<p>The curatorial approach, one inspired by systematic curiosity for the cultura
l diversity of India within India, is mostly absent.</p>
<p><a href="/wiki/Susan_Bayly" title="Susan Bayly">Susan Bayly</a>, in her book,
observes that there is considerable dispute in India and Orientalist scholars o
n perceived Indian culture. She acknowledges that many dispute claims of pervasi
veness of caste and strict social hierarchy in modern India. Bayly notes that mu
ch of the Indian subcontinent was populated by people for whom the formal distin
ctions of caste and strict social hierarchies were of only limited importance in
their lifestyles.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1
60">[160]</a></sup></p>
<p>According to Rosser, an American sociologist, Americans of South Asian origin
s feel the Western perception of the culture of India has numerous stereotypes.
Rosser notes that the discourse in much of the United States about the culture o
f India is rarely devoted to independent India. People quickly make sweeping and
flawed metaphysical assumptions about its religion and culture, but are far mor
e circumspect when evaluating civil society and political culture in modern Indi
a. It is as if the value of South Asia resides only in its ancient contributions
to human knowledge whereas its pathetic attempts to modernise or develop are to
be winked at and patronised.<sup id="cite_ref-rosser1_161-0" class="reference">
<a href="#cite_note-rosser1-161">[161]</a></sup> Rosser conducted numerous inter
views and summarised the comments. The study reports a stark contrast between We
stern perceptions of the culture of India, versus the direct experience of the i
nterviewed people. For example:</p>
<p>The presentation of South Asians is a standard pedagogic approach which runs
quickly from the "Cradle of Civilisation"contrasting the Indus Valley with Egypt
and Mesopotamiaon past the Aryans, who were somehow our ancestors to the poverty s
tricken, superstitious, polytheistic, caste ridden Hindu way of life ... an
d then somehow magically culminates with a eulogy of Mahatma Gandhi. A typical t
extbook trope presents the standard Ancient India Meets the Age of Expansion App
roach with a colour photo of the Taj Mahal. There may be a side bar on ahimsa or
a chart of connecting circles graphically explaining samsara and reincarnation,
or illustrations of the four stages of life or the Four Noble Truths. Amid the
dearth of real information there may be found an entire page dedicated to a deit
y such as Indra or Varuna, who admittedly are rather obscure vis--vis the beliefs
of most modern Hindus.</p>
<div class="templatequotecite"><cite> A South Asian in America<sup id="cite_ref-ros
ser1_161-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rosser1-161">[161]</a></sup></
cite></div>
</blockquote>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Miscellaneous">Miscellaneous</span><span class
="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index
.php?title=Culture_of_India&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section:
Miscellaneous">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2
>
<p>In certain Indian cultures, Jagaran (or Jagara) is the act of intentionally s
taying awake.<sup id="cite_ref-Varadpande_1987_p._94_162-0" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-Varadpande_1987_p._94-162">[162]</a></sup></p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-edits
=Culture_of_India&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: See also"
<div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portal plainlist trig
ht" style="margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px">
<ul style="display:table;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0.1em;max-width:175px;bac
kground:#f9f9f9;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-style:italic;font-weight:bol
d">
<li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vert
ical-align:middle;text-align:center"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wik
ipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/32px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" width="32" he
ight="21" class="noviewer thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/48px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikime
dia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/64px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x"
data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></span><span style="display:tab
le-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Po
rtal:India" title="Portal:India">India portal</a></span></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="div-col columns column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webki
t-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/North_Indian_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="North Indian
Culture">North Indian Culture</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/South_Indian_culture" title="South Indian culture">South Indi
an culture</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Indian_subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title
="Culture of the Indian subcontinent">Culture of the Indian subcontinent</a></li
>
<li><a href="/wiki/Etiquette_of_Indian_dining" title="Etiquette of Indian dining
">Etiquette of Indian dining</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian religions</
a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Indians_by_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists o
f Indians by state">Lists of Indians by state</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_ethnic_groups" title="South Asian ethnic groups">
South Asian ethnic groups</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Atithi_Devo_Bhav" class="mw-redirect" title="Atithi Devo Bhav
">Atithi Devo Bhav</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Zones_of_India" title="Cultural Zones of India">Cult
ural Zones of India</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Indian_culture" title="Glossary of Indian culture
">Glossary of Indian culture</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-e
itle=Culture_of_India&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Refer
ences">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 3
0em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-John_Keay_2011-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#c
ite_ref-John_Keay_2011_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jo
hn_Keay_2011_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-t
ext">John Keay (2011), <i>India: A History</i>, 2nd Ed Revised and Updated, Grov
e Press / Harper Collins, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802145581" clas
s="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-8021-4558-1</a>, see Introduction and
Chapters 3 through 11</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Mohammada.2C_Malika_2007-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <
a href="#cite_ref-Mohammada.2C_Malika_2007_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <
a href="#cite_ref-Mohammada.2C_Malika_2007_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></
span> <span class="reference-text">Mohammada, Malika (2007), The foundations of
the composite culture in India, Aakar Books, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/
8189833189" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 81-89833-18-9</a></span></li
>
<li id="cite_note-asaw-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-a
saw_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation boo
k"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Mark_Kenoyer" title="Jonathan Mark Kenoyer">Kenoyer,
Jonathan Mark</a>; Heuston, Kimberley (May 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="exter
nal text" href="http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/HistoryWorld/Ancie
nt/Other/~~/dmlldz11c2EmY2k9OTc4MDE5NTE3NDIyOQ=="><i>The Ancient South Asian Wor
ld</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_
Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/
Special:BookSources/0-19-517422-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-517422-4">0-1
9-517422-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow
" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/56413341">56413341</a>.</c
ite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A
Culture+of+India&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+Mark&rft.au=Heuston%2C+Kimberley&a
mp;rft.aulast=Kenoyer&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+South+Asian+World&rft.date=
2005-05&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oup.com%2Fus%2Fcatalog%2F
general%2Fsubject%2FHistoryWorld%2FAncient%2FOther%2F~~%2Fdmlldz11c2EmY2k9OTc4MD
E5NTE3NDIyOQ%3D%3D&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F56413341&rft.isbn=0-19-517422
-4&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3A
mtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span
></li>
<li id="cite_note-Finding_Lost-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#ci
te_ref-Finding_Lost_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nikki Sta
fford <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/boo
ks?id=waVCqzL8b4kC&pg=PA174&dq=%22dharmic+religions%22+origin+india&
as_brr=3&ei=-F3BSaztOo_AywTq5aCDBQ&client=firefox-a">Finding Lost</a>, E
CW Press, 2006 <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1550227432" class="internal mw
-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1-55022-743-2</a> p. 174</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Om_Prakash-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite
_ref-Om_Prakash_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="
citation book">"1". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.
google.co.in/books?id=nzpYb5UOeiwC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f
=false"><i>Cultural History of India</i></a>. New Age International Limited Publ
ications. 2005. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" ti
tle="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Bo
okSources/81-224-1587-3" title="Special:BookSources/81-224-1587-3">81-224-1587-3
</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedi
a.org%3ACulture+of+India&rft.atitle=1&rft.btitle=Cultural+History+of+Ind
ia&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=bookitem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.googl
e.co.in%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnzpYb5UOeiwC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%23v%3Donepage%26q%26
f%3Dfalse&rft.isbn=81-224-1587-3&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=New+Age+Interna
tional+Limited+Publications&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"
class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</
a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclop
edia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor, by Keat Gin Ooi p.642</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite
_ref-ReferenceA_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hindu-Buddhis
t Architecture in Southeast Asia by Daigor Chihara p.226</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</
a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Lange, Ch
ristian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cambridge.org/
uk/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=978-0-521-88782-3&ss=exc"><i>Justice, Punish
ment and the Medieval Muslim Imagination</i></a>. Cambridge Studies in Islamic C
ivilization. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_B
ook_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/w
iki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-88782-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-52188782-3">978-0-521-88782-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_i
d=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+India&rft.aufirst=Christian&amp
;rft.aulast=Lange&rft.btitle=Justice%2C+Punishment+and+the+Medieval+Muslim+I
magination&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fuk%2Fc
atalogue%2Fcatalogue.asp%3Fisbn%3D978-0-521-88782-3%26ss%3Dexc&rft.isbn=9780-521-88782-3&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.series=Cambridge+St
udies+in+Islamic+Civilization&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Aboo
k" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> Lange: Greater
Persia (including Khwrazm, Transoxania, and Afghanistan)."</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Dunn-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-D
unn_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation boo
k">E. Dunn, Ross. <i>The adventures of Ibn Battuta, a Muslim traveller of the fo
urteenth century</i>. University of California Press, 1986. <a href="/wiki/Inter
national_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</
a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-05771-5" title="Special:Boo
kSources/978-0-520-05771-5">978-0-520-05771-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSo
urces/0520057716" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-520-05771-6</a>.</ci
te><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC
ulture+of+India&rft.aufirst=Ross&rft.aulast=E.+Dunn&rft.btitle=The+a
dventures+of+Ibn+Battuta%2C+a+Muslim+traveller+of+the+fourteenth+century&rft
.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-520-05771-5&rft.pub=University+of+California+
Press%2C+1986&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"
><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Tharoor-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_r
ef-Tharoor_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="cita
tion book">Tharoor, Shashi. <i>India: From Midnight to the Millennium and Beyond
</i>. Arcade Publishing, 2006. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number
" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Specia
l:BookSources/978-1-55970-803-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55970-803-6">9
78-1-55970-803-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1559708034" class="inte
rnal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1-55970-803-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.8
8-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+India&rft.aufir
st=Shashi&rft.aulast=Tharoor&rft.btitle=India%3A+From+Midnight+to+the+Mi
llennium+and+Beyond&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-55970-803-6&rft.pu
b=Arcade+Publishing%2C+2006&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^
</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Nikki S
tafford (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.goog
le.com/books?id=waVCqzL8b4kC&dq=ISBN+1-55022-743-2&source=gbs_navlinks_s
"><i>Finding Lost: The Unofficial Guide</i></a>. ECW Press. p. 174. <a href
="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book N
umber">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55490-276-7" title
="Special:BookSources/978-1-55490-276-7">978-1-55490-276-7</a><span class="refer
ence-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2013</span>.
</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
%3ACulture+of+India&rft.au=Nikki+Stafford&rft.btitle=Finding+Lost%3A+The
+Unofficial+Guide&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F
books.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwaVCqzL8b4kC%26dq%3DISBN%2B1-55022-743-2%26sourc
e%3Dgbs_navlinks_s&rft.isbn=978-1-55490-276-7&rft.pages=174&rft.pub=
ECW+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><sp
an style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-googleil-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_r
ef-googleil_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-googleil_121"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite clas
s="citation book">"45". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bo
oks.google.com/?id=9XC9bwMMPcwC&pg=PA359&lpg=PA359&dq=hinduism+one+b
illion&q=hinduism%20one%20billion"><i>What Is Hinduism?Modern Adventures Int
o a Profound Global Faith</i></a>. Himalayan Academy Publications. 2007. p.&#160
;359. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International St
andard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-934145-00
-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-934145-00-9">1-934145-00-9</a>.</cite><span tit
le="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+In
dia&rft.atitle=45&rft.btitle=What+Is+Hinduism%3FModern+Adventures+Into+a
+Profound+Global+Faith&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=bookitem&rft_id=https
%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3D9XC9bwMMPcwC%26pg%3DPA359%26lpg%3DPA359%26dq
%3Dhinduism%2Bone%2Bbillion%26q%3Dhinduism%2520one%2520billion&rft.isbn=1-93
4145-00-9&rft.pages=359&rft.pub=Himalayan+Academy+Publications&rft_v
al_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:n
one;"> </span></span></span></li>
</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="
nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nrn.org.np/speeches/rmshakya.ht
ml">"Non Resident Nepali Speeches"</a>. Nrn.org.np<span class="reference-accessd
ate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span t
itle="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+
India&rft.btitle=Non+Resident+Nepali+%93+Speeches&rft.genre=unknown&
rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nrn.org.np%2Fspeeches%2Frmshakya.html&rft.pub=Nrn.or
g.np&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span st
yle="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/vietnamese/forum/stor
y/2008/03/080323_tibet_analysis.shtml">"BBCVietnamese.com"</a>. Bbc.co.uk<span c
lass="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 201
0</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wiki
pedia.org%3ACulture+of+India&rft.btitle=BBCVietnamese.com&rft.genre=unkn
own&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fvietnamese%2Fforum%2Fstory%2F2008%2F
03%2F080323_tibet_analysis.shtml&rft.pub=Bbc.co.uk&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aof
i%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </sp
an></span></span></li>
nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.religioustolerance.org/worldrel
.htm">"Religions of the world: numbers of adherents; growth rates"</a>. Religiou
stolerance.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap
">1 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id
=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+India&rft.btitle=Religions+of+th
e+world%3A+numbers+of+adherents%3B+growth+rates&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id
=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.religioustolerance.org%2Fworldrel.htm&rft.pub=Religioustol
erance.org&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><s
pan style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-indiareligion2011-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href
="#cite_ref-indiareligion2011_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cit
e_ref-indiareligion2011_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=
"reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external te
xt" href="http://www.firstpost.com/india/india-has-79-8-percent-hindus-14-2-perc
ent-muslims-2011-census-data-on-religion-2407708.html">"India has 79.8% Hindus,
14.2% Muslims, says 2011 census data on religion"</a>. First Post. August 26, 20
15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-09-22
</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fe
n.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+India&rft.btitle=India+has+79.8%25+Hindus%2C+14
.2%25+Muslims%2C+says+2011+census+data+on+religion&rft.date=2015-08-26&r
ft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.firstpost.com%2Findia%2Findia-has-7
9-8-percent-hindus-14-2-percent-muslims-2011-census-data-on-religion-2407708.htm
l&rft.pub=First+Post&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" cl
ass="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-fcrel-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_reffcrel_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fcrel_17-1"><sup><
i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fcrel_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></su
p></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Clothey,
Fred (2006). <i>Religion in India : a historical introduction</i>. London N
ew York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="In
ternational Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSourc

