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1.3 HISTORY
I remember when the Apple i Phone came out. I had a deep sense that there
was no way Id buy a normal mobile phone ever again. I also started
thinking: what comes next? Well it looks like Ive found the answer over at
Nokia HQ. In fact, if you are in New York you can go along and see the
future of mobile phones right now at The Museum of Modern Art. Nokia
Research Centre and the University of .3.Cambridges Nano science Centre
have launched Morph, a joint nanotech concept. This device concept show
cases some revolutionary leaps being explored by Nokia Research Centre
(NRC) in collaboration with the Cambridge Nanoscience Centre (United
Kingdom) Nanoscale technologies that will potentially create a world of
radically different devices that open up an entirely new spectrum of
possibilities.
Invitation to contribute to Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) in April 2007
Brainstorming in Cambridge in June 2007; Nokia Research Centre, Nokia
Design and University of Cambridge
First concepts to MoMA in August 2007.
MoMA exhibition in February 2008
1.3.1Morph-
These objectives and motivations were identified during the MORPH project,
a part of the Power Aware Computing / Communication (PACC) initiative. In
addition to exploring several mechanisms to fundamentally improve
performance, the MORPH project brought forth the idea of "gear shifting" as
an analogy for run-time reconfiguration. Realizing that real world
applications vary their performance requirements dramatically over time, a
major goal of the project was to design microarchitectures which could adjust
to provide the minimal required performance at the lowest energy cost. The
MORPH project explored a number of microarchitectural techniques to
achieve this goal, such as morphable cache hierarchies and exploiting bitslice inactivity. One technique, multi-cluster architectures, is the direct
predecessor of this work. In addition to microarchitectural changes, MORPH
also conducted a survey of realistic embedded applications which may be
power constrained. Also, design implications of a power aware runtime
system were explored.
Source
http://www.nokia.com/press/media_resources/photos/corporate/show
photos?category=rd
7.68.6 V/m respectively; the electron field emission was consistent with
the FowlerNordheim theory.
hybrids of silicon technology and biological molecular machines. Yet another view,
put forward by the late Richard Smalley, is that mechano synthesis is impossible due to
the difficulties in mechanically manipulating individual molecules.
This led to an exchange of letters in the ACS publication Chemical & Engineering
News in 2003.Though biology clearly demonstrates that molecular machine systems are
possible, non-biological molecular machines are today only in their infancy. Leaders in
research on non-biological molecular machines are Dr. Alex Zettl and his colleagues at
Lawrence Berkeley Laboratories and UC Berkeley. They have constructed at least three
distinct molecular devices whose motion is controlled from the desktop with changing
voltage: a nanotube nanomotor, a molecular actuator,and a nanoelectromechanical
relaxation oscillator.
An experiment indicating that positional molecular assembly is possible was performed
by Ho and Lee at Cornell University in 1999. They used a scanning tunnelling
microscope to move an individual carbon monoxide molecule (CO) to an individual
iron atom (Fe)sitting on a flat silver crystal, and chemically bound the CO to the Fe by
applying a voltage.
1.4.2 Collaboration Between NRC and University of CambridgeThe partnership between Nokia and the University of Cambridge was announced in
March, 2007 - an agreement to work together on an extensive and long term
programme of joint research projects. NRC has established a research facility at the
University's West Cambridge site and collaborates with several departments initially the
Nanoscience Centre and Electrical Division of the Engineering Department - on
projects that, to begin with, are centreed on nanotechnology.
With the ability of the phone to take on a variety of shapes and sizes, most
people may not need to change phones so often as they currently have been doing so
every 1.5 years on average. According to Nokia, it would take seven years before Morph
phones are available at consumer markets.
Pro-Vice-Chancellor for Research at the University, said: "This collaboration
both recognizes and enhances Cambridge's global reputation for excellence
in science and technology research. One of the greatest advantages to the
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1.4.3 About University of Cambridge Nano Research CentreIn Nanoscience Centre is an 1800m research facility completed in January 2003 and
located at the north east corner of the University's West Cambridge Site. The Centre
provides open access to over 300 researchers from a variety of University
Departments to the nanofabrication and characterisation facilities housed in a
combination of Clean Rooms and low noise laboratories. Office space is primarily
home to the Department of Engineerings Nanoscience Group, technical and
administrative staff and members of other research groups who require long term
access to facilities.
The partnership between Nokia and the University of Cambridge was
announced in March, 2007 - an agreement to work together on an extensive
and long term programme of joint research projects. NRC has established a
research facility at the University's West Cambridge site and collaborates
with several departments - initially the Nanoscience Centre and Electrical
Division of the Engineering Department - on projects that, to begin with, are
centreed on nanotechnology.
