MA9001 - Introduction to Energy

Topic 1: Overview of Energy Scenario

Laws, forms and types

Renewable energy

Impact of energy on environment

Future of energy

Seri Lee
School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
Email: serilee@ntu.edu.sg
Tel: 6790 6940

What is energy?
Definition: Ability to do work
Forms of energy: Potential, kinetic, thermal,
electrical, mechanical, chemical, nuclear, wind,
tidal, light, etc.
Two sources of energy supply:
Renewable and nonrenewable
Renewable: biomass, geothermal energy,
hydropower, solar energy and wind energy
Nonrenewable: coal, oil, natural gas, nuclear
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Units: Energy and Power

SI Energy Units:
Joule [J]
Other Energy units:
Btu (British thermal unit), kWh, calorie
1 kWh = 3,412 Btu
1 ton of TNT, kt TNT, Mt TNT
SI unit for Power:
Watt [W] (=J/s)
Other Power units:
horsepower
3

Other Energy units to SI units

1 kWh
= 3.6 MJ (exact)
1 calorie
= 4.1868 J (exact)
1 British thermal unit (Btu)
= 1.055 kJ
1 ton of TNT
= 4.184 x 109 J
1 electron volt (eV)
= 1.60217733 x 10-19 J
1 Therm (100,000 kBtu)
= 105.5 MJ
1 barrel of crude oil (BOE)*
= 6.12 GJ
1 tonne of oil equivalent (TOE) = 42 GJ
1 short ton (2000 lb) of coal
= 26.57 GJ
1 cu. ft. of natural gas
= 1.055 MJ
*BOE: barrel of oil equivalent = 42 USG 159 litres 6.12 GJ
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Other Power units to SI units

1 horse power (hp)

= 745.7 W

1 ton of refrigeration

= 3.517 kW

1 kcal/h

= 1.163 W (exact)

1 Btu/h

= 0.2931 W

1 barrel per day of crude oil = 70.8 kW

Total available energy

Annual Global Consumption by Humans
(in 2010, 474EJ, equivalent to ~15TW)
Oil
Gas
Coal
Wind
Uranium
Hydro

Annual Solar (120,000TW)

 An hour of solar radiation on Earth =
the annual global energy need
Photosynthesis
Source: National Petroleum Council

GJ: gigaJ = 109 J; TJ: teraJ = 1012 J; PT: petaJ = 1015 J; EJ: exaJ = 1018 J

Primary energy use by end-use sector

(2008)

Global primary energy supply

(2009)

World commercial energy use

Forms of Energy










Potential energy
Kinetic energy
Chemical energy
Electrical energy
Light energy
Heat energy
Sound energy
Nuclear/mass energy
Etc.

Energy can change from one form to another

but the total amount of energy in the universe
is conserved (First Law of Thermodynamic).

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Different forms of energy (cont)

2
1
(
mgh
,
k

x
)
Potential energy
2

1
2

Kinetic energy ( mV )

http://www.fccsc.k12.in.us/les/tech/projects/grade8/braingame/jody/cat2A1.htm

http://science.howstuffworks.com/crossbow2.htm

http://sciencevault.net/11hscphys/84movingabout/843%20Work
%20energy.htm

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Different forms of energy (cont)

Chemical energy
http://picsdigger.com/image/94dc77c7/

http://www1.curriculum.edu.au/sciencepd/energy/chem_flow.htm

http://www.allstar.fiu.edu/aero/flight62.htm

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Different forms of energy (cont)

Electrical power

V
IV = I 2 R =
R

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Different forms of energy (cont)

Light energy

hc

h f =

http://picsdigger.com/image/94dc77c7/

14

Different forms of energy (cont)

Heat energy

http://www.makeitsolar.com/solar-energy-information/05-solar-panels.htm

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Laws of energy
1st Law of Thermodynamics
(conservation of energy principle):
Energy cannot be destroyed or created
It can change from one form to another

2nd Law of Thermodynamics:

Different energy form has different quality

Kinetic, potential energies have high quality, small entropy
Heat energy has low quality, high entropy
In any spontaneous process, total quality must decrease 
entropy (order of chaos, randomness, uncertainty) must increase
Sets the direction of a process
Also, sets the energy conversion efficiency < 100%.
Defines the absolute theoretical limit to the maximum efficiency,
named Carnot efficiency, of any heat engines and reverse heat
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engines, such as A/C, refrigerators, heat pumps, etc.

Energy Conversion
Solar energy:
 electrical, chemical (photo-electrolyze), thermal, kinetic (wind)
Chemical energy:
 thermal, electrochemical
Thermal energy:
 mechanical (engine). electrical (thermoelectrical)
Nuclear/mass energy:
 thermal, kinetic, mechanical, electrical
Mechanical energy:
 electrical, thermal

During a conversion, a portion of energy always converts
to heat energy as waste.