es/978-0-415-94024-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-94024-5">978-0-415-94
024-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wik
ipedia.org%3ACulture+of+India&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft.aulast=Clothey&rf
t.btitle=Religion+in+India+%3A+a+historical+introduction&rft.date=2006&r
ft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-415-94024-5&rft.place=London+New+York&r
ft.pub=Routledge&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z39
88"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ramkrishna Bhattacharya (2011), Stu
dies on the Crvka/Lokyata, Anthem Press, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780857
284334" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0857284334</a>, pages 2629</s
pan></li>
</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johannes Quack (2014), Disenchantin
g India: Organized Rationalism and Criticism of Religion in India, Oxford Univer
sity Press, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199812615" class="internal mw
-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0199812615</a>, page 50 with footnote 3</span></li>
</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">KN Tiwari (1998), Classical Indian
Ethical Thought, Motilal Banarsidass, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120
816077" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-8120816077</a>, page 67;<br
/>
Roy W Perrett (1984), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.j
stor.org/stable/1398916">The problem of induction in Indian philosophy</a>, Phil
osophy East and West, 34(2): 161174;<br />
(<a href="#CITEREFBhattacharya2011">Bhattacharya 2011</a>, pp. 2132);<br />
(<a href="#CITEREFRadhakrishnan1957">Radhakrishnan 1957</a>, pp. 187, 227234
);<br />
Robert Flint, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.co
m/books?id=7es0AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA463">Anti-theistic theories</a></i>, p. 463, at
<a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>, Appendix No
te VII Hindu Materialism: The Charvaka System; William Blackwood, London;</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-vvraman-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_r
ef-vvraman_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">V.V. Raman (2012)
, Hinduism and Science: Some Reflections, Zygon Journal of Religion and Science,
47(3): 549574, Quote (page 557): "Aside from nontheistic schools like the <a hre
f="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a>, there have also been explicitly a
theistic schools in the Hindu tradition. One virulently anti-supernatural system
is/was the so-called Charvaka school.", <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifie
r" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external t
ext" href="//dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-9744.2012.01274.x">10.1111/j.1467-9744.
2012.01274.x</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-wayoflife-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite
_ref-wayoflife_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="
citation book">Chakravarti, Sitansu (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external te
xt" href="https://books.google.com/?id=J_-rASTgw8wC&pg=PA71"><i>Hinduism, a
way of life</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/Intern
ational_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a
> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0899-7" title="Special:Book
Sources/978-81-208-0899-7">978-81-208-0899-7</a><span class="reference-accessdat
e">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-04-09</span></span>.</cite><span title=
"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+India
&rft.aufirst=Sitansu&rft.aulast=Chakravarti&rft.btitle=Hinduism%2C+a
+way+of+life&rft.date=1991&rft.genre=book&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks
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2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span
></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Joshi-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref

