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CHAPTER 1 :- INTRODUCTION

1.1 THE MORPH CONCEPT


Launched alongside The Museum of Modern Art Design and The Elastic Mind
exhibition, the Morph concept device is a bridge between highly advanced
technologies and their potential benefits to end-users. This device concept
showcases some revolutionary leaps being explored by Nokia Research Centre (NRC)
in collaboration with the Cambridge Nano science Centre (United Kingdom)
nano scale technologies that will potentially create a world of radically different
devices that open up an entirely new spectrum of possibilities.
Morph concept technologies might create fantastic opportunities for mobile devices:
Newly-enabled flexible and transparent materials blend more seamlessly with the
way we live.
Devices become self-cleaning and self-preserving.
Transparent electronics offering an entirely new aesthetic dimension.
Built-in solar absorption might charge a device, whilst batteries
become smaller, longer lasting and faster to charge.
Integrated sensors might allow us to learn more about the environment
around us, empowering us to make better choices.
In addition to the advances above, the integrated electronics shown in the
Morph concept could cost less and include more functionality in a much smaller
space, even as interfaces are simplified and usability is enhanced. All of these new
capabilities will unleash new applications and services that will allow us to
communicate and interact in unprecedented ways.

1.2 PROCESSOR PERFORMANCE


These motivations point to three major objectives for a power conscious
embedded processor. Such a processor must be capable of high performance,
must consume low amounts of power, and must be able to adapt to changing
performance
and
power
requirements
at
runtime.
The objective of this seminar is to define a micro-architecture which can exhibit
low power consumption without sacrificing high performance. This will require
a fundamental shift to the power-performance curve presented by traditional
microprocessors. Additionally, the processor design must be flexible and
reconfigurable at run-time so that it may present a series of configurations
corresponding to different tradeoffs between performance and power
consumption.

1.3 HISTORY
I remember when the Apple i Phone came out. I had a deep sense that there
was no way Id buy a normal mobile phone ever again. I also started
thinking: what comes next? Well it looks like Ive found the answer over at
Nokia HQ. In fact, if you are in New York you can go along and see the
future of mobile phones right now at The Museum of Modern Art. Nokia
Research Centre and the University of .3.Cambridges Nano science Centre
have launched Morph, a joint nanotech concept. This device concept show
cases some revolutionary leaps being explored by Nokia Research Centre
(NRC) in collaboration with the Cambridge Nanoscience Centre (United
Kingdom) Nanoscale technologies that will potentially create a world of
radically different devices that open up an entirely new spectrum of
possibilities.
Invitation to contribute to Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) in April 2007
Brainstorming in Cambridge in June 2007; Nokia Research Centre, Nokia
Design and University of Cambridge
First concepts to MoMA in August 2007.
MoMA exhibition in February 2008
1.3.1Morph-

These objectives and motivations were identified during the MORPH project,
a part of the Power Aware Computing / Communication (PACC) initiative. In
addition to exploring several mechanisms to fundamentally improve
performance, the MORPH project brought forth the idea of "gear shifting" as
an analogy for run-time reconfiguration. Realizing that real world
applications vary their performance requirements dramatically over time, a
major goal of the project was to design microarchitectures which could adjust
to provide the minimal required performance at the lowest energy cost. The
MORPH project explored a number of microarchitectural techniques to
achieve this goal, such as morphable cache hierarchies and exploiting bitslice inactivity. One technique, multi-cluster architectures, is the direct
predecessor of this work. In addition to microarchitectural changes, MORPH
also conducted a survey of realistic embedded applications which may be
power constrained. Also, design implications of a power aware runtime
system were explored.

Non-free media information and use rationale for Nokia Morph


Description Wrist-mode photo of the Nokia Morph concept phone

Source

http://www.nokia.com/press/media_resources/photos/corporate/show
photos?category=rd

Article Nokia Morph


Portion used
Low
Yes
resolution?
Purpose of
Depict the phone for purposes of the article
use
Replaceable
Photograph of actual phone at MOMA
?
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1.3.2 Nokia Morph-

Morph is a concept that demonstrates how future mobile devices might be


stretchable and flexible, allowing the user to transform their mobile device into
radically different shapes. It demonstrates the ultimate functionality that
nanotechnology might be capable of delivering: flexible materials, transparent
electronics and self-cleaning surfaces .The device, which is made using nanotechnology,
is intended to demonstrate how cell phones in the future could be stretched and
bent into different shapes, allowing users to morph their devices into whatever
shape they want. Want to wear your cell phone as a bracelet? No problem, just bend it
around your wrist.
Even though Morph is still in early development, Nokia believes that certain
elements of the device could be used in high-end Nokia devices within the next seven
years. And as the technology matures, nanotechnology could eventually be incorporated
into Nokias entire line of products to help lower manufacturing costs. Nokia Morph is
truly an absolutely wonderful gadget with flexible bending and wearing
options and surely the best in the gadgets segment from the house of Nokia.
1.4 WHAT IS NANOTECHNOLOGY?
A basic definition:
Nanotechnology is the engineering of functional
systems at the molecular scale. This covers both current work and concepts
that are more advanced.
In its original sense, 'nanotechnology' refers to the projected ability to
construct items from the bottom up, using techniques and tools being
developed today to make complete ,high performance products.
Nanotechnology may one day lead to low cost manufacturing solutions, and
offers the possibility of integrating complex functionality at a low price.
Nanotechnology also can be leveraged to create self-cleaning surfaces on
mobile devices, ultimately reducing corrosion, wear and improving longevity.
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Nano structured surfaces, such as Nanoflowers naturally repel water, dirt,


and even fingerprints utilizing effects also seen in natural system.

