Notes by Rolieven P.

Caizares ECE
Broadcast Engineering
Course Outline
1. Introduction to AM Broadcasting System and Standards
2. AM Studio System Design
3. AM Transmission System Design
4. AM Coverage Mapping and Prediction
5. Introduction to FM Broadcasting System and Standards
6. FM Studio System Design
7. FM Transmission System Design
8. FM Coverage Mapping and Prediction
9. Introduction to TV Broadcasting System and Standards
10. RF System
11. NTSC-Color TV Broadcasting
12. TV Studio System Design
13. Studio Wiring Diagram
14. Technical Operation Center (TOC) System Design
15. TOC Wiring Diagram
16. Transmission System Design
17. TV Coverage Mapping and Prediction
18. Introduction to Engineering Acoustic
19. Room Acoustic
20. Microphones
21. Speakers
References
1. Handbook of Broadcast Engineering by Jerry C. Whitaker and K. Blair
Benson (2005)
2. Communication Electronics by Louis E. Frenzel (2nd Edition 1995)
3. Modern Electronic Communication by Gary M. Miller (4th Edition 1993)
4. Self-sufficient Guide to ECE Electronic Systems and Technology by Jason M.
Ampoloquio (2005)
5. The ECE Handbook Electronic Systems and Technologies by Santos S.
Cuervo (2007)
6. Communications Engineering Black Book by Christopher Jay R. Soon (2003)
7. Modern Recording Techniques (4th Edition) by Huber and Runsteir
8. World Wide Web
Introduction to AM Broadcasting and Standards
Broadcasting

Refers to the airborne transmission of electromagnetic audio signals (radio) or

audiovisual signals (television) that are readily accessible to a wide population
via standard receivers.

Notes by Rolieven P. Caizares ECE

Radio Services and Stations

A. Types of Services
1. Aeronautical Fixed Service a radio communication service between
specified fixed points provided primarily for the safety of air navigation and
for the regular, efficient, and economical operation of air transport.
2. Aeronautical Mobile Service a mobile service between aeronautical
stations and aircraft stations, or between aircraft stations, in which survival
craft stations may participate.
3. Aeronautical Mobile Satellite Service a mobile satellite service in which
mobile earth stations are located on board aircraft.
4. Aeronautical Radionavigation Service a radionavigation service intended
for the benefit and for the safe operation of aircraft.
5. Aeronautical Radionavigation Satellite Service a radionavigation satellite
service in which the earth stations are located on board aircraft.
6. Amateur Service radio communication service for the purpose of selftraining, intercommunication and technical investigations carried out by
amateurs.
7. Amateur Satellite Service a radiocommunocation service using space
stations on earth satellites for the same purpose as those of the amateur
service.
8. Broadcasting Services a radio communication service in which the
transmission are intended by the general public. This service includes sound
transmission, television transmission or other types of transmissions.
9. Broadcasting Satellite Service a radio communication service in which
signals transmitted or retransmitted by space stations are intended for direct
reception by the general public.
10. Earth Exploration Satellite Service a radio communication service
between earth stations and one or more space stations.
11. Fixed Service a radio communication service between specified fixed
points.
12. Fixed Sattelite Service a radio communication service between providing
links between artificial earth stations at given positions, when one ore more
satellites are used.
13. Inter-Satellite Service a radio communication service providing links
between artificial earth satellites.

