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30. Zeroth law of thermodynamics states that if two bodies are in thermal equilibrium with a third body, they are also in equilibrium.
31. Coulomb repulsion is the strong repulsion between the positively charged nuclei that makes fusion reaction difficult to attain.
32. Triple point of water is the state when all three phases of water coexist in equilibrium.
33. Absolute pressure is considered as the actual pressure at a given position and is measured relative to absolute vacuum.
34. Vacuum pressure is the pressure below atmospheric pressure.
35. Pascals law states that for a confined fluid, the pressure at a point has the same magnitude in all directions.
36. Enthalpy is considered as the heat content of a system.
37. Gibbs free energy is the thermodynamic variable that is a function of enthalpy and entropy.
38. Critical point refers to the point at which the saturated liquid and saturated vapor states are the same or identical.
39. Sublimation is the direct conversion of a substance from the solid to the vapor state, or vice versa, without passing the liquid state.
40. Molar heat is the heat capacity of one mole of a substance.
41. Specific heat is the heat capacity of one gram of a substance.
42. Thermal capacity refers to the product of the mass of a body and its specific heat.
43. Adiabatic is when there is no heat transferred during the process.
44. Entropy refers to the measure of the disorder present in a given substance or system.
45. Absolute entropy is a measure of the energy that is no longer available to perform useful work within the current environment.
46. Compressed or subcooled liquid is when the water exist in liquid phase and is not about to vaporize.
47. Saturated liquid a liquid that is about to vaporize.
48. Saturated vapor a vapor that is about to condense.
49. Superheated vapor a vapor that is not about to condense.
50. Heat of fusion is the amount of heat needed to turn 1kg of the substance at its melting point from the solid to the liquid state.
SOLVED PROBLEMS
1. A chef heated a bowl of soup of 30 C to 45 C, what is the change in temperature in the Fahrenheit scale?
Given: temperature from 30 C to 45 C
Required: temperature (F)
Solution:
Answer: TF = 27 F
Source: General Engineering and Applied Sciences, 2nd Edition
2. A new temperature scale is being developed in a certain laboratory. On this new scale, the freezing point of water and the boiling
point of water are 150 X and 300 X, respectively. What is the temperature in the Fahrenheit scale that is equivalent to 470 X?
Given: freezing point = 150 X, boiling point = 300 X
For gasoline:
Volume of spillage:
Answer: T = 13.7 C
Source: General Engineering and Applied Sciences, 2nd Edition
6. On a very hot day in Manila, an oil tanker loaded 50,000 liters of fuel. It traveled to Baguio, which was 20 K colder than Manila.
How many liters were delivered to Baguio? (gasoline= 0.95x10^-3)
Given: volume = 50,000 liters, temperature in Baguio = 20 K colder
Required: volume (liters)
Solution: Since the initial temperature (in Manila) is higher compared to the final temperature (in Baguio), the volume
should decrease.
Answer: T = 27.3C
Source: General Engineering and Applied Sciences, 2nd Edition
10. A glass beaker has a mass of 200 g and a heat capacity of 0.2 kcal/kg-C. After 500g of water is poured into the beaker, the system
is allowed to reach a temperature of 25 C. Next, 400g of ethyl alcohol (heat capacity of 0.572 kcal/kg-C) at 70 C poured into the
beaker. If there are no heat losses from the beaker-water-alcohol system, what will be the final temperature?
Given: glass beaker= 200 g w/a heat capacity of 0.2 kcal/kg-C, water= 500g until 25 C, ethyl alcohol= 400g at 70 C
Answer: T = 38.4 C
Source: General Engineering and Applied Sciences, 2nd Edition
11. How much heat is required to raise the temperature of 1 mol of nitrogen gas by 1 degree at constant pressure? (cp= 1037 J/kg-C;
cv= 739 J/kg-C)
Given: nitrogen gas= 1 mol
Required: heat
Solution:
Answer: QP = 29.0 J
Source: General Engineering and Applied Sciences, 2nd Edition
12. How much heat is required to transform a 500-grams ice at -15 C into liquid water at 55 C?
Given: mass= 500-grams at -15 C, water temperature= 55 C
Required: heat
Solution: Ice must first be heated to 0C before it can be melted to liquid water. After that, raise the temperature of water to
55 C. For the specific heat capacity of ice, if it is not given assume that it is approximately half the specific heat capacity of
water.