Figure 1.1 A Nano Flower

Elegant three-dimensional MoS nanoflowers were uniformly formed via


heating MoO thin film in a vapor sulfur atmosphere. Tens to hundreds of
petals were self assembled within a single nanoflower. Each petal, 100300
nm wide and only several nanometers thick, exhibited a hexagonal structure. The
number of petal layers gradually decreased towards the edges, resulting in uniquely thin
edges, typically less than 3 nm.
The MoS nanoflowers appeared to be excellent field emitters displaying a
current density of 0.01 and 10 mA/cm 2 at macroscopic fields of 4.55.5 and

7.68.6 V/m respectively; the electron field emission was consistent with
the FowlerNordheim theory.

1.4.1 Molecular nanotechnologyMolecular nanotechnology, sometimes called molecular manufacturing, describes


engineered nanosystems (nanoscale machines) operating on the molecular
scale.Molecular nanotechnology is especially associated with the molecular assembler, a
machine that can produce a desired structure or device atom-by-atom using
the principles of mechano synthesis. Manufacturing in the context of
productive nanosystems is not related to, and should be clearly distinguished
from, the conventional technologies used to manufacture nano materials such as
carbon nanotubes and nanoparticles.
When the term "nanotechnology" was independently coined and popularized
by Eric Drexler (who at the time was unaware of an earlier usage by Norio
Taniguchi) it referred to a future manufacturing technology based on molecular
machine systems. The premise was that molecular scale biological analogies of
traditional machine components demonstrated molecular machines were possible: by
the countless examples found in biology, it is known that sophisticated,
stochastically optimised biological machines can be produced.
It is hoped that developments in nanotechnology will make possible their
construction by some other means, perhaps using bio mimetic principles.
However, Drexler and other researchers have proposed that advanced
nanotechnology, although perhaps initially implemented by bio mimetic
means, ultimately could be based on mechanical engineering principles,
namely, a manufacturing technology based on the mechanical functionality of these
components (such as gears, bearings, motors, and structural members) that would
enable programmable, positional assembly to atomic specification. The physics and
engineering performance of exemplar designs were analyzed in Drexler's book
Nanosystems.
In general it is very difficult to assemble devices on the atomic scale, as all one has to
position atoms are other atoms of comparable size and stickiness. Another
view, put forth by Carlo Montemagno,is that future nanosystems will be
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hybrids of silicon technology and biological molecular machines. Yet another view,
put forward by the late Richard Smalley, is that mechano synthesis is impossible due to
the difficulties in mechanically manipulating individual molecules.
This led to an exchange of letters in the ACS publication Chemical & Engineering
News in 2003.Though biology clearly demonstrates that molecular machine systems are
possible, non-biological molecular machines are today only in their infancy. Leaders in
research on non-biological molecular machines are Dr. Alex Zettl and his colleagues at
Lawrence Berkeley Laboratories and UC Berkeley. They have constructed at least three
distinct molecular devices whose motion is controlled from the desktop with changing
voltage: a nanotube nanomotor, a molecular actuator,and a nanoelectromechanical
relaxation oscillator.
An experiment indicating that positional molecular assembly is possible was performed
by Ho and Lee at Cornell University in 1999. They used a scanning tunnelling
microscope to move an individual carbon monoxide molecule (CO) to an individual
iron atom (Fe)sitting on a flat silver crystal, and chemically bound the CO to the Fe by
applying a voltage.

1.4.2 Collaboration Between NRC and University of CambridgeThe partnership between Nokia and the University of Cambridge was announced in
March, 2007 - an agreement to work together on an extensive and long term
programme of joint research projects. NRC has established a research facility at the
University's West Cambridge site and collaborates with several departments initially the
Nanoscience Centre and Electrical Division of the Engineering Department - on
projects that, to begin with, are centreed on nanotechnology.
With the ability of the phone to take on a variety of shapes and sizes, most
people may not need to change phones so often as they currently have been doing so
every 1.5 years on average. According to Nokia, it would take seven years before Morph
phones are available at consumer markets.
Pro-Vice-Chancellor for Research at the University, said: "This collaboration
both recognizes and enhances Cambridge's global reputation for excellence
in science and technology research. One of the greatest advantages to the
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University is the opportunity to work closely with a recognized worldwide


leader in technology products and applications on 'real world' challenges and
initiatives." Nokia will initially base around ten people at Cambridge. The
agreement is intended to be long-term and the number of Nokia researchers
at the University is set to rise over time. Commenting on the agreement, Dr.
Bob Iannucci, Nokia Senior Vice President and Head of NRC, said:
"This is the third partnership with a world-leading research institution NRC
has announced in the last eighteen months. Such open collaboration is central
to NRC's strategy, because it enables us to bring together some of the leading
researchers in our fields of interest and to benefit from each other's different
backgrounds and perspective.
"Cambridge and Nokia share a common belief in the ability of
nanotechnology to deliver products and applications of tangible value to
people," commented Professor Mark Welland, director of the IRC
(Interdisciplinary Research Collaboration) in Nanotechnology at Cambridge.
"The fact that we also share a common commitment to the responsible
introduction of nanotechnology into the public arena adds a further unique
dimension to this collaboration." Dr. Tapani Ryhanen heads Nokia global
research in the nanotechnology area, and will lead Nokia's collaboration with
Cambridge. He added: "Nanotechnology long ago left science fiction movies
for the laboratory and, more recently, we saw the first commercial
applications. The techniques we are developing really bring us a toolkit for
working with the processes of nature at a very basic level - the level of
molecules - in a safe and controlled way." The site has long been home to the
renowned Cavendish Laboratories,the Veterinary School and the Whittle
Laboratories. Also long established at West Cambridge are British Antarctic
Survey, Schlumberger Cambridge Research, Aveva Group plc (formerly Cad
Centre) and the Hitachi Cambridge Laboratory. Academic development is
focused on the physical sciences and technology. More recent completions
have been the Nanoscience Centre and Centre for Advanced Photonics and
Electronics (Electrical Engineering). Interacting closely with all Nokia
business groups and Technology Platforms, Nokia Research Centre is
responsible for the strategic and long-term research in Nokia. Looking
beyond current product development, the Research Centre challenges current
strategies and drives Nokia's renewal through long-term technology
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exploration. Nokia Research Centre participates in the standardization work