Conversion efficiency < 100%

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Laws of Energy: Thermodynamic Laws

Example: Heat Engine
- converts heat to mechanical energy
Power Plant
TH

QH

Wturbine

QL
(waste heat)

TL
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Thermodynamic Laws
1st Law
TH = 727oC = 1000K
QH =. Wturbine + QL
Therefore,
Wturbine = QH QL = 32 MW
QH = 80 MW
2nd Law
Wturbine
Not all QH (low quality) can be
converted to Wturbine (high quality)
QL = 48 MW

Efficiency =

Wturbine 32
=
= 40%
QH
80

Carnot efficiency:
TC = 27oC = 300K
(K = oC +273)

TL
300
1
= 1
= 1 0.30 = 70%
TH
1000

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Some types of non-renewable energy

Fossil energy
- Coal
- Oil
- Natural gas
Uranium/nuclear energy

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Some types of renewable energy

Assuming the Sun, Earth and Water remain forever:
Hydroelectric
Wind
Geothermal
Ocean Energy
- Tidal, Wave, Ocean thermal energy conversion

Biomass
Solar
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Types of renewable energy (cont)

Hydroelectric

Three Gorges Dam

(Capacity = 22.5 GW)

http://www.tellmewhyfacts.com/2007_09_01_archive.html

Hoover Dam
(Capacity = 2.1 GW)

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Types of renewable energy (cont)

Wind energy

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Types of renewable energy (cont)

Geothermal
Geo (earth) thermal (heat) energy is heat energy within the
earth core. It can be recovered as steam or hot water and
use it to heat buildings or generate electricity.
Renewable: heat is continuously produced inside the Earth by
the slow decay of radioactive particles, a process that
happens in all rocks. The temperature of the rocks and water
gets hotter and hotter as you go deeper underground.

http://top-10-list.org/2009/06/06/top-10renewable-source-energy/

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Types of renewable energy (cont)

Tidal energy

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Types of renewable energy (cont)

Wave energy

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Types of renewable energy (cont)

Biomass
Biomass is organic material from plants and animals
Biomass contains stored energy from the sun
Renewable: we can always grow more trees and crops, and
waste will always exist
Some examples of biomass fuels are wood, crops, manure,
algae and even garbage
Converting biomass to fuel:
Methane or biogas (burn
the waste)
Ethanol (Corn or sugar
cane)
Biodiesel: leftover food
like vegetable oil or
animal fat.

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Types of renewable energy (cont)

Solar energy: heat or electricity
Solar Thermal

Photovoltaic

http://www.makeitsolar.com/solar-energyinformation/05-solar-panels.htm

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Solar Irradiance Map

Sweet spot for Solar Power Generation is >5 kWh/m2/day

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MA9001 - Introduction to Energy

Topic 1: Overview of Energy Scenario

Laws, forms and types

Types of energy

Renewable energy

Impact of energy on environment

Future of energy

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Renewable energy

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Renewable energy (cont)

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Renewable energy (cont)

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Renewable energy (cont)

*Excluding Hydropower (>1 TW)

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BRICS: Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa

Renewable energy (cont)

35

Renewable energy (cont)

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Renewable energy (cont)

37

Renewable energy (cont)

38

Renewable energy (cont)

39

Renewable energy (cont)

40

Renewable energy (cont)

41

Status of renewable energy

42

Status of renewable energy (cont)

43

Renewable energy (cont)

44

Renewable energy (cont)

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MA9001 - Introduction to Energy

Topic 1: Overview of Energy Scenario

Laws, forms and types

Renewable energy

Impact of energy on environment

Future of energy

46

Impact of energy on the environment

Impacts of energy used on the environment
can be classified by:
1.Source
2.Pollutant
3.Scale

Ref: Energy systems and sustainability

Edited by Godfrey Boyle, Bob Everest and Janet Ramage
Oxford University Press, 2004

47

Impacts of Energy by Source: Oil

The potential causes for concern due to energy used:
1. Oil: Climate change, air pollution, acid rain, oil spills, oil
rig accident
Oil Spills

Oil Rig Accident

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Impacts of Energy by Source: Oil

Acid rain
www.goodforyou.com.sg/wordpress/...3D200808

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Impacts of Energy by Source

The potential causes for concern due to energy used:
2. Natural gas: Climate change, methane leak, methane
explosion, gas rig accident
Methane gas explosion

Huge methane leak in Arctic Ocean

www.wired.com/images_blogs/wiredscience/2010/03/methane_bubbles-660x452.jpg

http://www.france24.com/en/20100304-huge-methane-leak-arctic-ocean-study

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Impacts of Energy by Source

The potential causes for concern due to energy used:
3. Coal: climate change, acid rain, environmental spoliation
by open-cast mining, land subsidence due to deep
mining, spoils heaps, ground water pollution, mining
accidents, health effects on miners.
Open-cast mining