Notes by Rolieven P. Caizares ECE

14. Land-Mobile Service a mobile service between base stations and land
mobile stations, or between mobile stations.
15. Land Mobile Satellite Service a mobile satellite service in which earth
stations are located are located on land.
16. Maritime Mobile Service a mobile service between coast stations and ship
stations, or between ship stations, or between associated on-board
communication stations.
17. Maritime Mobile Satellite Service a mobile satellite service in which
mobile earth stations are located on board ships.
18. Maritime Radio Navigation Service a radio navigations service intended
for the benefit and for the safe operation of ships.
19. Maritime Radionavigation-Satellite Service a radionavigation satellite
service in which earth stations are located on board ships.
20. Meteorological Aids Service a radio communication service used for
meteorological, including hydrological, observations and explorations.
21. Meteorological Satellite Service an earth exploration satellite service for
meteorological purposes.
22. Mobile Service a radio communication service between mobile and earth
stations.
23. Mobile Satellite Service a radio communication service between mobile
earth stations and one or more space stations, or between earth stations by
means of one or more space stations.
24. Port Operation Service a maritime mobile service in or near a port,
between coast stations and ship stations, between ship stations, in which
messages are restricted to those relating to the operational handling, the
movement and safety of ships, and in emergency, the safety of persons.
Introduction to AM Broadcasting and Standards (continued)
25. Radio Astronomy Service a service involving the use of radio astronomy.
26. Radio Determination Service a radio communication service for the
purpose of radio determination.
27. Radio Navigation Service a service for the purpose of radionavigation.
28. Radionavigation Satellite Service a service used for radionavigation with
the aid of satellite

Notes by Rolieven P. Caizares ECE

29. Safety Service any radio communication service used permanently or
temporarily for the safeguarding of the human life and property.
30. Ship Movement Service a safety service in the maritime mobile service
other than a port operation service, or between ship stations, or between ship
stations, in which messages are restricted to those relating to the movement of
the ships.
31. Ship Operation Service a radio communication service concerned
exclusively with the operation of spacecraft, in particular space tracking, space
telemetry, and space telecommand.
32. Space Research Service a radio communication service in which spacecraft
or other objects in space are used for scientific or technological research
purposes.
33. Special Service a radio communication for scientific needs of general utility
and not open to public correspondence.
34. Standard Frequency and Time Signal Service a radio communication
service for scientific, technical and other purposes providing the transmission
of specified frequencies, time signals, or both, of stated high precision,
intended for the general reception.
35. Standard Frequency and Time Signal Satellite Service a radio
communications service using space stations or earth satellites for the same
purpose as those of the standard frequency and time signal service.
B. Types of Stations
1. Aeronautical Station a land station in the aeronautical mobile service,
which is not intended for operational while in motion.
2. Aeronautical Fixed Station a station in the aeronautical fixed service.
3. Aircratft Station a mobile station installed on board of any type of aircraft
and continuously subject to human control.
4. Amateur Station station used by an amateur that is a duly authorized person
interested in radio technique solely with personal aim and without pecuniary
interest.
5. Broadcasting Station a station in broadcasting service.
6. Coast Station a land station in the maritime mobile service not intended for
operation while in motion.
7. Base Station a radio station in the land mobile service, which is not
intended for operation while in motion.

Notes by Rolieven P. Caizares ECE

8. Commercial Receiving Station an apparatus, contrivance, device or
equipment including the accessory equipment designed to be capable of
receiving signals, writings, images, sounds, or intelligence of any nature
through either by radio, electronics, television and other electromagnetic
systems.
9. Experimental Station a station utilizing Hertzian waves in experiments
with a view to the development of science or technique.
10. Fixed Station a station in the fixed service
11. Land Mobile Station a radio station in the land mobile service, which is
capable of surface movement within the geographical limits of the country and
which is intended to be used while in motion or during halts at unspecified
points.
12. Mobile Station a station in mobile service intended to be used while in
motion or during halts at unspecified points.
13. Mobile Portable Station a radio station composed of transmitter and a
receiver or transceiver with self contained antenna system and a power supply
and whose output does not exceed 50 W, whose construction is such that it can
be move or carried by a single person.
14. Portable Station a mobile station in the land mobile servie which can be
conveniently moved from one place to another or carried in person and
intended to be used while in motion or during temporary halts.
15. Radio Direct-Finding Station a radio location station intended to determine
only the direction of other station by means transmission of the latter.
16. Radio Training Station a low powered station established and operated by
radio training schools for purposes of giving practical training experience to
students enrolled in radio training school.
17. Radiobeacon Station a radionavigation station, the emission of which are
intended to enable a mobile station to determine the bearing or its direction in
relation to the radiobeacon station.
18. Radiolocation Station a station in the radio location service.
19. Radio Navigation Station a station in the radionavigation service.
20. Radionavigation Land Station a station in the radionavigation service
which is not intended for operation while in motion.
21. Ship Station a mobile station in the maritime mobile service located on
board a vessel, which is not permanently moored.