and various international R&D projects in cooperation with universities and
research institutes. Nokia Research Centre employs about 950 people and has
activities in Finland, USA, Germany, Hungary, China and Japan. For more
information on Nokia Research Centre, see the link above right. Nokia is a
world leader in mobile communications, driving the growth and
sustainability of the broader mobility industry. Nokia connects people to each
other and the information that matters to them with easy-to-use and
innovative products like mobile phones, devices and solutions for imaging,
games, media and businesses. Nokia provides equipment, solutions and
services for network operators and corporations.
Mobile phones like Nano Morph certainly depict the upcoming Nano
Technology and it will surely be a front-runner in the use of various gadgets and
technologies be it Computers, Air Conditioners, Robots, Cars or like this one viz Mobile
phones and smartphones.

1.4.3 About University of Cambridge Nano Research CentreIn Nanoscience Centre is an 1800m research facility completed in January 2003 and
located at the north east corner of the University's West Cambridge Site. The Centre
provides open access to over 300 researchers from a variety of University
Departments to the nanofabrication and characterisation facilities housed in a
combination of Clean Rooms and low noise laboratories. Office space is primarily
home to the Department of Engineerings Nanoscience Group, technical and
administrative staff and members of other research groups who require long term
access to facilities.
The partnership between Nokia and the University of Cambridge was
announced in March, 2007 - an agreement to work together on an extensive
and long term programme of joint research projects. NRC has established a
research facility at the University's West Cambridge site and collaborates
with several departments - initially the Nanoscience Centre and Electrical
Division of the Engineering Department - on projects that, to begin with, are
centreed on nanotechnology.

Figure 1.2 The Nano Centre

New York, US and Espoo, Finland Morph, a joint nanotechnology


concept, developed by Nokia Research Centre (NRC) and the University of
Cambridge (UK) - was launched today alongside the "Design and the Elastic
Mind" exhibition, on view from February 24 to May 12, 2008, at The
Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) in New York. Morph features in both the
exhibition catalogue and on MoMA's official website.
Morph is a concept that demonstrates how future mobile devices might be
stretchable and flexible, allowing the user to transform their mobile device
into radically different shapes. It demonstrates the ultimate functionality that
nanotechnology might be capable of delivering: flexible materials,
transparent electronics and self-cleaning surfaces.
Dr. Tapani Ryhanen, Head of the NRC Cambridge UK laboratory, Nokia,
commented: "We hope that this combination of art and science will showcase
the potential of nanoscience to a wider audience. The techniques we are
developing might one day mean new possibilities in terms of the design and
function of mobile devices. The research we are carrying out is fundamental

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to this as we seek a safe and controlled way to develop and use new
materials."
Professor Mark Welland, Head of the Department of Engineering's
Nanoscience Group at the University of Cambridge and University Director
of Nokia-Cambridge collaboration added "Developing the Morph concept
with Nokia has provided us with a focus that is both artistically inspirational
but, more importantly, sets the technology agenda for our joint nanoscience
research that will stimulate our future work together."

Figure 1.3 A Nanotechnology Concept Device

The partnership between Nokia and the University of Cambridge was


announced in March, 2007 - an agreement to work together on an extensive
and long term programme of joint research projects. NRC has established a
research facility at the University's West Cambridge site and collaborates
with several departments - initially the Nanoscience Centre and Electrical
Division of the Engineering Department - on projects that, to begin with, are
centreed on nanotechnology.
Elements of Morph might be available to integrate into handheld devices
within 7 years, though initially only at the high-end. However,
nanotechnology may one day lead to low cost manufacturing solutions, and
offers the possibility of integrating complex functionality at a low price.
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1.4.4 Nokia Research CentreNokia believes that effective research and development is vital to remaining competitive
in the mobile computing and communications industry. As of April 1, 2007,
we had R&D centres in 11 countries and employed 14,500 people in research and
development, representing approximately 32% of Nokias total workforce. R&D
expenses totaled EUR3,9 billion in 2006, representing 9,5% of Nokias net sales. We
invest a substantial portion of our resources in research and development
activities within our principal business groups Mobile Phones, Multimedia and
Enterprise Solutions, Technology Platforms , and in the Nokia Research Centre (NRC).
Nokia Research Centre has a unique mission to lead Nokia into the future NRC will be
the global leader of open innovation for human mobility systems of the fused physical
and digital world, giving birth to the growth of businesses for Nokia.

Figure 1.4 The Nokia research centre

Nokia Research Centre was founded in 1986 from the Nokia Electronics
R&D unit, with the a headcount of 86 persons. Today, NRC employs roughly
800 researchers from 43countires and a wide variety of fields. Representing
just over 4% of Nokias R&D employees, NRC researchers produce about
one half of Nokias essential patents, and34% of all Nokia invention reports
(2006).
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NRC has a two-fold approach to achieving its mandate. The work for core
technology break through supporting Nokia's existing businesses takes place
in the Core Technology Centres, the CTC's. More visionary, exploratory
systems research that goes well beyond any current business model is
conducted at the many System Research Centres, the SRC's.