Land subsidence

Your House

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Impacts of Energy by Source

The potential causes for concern due to energy used:
4. Nuclear power: radioactivity, misused nuclear materials by
terrorists, proliferation of nuclear weapons, land pollution by
mine tailings, health effects on uranium miners.
Chernobyl

Fukushima

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Impacts of Energy by Source (cont)

5. Biomass: effect on landscape and biodiversity, ground water
pollution due to fertilizers, use of scarce water, competition
with food production.
Ground water pollution due to fertilizers

53

Impacts of Energy by Source (cont)

6. Hydroelectricity: displacement of populations, effects on
rivers and ground water, dams (visual intrusions and risk of
accident), seismic effects, downstream effects on agriculture,
methane emissions from submerged biomass.

Relocatees

Landslides on the Yangtze River

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Impacts of Energy by Source (cont)

7. Wind power: visual intrusion in sensitive landscapes, noise,
bird strikes, interference with telecommunication.
bird strikes

More than 15,000 wind turbines may kill 40,000+ birds

annually nationwide, USA.
(http://www.francis.edu/uploadedFiles/Renewable_Energy/Manville_Bird%20Strikes%20Lines,%20Wind,%20Towers.pdf)

55

Impacts of Energy by Source (cont)

8. Tidal power: visual intrusion and destruction of wildlife
habitat, reduced dispersal of effluents. (these concerns apply
mainly to tidal barrages, not tidal current turbines)

www.mywindpowersystem.com

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Impacts of Energy by Source (cont)

9. Geothermal energy: release of polluting gases (SO2, H2S,
etc.), ground water pollution by chemicals including heavy
metals, seismic effects.

http://top-10-list.org/2009/06/06/top-10-renewable-source-energy/

57

Impacts of Energy by Source (cont)

10. Solar energy: sequestration of large land areas (in the case
of centralized plant), use of toxic materials in manufacture of
some PV cells, visual intrusion in rural and urban
environments.
sequestration of large land areas

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Environmental Insults (by Human)

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Environmental Insults (by Human)

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Environmental Insults (by Human)

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SO2 Emissions of Energy Option

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NOx Emission by Energy Option

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MA9001 - Introduction to Energy

Topic 1: Overview of Energy Scenario

Laws, forms and types

Renewable energy

Impact of energy on environment

Future of energy

64

World Oil Production

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World Oil Consumption

Singapore (1.0)

* In 2013, Singapore with ~0.08% of world population, consumed

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~1.3 million barrels per day or 1.4% of world total  20X per capita average. (USA  5X pca)

World Oil Reserves

67

Estimated Total Oil Reserves

Top 17 countries as of 2011
Country
Saudi Arabia
Canada
Iran
Iraq
Kuwait
United Arab
Venezuela
Russia
Libya
Nigeria
Kazakhstan
Qatar
China
United States
Angola
Algeria
Brazil
Total of top 17
reserves

Reserves
9

Production
3

10 bbl
264
175
137
115
104
98
98
74
47
37
30
25
20
19
14
13
13

10 m
42
28
22
18
17
16
16
12
8
6
5
4
3
3
2
2
2

1,243

198

10 bbl/d 10 m /d
10
1540
2
330
4
560
4
640
3
410
3
430
3
460
10
1570
1
220
2
270
2
380
8
1190
4
620
1
140
2
350
2
370
4
560
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10,100

Reserve Life
years
75
188
112
95
110
104
93
17
93
66
41
8
11
46
15
14
9
54
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World Oil Production 1900-2080

The Peak
BUYERS MARKET

SELLERS MARKET

CHEAP & EASY-TOEXTRACT OIL

EXPENSIVE & HARDTO-EXTRACT OIL

Past oil
production

Forecast oil
production

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Future of Energy?
Making Fossil Fuel more sustainable
1. Reduce pollutant emission from fossil fuel
2. Reduce the concentration of atm CO2 from usage of
fossil fuel.
- carbon capture or sequestration of atm carbon in
forest, below the earths surface or in its ocean.
3. Use fuel cell
4. Use fossil fuel based hydrogen
- capture CO2 at source.
Book: Energy system and sustainability: Power for a sustainable future by G Boyle, B Everett and J Ramage

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CO2 Injection: Oil Recovery

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CO2 injection: Coal-bed methane

recovery

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Ocean Sequestration of Carbon

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Methods for Ocean CO2 injection

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Fuel Cell: non combustion base

energy conversion

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Fossil-fuel based hydrogen economy

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Thats all, folks!

Bye for now.

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