Notes by Rolieven P. Caizares ECE

22. Standard Frequency and Time Signal Station a station in the standard
frequency and time signal service.
23. Transmitting Station an apparatus, contrivance, device or equipment
including the accessory equipments designed to be capable of transmitting and
emitting signs, signals, writings, images, sounds, or intelligence of any nature
through either radio electronics, television or other electromagnetic systems.
Frequency Bands, Propagation, and Modulation
The usable spectrum of electromagnetic radiation frequencies extends over a
range from below 100 Hz for power distribution to 1020 Hz for the shortest X rays.
The lower frequencies are used primarily for terrestrial broadcasting and
communications. The higher frequencies include visible and near-visible infrared and
ultraviolet light, and X rays. The frequencies typically of interest to RF engineers
range from 30 kHz to 30GHz.
Low Frequency (LF): 30 to 300 kHz
The LF band is used for around-the-clock communications services over long
distances and where adequate power is available to overcome high levels of
atmospheric noise. Applications include:
Radionavigation
Fixed/maritime communications and navigation
Aeronautical radionavigation
Low-frequency broadcasting (Europe)
Underwater submarine communications (up to about 30 kHz)
Medium Frequency (MF): 300 kHz to 3 MHz
The low-frequency portion of this band is used for around-the-clock
communication services over moderately long distances. The upper portion of the MF
band is used principally for moderate-distance voice communications. Applications in
this band include:
AM radio broadcasting (535.5 to 1605.5 kHz)
Radionavigation
Fixed/maritime communications
Aeronautical radionavigation
Fixed and mobile commercial communications
Amateur radio
Standard time and frequency services
High Frequency (HF): 3 to 30 MHz
This band provides reliable medium-range coverage during daylight and, when
the transmission path is in total darkness, worldwide long-distance service. The
reliability and signal quality of long-distance service depends to a large degree upon
ionospheric conditions and related long-term variations in sunspot activity affecting

Notes by Rolieven P. Caizares ECE

skywave propagation. Applications include:
Shortwave broadcasting
Fixed and mobile service
Telemetry
Amateur radio
Fixed/maritime mobile
Standard time and frequency services
Radio astronomy
Aeronautical fixed and mobile
Very High Frequency (VHF): 30 to 300 MHz
The VHF band is characterized by reliable transmission over medium
distances. At the higher portion of the VHF band, communication is limited by the
horizon. Applications include:
FM radio broadcasting (88 to 108 MHz)
Low-band VHF-TV broadcasting (54 to 72 MHz and 76 to 88 MHz)
High-band VHF-TV broadcasting (174 to 216 MHz)
Commercial fixed and mobile radio
Aeronautical radionavigation
Space research
Fixed/maritime mobile
Amateur radio
Radiolocation
Ultrahigh Frequency (UHF): 300 MHz to 3 GHz
Transmissions in this band are typically line of sight. Short wavelengths at the
upper end of the band permit the use of highly directional parabolic or multielement
antennas. Applications include:
UHF terrestrial television (470 to 806 MHz)
Fixed and mobile communications
Telemetry
Meteorological aids
Space operations
Radio astronomy
Radionavigation
Satellite communications
Point-to-point microwave relay
Superhigh Frequency (SHF): 3 to 30 GHz
Communication in this band is strictly line of sight. Very short wavelengths
permit the use of parabolic transmits and receive antennas of exceptional gain.
Applications include:
Satellite communications

Notes by Rolieven P. Caizares ECE

Point-to-point wideband relay
Radar
Specialized wideband communications
Developmental research
Military support systems
Radiolocation
Radionavigation
Space research