1.5 NANOSCIENCE AND THE MOBILE DEVICE:


1.5.1 The VisionWhy has a video about nanotechnology received more than 2.3 million views
on You Tube? The star of the show is called Morph, and its appeal is
undeniable: a wearable device that changes shape, detects toxins on your
food, draws power from the sun, and repels a drop of honey. Morph isnt a
product you can buy tomorrow, but it isnt science fiction either. Nokia
created the Morph video to illustrate a collective vision for the mobile device
of the futurea vision that is driving Nokias research efforts in nanoscience
and nanotechnologies.

Figure1.5 Nokia morph by Tranta

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1.5.2 The Mobile GatewayThink of Morph as a snapshot of a new kind of mobility, made possible by a
personal device that intelligently bridges local and global information. By
sensing ambient elements, physical objects, and your individual context, the
device adapts its form factor and functionality accordingly. It connects
automatically to global services and communities, transmitting local data and
returning context-relevant information in real time.
Very compliant, very human, this tiny device is transparent to your daily
activities. It conforms to the variety of your requirementstheres no need to
deviate from your usual behavior. Youre always on and always connected to
a range of objects and services not yet imagined.
The mobile device works at the centre of your everyday life, interconnecting
local intelligencetemperature changes, air pollution, your heart ratewith
needed information and services.

1.5.3 You Cant Get There from HereCombining so much capability with true mobility results in a list of steep
demands. A self-configuring unit that can learn its contextand adapt
instantlypresents severe challenges for sensor technologies. Vastly more
efficient computing solutions are required to minimize power consumption.
And new materials and fabrication methodologies are needed to produce a
robust, self-healing device that can operate for days under rough conditions.
How can we surmount the barriers? We need new architectures and models
for integrating cognitive and system components. We need to push far
beyond current technologies and current ways of thinking about electronics
design and material science. (Even Moore admits were nearing the limits of
his eponymous law.)
Enter nanoscience. Theres plenty of room at the bottom, Richard Feynman
proposed in 1959, and thats exactly where Nokia is looking for
breakthroughs. By engaging in deep, far-reaching research in
nanotechnologiesand with the mobile gateway as the guiding vision

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Nokia is working to discover surprising solutions for energy efficiency,


learning and adaptively, and durable structures and materials.
1.5.4 Whats behind Morph?
When New Yorks Museum of Modern Art invited Nokia to participate in its
exhibition Design and the Elastic Mind, the answer was Morph. Morph
featured in the exhibition catalogue and on the MoMA website.
The Morph video demonstrates how advances in nanoscience might shape
the future of mobility. In fact, all of the elements of Morph reflect real
projects in Nokia labs. To view the video, go to You Tube and search Nokia
Morph.
1.5.5 The WorkIn the ongoing race to make phones smaller, thinner, stronger, and
increasingly functional, Nokia is already beginning to apply
nanotechnologies. But to deliver a product like Morph is an entirely different
story. How do we make sure the right work is happening?
Our challenge is to understand technologies today that will still make sense
in 2015 or 2020especially as new technologies lead to sometimes
surprising applications. Given a lead time of 10 to 15 years for a solution like
the mobile gateway device, our work is well under way. Following are
examples of areas of investigation that may support Nokias mobile gateway
vision.

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CHAPTER 2 :- CONCEPT OF NOKIA MORPH

Morph is a concept that demonstrates how future mobile devices might be


stretchable and flexible, allowing the user to transform their mobile device
into radically different shapes. It demonstrates the ultimate functionality that
nanotechnology might be capable of delivering: flexible materials,
transparent electronics and self-cleaning surfaces. Dr. Bob Iannucci, Chief
Technology Officer, Nokia, commented: "Nokia Research Centre is looking
at ways to reinvent the form and function of mobile devices; the Morph
concept shows what might be possible"

Figure 2.1 Phone Mode Snap


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Professor Mark Welland, Head of the Department of Engineering's


Nanoscience Group at the University of Cambridge and University Director
of Nokia-Cambridge collaboration added: "Developing the Morph concept
with Nokia has provided us with a focus that isboth artistically inspirational
but, more importantly, sets the technology agenda for our joint nanoscience
research that will stimulate our future work together.

2.1 APLLIED TECHNOLOGY USED


2.1.1 NanotechnologyNanotechnology may one day lead to low cost manufacturing solutions, and
offers the possibility of integrating complex functionality at a low price.
Nanotechnology also can be leveraged to create self-cleaning surfaces on mobile
devices, ultimately reducing corrosion, wear and improving longevity.
Nanostructured surfaces, such asNanoflowers naturally repel water, dirt, and even
fingerprints utilizing effects also seen in natural systems.
Professor Mark Welland, Head of the Department of Engineering's Nanoscience Group
at the University of Cambridge and University Director of Nokia-Cambridge
collaboration added: "Developing the Morph concept with Nokia has provided us with
afocus that is both artistically inspirational but, more importantly, sets the
technology agenda for our joint nanoscience research that will stimulate our future
work together."Nano Technology has evolved as an all together different technology
area in the mobile world. Mobile phones are advancing at a great and faster pace than
never before and Nokia Morph is truly a mobile wonder. This phone has been
developed by Nokia Research Centre and the University of Cambridge.
Mobile phones like Nano Morph certainly depict the upcoming Nano Technology
and it will surely be a front-runner in theuse of various gadgets and technologies be it
Computers, Air Conditioners, Robots, Carsor like this one viz Mobile phones and
smartphones. Nokia Morph is truly an absolutely wonderful gadget with flexible
bending and wearing options and surely the best in the gadgets segment 0from the house
of Nokia. Wonder what will be next from Nokia,Worlds leader in the Communication
segment.
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It would also feature self-cleaning to prevent wear and tear based on