-Joshi_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation
journal">Joshi, L.R. (1966). "A New Interpretation of Indian Atheism". <i>Philo
sophy East and West</i>. University of Hawai'i Press. <b>16</b> (3/4): 189206. <a
href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a
>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F1397540">
10.2307/1397540</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="
nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/1397540">1397540</a
>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.o
rg%3ACulture+of+India&rft.atitle=A+New+Interpretation+of+Indian+Atheism&
rft.aufirst=L.R.&rft.aulast=Joshi&rft.date=1966&rft.genre=article&am
p;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1397540&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%
2F1397540&rft.issue=3%2F4&rft.jtitle=Philosophy+East+and+West&rft.pa
ges=189-206&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volum
e=16" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-moor-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_refmoor_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation b
ook">Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan; Charles A. Moore (1957). <i>A Sourcebook in India
n Philosophy</i> (Twelfth Princeton Paperback printing 1989 ed.). Princeton Univ
ersity Press. pp. 227249. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"
title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special
:BookSources/0-691-01958-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-01958-4">0-691-0195
8-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikip
edia.org%3ACulture+of+India&rft.au=Charles+A.+Moore&rft.au=Sarvepalli+Ra
dhakrishnan&rft.btitle=A+Sourcebook+in+Indian+Philosophy&rft.date=1957&a
mp;rft.edition=Twelfth+Princeton+Paperback+printing+1989&rft.genre=book&
rft.isbn=0-691-01958-4&rft.pages=227-249&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Pr
ess&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span sty
le="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-secularism-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cit
e_ref-secularism_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class
="citation book">Phil Zuckerman (21 December 2009). "Chapeter 7: Atheism and Sec
ularity in India". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.g
oogle.com/books?id=Z1hbaAHsAlUC&pg=RA1-PA139"><i>Atheism and Secularity</i><
/a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="Interna
tional Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/97
8-0-313-35182-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-35182-2">978-0-313-35182-2
</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 Septem
ber</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3
Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+India&rft.atitle=Chapeter+7%3A+Atheism+
and+Secularity+in+India&rft.au=Phil+Zuckerman&rft.btitle=Atheism+and+Sec
ularity&rft.date=2009-12-21&rft.genre=bookitem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F
books.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ1hbaAHsAlUC%26pg%3DRA1-PA139&rft.isbn=978-0
-313-35182-2&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3
Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li
>
<li id="cite_note-gallup2012-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cit
e_ref-gallup2012_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class
="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://redcresearc
h.ie/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/RED-C-press-release-Religion-and-Atheism-25-7-12
.pdf">"Global Index Of Religion And Atheism"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(P
DF)</span>. WIN-Gallup<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class
="nowrap">3 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004
&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+India&rft.btitle=Glob
al+Index+Of+Religion+And+Atheism&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fr
edcresearch.ie%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2012%2F08%2FRED-C-press-release-Religion
-and-Atheism-25-7-12.pdf&rft.pub=WIN-Gallup&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt
%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></sp
an></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-World_Religions_p._259-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a
href="#cite_ref-World_Religions_p._259_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a
href="#cite_ref-World_Religions_p._259_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></spa
n> <span class="reference-text"><i>Oxford Dictionary of World Religions</i>, p.
259</span></li>
</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlood1996">Flood 1
996</a>, pp. 82, 22449</span></li>
</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For an overview of this method of c
lassification, with detail on the grouping of schools, see: <a href="#CITEREFRad
hakrishnanMoore1989">Radhakrishnan & Moore 1989</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-cowell-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_re
f-cowell_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cowell and Gough, p
. xii.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholson2010-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a
href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholson2010_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="refer
ence-text"><a href="#CITEREFNicholson2010">Nicholson 2010</a>.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Chatterjee_and_Datta.2C_p._5-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink
"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chatterjee_and_Datta.2C_p._5_32-0">^</a></b></span> <spa
n class="reference-text">Chatterjee and Datta, p. 5.</span></li>
</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p 22, <i>The Principal Upanisads</i
>, Harper Collins, 1994</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke2006209-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a
href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClarke2006209_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="refer
ence-text"><a href="#CITEREFClarke2006">Clarke 2006</a>, p. 209.</span></li
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n title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+
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"nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Avoiddisputes-write-a-Will/articleshow/802650.cms">"Avoid disputes, write a will"</a>
. The Times of India. 4 August 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&
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putes%2C+write+a+will&rft.date=2004-08-04&rft.genre=article&rft_id=h
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"nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10284416">"Indi
a moves to make it easier for couples to divorce"</a>. BBC News. 10 June 2010.</
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vorce&rft.date=2010-06-10&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.
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al" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
ext" href="http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sconcerns/mar/default.htm">Mar
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ext" href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/1499679/Divorcesoars-in-India's-middle-class.html">Divorce soars in India's middle class</a></s
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India"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. University of Maryland &am
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o%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#16
0;</span></span></span></li>
</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Pilling (June 6, 2014) <a rel
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.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+India&rft.bti
tle=Central+Government+Holidays&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=unknown&rft_
id=http%3A%2F%2Findia.gov.in%2Fgovt%2Fpdf%2Fgovt_holiday_list_10.pdf&rft.pub
=Government+of+India&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class=
"Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>

ext" href="http://www.spectrumcommodities.com/education/commodity/statistics/cat
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ntcover"><i>South Asian folklore</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/I
nternational_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">IS
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kSources/0-415-93919-4">0-415-93919-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-200
4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+India&rft.au=Margare
t+Ann+Mills&rft.au=Peter+J.+Claus&rft.au=Sarah+Diamond&rft.btitle=So
uth+Asian+folklore&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=book&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2
Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DienxrTPHzzwC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rft.is
bn=0-415-93919-4&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt
an></span></li>
</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter H. Marshall <a rel="nofollow"
class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p5SRPcoelt4C&
pg=PA26&dq=cow+symbolism+hindu+culture&lr=&as_brr=3&client=firef
ox-a">Nature's web: rethinking our place on earth</a> M.E. Sharpe, 1996 <a href=
"/wiki/Special:BookSources/1563248646" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1
-56324-864-6</a> p. 26</span></li>
nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/NA
06Df05.html">"Indians split over cow ban"</a>. Asia Times. 6 January 2012.</cite
><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACul
ture+of+India&rft.btitle=Indians+split+over+cow+ban&rft.date=2012-01-06&
amp;rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atimes.com%2Fatimes%2FSouth_As
ia%2FNA06Df05.html&rft.pub=Asia+Times&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev
%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></s
pan></li>
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n/editorial/cow-slaughter-ban-using-sensitivities-to-politically-polarising-ends
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sitivities to politically polarising ends works against democracy"</a>. The Econ
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nfo%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+India&rft.btitle=Cow+slaughter+ban
%3A+Using+sensitivities+to+politically+polarising+ends+works+against+democracy&a
mp;rft.date=2012-01-10&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feconomictim
es.indiatimes.com%2Fopinion%2Feditorial%2Fcow-slaughter-ban-using-sensitivitiesto-politically-polarising-ends-works-against-democracy%2Farticleshow%2F11430557.
cms&rft.pub=The+Economic+Times&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%
3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></l
i>
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n.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+India&rft.btitle=Livestock+and+poultry%3A+world
+markets+and+trade&rft.date=2011-10&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A
%2F%2Fwww.fas.usda.gov%2Fpsdonline%2Fcirculars%2Flivestock_poultry.pdf&rft.p
ub=United+States+Department+of+Agriculture&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Ake
v%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></

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e="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-80001-1">978-0-684-80001-1</a>.</cite><span tit
le="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+In
dia&rft.au=Harold+McGee&rft.btitle=On+food+and+cooking&rft.date=2004
&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.curiouscook.com%2Fsite%2Fon-f
ood-and-cooking.html&rft.isbn=978-0-684-80001-1&rft.pub=Scribner&rft
_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display
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April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.w
ikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+India&rft.btitle=Interview+tih+Atul+Kochhar&rf
t.date=2011-04&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspicediary.com%2F20
11%2F04%2F26%2Fmy-interview-with-atul-kochhar%2F&rft.pub=Spice+Diary&rft
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rces/978-1-590-20297-5">978-1-590-20297-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88
-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+India&rft.au=Eli
zabeth+Abbot&rft.btitle=Sugar%3A+A+Bitterweet+History&rft.date=2010&
rft.genre=unknown&rft.isbn=978-1-590-20297-5&rft.pub=Penguin&rft_val
_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:non
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fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none
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e="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Ind
ia&rft.aufirst=Chitrita&rft.aulast=Banerji&rft.btitle=Bengali+Cookin
g%3A+Seasons+and+Festivals&rft.date=1997&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978
-1-897959-50-3&rft.pub=Serif&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3A
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_ITM&rft.jtitle=Asia+Africa+Intelligence+Wire&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ff
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ft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Spice+Trade+in+India&rft.date=1999&rft.genr
e=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.english.emory.edu%2FBahri%2FSpice_Trade.ht
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ver?pagename=dyk_curry">"Meatless Monday: There's No Curry in India"</a>.</cite>
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n></span></li>
</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Tarlo,
Emma (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.
com/?id=8wyM5heEc9gC&printsec=frontcover"><i>Clothing matters: dress and ide
ntity in India</i></a>. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. <a href="/wiki/Internatio
nal_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#1
60;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85065-176-0" title="Special:BookSources/
1-85065-176-0">1-85065-176-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr
_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+India&rft.aufirst=Emma&rf
t.aulast=Tarlo&rft.btitle=Clothing+matters%3A+dress+and+identity+in+India&am
p;rft.date=1996&rft.genre=book&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%
3Fid%3D8wyM5heEc9gC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rft.isbn=1-85065-176-0&rft.p
ub=C.+Hurst+%26+Co.+Publishers&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abo
ok" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Craik,
Jennifer (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.goo
gle.com/?id=8m2FwzNSUl8C&printsec=frontcover"><i>The face of fashion: cultur
al studies in fashion</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_
Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/
wiki/Special:BookSources/0-203-40942-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-203-40942-6
">0-203-40942-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asi
d%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+India&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft.aulast=
Craik&rft.btitle=The+face+of+fashion%3A+cultural+studies+in+fashion&rft.
date=1994&rft.genre=book&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3
D8m2FwzNSUl8C%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rft.isbn=0-203-40942-6&rft.pub=Rou
tledge&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span
style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
ext" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-18796493">Hobson-Jobson: The words
English owes to India</a> M.J. Campion, BBC News (11 July 2012)</span></li>
ext" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PQYYAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcove
r&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false">Hobson-Jobs
on: A Glossary of Colloquial Anglo-Indian Words and Phrases</a> Yule and Burnell
(1903);</span>
<ul>
<li><span class="reference-text">For Anglo-Indian word database: <a rel="nofollo
w" class="external text" href="http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/hobsonjobso
n/">Digital Searchable Version at University of Chicago</a></span></li>
<li><span class="reference-text">See Wordnik link in: <a rel="nofollow" class="e
xternal text" href="http://www.economist.com/blogs/johnson/2012/11/indo-european
">Happy Diwali</a> The Economist (November 14, 2012); Wordnik claims about 2000
English words are sourced from different Indian languages. Hobson-Jobson above l
ists over 2300 Indian words, as well as non-Indian words from East Asia, Persia
and other regions in the British Empire that expanded English vocabulary.</span>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-jones-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref
-jones_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation
book">Jones, Sir William (1824). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="
https://books.google.com/books?id=mNk_5vKDvj8C&printsec=frontcover#v=twopage
&q&f=false"><i>Discourses delivered before the Asiatic Society: and misc
ellaneous papers, on the religion, poetry, literature, etc., of the nations of I
ndia</i></a>. Printed for C. S. Arnold. p. 28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z
39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+India&rft.a
ufirst=Sir+William&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.btitle=Discourses+delivered+befo
re+the+Asiatic+Society%3A+and+miscellaneous+papers%2C+on+the+religion%2C+poetry%
2C+literature%2C+etc.%2C+of+the+nations+of+India&rft.date=1824&rft.genre
=book&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmNk_5vKDvj8C%26pr
intsec%3Dfrontcover%23v%3Dtwopage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=P
rinted+for+C.+S.+Arnold&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" cla
ss="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-burrow1-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_re
f-burrow1_92-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-burrow1_92-1">
<sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-burrow1_92-2"><sup><i><b>c</b>
</i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Th
omas Burrow (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ama
zon.com/Sanskrit-Language-T-Burrow/dp/8120817672">"Sanskrit Language"</a>. Motil
al. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Stan
dard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-17
67-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1767-8">978-81-208-1767-8</a>.</cite
ture+of+India&rft.au=Thomas+Burrow&rft.btitle=Sanskrit+Language&rft.
date=2001&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2FSanskri
t-Language-T-Burrow%2Fdp%2F8120817672&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1767-8&rft.pub
=Motilal&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><spa
n style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Staal-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_refStaal_93-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Staal_93-1"><sup><
i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSt
all1963">Stall 1963</a>, p. 272</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Chatterji-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite