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to this as we seek a safe and controlled way to develop and use new
materials."
Professor Mark Welland, Head of the Department of Engineering's
Nanoscience Group at the University of Cambridge and University Director
of Nokia-Cambridge collaboration added "Developing the Morph concept
with Nokia has provided us with a focus that is both artistically inspirational
but, more importantly, sets the technology agenda for our joint nanoscience
research that will stimulate our future work together."
1.4.4 Nokia Research CentreNokia believes that effective research and development is vital to remaining competitive
in the mobile computing and communications industry. As of April 1, 2007,
we had R&D centres in 11 countries and employed 14,500 people in research and
development, representing approximately 32% of Nokias total workforce. R&D
expenses totaled EUR3,9 billion in 2006, representing 9,5% of Nokias net sales. We
invest a substantial portion of our resources in research and development
activities within our principal business groups Mobile Phones, Multimedia and
Enterprise Solutions, Technology Platforms , and in the Nokia Research Centre (NRC).
Nokia Research Centre has a unique mission to lead Nokia into the future NRC will be
the global leader of open innovation for human mobility systems of the fused physical
and digital world, giving birth to the growth of businesses for Nokia.
Nokia Research Centre was founded in 1986 from the Nokia Electronics
R&D unit, with the a headcount of 86 persons. Today, NRC employs roughly
800 researchers from 43countires and a wide variety of fields. Representing
just over 4% of Nokias R&D employees, NRC researchers produce about
one half of Nokias essential patents, and34% of all Nokia invention reports
(2006).
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NRC has a two-fold approach to achieving its mandate. The work for core
technology break through supporting Nokia's existing businesses takes place
in the Core Technology Centres, the CTC's. More visionary, exploratory
systems research that goes well beyond any current business model is
conducted at the many System Research Centres, the SRC's.
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1.5.2 The Mobile GatewayThink of Morph as a snapshot of a new kind of mobility, made possible by a
personal device that intelligently bridges local and global information. By
sensing ambient elements, physical objects, and your individual context, the
device adapts its form factor and functionality accordingly. It connects
automatically to global services and communities, transmitting local data and
returning context-relevant information in real time.
Very compliant, very human, this tiny device is transparent to your daily
activities. It conforms to the variety of your requirementstheres no need to
deviate from your usual behavior. Youre always on and always connected to
a range of objects and services not yet imagined.
The mobile device works at the centre of your everyday life, interconnecting
local intelligencetemperature changes, air pollution, your heart ratewith
needed information and services.
1.5.3 You Cant Get There from HereCombining so much capability with true mobility results in a list of steep
demands. A self-configuring unit that can learn its contextand adapt
instantlypresents severe challenges for sensor technologies. Vastly more
efficient computing solutions are required to minimize power consumption.
And new materials and fabrication methodologies are needed to produce a
robust, self-healing device that can operate for days under rough conditions.
How can we surmount the barriers? We need new architectures and models
for integrating cognitive and system components. We need to push far
beyond current technologies and current ways of thinking about electronics
design and material science. (Even Moore admits were nearing the limits of
his eponymous law.)
Enter nanoscience. Theres plenty of room at the bottom, Richard Feynman
proposed in 1959, and thats exactly where Nokia is looking for
breakthroughs. By engaging in deep, far-reaching research in
nanotechnologiesand with the mobile gateway as the guiding vision
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2.2.1.1 Enhanced Energy Harvesting And Storage2.2.1.1.1 Enhanced Energy Density Batteries
Nanostructured electrodes for very low equivalent series R energy
sources.
New electrolyte solutions (ionic liquids) for safe and high power
batteries.
Deformable and bendable structures.
2.2.1.1.4 Energy Harvesting From RF Using Wide Band Antennas, And Using
Nems Structures
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2.2.2 Sensing SurfacesNanosensors would empower users to examine the environment around them
incompletely new ways, from analyzing air pollution, to gaining insight into
bio-chemical traces and processes. New capabilities might be as complex as
helping us monitor revolving conditions in the quality of our surroundings, or
as simple as knowing if the fruit we are about to enjoy should be washed
before we eat it. Our ability to tune into our environment in these ways can
help us make key decisions that guide our daily actions and ultimately can
enhance our health.
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2.2.2.1 Nanoscale Benefits: The Huge Array of parallel sensors that can be either independently
orcollectively measured
New sensors signal processing paradigm
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wires
ZnO Nanowires
arrays
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Nanowire Lithography
Silicon Nanowires for Stretchable Electronics Combining top-down
fabrication via SOI etching using masks made of nanowires grown by a
bottom-up approach .Blue = Si; Grey = SiO2;Yellow = Metal (Ni)Highlyconducting SiNW networks via nanowire lithography (NWL): A. Colli, A.