nanostructures called Nano flowers which do not absorb liquids or retain
fingerprints. The Nokia Morph phone would also include a detachable speaker that
could clip onto the ear or connect to the phone as a speaker. In addition, the
battery is solar powered with built in self-charging high density solar
charging modules called Nanograss which are capable of recharging faster than
any other battery solution. Morph phones would have Nanosensors to inform
users of wireless environments and enable them to make choices on the available
wireless networks. The phones would also be able to analyze the pollution levels of the
environment and monitor the users surroundings.
2.2 VARUIOUS NANOTECHNOLOGIES USED
2.2.1 Nano-Enabled EnergyNanotechnology holds out the possibility that the surface of a device will
become a natural source of energy via a covering of Nanograss structures
that harvest solar power. At the same time new high energy density storage
materials allow batteries to become smaller and thinner, while also quicker to
recharge and able to endure more charging cycles.

2.2.1.1 Enhanced Energy Harvesting And Storage2.2.1.1.1 Enhanced Energy Density Batteries
Nanostructured electrodes for very low equivalent series R energy
sources.
New electrolyte solutions (ionic liquids) for safe and high power
batteries.
Deformable and bendable structures.

Figure 2.2 10 nm Anion and Cation for battery

2.2.1.1.2 Super Capacitors


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Nanoenhanced dielectrics for separator and high power capacitors


Ultra thin flexible structures, for ultimately distributed energy storage,and
integration with battery structures

2.2.1.1.3 Solar Cell Research


Nanowire solar cells using nanowire networks
Silicon solar cell production for emerging markets as primary power Source

Figure 2.3 Solar Cell Capacitor Architecture

2.2.1.1.4 Energy Harvesting From RF Using Wide Band Antennas, And Using
Nems Structures

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Figure 2.4 Circuit Diagram for Solar Cell

Microwatt level energy harvesting from waste energy in the air.


Charging battery from ultra low power energy sources, and power
management for that .
Harvesting RF energy.

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2.2.2 Sensing SurfacesNanosensors would empower users to examine the environment around them
incompletely new ways, from analyzing air pollution, to gaining insight into
bio-chemical traces and processes. New capabilities might be as complex as
helping us monitor revolving conditions in the quality of our surroundings, or
as simple as knowing if the fruit we are about to enjoy should be washed
before we eat it. Our ability to tune into our environment in these ways can
help us make key decisions that guide our daily actions and ultimately can
enhance our health.

Figure 2.5 Sensing surface and Graph

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Characteristics for sensor applications.

Uniaxial piezoelectric response.


Enabler of novel touch sensor concepts.
n-type semiconductor behaviour.
Candidate for photovoltaics.
Enables various low-cost applications

2.2.2.1 Nanoscale Benefits: The Huge Array of parallel sensors that can be either independently
orcollectively measured
New sensors signal processing paradigm

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New materials that can be used to improve sensors characterstic


Stability, resolution, reliability & response time.
2.2.2.2 Our Research Focus: Nanoresonator based optical sensors
ZnO nanowire base stain sensors
New signal process method used for nano base computing.
2.2.3 Stretchable ElectronicsTarget:
Creation of stretchable devices.
Embedded active electronics in elastic structures (sensors, actuators,
circuitry).
Ordered nanoscale internal structures for controlling the elasticity.
A pixellated, integrated system to withstand extreme deformations
Minimal strain on rigid island platforms for sensitive components.
Stretchable electronics structures to allow reconfigurable device form
factors.
Flexible electronics structures (interconnects, circuits and substrates)
that sustain>10% 2D strain

Figure 2.6. Nano

wires

ZnO Nanowires
arrays

for flexible tactile

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Arrays of aligned zinc oxide nanowires grown hydrothermally fromzinc salt


precursor on the surface of substrates (at roughly 70 100 oC).
Economical and environmentally-friendly.
Compatible with polymer substrates.

2.7. ZnO Nanowires

2.8 Stretchable Area

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Nanowire Lithography
Silicon Nanowires for Stretchable Electronics Combining top-down
fabrication via SOI etching using masks made of nanowires grown by a
bottom-up approach .Blue = Si; Grey = SiO2;Yellow = Metal (Ni)Highlyconducting SiNW networks via nanowire lithography (NWL): A. Colli, A.
Fasoli, S. Pisana, Y. Fu, P. Beecher, W. I. Milne, A. C. Ferrari, Nano Letters
8, 1358 (2008)

Figure 2.9 Patterned Zno nanowire array for tactile sensing U of C / NRCCambridge UK

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2.2.4 Functional BiomaterialsThere is a big demand for biomaterials to assist or replace organ functions and to
improve patients quality of life. Materials options include metals, ceramics
and polymers. Unfortunately, conventional materials are used that were not
specifically developed for biological applications.
Interaction between bio materials and natural tissues is an important subject for
biomaterial science Such information is essential to aid the design of new biocompatible
biomaterials.
The vision of ambient intelligence describes a network of sensors connected
to one or more computing devices. Sensors will be everywhere: in your pocket, in your
faucet, in your refrigerator, at your front door, and in your running shoe.

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The device integrates data from your physical world, deduces patterns,
identifies
issues,
consults
with
Internet

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services, and responds with intelligenceseeming to anticipate your every


needall at the rapid pace of your daily life.