_ref-Chatterji_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CIT
EREFChatterji1942">Chatterji 1942</a>, cited in <a href="#CITEREFStall1963">Stal
l 1963</a>, p. 272</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-jain-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_refjain_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShah19
98">Shah 1998</a>, p. 11</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-keith-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref
-keith_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeit
h1998">Keith 1998</a>, p. 187</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-companion-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite
_ref-companion_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CIT
EREFZvelebil1992">Zvelebil 1992</a>, p. 12: "... the most acceptable p
eriodisation which has so far been suggested for the development of Tamil writin
g seems to me to be that of A Chidambaranatha Chettiar (19071967): 1. Sangam Lite
rature 200BC to AD 200; 2. Post Sangam literature AD 200 AD 600; 3. Early Mediev
al literature AD 600 to AD 1200; 4. Later Medieval literature AD 1200 to AD 1800
; 5. Pre-Modern literature AD 1800 to 1900"</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Maloney1970-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#ci
te_ref-Maloney1970_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="
#CITEREFMaloney1970">Maloney 1970</a>, p. 610</span></li>
</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kamath (2001), p. 56</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100"
>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Wilks in Rice, B.L. (1897), p490
)</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-pai-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_refpai_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pai and Narasimhachar i
n Bhat (1993), p103</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Tamil_epigraphy1-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a hre
f="#cite_ref-Tamil_epigraphy1_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-tex
t"><cite class="citation web">Iravatham Mahadevan. <a rel="nofollow" class="exte
rnal text" href="http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674012271">"Ear
ly Tamil Epigraphy from the Earliest Times to the Sixth Century AD"</a>. <i>Harv
ard University Press</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved April 200
7</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wiki
pedia.org%3ACulture+of+India&rft.atitle=Early+Tamil+Epigraphy+from+the+Earli
est+Times+to+the+Sixth+Century+AD&rft.au=Iravatham+Mahadevan&rft.genre=u
nknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hup.harvard.edu%2Fcatalog.php%3Fisbn%3D978067
4012271&rft.jtitle=Harvard+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt
%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span><
/span> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Check date va
lues in: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|access-d
ate=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_date" title="Help:CS1 errors">he
lp</a>)</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-isila-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_re
f-isila_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The word <i>Isila</
i> found in the Ashokan inscription (called the Brahmagiri edict from Karnataka)
meaning to <i>shoot an arrow</i> is a Kannada word, indicating that Kannada was
a spoken language in the 3rd century BCE (Dr. D.L. Narasimhachar in Kamath 2001
, p5)</span></li>
>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external
text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/odia-gets-classical-languagestatus/article5709028.ece">Odia gets classical language status</a> The Hindu</sp
an></li>
>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schwarzschild (1972), Some Unusua
l Sound-Changes in Prkrit, Journal of the American Oriental Society, pp 100104</sp
an></li>

>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dash (2012,. Soma-vamsi yayati in
tradition and medieval Oriya literature, Studies in History, 28(2), pp 151177</s
pan></li>
<li id="cite_note-nature.com-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#ci
te_ref-nature.com_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id=
"CITEREFDavid_ReichThangarajPattersonPrice2009" class="citation journal">David R
eich; et al. (24 September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v461/n7263/abs/nature08365.html">"Reconstru
cting Indian population history"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>461</b> (7263): 489494. <
a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</
a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature08
365">10.1038/nature08365</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Centr
al">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text
" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2842210">2842210</a></span><span
style="margin-left:.1em"><img alt="free to read" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wik
ipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Free-to-read_lock_75.svg/9px-Free-to-read_lock_75.svg.
png" title="free to read" width="9" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/w
ikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Free-to-read_lock_75.svg/14px-Free-to-read_lock_75.s
vg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Free-to-read_lo
ck_75.svg/18px-Free-to-read_lock_75.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-fileheight="1000" /></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" t
itle="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" h
ref="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19779445">19779445</a>.</cite><span title="ct
x_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+India&am
p;rft.atitle=Reconstructing+Indian+population+history&rft.au=David+Reich&amp
;rft.au=Patterson%2C+Nick&rft.au=Price%2C+Alkes+L.&rft.au=Singh%2C+Lalji
&rft.au=Thangaraj%2C+Kumarasamy&rft.date=2009-09-24&rft.genre=articl
e&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2842210&rft_id
=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnature%2Fjournal%2Fv461%2Fn7263%2Fabs%2Fnature083
65.html&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature08365&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1
9779445&rft.issue=7263&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.pages=489-494&rft_v
al_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=461" class="Z3988">
<span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCordaux2008" cla
ss="citation journal">Cordaux; et al. (2008). "The Northeast Indian Passageway:
A Barrier or Corridor for Human Migrations?". <i>Molecular Biology and Evolution
</i>. <b>21</b> (8): 15251533. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="D
igital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="
//dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsh151">10.1093/molbev/msh151</a>. <a href="/wik
i/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160
;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/151
28876">15128876</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asi
d%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+India&rft.atitle=The+Northeast+Indian+Pass
ageway%3A+A+Barrier+or+Corridor+for+Human+Migrations%3F&rft.au=%3CPlease+add
+first+missing+authors+to+populate+metadata.%3E&rft.au=Cordaux&rft.date=
2008&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsh151&amp
;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15128876&rft.issue=8&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Biology+
and+Evolution&rft.pages=1525-1533&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Am
tx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=21" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">
</span></span></span></li>
text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/language-survey-reveals-diver
sity/article4938865.ece">Language survey reveals diversity</a>, The Hindu, Shiv
Sahay Singh (July 22, 2013)</span></li>
>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDutt2004">Dutt 2
004</a>, p.198</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Brockington-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#ci