Fasoli, S. Pisana, Y. Fu, P. Beecher, W. I. Milne, A. C. Ferrari, Nano Letters
8, 1358 (2008)
Figure 2.9 Patterned Zno nanowire array for tactile sensing U of C / NRCCambridge UK
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2.2.4 Functional BiomaterialsThere is a big demand for biomaterials to assist or replace organ functions and to
improve patients quality of life. Materials options include metals, ceramics
and polymers. Unfortunately, conventional materials are used that were not
specifically developed for biological applications.
Interaction between bio materials and natural tissues is an important subject for
biomaterial science Such information is essential to aid the design of new biocompatible
biomaterials.
The vision of ambient intelligence describes a network of sensors connected
to one or more computing devices. Sensors will be everywhere: in your pocket, in your
faucet, in your refrigerator, at your front door, and in your running shoe.
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The device integrates data from your physical world, deduces patterns,
identifies
issues,
consults
with
Internet
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monitoring
empowering health care providers to deliver on-the-spot treat-ment, informed by global
Internet services and medical data banks.
New signal processing methods/devices
The Nokia N900 is powered by a high-end OMAP 3430ARM Cortex A8which is a
System-on-a-chip made by Texas Instruments based on a 65-nanometer
CMOS process. The OMAP 3430 is composed of three microprocessors; the
Cortex A8 running at600 MHz used to run the OS and applications, the Power
VRSGX 530 GPU made by Imagination Technologies which supports Open GL
ES2.0 and is capable of up to 14MPolys/s and aTMS320C64x, the digital signal
processors, running at 430 MHz used to run the image processing (camera),
audio processing (telephony) and data transmission. The TMS320 C64x main
purpose is to offload the Cortex A8 from having to process audio and video
signal.
The system has 256 MB of dedicated high performance RAM(Mobile DDR) paired
with access to 768 MB swap space managed by the OS. This provides a total of 1 GB of
virtual memory.
2.3 UTILISATION OF CHIP MORPHING IN NOKIA MORPH
In computer engineering the trade-off (reduce cost) has traditionally been
between performance, measured in instructions per second, and price. Because
of fabrication technology, price is closely related to chip size and transistor
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count. With the emergence of embedded systems, a new trade off has become
the focus of design. This new trade off is between performance and power or
energy consumption. The computational requirements of early embedded
systems were generally more modest, and so the performance-power trade off
tended to be weighted towards power. "High performance" and "energy
efficient"
were
generally
opposing
concepts.
However, new classes of embedded applications are emerging which not only
have significant energy constraints, but also require considerable computational
resources. Devices such as space rovers, cell phones, automotive control
systems, and portable consumer electronics all require or can benefit from highperformance processors. The future generations of such devices should
continue
this
trend.
Processors for these devices must be able to deliver high performance with low
energy dissipation. Additionally, these devices evidence large fluctuations in
their performance requirements. Often a device will have very low performance
demands for the bulk of its operation, but will experience periodic or
asynchronous "spikes" when high-performance is needed to meet a deadline or
handle some interrupt event. These devices not only require a fundamental
improvement in the performance power trade off, but also necessitate a
processor which can dynamically adjust its performance and power
characteristics to provide the trade off which best fits the system requirements
at
that
time.
2.4 UTILISATION OF VOICE MORPHING IN NOKIA MORPH
Voice morphing means the transition of one speech signal into another. Like
image morphing, speech morphing aims to preserve the shared characteristics
of the starting and final signals, while generating a smooth transition between
them. Speech morphing is analogous to image morphing. In image morphing
the in-between images all show one face smoothly changing its shape and
texture until it turns into the target face. It is this feature that a speech morph
should possess. One speech signal should smoothly change into another,
keeping the shared characteristics of the starting and ending signals but
smoothly changing the other properties. The major properties of concern as far
as a speech signal is concerned are its pitch and envelope information. These
two reside in a convolved form in a speech signal. Hence some efficient method
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3.2 SELF-CLEANING
Nanotechnology also can be leveraged to create self-cleaning surfaces on
mobile devices, ultimately reducing corrosion, wear and improving longevity.
Nanostructure surfaces, such as Nanoflowers naturally repel water, dirt, and even
fingerprints utilizing effects also seen in natural systems.
A nanoflower, in chemistry, refers to a compound of certain elements that results
informations which in microscopic view resemble flowers or, in some cases, trees that
are called nano bouquets or nanotrees.These formations are nanometers long and thick
so they can only be observed using electron microscopy.