Heat needed to raise the temperature of ice from -15C to 0C (Q1):
Answer: Q1 = 297.313 kJ
Source: General Engineering and Applied Sciences, 2nd Edition
13. A 5-liter amount of water at a temperature of 25 C will be raised to what temperature if 3000 calories of heat is applied?
Given: volume= 5-liter at 25 C, heat= 3000 calories
Required: temperature (C)
Solution:
Answer: Tf = 25.6 C
Source: General Engineering and Applied Sciences, 2nd Edition
14. What is the specific heat of an unknown substance if the temperature of 30 C doubles after applying an energy rated at 50
kilocalories?
Given: temperature = 30 C, energy rated = 50 kilocalories
Required: specific heat
Solution:
15. Using the first law of thermodynamics, what is the change in internal energy of the substance if it does 300 J of work while
absorbing 450 J of heat?
Given: work= 300 J, heat= 450 J
Required: change in internal energy (Eint)
Solution: Using the first law of thermodynamics, the change in the internal energy is a function of both heat and mechanical
work. For heat enters the system, it is a positive value. If it leaves the system, it is a negative value. For work, if work is done
on the system, it is a positive value. If work is done by the system, it is a negative value.
Solution: For an isobaric process, work done on/by the system is directly proportional to the constant pressure and the
change in volume.
Answer: W = -26.88 kJ
Source: General Engineering and Applied Sciences, 2nd Edition
19. How much heat is required to convert 4 kg of water at 20 C into vapor at 100 C?
Given: water= 4 kg at 20 C, vapor at 100 C
Required: heat
Solution:
Answer: Q = 1.34 kJ
Source: General Engineering and Applied Sciences, 2nd Edition
20. An aluminum rod has a diameter of 4cm and a length of 8 cm. One end of the rod is placed in boiling water and the other end is
placed in an ice bath. How much heat in calories is conducted through the bar in 1 minute?( The thermal conductivity of aluminum is
205 J/m-s-deg)
Given: diameter = 4cm, length = 8 cm, time= 1 minute
Required: heat (calories)
Solution: To solve for the amount of heat conducted through the bar in a certain span of time, use the Law of Thermal
Conduction:
Answer:
T
L
= 314.86
C
m
Answer: P = 45.4 W
Source: General Engineering and Applied Sciences, 2nd Edition
23. A gas cylinder contains 15 L of oxygen gas at room temperature and 15 atm. The temperature is doubled and the volume is reduced
to half of the original volume. What is the final pressure (in atm) assuming the gas resembles ideal condition?
Given: volume= 15 L, pressure= 15 atm
Required: pressure (atm)
Solution: Using combined gas law:
Answer: KE = 0.038 eV
Source: General Engineering and Applied Sciences, 2nd Edition
27. A cylinder contains 5 mol of Hydrogen gas (cv= 12.5 J/mol-K and cp= 20.8 J/mol-K) at a temperature of 330 K. How much energy
through heat is applied to the system, for a constant-volume process, to double the temperature of the gas?
Given: mass= 5 mol at 330 K
Required: energy
Solution:
Answer: QV = 3.56 kJ
Source: General Engineering and Applied Sciences, 2nd Edition
28. What is the mass of the air inside a closed vessel with dimensions 2.5 m x 5m x 8m at a temperature and pressure of 50 C and
500,000 Pa, respectively?
Given: dimensions= 2.5 m x 5m x 8m, temperature= 50 C, pressure= 500,000 Pa
Required: mass
Solution: The Ideal Gas Law can be used to solve this problem
Answer: m = 539 kg
Source: General Engineering and Applied Sciences, 2nd Edition
29. An engine transfers 2500 J of energy from a hot reservoir during the cycle and transfers 2000 J of energy to the cold reservoir.
What is the power output of the engine if it operates at 2000 revolutions per minute assuming there is one thermodynamic cycle per
revolution?