te_ref-Brockington_111-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Broc
kington_111-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text
"><a href="#CITEREFBrockington2003">Brockington 2003</a> <span class="error mw-e
xt-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr" xml:lang="en">Cite error: Invalid <code><r
ef></code> tag; name "Brockington" defined multiple times with different cont
ent (see the <a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_duplicate_key
" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references duplicate key">help page</a>).</
span></span></li>
>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Van Buitenen; The Mahabharata 1;
The Book of the Beginning. Introduction (Authorship and Date)</span></li>
>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel
="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sanskritdocuments.org/all_pdf/nat
ya01.pdf">"Natyashastra"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Sanskrit
Documents.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wi
kipedia.org%3ACulture+of+India&rft.btitle=Natyashastra&rft.genre=unknown
&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsanskritdocuments.org%2Fall_pdf%2Fnatya01.pdf&rft.p
ub=Sanskrit+Documents&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class
="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-mog17-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref
-mog17_114-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mog17_114-1"><su
p><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="cit
ation web">Coormaraswamy and Duggirala (1917). <a rel="nofollow" class="external
text" href="https://archive.org/stream/cu31924012568535#page/n5/mode/2up">"The
Mirror of Gesture"</a>. Harvard University Press. p. 4.</cite><span title="
ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+India&
amp;rft.au=Coormaraswamy+and+Duggirala&rft.btitle=The+Mirror+of+Gesture&
rft.date=1917&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstrea
m%2Fcu31924012568535%23page%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Harvar
d+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams200483.E2.80.9384.2C_Quote:_The_major_classica
l_Indian_dances_are:_Bharatanatyam.2C_Kathak.2C_Kuchipudi.2C_Odissi.2C_Kathakali
.2C_Manipuri.2C_Cchau.2C_Satriya.2C_Yaksagana_and_Bhagavata_Mela.-115"><span cla
ss="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams200483.E2.80.9384.2C
_Quote:_The_major_classical_Indian_dances_are:_Bharatanatyam.2C_Kathak.2C_Kuchip
udi.2C_Odissi.2C_Kathakali.2C_Manipuri.2C_Cchau.2C_Satriya.2C_Yaksagana_and_Bhag
avata_Mela._115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITER
EFWilliams2004">Williams 2004</a>, pp. 8384, Quote: The major classical Indi
an dances are: Bharatanatyam, Kathak, Kuchipudi, Odissi, Kathakali, Manipuri, Cc
hau, Satriya, Yaksagana and Bhagavata Mela..</span></li>
>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">AnneMarie Gaston (1992). Julia Leslie, ed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" h
ref="http://books.google.com/books?id=sKDm8EH2L3kC"><i>Roles and Rituals for Hin
du Women</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 149150, 170171. <a href="/wiki/Int
ernational_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN
</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1036-5" title="Special:B
ookSources/978-81-208-1036-5">978-81-208-1036-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=
Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+India&rft.
au=Anne-Marie+Gaston&rft.btitle=Roles+and+Rituals+for+Hindu+Women&rft.da
te=1992&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid
%3DsKDm8EH2L3kC&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1036-5&rft.pages=149-150%2C+170-171&
amp;rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ab
ook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENatalia_Lidova2014-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"
><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENatalia_Lidova2014_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span
class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNatalia_Lidova2014">Natalia Lidova 2014<
/a>.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETarla_Mehta1995xxiv.2C_19.E2.80.9320-118"><span class=
"mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarla_Mehta1995xxiv.2C_19.E2.80
.9320_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTarl
a_Mehta1995">Tarla Mehta 1995</a>, pp. xxiv, 1920.</span></li>
>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Ragin
i Devi (2002). <i>Dance Dialects of India</i>. Motilal. <a href="/wiki/Internati
-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+India&rft.au=Rag
ini+Devi&rft.btitle=Dance+Dialects+of+India&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=
book&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0674-0&rft.pub=Motilal&rft_val_fmt=info%3Ao
fi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </s
pan></span></span></li>
text" href="http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-65370">"South Asian arts: Tech
niques and Types of Classical Dance"</a></span></li>
text" href="http://mudra.tv/channel_detail.php?chid=2">"Indian Dance Videos: Bh
aratanatyam, Kathak, Bhangra, Garba, Bollywood and various folk dances"</a></spa
n></li>
="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icdf.com/redeeming-our-cultur
e-pg3.php">"India Kalai Kaviri and Christu Dance Centre"</a>. International Chri
stian Dance Fellowship. 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=
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ttps://books.google.com/?id=ZOlNv8MAXIEC&lpg=PA319&dq=musical%20instrume
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8-0-8240-4946-1">978-0-8240-4946-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&a
mp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+India&rft.au=Reis+Flora
&rft.btitle=Classification+of+musical+instruments+%28South+Asia+%3A+The+Indi
an+Subcontinent+%93+Garland+Encyclopedia+of+World+Music%2C+Volume+5%29&rft.d
ate=1999&rft.genre=book&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3D
ZOlNv8MAXIEC%26lpg%3DPA319%26dq%3Dmusical%2520instrument%2520discovered%2520indi
a%26pg%3DPA319%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Dmusical%2520instrument%2520discovered%2520ind
ia%26f%3Dfalse&rft.isbn=978-0-8240-4946-1&rft.pages=319&rft.pub=Rout
ledge%3B+Har%2FCom+edition&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"
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org%3ACulture+of+India&rft.au=Emmie+te+Nijenhuis&rft.btitle=Indian+music
%2C+Part+2%2C+Volume+6&rft.date=1974&rft.genre=book&rft_id=https%3A%
2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DNrgfAAAAIAAJ%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rft.isb
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-85109-636-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2
Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+India&rft.au=Asha+Kasbekar&rft.btitle=Pop
+culture+India%21%3A+media%2C+arts%2C+and+lifestyle&rft.date=2006&rft.ge
nre=book&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DSv7Uk0UcdM8C%26prin
tsec%3Dfrontcover&rft.isbn=1-85109-636-1&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft_val_fm
t=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"
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"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+India
&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft.aulast=Bindloss&rft.btitle=India&rft.date=2
007&rft.genre=book&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DT7ZHU
hSEleYC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rft.isbn=1-74104-308-5&rft.pub=Lonely+Pl
anet&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span st
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<li id="cite_note-Karafin-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_r
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International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSou
rces/1-59928-979-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-59928-979-2">1-59928-979-2</a>.
%3ACulture+of+India&rft.au=Jim+Ollhoff&rft.btitle=Martial+Arts+Around+th
e+Globe&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=book&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.goog
le.com%2F%3Fid%3Da9GmhwcHTRoC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rft.isbn=1-59928-979-2
&rft.pub=ABDO+Group&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" cla
ss="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Sulai
man Sharif (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.g
oogle.com/?id=BrttF8DY3JcC&printsec=frontcover"><i>50 Martial Arts Myths</i>
</a>. new media entertainment ltd. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Nu
mber" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp
ecial:BookSources/0-9677546-2-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-9677546-2-3">0-967
7546-2-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.
wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+India&rft.au=Sulaiman+Sharif&rft.btitle=50+Ma
rtial+Arts+Myths&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=book&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fb
ooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DBrttF8DY3JcC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rft.isbn=0-96
77546-2-3&rft.pub=new+media+entertainment+ltd&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ff
mt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></
span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Svinth-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_r
ef-Svinth_152-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. R. Svinth (200
2). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ejmas.com/kronos">A Chr
onological History of the Martial Arts and Combative Sports.</a> <i>Electronic J
ournals of Martial Arts and Sciences</i></span></li>
>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCephas.2C_Shawn1
994" class="citation journal">Cephas, Shawn (Winter 1994). "The Root of Warrior
Priests in the Martial Arts". <i>Kungfu Magazine</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver
=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+India&rft
.atitle=The+Root+of+Warrior+Priests+in+the+Martial+Arts&rft.au=Cephas%2C+Sha
wn&rft.date=1994&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kungfu+Magazine&rf
t.ssn=winter&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z398
<li id="cite_note-tvhistory-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cit
e_ref-tvhistory_154-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class
="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indiant
elevision.com/indianbrodcast/history/historyoftele.htm">"A Snapshot of Indian Te
levision History"</a>. Indian Television Dot Com Pvt Ltd<span class="reference-a
ccessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2006</span>.</cite><sp
an title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture
+of+India&rft.btitle=A+Snapshot+of+Indian+Television+History&rft.genre=u
nknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiantelevision.com%2Findianbrodcast%2Fhisto
ry%2Fhistoryoftele.htm&rft.pub=Indian+Television+Dot+Com+Pvt+Ltd&rft_val
_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:non
e;"> </span></span></span></li>