Nanoflowers naturally repel water, dirt, and even fingerprints utilizing effects also seen
in natural systems. That is why it is used for self cleaning purpose. Zinc oxide
changes resistance when molecules of ethanol vapour stick onto it in a
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CONFORMAL
Wearable device
Available always and everywhere.
New intuitive user interface.
Flexible, compliant and even stretchable structures are needed.
New power source technologies.
Functional coatings.
How can we
Fabricate and manufacture innovative mechanical structures that can be both
transparent and compliant despite containing electronic and optical
functions? Create a library of reliable and durable functional materials that
enables a multitude of functions on the device surface, e.g., robust surfaces,
EM shielding, dirt/water repellence, antenna integration, optical effects, touch
sensors, haptics?
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Now if you are not aware of Nano Technology or its implications for the
future, the video is a good place to start. This is Nokia's take on Nano
Technology - Nokia Morph Concept.
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CHAPTER 5 :- CONCLUSION
According to the developers, using nanotechnology can lead to low cost
manufacturing solutions as well as adjustable, empowering devices, bringing us new,
versatile possibilities. These mobile devices will be flexible, stretchable and shape
changing, so that they can be easily integrated in our everyday routines without
special adjustments on our part. Unfortunately, it might take close to a decade until
the elements of Morph might be available for integration into handheld devices.
Nanosensors would raise the awareness of mobile devices' users to the environment in a
new way. When air pollution or bio-chemical traces and processes are right before our
eyes, we will not be able to ignore them. It will also enhance our natural abilities and
ease our daily decisions even on small matters such as whether or not to wash
a certain fruit before eating it.
This is a mobile that used nanotechnology to achieve unthinkable things to an
actual device. Nanotechnology is finding many interesting applications in
recent times and this shows how mobile devices could revolutionize the not
too
distant
future.
The Nokia Morph is a flexible mobile, which could stretch as much folded.
This could easily fulfill its many functions: it could become a panel large
enough to see a video with an important quality or folded up into small
pockets in. Another thing interesting is that this device would be only
transparent.
There would be many extra features, some perhaps unnecessary, yes, but that
would make this device appears to come from a science fiction film.
Some of these utilities would be able to analyze the air around food or other
items to check that they are in good condition, or take on different colors to
match the attire of who uses it so as to become part of fashion. The video
below shows the functions and the general concept of device development.
In conclusion, the Nokia Morph is a very ambitious project. Is scheduled for
completion within seven years, but it might take more time. Even if so, this
device appears to have the potential for a new revolution in mobile
technology.
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The whole conservation says only one thing that the vision of Nokia will give
a big benefit in future. It will change the mobile world and thinking of
consumer. Some of the big benefits are- Self-Cleaning Nanotechnology also
can be leveraged to create self-cleaning surfaces on mobile devices,
ultimately reducing corrosion, wear and improving longevity. Nanostructured
surfaces, such as Nanoflowers naturally repel water, dirt, and even
fingerprints utilizing effects also seen in natural systems.
Advanced Power Sources Nanotechnology holds out the possibility that the
surface of a device will become a natural source of energy via a covering of
Nanograss structures that harvest solar power. At the same time new high
energy density storage materials allow batteries to become smaller and
thinner, while also quicker to recharge and able to endure more charging
cycles. Sensing the Environment Nanosensors would empower users to
examine the environment around them in completely new ways, from
analysing air pollution, to gaining insight into bio-chemical traces and
processes. New capabilities might be as complex as helping us monitor
evolving conditions in the quality of our surroundings, or as simple as
knowing if the fruit we are about to enjoy should be washed before we eat it.
Our ability to tune into our environment in these ways can help us make key
decisions that guide our daily actions and ultimately can enhance our health.
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REFERENCES
Books
Introduction to Nanotechnology, Charles P. Poole & F.J. Owens
Understanding Nanotechnology, Scientific American.
Nanoscale Science and Technology, Robert Kelsall, Ian Hamley &Mark
Geoghegan.
Nanotechnology: Science, Innovation, and Opportunity, Lynn E.Foster.
Nanoelectronics and Information Technology, Rainer Waser (ed).
Websites
Cambridge Nanoscience Centre, University of Cambridge:
www.nanoscience.cam.ac.uk
www.moma.org
Foresight Nanotech Institute:
www.foresight.org
Institute for Nanoelectronics and Computing (INaC):
www.inac.purdue.edu
National Nanotechnology Initiative:
www.nano.gov
Nature Nanotechnology:
www.nature.com/nnano/index.html
Nokia Research CentreNanosciences:
www.esearch.nokia.com/projects/nanosciences
The Morph concept:
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www.nokia.com/A4852062
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