Figure 2.10 Biological Effects

Computational Medicine and the Individual


Start with inexpensive sensors that can be worn, implanted, or swallowed (as Feynman
suggested in 1959). Marry them with data reduction capabilities that compute trends and
interactions to build a holistic personal medical profile. Equipped with this
information, the individuals mobile device can relay the diagnosis to health care
resources, dispatching an Ambulance automatically.
2.2.5 Nanoporous Hybrid MaterialsRecently, the domain of nanoporous materials has been enlarged very much to
thedevelopment of porous hybrid materials designated as metal-organic
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frameworks(MOF),1 porous coordination polymers2 or organic-inorganic


hybrids3,4 which are themost recently highlighted class of materials consisting of
metal ions linked together by organic bridging ligands in the framework. The
attraction of combining properties from both inorganic and organic components
has led to a quest of research toward new hybrid materials with potential applications
including gas storage, catalysis, separation, and molecular recognition.1-4 Very
recently, Frey and co-workers have reported a novel hybrid material, chromium
trime sate (designated as MIL-100), which has a hierarchical pore system (micro: 5-9
; mesoporous: 25-30 ) with a very high Langmuir surfacearea.5

The Innovation Ecosystem


As the integrator of the mobile gateway vision and the technologies that will
enable its realization, Nokia operates within an extensive ecosystem of
innovative companies and research institutions. Our engagement in both deep
science and applied research enables us to understand the required
architectures and componentsand to identify technology development gaps
and opportunities within the ecosystem.
2.2.6 Device Architectures34

The Nano Devices team collaborates closely with researchers at the


University of Cambridge, focussing on nanoscience research and its
application to novel solutions in such diverse areas as sensing, energy
storage/harvesting, novel computing architectures, communications technology and
functional materials. Advances in all these fields will drive new device concepts and
enable future ambient intelligence and wearable devices. As an example, the "Morph"
design concept jointly developed by the University and NRC for the "Design and the
Elastic Mind" exhibition at the New York Museum of Modern Art suggests
how such nanotechnological developments may impact future mobile device
form, function and use.
2.2.7 The UpshotEven as nanoscience is changing whats possible in a mobile device, the
advantages it yieldsfaster, cheaper, smaller, more robust, and more
powerfulwill overhaul the role of the mobile device in our world. Most
significant could be the integration of low-cost sensors and actuators that
detect and translate contextual details, delivering meaningful benefits far
beyond the value of the next cool gadget. Consider a few possibilities.
Physical and Digital Worlds Fuse
The vision of ambient intelligence describes a network of sensors connected
to one or more computing devices. Sensors will be everywhere: in your
pocket, in your faucet, in your refrigerator, at your front door, and in your
running shoe. The device integrates data from your physical world, deduces
patterns, identifies issues, consults with Internet services, and responds with
intelligenceseeming to anticipate your every needall at the rapid pace of
your daily life.
Connecting the Unconnected
In developing nations, we see more basic (and potentially crucial)
applications. The mobile devices integrated sensors can monitor levels of
pollutants, bacteria, and other environmental or health risks and notify
officials when thresholds are exceeded. Also critical are point-of-care
diagnostics
and
patient

35

monitoring
empowering health care providers to deliver on-the-spot treat-ment, informed by global
Internet services and medical data banks.
New signal processing methods/devices
The Nokia N900 is powered by a high-end OMAP 3430ARM Cortex A8which is a
System-on-a-chip made by Texas Instruments based on a 65-nanometer
CMOS process. The OMAP 3430 is composed of three microprocessors; the
Cortex A8 running at600 MHz used to run the OS and applications, the Power
VRSGX 530 GPU made by Imagination Technologies which supports Open GL
ES2.0 and is capable of up to 14MPolys/s and aTMS320C64x, the digital signal
processors, running at 430 MHz used to run the image processing (camera),
audio processing (telephony) and data transmission. The TMS320 C64x main
purpose is to offload the Cortex A8 from having to process audio and video
signal.
The system has 256 MB of dedicated high performance RAM(Mobile DDR) paired
with access to 768 MB swap space managed by the OS. This provides a total of 1 GB of
virtual memory.
2.3 UTILISATION OF CHIP MORPHING IN NOKIA MORPH
In computer engineering the trade-off (reduce cost) has traditionally been
between performance, measured in instructions per second, and price. Because
of fabrication technology, price is closely related to chip size and transistor
36

count. With the emergence of embedded systems, a new trade off has become
the focus of design. This new trade off is between performance and power or
energy consumption. The computational requirements of early embedded
systems were generally more modest, and so the performance-power trade off
tended to be weighted towards power. "High performance" and "energy
efficient"
were
generally
opposing
concepts.
However, new classes of embedded applications are emerging which not only
have significant energy constraints, but also require considerable computational
resources. Devices such as space rovers, cell phones, automotive control
systems, and portable consumer electronics all require or can benefit from highperformance processors. The future generations of such devices should
continue
this
trend.
Processors for these devices must be able to deliver high performance with low
energy dissipation. Additionally, these devices evidence large fluctuations in
their performance requirements. Often a device will have very low performance
demands for the bulk of its operation, but will experience periodic or
asynchronous "spikes" when high-performance is needed to meet a deadline or
handle some interrupt event. These devices not only require a fundamental
improvement in the performance power trade off, but also necessitate a
processor which can dynamically adjust its performance and power
characteristics to provide the trade off which best fits the system requirements
at
that
time.
2.4 UTILISATION OF VOICE MORPHING IN NOKIA MORPH
Voice morphing means the transition of one speech signal into another. Like
image morphing, speech morphing aims to preserve the shared characteristics
of the starting and final signals, while generating a smooth transition between
them. Speech morphing is analogous to image morphing. In image morphing
the in-between images all show one face smoothly changing its shape and
texture until it turns into the target face. It is this feature that a speech morph
should possess. One speech signal should smoothly change into another,
keeping the shared characteristics of the starting and ending signals but
smoothly changing the other properties. The major properties of concern as far
as a speech signal is concerned are its pitch and envelope information. These
two reside in a convolved form in a speech signal. Hence some efficient method
37