="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museum.tv/eotvsection.php?ent
rycode=india">"INDIA"</a>. The Museum of Broadcast Communications. 2002.</cite><
span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultu
re+of+India&rft.btitle=INDIA&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=unknown&rft
_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.museum.tv%2Feotvsection.php%3Fentrycode%3Dindia&rft.pub
=The+Museum+of+Broadcast+Communications&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3
Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></spa
n></li>
<li id="cite_note-makar-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref
-makar_156-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-makar_156-1"><su
p><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="cit
ation book">Eugene M. Makar (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href
="https://books.google.com/?id=0QB43fNiTKkC&printsec=frontcover"><i>An Ameri
can's Guide to Doing Business in India</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Sta
ndard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a h
ref="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59869-211-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-59869
-211-9">1-59869-211-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=inf
o%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+India&rft.au=Eugene+M.+Makar&rft
.btitle=An+American%27s+Guide+to+Doing+Business+in+India&rft.date=2008&r
ft.genre=book&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3D0QB43fNiTKkC%2
6printsec%3Dfrontcover&rft.isbn=1-59869-211-9&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ff
mt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></
span></span></li>
>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDes_Dearlove2009
" class="citation journal"><a href="/wiki/Des_Dearlove" title="Des Dearlove">Des
Dearlove</a> (Spring 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http:
//bsr.london.edu/lbs-article/109/index.html">"On the verge of something extraord
inary"</a>. <i>Business Strategy Review</i>. London Business School: 1720</cite><
span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultu
re+of+India&rft.atitle=On+the+verge+of+something+extraordinary&rft.au=De
s+Dearlove&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbsr.l
ondon.edu%2Flbs-article%2F109%2Findex.html&rft.jtitle=Business+Strategy+Revi
ew&rft.pages=17-20&rft.ssn=spring&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev
%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>
</span></li>
>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Nancy
Lockwood (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shrm.o
rg/Research/Articles/Articles/Documents/09-0677_India_Women_Ldrshp_FNL.pdf">"Per
spectives on Women in Management in India"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF
)</span>. Society for Human Resource Management.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.
88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+India&rft.au=N
ancy+Lockwood&rft.btitle=Perspectives+on+Women+in+Management+in+India&rf
t.date=2009&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shrm.org%2FResearc
h%2FArticles%2FArticles%2FDocuments%2F09-0677_India_Women_Ldrshp_FNL.pdf&rft
.pub=Society+for+Human+Resource+Management&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Ake
span></li>
>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Amart
ya Sen (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amazon.c
om/Argumentative-Indian-Writings-History-Identity/dp/tags-on-product/031242602X"
><i>The Argumentative Indian: Writings on Indian History, Culture and Identity</
i></a>. Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title=
"International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSo
urces/978-0-312-42602-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-42602-6">978-0-312
-42602-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.
wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+India&rft.au=Amartya+Sen&rft.btitle=The+Argum
entative+Indian%3A+Writings+on+Indian+History%2C+Culture+and+Identity&rft.da
te=2005&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2FArgumentativ
e-Indian-Writings-History-Identity%2Fdp%2Ftags-on-product%2F031242602X&rft.i
sbn=978-0-312-42602-6&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt
an></span></li>
>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Susan
Bayly (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cambridg
e.org/9780521264341"><i>Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth
Century to the Modern Age</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/I
nternational_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">IS
BN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-79842-6" title="Special
:BookSources/978-0-521-79842-6">978-0-521-79842-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ve
r=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+India&rf
t.au=Susan+Bayly&rft.btitle=Caste%2C+Society+and+Politics+in+India+from+the+
Eighteenth+Century+to+the+Modern+Age&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=book&rf
t_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2F9780521264341&rft.isbn=978-0-521-79842
-6&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev
pan></li>
<li id="cite_note-rosser1-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_r
ef-rosser1_161-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rosser1_1611"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite clas
s="citation journal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sd
state.edu/projectsouthasia/Resources/vol-i.cfm">"Stereotypes in Schooling: Negat
ive Pressures in the American Educational System on Hindu Identity Formation"</a
>. <i>Teaching South Asia, A Journal of Pedagogy</i>. South Dakota State Univers
ity. <b>1</b> (1): 2376. Winter 2001.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&
rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+India&rft.atitle=Stereotyp
es+in+Schooling%3A+Negative+Pressures+in+the+American+Educational+System+on+Hind
u+Identity+Formation&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%
2F%2Fwww.sdstate.edu%2Fprojectsouthasia%2FResources%2Fvol-i.cfm&rft.issue=1&
amp;rft.jtitle=Teaching+South+Asia%2C+A+Journal+of+Pedagogy&rft.pages=23-76&
amp;rft.ssn=winter&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rf
t.volume=1" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span
></li>
<li id="cite_note-Varadpande_1987_p._94-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><
a href="#cite_ref-Varadpande_1987_p._94_162-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="ref
erence-text"><cite class="citation book">Varadpande, M.L. (1987). <a rel="nofoll
ow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=6ZrjC24PuDQC&am
p;pg=PA94"><i>History of Indian Theatre</i></a>. History of Indian Theatre. Abhi
nav Publications. p. 94. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"
title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special
:BookSources/978-81-7017-278-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-278-9">97
8-81-7017-278-9</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="n
owrap">July 2,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rf
r_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+India&rft.aufirst=M.L.&r
ft.aulast=Varadpande&rft.btitle=History+of+Indian+Theatre&rft.date=1987&
amp;rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6ZrjC
24PuDQC%26pg%3DPA94&rft.isbn=978-81-7017-278-9&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=
Abhinav+Publications&rft.series=History+of+Indian+Theatre&rft_val_fmt=in
fo%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#1
60;</span></span></span></li>
</ol>
</div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Bibliography">Bibliography</span><span class="
mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.p
hp?title=Culture_of_India&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: B
ibliography">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<ul>
<li><cite id="CITEREFNatalia_Lidova2014" class="citation journal">Natalia Lidova
(2014). "Natyashastra". Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_
identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="e
xternal text" href="//dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fobo%2F9780195399318-0071">10.1093/obo
/9780195399318-0071</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%
3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+India&rft.atitle=Natyashastra&rft.
au=Natalia+Lidova&rft.date=2014&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%
2F10.1093%2Fobo%2F9780195399318-0071&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amt
x%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Natalia Lidova (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="
external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=3TKarwqJJP0C"><i>Drama and
Ritual of Early Hinduism</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/Internati
-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+India&rft.au=Nat
alia+Lidova&rft.btitle=Drama+and+Ritual+of+Early+Hinduism&rft.date=1994&
amp;rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3TKar
wqJJP0C&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1234-5&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft_v
al_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:n
one;"> </span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2004" class="citation journal">Williams, Drid (2004
). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jashm.press.illinois.edu
/12.3/12-3IntheShadow_Williams78-99.pdf">"In the Shadow of Hollywood Orientalism
: Authentic East Indian Dancing"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>.
<i>Visual Anthropology</i>. Routledge. <b>17</b> (1): 6998. <a href="/wiki/Digita
l_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow"
class="external text" href="//dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F08949460490274013">10.1080/0
8949460490274013</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3As
id%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+India&rft.atitle=In+the+Shadow+of+Hollywo
od+Orientalism%3A+Authentic+East+Indian+Dancing&rft.aufirst=Drid&rft.aul
ast=Williams&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjas
hm.press.illinois.edu%2F12.3%2F12-3IntheShadow_Williams78-99.pdf&rft_id=info
%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F08949460490274013&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Visual+Anthr
opology&rft.pages=69-98&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajourn
al&rft.volume=17" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></s
pan></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFTarla_Mehta1995" class="citation book">Tarla Mehta (1995).
<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=l
7naMj1UxIkC"><i>Sanskrit Play Production in Ancient India</i></a>. Motilal Banar
sidass. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International
Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-20
8-1057-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1057-0">978-81-208-1057-0</a>.</
cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3
ACulture+of+India&rft.au=Tarla+Mehta&rft.btitle=Sanskrit+Play+Production
+in+Ancient+India&rft.date=1995&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fb
ooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl7naMj1UxIkC&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1057-0&r
ft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"
class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFEmmie_Te_Nijenhuis1974" class="citation book">Emmie Te Nije
nhuis (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.
com/books?id=NrgfAAAAIAAJ"><i>Indian Music: History and Structure</i></a>. BRILL
Academic. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="Internation
al Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-0403978-3" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-03978-3">90-04-03978-3</a>.</cite><spa
of+India&rft.au=Emmie+Te+Nijenhuis&rft.btitle=Indian+Music%3A+History+an
d+Structure&rft.date=1974&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.g
oogle.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNrgfAAAAIAAJ&rft.isbn=90-04-03978-3&rft.pub=BRI
LL+Academic&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><
span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFKapila_Vatsyayan2001" class="citation book">Kapila Vatsyaya
n (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/
books?id=zKW1PAAACAAJ"><i>Bharata, the Nyastra</i></a>. Sahitya Akademi. <a href="/w
iki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Numbe
r">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-260-1220-6" title="Sp
ecial:BookSources/978-81-260-1220-6">978-81-260-1220-6</a>.</cite><span title="c
tx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+India&a
mp;rft.au=Kapila+Vatsyayan&rft.btitle=Bharata%2C+the+N%C4%81%E1%B9ya%C5%9B%C
4%81stra&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.goog
le.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzKW1PAAACAAJ&rft.isbn=978-81-260-1220-6&rft.pub=Sa
hitya+Akademi&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"
><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Kapila Vatsyayan (1977). <i>Classical Indian dan
ce in literature and the arts</i>. Sangeet Natak Akademi. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" t
itle="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.wo
rldcat.org/oclc/233639306">233639306</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004
&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+India&rft.au=Kapila+V
atsyayan&rft.btitle=Classical+Indian+dance+in+literature+and+the+arts&rf
t.date=1977&rft.genre=book&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F233639306&rft.pub
=Sangeet+Natak+Akademi&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" clas
s="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>, <a rel="nofollow" cl
ass="external text" href="http://library.mpib-berlin.mpg.de/toc/z2008_2719.pdf">
Table of Contents</a></li>
</ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span c
ndex.php?title=Culture_of_India&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit sect
ion: Further reading">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></spa
n></h2>
<ul>
<li>Public Broadcasting System, USA (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external te
xt" href="http://www.pbs.org/thestoryofindia/teachers/lessons/">The story of Ind
ia history and culture</a></li>
<li>Sharma, Ram Sharan (2005), <i><a href="/wiki/India%27s_Ancient_Past" title="
India's Ancient Past">India's Ancient Past</a></i>, (Oxford University Press, <a
href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195687859" class="internal mw-magiclink-isb
n">ISBN 978-0-19-568785-9</a>).</li>
<li>Bajpai, Shiva (2011). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http:
//www.himalayanacademy.com/media/books/the-history-of-hindu-india/the-history-of
-hindu-india.pdf">The History of India From Ancient to Modern Times</a></i>, (Hi
malayan Academy Publications (Hawaii, USA), <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9
781934145388" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-934145-38-8</a>)</li
>
<li>A.L. Basham, The Wonder That was India, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0
33043909X" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-330-43909-X</a>, Picador Lo
ndon</li>
<li>Auboyer, Jeannine (2002). <i>Daily Life in Ancient India, from 200 BC to 700
AD.</i> (originally published in French in 1961), Phoenix Press, London <a href
="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1842125915" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN
1-84212-591-5</a></li>
<li>Dalmia, Vasudha and Rashmi Sadana (editors), <i>The Cambridge Companion to M
odern Indian Culture</i>, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/Special:Boo
kSources/9780521516259" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-521-516259</a></li>
<li>Grihault, Nicki. <i>Culture Smart! India: A Quick Guide to Customs and Etiqu
ette</i>. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1857333055" class="internal mw-magi
clink-isbn">ISBN 1-85733-305-5</a>.</li>
<li>Henderson, Carol E. (2002). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href=
"https://books.google.com/books?id=CaRVePXX6vEC">Culture and Customs of India</a

></i>. Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0313305137
" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-313-30513-7</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/V.S._Naipaul" class="mw-redirect" title="V.S. Naipaul">Naipau
l, V.S</a>, <i>India: A Million Mutinies Now</i>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSou
rces/0749399201" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-7493-9920-1</a>.</li>
<li>Nilakanta Sastri, A history of South India from prehistoric times to the fal
l of Vijayanagar, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/01
95606868" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-19-560686-8</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Tully" title="Mark Tully">Tully, Mark</a>. <i>No Full St
ops in India</i>. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0140104801" class="internal
mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-14-010480-1</a></li>
<li>Patra, Avinash (2012), <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http
://oxford.academia.edu/AvinashPatra/Books/1917989/The_Spiritual_Life_and_Culture
_of_India">The Spiritual Life and Culture of India</a></i>, Oxford University Pr
ess, England.</li>
</ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span cla
ss="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/ind
ex.php?title=Culture_of_India&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit sectio
n: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span><
/h2>
<table class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="border:1px solid #aaa;
background-color:#f9f9f9">
<tr>
<td class="mbox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="image"><img
alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px
-Commons-logo.svg.png" width="30" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.
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ons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></td>
<td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <i><b><a
href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Culture_of_India" class="extiw
" title="commons:Category:Culture of India">Culture of India</a></b></i>.</td>
</tr>
</table>
<ul>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indiaculture.nic.in
/indiaculture/">Ministry of Culture</a>, Government of India, Links to some cult
ural sites and available grants for understanding the cultural diversity of Indi
a</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallery.transcendense.c
om/#/Amazing%20India/">India a photojournal of its culture</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://maisondelinde.free.fr/s
ite/website/first_page.htm#logo">Maison de L'inde</a> An English language websit
e in France (Cit Universitaire) dedicated to Culture of India</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indien.ahk.de/apk/about
-india/indian-culture-craft/">AHK Deutsch-Indische Handelskammer</a> An English
language website by <a href="/wiki/Indo-German_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="IndoGerman Chamber of Commerce">Indo-German Chamber of Commerce</a> with a chapter o
n Culture of India</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spicmacay.com">Soci
ety for Promotion of Indian Art and Culture amongst Youth (SPIC MACAY)</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swedenindia.org/">S
WEDEN-INDIA PROJECT</a> A Sweden-based effort to encourage better understanding
of Culture of India, and of other cultures in India</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whc.unesco.org/en/state
sparties/in/">India and World Cultural Heritage</a> A UNESCO site describing cul
tural heritage sites of India</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/culture/
ich/index.php?lg=en&pg=00311&cp=IN">India's intangible cultural heritage