Given: energy= 2500 J, energy= 2000 J, revolutions per minute
Required: power
Solution: In the heat engine, the energy from the hot reservoir is always greater than the work done by the engine. Their
difference is the amount of energy that goes to the cold reservoir.
Answer: P = 16.67 kW
Source: General Engineering and Applied Sciences, 2nd Edition
30. What is the coefficient of performance of a brand new refrigerator which has a capacity of 3500Wand an input rating of 750 W?
33. The highest theoretical efficiency of a steam engine is 40%. If this engine uses the atmosphere (300 K) as the cold reservoir, what
is the temperature in Celsius of the hot reservoir?
Given: highest theoretical efficiency= 40%, atmosphere temperature= 300K
Required: temperature (C)
Solution:
Answer: TH = 227C
Source: General Engineering and Applied Sciences, 2nd Edition
34. A piston-cylinder device contains liquid-vapor mixture at 300 K. During a constant pressure process, 800kJ of heat was transferred
to the water. As a result, part of the liquid in the cylinder vaporized. What is the change in entropy of the water during the whole
process?
Given: temperature= 300 K, heat= 800kJ
Required: change in entropy
Solution:
Answer: S = 2.67
kJ
K
36. A 500-liter tank contains air at a pressure of 3 atm when the temperature is 0 C. What will be the pressure if the tank is heated to a
temperature of 120 C?
Given: volume= 500-liter, pressure= 3 atm, temperature = 0 C, temperature= 120 C
Required: pressure
Solution: Using Charles Law:
Answer:
V2
V 1 = 77.4
Answer: V2 = 435cm
Source: General Engineering and Applied Sciences, 2nd Edition
40. If 60,000 gallons of water enters a heat exchanger and absorbs 30,000,000 BTU resulting in an exit temperature of 150 F, what is
the entrance water temperature?
Given: volume= 60,000 gallons, temperature= 150 F
Required: temperature
Solution:
Answer: TO = 89.98F
Source: General Engineering and Applied Sciences, 2nd Edition
41. What is the sonic velocity at 50,000 feet altitude in the upper standard atmosphere with a temperature of -70 F and a pressure of
1.7 psi?
Given: altitude= 50,000 feet, temperature of -70 F, pressure= 1.7 psi
Required: sonic velocity
Solution:
Answer: V2 = 0.912 ft
Source: General Engineering and Applied Sciences, 2nd Edition
43. An 85-kg sick person has a body temperature that is 2 C above normal body temperature. Assuming that the body is composed
mostly of water, how much heat is required to raise the persons temperature by that amount?
Given: mass= 85-kg, temperature= 2 C
Required: heat
Solution: Normal body temperature is 37C, so the persons temperature must be 39C after getting sick.
Total energy:
Answer: P = 1.32 kW
Source: General Engineering and Applied Sciences, 2nd Edition
46. What is the volume in cubic meters of the vessel required if you want to keep a mole of an ideal gas at STP?
Given: 1 mole of ideal gas
Required: volume (m)
Solution: STP for a gas is defined to be a temperature of 0C and a pressure of 1 atm.
Answer: V = 0.0224m
Source: General Engineering and Applied Sciences, 2nd Edition
47. What is the average translational kinetic energy of a molecule of an ideal gas at a temperature of 29.6 C?
Given: temperature= 29.6 C
Required: average translational kinetic energy
Solution:
Answer: KE = 0.04 eV
Source: General Engineering and Applied Sciences, 2nd Edition
48. 2 kilograms of ice is melted into liquid water at 0 C. What is the change in entropy in kJ/K?
Given: mass= 2kg, temperature= 0C
Required: the change in entropy ( kJ/K)
Solution:
Answer: S = 2.43kJ/K
Source: General Engineering and Applied Sciences, 2nd Edition
49. 5 kilograms of water, initially at a temperature of 0 C, is heated until it reaches 100 C. What is the change in entropy of the
substance?
Given: mass= 5 kg, temperature= 0 C
Required: change in entropy
Solution:
Answer: e = 56.5%
Source: General Engineering and Applied Sciences, 2nd Edition