for extracting each of these is necessary. We have adopted an uncomplicated


approach namely cepstral analysis to do the same. Pitch and formant
information in each signal is extracted using the cepstral approach. Necessary
processing to obtain the morphed speech signal include methods like Cross
fading of envelope information, Dynamic Time Warping to match the major
signal features (pitch)and Signal Re-estimation to convert the morphed speech
signal back into the acoustic waveform.
2.5 MORPHING PROCESS: A COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS
The algorithm to be used is shown in the simplified block diagram given below.
The algorithm contains a number of fundamental signal processing methods
including sampling, the discrete Fourier transform and its inverse, cepstral
analysis. However the main processes can be categorized as follows.
I. Preprocessing or representation conversion: This involves processes like
signal acquisition in discrete form and windowing.
II. Cepstral analysis or Pitch and Envelope analysis: This process will extract
the pitch and formant information in the speech signal.
III. Morphing which includes Warping and interpolation.
IV. Signal re-estimation.

38

CHAPTER 3 :- FEATURES AND CHARACTERSTICS


3.1FLEXIBLE & CHANGING DESIGN
Nanotechnology enables materials and components that are flexible, stretchable,
transparent and remarkably strong. Fibril proteins are woven into a three dimensional
mesh that reinforces thin elastic structures. Using the same principle behind
spider silk, this elasticity enables the device to literally change shapes and
configure itself to adapt to the task at hand.
A folded design would fit easily in a pocket and could lend itself ergonomically to being
used as a traditional handset. An unfolded larger design could display more
detailed information, and incorporate input devices such as keyboards and touch pads.
Even integrated electronics, from interconnects to sensors, could share these
flexible properties. Further, utilization of biodegradable materials might make
production and recycling of devices easier and ecologically friendly.

39

Figure 3.1 Flexible MORPH Phone

40

3.2Various shapes of Nokia Morph

3.2 SELF-CLEANING
Nanotechnology also can be leveraged to create self-cleaning surfaces on
mobile devices, ultimately reducing corrosion, wear and improving longevity.
Nanostructure surfaces, such as Nanoflowers naturally repel water, dirt, and even
fingerprints utilizing effects also seen in natural systems.
A nanoflower, in chemistry, refers to a compound of certain elements that results
informations which in microscopic view resemble flowers or, in some cases, trees that
are called nano bouquets or nanotrees.These formations are nanometers long and thick
so they can only be observed using electron microscopy.
Nanoflowers naturally repel water, dirt, and even fingerprints utilizing effects also seen
in natural systems. That is why it is used for self cleaning purpose. Zinc oxide
changes resistance when molecules of ethanol vapour stick onto it in a
41

process called adsorption. The flower-like structures work at lower


temperatures because their tiny size enhances adsorption. Each flower is made up of
bundles of nanorods 15nmwide. They were made by blasting a zinc-containing solution
with ultrasound.

Fig 3.3 Dirt Repellent and self cleaning surfaces

3.3 ADVANCED POWER SOURCES


Nanotechnology holds out the possibility that the surface of a device will
become a natural source of energy via a covering of Nanograss structures that harvest
solar power. At the same time new high energy density storage materials allow batteries
to become smaller and thinner, while also quicker to recharge and able to endure more
charging cycles.

42

Figure 3.4 Nano Grass for solar cell

3.4 SENSING THE ENVIRONMENT


Nanosensors would empower users to examine the environment around them
incompletely new ways, from analyzing air pollution, to gaining insight into biochemical traces and processes. New capabilities might be as complex as helping us
monitor evolving conditions in the quality of our surroundings, or as simple as
knowing if the fruit we are about to enjoy should be washed before we eat it. Our
ability to tune into our environment in these ways can help us make key decisions that
guide our daily actions and ultimately can enhance our health.

43

Figure 3.5 Sensing surfaces using piezoelectric nanowire arrays

ZnO exhibits an unusual combination of properties, including uniaxial


piezoelectric response and n-type semiconductor characteristics. Nokia is
exploiting these qualities to achieve strain-based electromechanical
transducersideal for touch-sensitive (even direction-sensitive) surfaces. Arrays
of ZnO nanowires can be fabricated at low temperatures (roughly 70100C),providing compatibility with polymer substrates, such as
polyethylene terephtalate (PET).By coating a substrate (silicon, glass, or PET) with
an array of these ZnO nanowires, the electrical signals on the surface can be activated by
mechanical force. Since ZnO nanowires and nanoparticles are nearly transparent,
this technique can be used to develop compliant, touch-sensitive, active
matrix arrays that sit on top of displays or other structural elements.

3.5 TRANSPARENT SYSTEM


Transparency of cell phones is a major excitement to experience. Nokia
Morph will be transparent. You can look through your handset but cannot
look for the technique used in it. Isn't it exciting?