</a> Another UNESCO site dedicated to Indian dance and other cultural heritage</
li>
</ul>
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ft;width:6em"> </span>
<div id="History" style="font-size:114%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_India" title=
"History of India">History</a></div>
</th>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Overviews</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;
border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Indian_history" title="Timeline of Indian history
">Timeline</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_India" title="List of years in India">Years<
/a></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Indian_astronomy" title="Indian astronomy">Astronomy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_India" title="Economic history of India">
Economics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_history_of_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Linguis
tic history of the Indian subcontinent">Linguistics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Indian_maritime_history" title="Indian maritime history">Mari
time</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Indian_mathematics" title="Indian mathematics">Mathematics</a
></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_metallurgy_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" class="mw-r
edirect" title="History of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent">Metallurgy</a>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_India" title="Military history of India">
Military</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_India" title="Postage st
amps and postal history of India">Postal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_the_Indian_subcontinent"
title="History of science and technology in the Indian subcontinent">Science an
d technology</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Pre-colonial</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px
;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Stone_Age" title="South Asian Stone Age">Stone Ag
e</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus V
alley Civilization">Indus Valley Civilization</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Vedic period</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mahajanapada" title="Mahajanapada">Mahajanapadas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Mauryas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Middle_kingdoms_of_India" title="Middle kingdoms of India">Mi
ddle kingdoms</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hoysala_Empire" title="Hoysala Empire">Hoysala</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Chola</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kakatiya_dynasty" title="Kakatiya dynasty">Kakatiya</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a><
/li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara
</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughals</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" title="Maratha Empire">Marathas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">European trade
</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">
<div class="hlist">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_India" title="Colonial India">Colonial</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">Princely</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</th>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Com
pany</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Plassey</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">18
57 rebellion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_India" title="History of rail tr
ansport in India">Railways</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_India_under_the_British_Raj" title="Economy of Ind
ia under the British Raj">Economy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">Army</a></li
>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zamindar#British_era" title="Zamindar">Zamindari</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_renaissance" title="Bengali renaissance">Bengali rena
issance</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Councils_Act_1909" title="Indian Councils Act 1909">Po
litical reforms</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">Princely states</a></l
i>
<li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)" title="Partition of Bengal (1905)
">Partition of Bengal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence move
ment">Independence movement</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">1943 fam
ine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/India_in_World_War_II" title="India in World War II">World Wa
r II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition</a><
/li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
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<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_I
ndia" title="History of the Republic of India">Republic</a></th>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Political_integration_of_India" title="Political integration
of India">Integration</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/India_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="India and the NonAligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Five-Year_Plans_of_India" title="Five-Year Plans of India">Fi
ve-Year Plans</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">Sino-Indian War</a><
/li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_wars_and_conflicts" title="Indo-Pakistani wars
and conflicts">Indo-Pakistani wars</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution_in_India" title="Green Revolution in India">
Green Revolution</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Flood" title="Operation Flood">White Revolution</a>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Naxalite" title="Naxalite">Naxal Insurgency</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Smiling_Buddha" title="Smiling Buddha">Smiling Buddha</a></li
>
<li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation" title="Indian Space Resea
rch Organisation">Space programme</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/The_Emergency_(India)" title="The Emergency (India)">The Emer
gency</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Peace_Keeping_Force" title="Indian Peace Keeping Force
">Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalisation_in_India" title="Economic liberalisat
ion in India">Economic liberalisation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pokhran-II" title="Pokhran-II">Pokhran-II</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
pacing:0">
<tr>
<div id="Geography" style="font-size:114%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_India" ti
tle="Geography of India">Geography</a></div>
</th>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr>

<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_India" title=
"Environment of India">Environment</a></th>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere_reserves_of_India" title="Biosphere reserves of Ind
ia">Biosphere reserves</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_India" title="Climate of India">Climate</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climatic_regions_of_India" title="Climatic regions of India">
Climatic regions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_India" title="List of earthquakes in I
ndia">Earthquakes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_India" title="List of ecoregions in Ind
ia">Ecoregions</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_India" title="Environmental issues in
India">Environmental issues</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_India" title="Fauna of India">Fauna</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_India" title="Flora of India">Flora</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_India" title="Geology of India">Geology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_India" title="List of national park
s of India">National parks</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_India" title="Protected areas of India">Pr
otected areas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_India" title="Wildlife of India">Wildlife</a></li
>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_sanctuaries_of_India" title="Wildlife sanctuaries of
India">sanctuaries</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Landforms</th>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_India" title="List of beaches in India">Be
aches</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thar_Desert" title="Thar Desert">Desert</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_India" title="List of extreme point
s of India">Extreme points</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_glaciers_of_India" title="List of glaciers of India">
Glaciers</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_India" title="List of islands of India">Is
lands</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_India" title="List of lakes of India">Lakes<
/a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_India" title="List of mountains in India
">Mountains</a></li>
<li>Plains
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plain" title="Indo-Gangetic Plain">Indo-Gangeti
c</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_coastal_plains" title="Eastern coastal plains">Easter
n coastal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Western_Coastal_Plains" title="Western Coastal Plains">Wester
n coastal</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_India" title="List of rivers of India">Rive
rs</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_valleys_in_India" title="List of valleys in India">Va
lleys</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_India" title="List of volcanoes in India
">Volcanoes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_waterfalls_of_India" title="List of waterfalls of Ind
ia">Waterfalls</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_India" ti
tle="List of regions of India">Regions</a></th>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/East_India" title="East India">East</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">North</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_India" title="Northeast India">Northeast</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Western_India" title="Western India">West</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_
India" title="Administrative divisions of India">Subdivisions</a></th>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Autonomo
us administrative divisions of India">Autonomous administrative divisions</a></l
i>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title=
"List of cities and towns in India">Cities</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_in_India" title="List of districts in India
">Districts</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_governance_in_India" title="Municipal governance in
India">Municipalities</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and unio
n territories of India">States and territories</a></li>

</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
pacing:0">
<tr>
<div id="Politics" style="font-size:114%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_India" titl
e="Politics of India">Politics</a></div>
</th>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="
Government of India">Government</a></th>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_agencies" class="mw-redirect" title="List of I
ndian agencies">Agencies</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_India" title="Energy policy of India">Energy
policy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_India" title="Foreign relations of India
">Foreign relations</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">Parliament</
a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">President</a><
/li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice Pres
ident of India">Vice President</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Prim
e Minister</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinet of India
">Cabinet</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Secretary_of_India" title="Cabinet Secretary of India
">Cabinet Secretary</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/State_governments_of_India" title="State governments of India
">State governments</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_India" title="Law of
India">Law</a></th>
<tr>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_India" title="Chief Justice of India">Chief
Justice</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitu
tion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/District_Courts_of_India" title="District Courts of India">Di
strict Courts</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Rights,_Directive_Principles_and_Fundamental_Duti
es_of_India" title="Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles and Fundamental Dut
ies of India">Fundamental rights, principles and duties</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_High_Courts_of_India" title="List of High Courts of I
ndia">High Courts</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_India" title="Human rights in India">Human ri
ghts</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Suprem
e Court</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5
em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_India" title="Law enfo
rcement in India">Enforcement</a></th>
<tr>
em;font-weight:normal;">Federal</th>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Border_Security_Force" title="Border Security Force">Border S
ecurity Force (BSF)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Central_Industrial_Security_Force" title="Central Industrial
Security Force">Central Industrial Security Force (CISF)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Central_Reserve_Police_Force" title="Central Reserve Police F
orce">Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF)</a></li>

<li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Tibetan_Border_Police" title="Indo-Tibetan Border Police
">Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Guard" title="National Security Guard">Nati
onal Security Guard (NSG)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Railway_Protection_Force" title="Railway Protection Force">Ra
ilway Protection Force (RPF)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sashastra_Seema_Bal" title="Sashastra Seema Bal">Sashastra Se
ema Bal (SSB)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Special_Protection_Group" title="Special Protection Group">Sp
ecial Protection Group (SPG)</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_intelligence_agencies" tit
le="List of Indian intelligence agencies">Intelligence</a></th>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Police_Research_and_Development" title="Bureau of P
olice Research and Development">Bureau of Police Research and Development (BPR&a
mp;D)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Central Bureau of Inv
estigation">Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Revenue_Intelligence" title="Directorate of Re
venue Intelligence">Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Directorate" title="Enforcement Directorate">Enfo
rcement Directorate</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Bureau_(India)" title="Intelligence Bureau (Indi
a)">Intelligence Bureau (IB)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Council_(India)" title="National Security C
ouncil (India)">Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Narcotics_Control_Bureau" title="Narcotics Control Bureau">Na
rcotics Control Bureau (NCB)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/National_Investigation_Agency" title="National Investigation
Agency">National Investigation Agency (NIA)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Research_and_Analysis_Wing" title="Research and Analysis Wing
">Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW)</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Armed_Forces" title="
Indian Armed Forces">Military</a></th>