44

CHAPTER 4 :- WORKING AREA OF NOKIA MORPH


4.1 NEW TRENDS ARE EVOLVING
FLEXIBLE, STRETCHABLE, THIN, TRANSPARENT
DEVICES - ENABLED BY NANOTECHNOLOGY

CONFORMAL

Context aware device: adapts and transforms its functionality according to


the tasks

Wearable device
Available always and everywhere.
New intuitive user interface.
Flexible, compliant and even stretchable structures are needed.
New power source technologies.
Functional coatings.

How can we
Fabricate and manufacture innovative mechanical structures that can be both
transparent and compliant despite containing electronic and optical
functions? Create a library of reliable and durable functional materials that
enables a multitude of functions on the device surface, e.g., robust surfaces,
EM shielding, dirt/water repellence, antenna integration, optical effects, touch
sensors, haptics?

45

46

4.2 AVAILABILITY OF NOKIA MORPH


However researches are going on a faster pace but till now we can only say
that it will take a decade to launch. Hence it is a concept that is very far from
our reach. If you want to experience this technology, you would have to live
many
more
years.
Nokia Research Centre (NRC) and the University of Cambridge have
developed a nanotechnology concept device, called the Morph, which was
introduced today. The new device will be on display in The Museum of
Modern Arts (MoMA) in New York, from February 24 to May 12, 2008.
The Morph is intended to demonstrate the flexibility of future mobile
devices, in regards to their shape and form allowing the users to transform
them according to their preference. It also suggests that transparent
electronics and self-cleaning surfaces might be what the future holds.
Parts (elements) of Morph could be commercially available for use in other
mobile devices within 7 years. Due to the initial high price for manufacturing
those, they will be suitable for high-end devices.
'Nano Technology is the future'. Most of us have been hearing this chant for
long. But how is this technology important or what are its real implications?
Nokia may have an answer in its new Nokia Morph concept phone.

47

Figure 4.2 Concept Of MORPH

Now if you are not aware of Nano Technology or its implications for the
future, the video is a good place to start. This is Nokia's take on Nano
Technology - Nokia Morph Concept.

48

CHAPTER 5 :- CONCLUSION
According to the developers, using nanotechnology can lead to low cost
manufacturing solutions as well as adjustable, empowering devices, bringing us new,
versatile possibilities. These mobile devices will be flexible, stretchable and shape
changing, so that they can be easily integrated in our everyday routines without
special adjustments on our part. Unfortunately, it might take close to a decade until
the elements of Morph might be available for integration into handheld devices.
Nanosensors would raise the awareness of mobile devices' users to the environment in a
new way. When air pollution or bio-chemical traces and processes are right before our
eyes, we will not be able to ignore them. It will also enhance our natural abilities and
ease our daily decisions even on small matters such as whether or not to wash
a certain fruit before eating it.
This is a mobile that used nanotechnology to achieve unthinkable things to an
actual device. Nanotechnology is finding many interesting applications in
recent times and this shows how mobile devices could revolutionize the not
too
distant
future.
The Nokia Morph is a flexible mobile, which could stretch as much folded.
This could easily fulfill its many functions: it could become a panel large
enough to see a video with an important quality or folded up into small
pockets in. Another thing interesting is that this device would be only
transparent.
There would be many extra features, some perhaps unnecessary, yes, but that
would make this device appears to come from a science fiction film.
Some of these utilities would be able to analyze the air around food or other
items to check that they are in good condition, or take on different colors to
match the attire of who uses it so as to become part of fashion. The video
below shows the functions and the general concept of device development.
In conclusion, the Nokia Morph is a very ambitious project. Is scheduled for
completion within seven years, but it might take more time. Even if so, this
device appears to have the potential for a new revolution in mobile
technology.
49

The whole conservation says only one thing that the vision of Nokia will give
a big benefit in future. It will change the mobile world and thinking of
consumer. Some of the big benefits are- Self-Cleaning Nanotechnology also
can be leveraged to create self-cleaning surfaces on mobile devices,
ultimately reducing corrosion, wear and improving longevity. Nanostructured
surfaces, such as Nanoflowers naturally repel water, dirt, and even
fingerprints utilizing effects also seen in natural systems.

Advanced Power Sources Nanotechnology holds out the possibility that the
surface of a device will become a natural source of energy via a covering of
Nanograss structures that harvest solar power. At the same time new high
energy density storage materials allow batteries to become smaller and
thinner, while also quicker to recharge and able to endure more charging
cycles. Sensing the Environment Nanosensors would empower users to
examine the environment around them in completely new ways, from
analysing air pollution, to gaining insight into bio-chemical traces and
processes. New capabilities might be as complex as helping us monitor
evolving conditions in the quality of our surroundings, or as simple as
knowing if the fruit we are about to enjoy should be washed before we eat it.
Our ability to tune into our environment in these ways can help us make key
decisions that guide our daily actions and ultimately can enhance our health.

50

REFERENCES
Books
Introduction to Nanotechnology, Charles P. Poole & F.J. Owens
Understanding Nanotechnology, Scientific American.
Nanoscale Science and Technology, Robert Kelsall, Ian Hamley &Mark
Geoghegan.
Nanotechnology: Science, Innovation, and Opportunity, Lynn E.Foster.
Nanoelectronics and Information Technology, Rainer Waser (ed).

Websites
Cambridge Nanoscience Centre, University of Cambridge:
www.nanoscience.cam.ac.uk
www.moma.org
Foresight Nanotech Institute:
www.foresight.org
Institute for Nanoelectronics and Computing (INaC):
www.inac.purdue.edu
National Nanotechnology Initiative:
www.nano.gov
Nature Nanotechnology:
www.nature.com/nnano/index.html
Nokia Research CentreNanosciences:
www.esearch.nokia.com/projects/nanosciences
The Morph concept:
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www.nokia.com/A4852062

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