<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Army</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Navy" title="Indian Navy">Navy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Air_Force" title="Indian Air Force">Air Force</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Coast_Guard" title="Indian Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a
></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_India" title="Po
litics of India">Politics</a></th>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_India" title="Censorship in India">Censorship</
a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_India" title="Elections in India">Elections</a><
/li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Indian_nationalism" title="Indian nationalism">Nationalism</a
></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">Parliament</
a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rajya_Sabha" title="Rajya Sabha">Rajya Sabha</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_India" title="List of political
parties in India">Political parties</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">IN
C</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">BJP</a
></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bahujan_Samaj_Party" title="Bahujan Samaj Party">BSP</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India" title="Communist Party of India">CP
I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist)" title="Communist Party of
India (Marxist)">CPM</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Congress_Party" title="Nationalist Congress Party
">NCP</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Reservation_in_India" title="Reservation in India">Reservatio
ns</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_scandals_in_India" title="List of scandals in India">
Scandals</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Scheduled_Castes_and_Scheduled_Tribes" title="Scheduled Caste
s and Scheduled Tribes">Scheduled groups</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_India" title="Secularism in India">Secularism</
a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
pacing:0">
<tr>
<div id="Economy" style="font-size:114%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_India" title=
"Economy of India">Economy</a></div>
</th>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_India" title="Agriculture in India">Agricultur
e</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry_in_India" title="Animal husbandry in India">
Animal husbandry</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_India" title="List of companies of India
">Companies</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economic_development_in_India" title="Economic development in
India">Economic development</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_India" title="Energy policy of India">Energy
</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_India" title="Nuclear power in India">nuclea
r</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_India" title="Wind power in India">wind</a></li
>
<li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_India" title="Solar power in India">solar</a><
/li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_India" title="Fishing in India">Fishing</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_India" title="Forestry in India">Forestry</a></li
>
<li><a href="/wiki/Income_in_India" title="Income in India">Income</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_India" title="International ranking
s of India">International rankings</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Labour_in_India" title="Labour in India">Labour</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_India" title="Reserve Bank of India">Reserve
Bank</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Retailing_in_India" title="Retailing in India">Retailing in I
ndia</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_supermarket_chains_in_India" title="List of supermark
et chains in India">Supermarket chains in India</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Indian_fast_food" title="Indian fast food">Indian fast food</
a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">Rupee <small>(currency)</s
mall></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Stock_exchanges_in_India" title="Category:Stock exch
anges in India">Stock exchanges</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bombay_Stock_Exchange" title="Bombay Stock Exchange">Bombay (
BSE)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/National_Stock_Exchange_of_India" title="National Stock Excha
nge of India">National (NSE)</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_India" title="Telecommunications in Ind
ia">Telecommunications</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_India" title="Tourism in India">Tourism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_India" title="Transport in India">Transport</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_India" title="Aviation in India">Aviation</a></li
>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
pacing:0">
<tr>
<div id="SocietyCulture" style="font-size:114%">
<div class="hlist">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_society" title="Category:Indian society">Soci
ety</a></li>
<li><strong class="selflink">Culture</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</th>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_society" tit
le="Category:Indian society">Society</a></th>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_India" title="Caste system in India">Caste sy
stem</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_India" title="Corruption in India">Corruption</
a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_India" title="Demographics of India">Demograp
hics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_India" title="Education in India">Education</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_India" title="List of universities in
India">Universities in India</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_colleges_in_India" title="List of medical col
leges in India">Medical colleges in India</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_schools_in_India" title="List of law schools in I
ndia">Law colleges in India</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_education_in_India" title="Engineering education
in India">Engineering colleges in India</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_relations_in_India" title="Ethnic relations in India">
Ethnic relations</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_India" title="Health in India">Healthcare</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_India" title="List of hospitals in India
">Hospitals in India</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">Languages</a><
/li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Literacy_in_India" title="Literacy in India">Literacy</a></li
>
<li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_India" title="Poverty in India">Poverty</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_India" title="Prisons in India">Prisons</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_India" title="Religion in India">Religion</a></li
>
<li><a href="/wiki/Socio-economic_issues_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="So
cio-economic issues in India">Socio-economic issues</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_India" title="Standard of living in Ind
ia">Standard of living</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_India" title="Water supply and
sanitation in India">Water supply and sanitation</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><strong class="selflink">Culture</strong></
th>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Arts_and_entertainment_in_India" title="Arts and entertainmen
t in India">Arts and entertainment</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_India" title="Architecture of India">Architec
ture</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Indian_blogosphere" title="Indian blogosphere">Blogging</a></
li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_India" title="Cinema of India">Cinema</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Indian_comics" title="Indian comics">Comics</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Webcomics_in_India" title="Webcomics in India">Webcomics</a><
/li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Indian_cuisine" title="Indian cuisine">Cuisine</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Indian_wine" title="Indian wine">wine</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_dance" title="Indian classical dance">Dance<
/a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_India" title="Clothing in India">Dress</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_India" title="Folklore of India">Folklore</a></li
>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_India" title="List of festivals in India
">Festivals</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Indian_literature" title="Indian literature">Literature</a></
li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_India" title="Media of India">Media</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_India" title="Television in India">television</
a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Indian_martial_arts" title="Indian martial arts">Martial arts
</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_India" title="Music of India">Music</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_India" title="Public holidays in India">Pu
blic holidays</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_India" title="Sport in India">Sport</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
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<img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.sv
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</th>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0
px">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Arts_and_entertainment_in_India" title="Arts and entertainmen
t in India">Arts and Entertainment</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_India" title="Caste system in India">Caste</a
></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_India" title="Cinema of India">Cinema</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Indian_nationality_law" title="Indian nationality law">Citize
nship</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_India" title="Climate of India">Climate</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Indian_cuisine" title="Indian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li>
<li><strong class="selflink">Culture</strong></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_India" title="Corruption in India">Corruption</
a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_India" title="Demographics of India">Demograp
hics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_India" title="Economy of India">Economy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_India" title="Education in India">Education</a><
/li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_relations_in_India" title="Ethnic relations in India">
Ethnic relations</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_India" title="Flag of India">Flag</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_India" title="Geography of India">Geography</a><
/li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government</
a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">History</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_India" title="Public holidays in India">Ho
lidays</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">Languages</a><
/li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_India" title="Law of India">Law</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_India" title="Law enforcement in India">Po
lice</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_India" title="Politics of India">Politics</a></li
>
<li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_India" title="Poverty in India">Poverty</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Literacy_in_India" title="Literacy in India">Literacy</a></li
>
<li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Armed_Forces" title="Indian Armed Forces">Military</a>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_India" title="Religion in India">Religion</a></li
>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_India" title="Sport in India">Sports</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_India" title="Transport in India">Transport</a><
/li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_in_India" title="Unemployment in India">Unemploy
ment</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_India" title="Aviation in India">Aviation</a></li
>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
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<div id="Culture_of_Asia" style="font-size:114%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Asia"
title="Culture of Asia">Culture of Asia</a></div>
</th>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" ti
tle="List of sovereign states">Sovereign<br />
states</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-widt
h:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">

<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Afghanistan" title="Culture of Afghanistan">Afghan
istan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Armenia" title="Culture of Armenia">Armenia</a></l
i>
<li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Azerbaijan" title="Culture of Azerbaijan">Azerbaij
an</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Bahrain" title="Culture of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></l
i>
<li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Bangladesh" title="Culture of Bangladesh">Banglade
sh</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Bhutan" title="Culture of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Brunei" title="Culture of Brunei">Brunei</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Burma
">Burma (Myanmar)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Cambodia" title="Culture of Cambodia">Cambodia</a>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_culture" title="Chinese culture">China</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Culture o
f the People's Republic of China">modern era</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus#Culture" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_East_Timor" title="Culture of East Timor">East Tim
or (Timor-Leste)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Egypt" title="Culture of Egypt">Egypt</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Culture of Georgia (coun
try)">Georgia</a></li>
<li><strong class="selflink">India</strong></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Indonesia" title="Culture of Indonesia">Indonesia<
/a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Iran" title="Culture of Iran">Iran</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Iraq" title="Culture of Iraq">Iraq</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Israel" title="Culture of Israel">Israel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Japan" title="Culture of Japan">Japan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Jordan" title="Culture of Jordan">Jordan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Kazakhstan" title="Culture of Kazakhstan">Kazakhst
an</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Korea" title="Culture of Korea">Korea</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_North_Korea" title="Culture of North Korea">North<
/a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_South_Korea" title="Culture of South Korea">South<
/a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Kuwait" title="Culture of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Culture of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzst
an</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Laos" title="Culture of Laos">Laos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Lebanon" title="Culture of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></l
i>
<li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Malaysia" title="Culture of Malaysia">Malaysia</a>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Maldives" title="Culture of the Maldives">Mald
ives</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Mongolia" title="Culture of Mongolia">Mongolia</a>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Nepal" title="Culture of Nepal">Nepal</a></li>

<li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Oman" title="Culture of Oman">Oman</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Pakistan" title="Culture of Pakistan">Pakistan</a>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Philippines" title="Culture of the Philippines
">Philippines</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Qatar" title="Culture of Qatar">Qatar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Russian_culture" title="Russian culture">Russia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Culture of Saudi Arabia">Saud
i Arabia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Singapore" title="Culture of Singapore">Singapore<
/a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Culture of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka<
/a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Syria" title="Culture of Syria">Syria</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Tajikistan" title="Culture of Tajikistan">Tajikist
an</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Thailand" title="Culture of Thailand">Thailand</a>
</li>
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